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تسلط - ويکيپېډيا
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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">تسلط</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="ليکنه په بله ژبه کي وګورئ. دا ليکنه په ۷۰ ژبو کې شتون لري." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">۷۰ ژبې</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonie" title="Hegemonie – افریکانسي" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hegemonie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="افریکانسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonie" title="Hegemonie – سویس جرمن" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hegemonie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="سویس جرمن" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9" title="هيمنة – عربي" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيمنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="عربي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexemon%C3%ADa" title="Hexemonía – استورياني" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Hexemonía" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="استورياني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemoniya" title="Hegemoniya – اذربایجاني" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hegemoniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="اذربایجاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гегемонія – بېلاروسي" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гегемонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="بېلاروسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Хегемония – بلغاري" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хегемония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="بلغاري" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonija" title="Hegemonija – بوسني" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hegemonija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="بوسني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D1%91%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Ноёрхол – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ноёрхол" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonia" title="Hegemonia – کټلاني" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hegemonia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="کټلاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonie" title="Hegemonie – چېکي" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hegemonie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="چېکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni – ويلشي" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hegemoni" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="ويلشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni – ډنمارکي" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hegemoni" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="ډنمارکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonie" title="Hegemonie – الماني" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hegemonie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="الماني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonya" title="Hegemonya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Hegemonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%B3%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ηγεμονία – یوناني" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηγεμονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="یوناني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony – انګليسي" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Hegemony" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="انګليسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonio" title="Hegemonio – اسپرانتو" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hegemonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="اسپرانتو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemon%C3%ADa" title="Hegemonía – هسپانوي" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hegemonía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="هسپانوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemoonia" title="Hegemoonia – حبشي" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hegemoonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="حبشي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonia" title="Hegemonia – باسکي" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegemonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="باسکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DA%98%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="هژمونی – فارسي" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هژمونی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="فارسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonia" title="Hegemonia – فینلنډي" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hegemonia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="فینلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9g%C3%A9monie" title="Hégémonie – فرانسوي" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hégémonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="فرانسوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexemon%C3%ADa" title="Hexemonía – ګلېشيايي" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hexemonía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="ګلېشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="הגמוניה – عبراني" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגמוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="عبراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="आधिपत्य – هندي" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आधिपत्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="هندي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonija" title="Hegemonija – کروايشيايي" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hegemonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="کروايشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հեգեմոնիա – آرمينيايي" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հեգեմոնիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="آرمينيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni – انډونېزي" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hegemoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="انډونېزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonio" title="Hegemonio – اڊو" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hegemonio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="اڊو" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Forræði – ايسلنډي" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Forræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="ايسلنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egemonia" title="Egemonia – ایټالوي" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Egemonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ایټالوي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%87%E6%A8%A9" title="覇権 – جاپاني" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="覇権" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="جاپاني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰეგემონია – جورجيائي" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰეგემონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="جورجيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Гегемонизм – قازق" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гегемонизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="قازق" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%A8%EA%B6%8C" title="패권 – کوریایی" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="패권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="کوریایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гегемония – کرغيزي" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Гегемония" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="کرغيزي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonija" title="Hegemonija – لېټواني" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hegemonija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="لېټواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni – ملایا" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hegemoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="ملایا" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DA%98%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="هژمونی – مزاندراني" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هژمونی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="مزاندراني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="आधिपत्य – نېپالي" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आधिपत्य" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="نېپالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonie" title="Hegemonie – هالېنډي" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hegemonie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="هالېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni – ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hegemoni" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (نائنورسک)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni – ناروېئي (بوکمال)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hegemoni" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="ناروېئي (بوکمال)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%B0" title="ਚੌਧਰ – پنجابي" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚੌਧਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="پنجابي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonia" title="Hegemonia – پولنډي" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hegemonia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="پولنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonia" title="Hegemonia – پورتګالي" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hegemonia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="پورتګالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonie" title="Hegemonie – رومانیایی" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hegemonie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="رومانیایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гегемония – روسي" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гегемония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="روسي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DA%AA_%D9%87%D9%BD%D9%8A" title="هڪ هٽي – سندهي" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="هڪ هٽي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="سندهي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonija" title="Hegemonija – سرب-کروشيايي" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hegemonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="سرب-کروشيايي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%A2%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="හෙජමනිය – سينهالي" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="හෙජමනිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="سينهالي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hegemony" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonija" title="Hegemonija – سلوواني" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hegemonija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="سلوواني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegjemonia" title="Hegjemonia – الباني" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hegjemonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="الباني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хегемонија – سربيائي" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хегемонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="سربيائي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemoni" title="Hegemoni – سویډنی" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hegemoni" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="سویډنی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆதிக்க அரசியல் – تامل" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆதிக்க அரசியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="تامل" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B3" title="การใช้อำนาจครอบงำ – تايلېنډي" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การใช้อำนาจครอบงำ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="تايلېنډي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemoniya" title="Hegemoniya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Hegemoniya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegemonya" title="Hegemonya – ترکي" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hegemonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="ترکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Гегемония – توینیان" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Гегемония" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="توینیان" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Гегемонія – اوکرايني" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гегемонія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="اوکرايني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gegemonlik" title="Gegemonlik – اوزبکي" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gegemonlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="اوزبکي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A1_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Bá quyền – وېتنامي" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bá quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="وېتنامي" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E6%9D%83" title="霸权 – وو چینایی" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霸权" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="وو چینایی" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ჰეგემონია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰეგემონია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E6%AC%8A" title="霸權 – چیني" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霸權" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="چیني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E6%AC%8A" title="霸權 – کانټوني" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="霸權" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="کانټوني" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182034#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="د ژبو خپلمنځي تړنې سمول" class="wbc-editpage">تړنې سمول</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="نوم-تشيالونه"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" title="د مخ مېنځپانگه کتل [c]" accesskey="c"><span>مخ</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%90_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%90:%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="د مخ د مېنځپانگې په اړه خبرې اترې (تر اوسه پورې نه شته) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>خبرې اترې</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=history" title="د دې مخ پخوانۍ بڼې [h]" accesskey="h"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="اوزارونه" > <label 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">پټول</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7"><span>لوستل</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=edit" title="د دې مخ د سرچينې کوډ سمول [e]" accesskey="e"><span>سمول</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=history"><span>پېښليک کتل</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:WhatLinksHere/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" title="د ويکي د ټولو هغو مخونو لړليک چې همدې مخ سره تړنې لري [j]" accesskey="j"><span>د دې مخ تړنې</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:RecentChangesLinked/%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" rel="nofollow" title="له دې مخ سره د تړل شويو مخونو وروستي بدلونونه [k]" accesskey="k"><span>اړونده بدلونونه</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ps" title="دوتنې پورته کول [u]" accesskey="u"><span>انځور/رسنۍ پورته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%8A_%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د ټولو ځانگړو پاڼو لړليک [q]" accesskey="q"><span>ځانگړي مخونه</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&oldid=285236" title="د دې مخ د همدې بڼې تلپاتې تړنه"><span>تلپاتې تړنه</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=info" title="د دې مخ اړونده نور مالومات"><span>د مخ مالومات</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF%D8%B1%DA%A9&page=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&id=285236&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="دې مخ ته د اخځ مالومات"><span>د دې مخ اخځ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:UrlQ%C4%B1sald%C4%B1c%C4%B1s%C4%B1&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7"><span>لنډ URL ترلاسه کړئ</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:QrKodu&url=https%3A%2F%2Fps.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25D8%25AA%25D8%25B3%25D9%2584%25D8%25B7"><span>د QR کوډ يې ډاونلوډ کړئ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> چاپول/صادرول </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7"><span>يو کتاب جوړول</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:DownloadAsPdf&page=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=show-download-screen"><span>د PDF په بڼه ښکته کول</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&printable=yes" title="د دې مخ چاپي بڼه [p]" accesskey="p"><span>چاپي بڼه</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> په نورو پروژو کې </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hegemony" hreflang="en"><span>ويکيمېډيا کامنز</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q182034" title="د نښلېدلي اومتوک زېرمتون توکي سره تړنه [g]" accesskey="g"><span>ويکيډېټا توکی</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="ښکارېدونکې بڼه"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ښکارېدونکې بڼه</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">څنګپټې ته ورسئ</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">پټول</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-rtl mw-parser-output" lang="ps" dir="rtl"><p>تسلط (/hɪˈdʒɛməni/ په انګلستان او متحده ایالاتو دواړو کې ورته /hɪˈɡɛməni/ ویل کېږي) دا دی چې یو ایالت پر نورو هغو له سیاسي، اقتصادي او پوځي پلوه برلاسی وي. تسلط په لرغوني یونان کې (۸مه مخ زېږدیزه پېړۍ ـ۶مې مخ زېږدیزې پېړۍ) دې ته اشاره لرله چې برلاسو ښاري ـ ایالتونو پر نورو هغو سیاسي او پوځي قوت درلود. په ۱۹مه پېړۍ کې تسلط دې ته اشاره کوله، چې یو څوک په ټولنه کې له کلتوري پلوه پیاوړی وي او یا لوړ کلتور لري، همداراز په ټولنه کې د یوې ډلې برلاسیتوب رانغاړي او په ټولنه کې د هغې ډلې یا رژیم نامناسب نفوذ څرګندوي.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TheColumbia_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheColumbia-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>په کلتوري سترواکۍ کې د تسلط څرنګوالی په دې ډول دی، چې رهبري کوونکی دولت داخلي سیاست او د تابع دولتونو ټولنیز شخصیت ته چې د برلاسیتوب د نفوذ ساحه تشکیلوي، امر کوي او له دواړو نه یې یو د داخلي، ملاتړي یا بهرني حکومت او نصب شوي حکومت په وسیله مدیریت کېږي. دا چې په افریقا، لاتینه امریکا او اسیا کې د لویو ځواکونو برلاسیتوب د اروپايي استعمار پر وخت رامنځته شو؛ نو په همدې ډول د هیجمونیزم اصطلاح هغه جیوپولیټیکل او کلتوري برلاسیتوب ته کارېږي چې پر نورو هېوادونو یې لري. <sup id="cite_ref-Fontana_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontana-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>که مارکسیستي فلسفې ته راشو؛ نو انتونیوګرامسي د کلتوري تسلط پېژندنه په دې ډول کړې ده: تسلط یا حاکمیت د ټولنې په ارزښتي سیسټم او نورو کې د واکمنې طبقې لاسوهنې ته وايي، له دې امله د واکمنې طبقې لیدلوری د ټولې نړۍ د ټولنو لیدلوری بلل کېږي. په دې ډول د یوې ټولنې د ټولنیزو قشرونو ترمنځ چې کومې اړیکې وي، په دې کې د تسلط اصطلاح د یوې واکمنې طبقې کلتوري برلاسیتوب ته اشاره کوي او دا بیا نورې ټولنیزې طبقې پیروۍ ته اړې کوي.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fontana2_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fontana2-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="تاریخي_بېلګې"><span id=".D8.AA.D8.A7.D8.B1.DB.8C.D8.AE.D9.8A_.D8.A8.DB.90.D9.84.DA.AB.DB.90"></span>تاریخي بېلګې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=edit&section=1" title="د سمولو برخه: تاریخي بېلګې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="له_۸مې_تر_لومړۍ_مخ_زېږدیزې_پېړۍ_پورې"><span id=".D9.84.D9.87_.DB.B8.D9.85.DB.90_.D8.AA.D8.B1_.D9.84.D9.88.D9.85.DA.93.DB.8D_.D9.85.D8.AE_.D8.B2.DB.90.DA.96.D8.AF.DB.8C.D8.B2.DB.90_.D9.BE.DB.90.DA.93.DB.8D_.D9.BE.D9.88.D8.B1.DB.90"></span>له ۸مې تر لومړۍ مخ زېږدیزې پېړۍ پورې</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=edit&section=2" title="د سمولو برخه: له ۸مې تر لومړۍ مخ زېږدیزې پېړۍ پورې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>په ۵مه مخ زېږدیزه پېړۍ کې د یونان په ځینو سیمو کې واکمني حاکمه وه؛ لکه د سپارتا ښارـ ایالت په پیلوپونیسیان لړۍ (له ۶مې تر ۴مې پېړۍ پورې) کې واکمني کوله او د مقدونیې پاچا دویم فلیپ ( هغه پاچا و چې خپل زوی لوی الکساندر ته یې وصیت کړی و) په ۳۳۷ مخ زېږدیز کال کې د کورینتس لړۍ واکمن و. اتن د لنډمهاله (۴۷۸ـ۴۰۴ مخ زېږدیز) ډیلین لړۍ په لرلو سره «برلاسی»  سهم درلود. د سیمې په کچه د فارس لویه سترواکي هغه واکمني وه چې له ۵۵۰ نه تر ۳۳۰ مخ زېږدیز کال پورې له ویجاړېدو مخکې د دې فرعي سیمو پر واکمنیو برلاسې وه.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>هیروډټس (۴۸۴ــ۴۲۵ مخ زېږدیز)، زینوفون (۴۳۱ــ۳۵۴ مخ زېږدیز) او ایفوروس (۴۰۰ــ۳۳۰ مخ زېږدیز) هغه لرغوني لیکوالان وو، چې د هیجیمونیا اصطلاح یې د واکمنۍ په عصري معنا کې له نورو وړاندې وکاروله. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>چینايي واکمني د پسرلي او مني په موده (۷۷۰ــ۴۸۰ مخ زېږدیز) کې په ختیځه اسیا کې هغه وخت موجوده وه، چې د ختیځ ژو شاهي لړۍ د دې سبب شوه چې پنځه نسبتاً برلاسې واکمنۍ (په چینايي کې با[霸]) رامنځته شي. دا چې دوی د فیوډال د لارډ د کنفرانسونو په وسیله ټاکل شوي وو؛ نو له دې امله دوی مجبور دي چې نومول کېدو ته په کتو پر لاس لاندې ایالتونو د ژو د شاهي کورنۍ واکمني وساتي. <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="له_لومړۍ_تر_۱۵مې_زېږدیزې_پېړۍ_پورې"><span id=".D9.84.D9.87_.D9.84.D9.88.D9.85.DA.93.DB.8D_.D8.AA.D8.B1_.DB.B1.DB.B5.D9.85.DB.90_.D8.B2.DB.90.DA.96.D8.AF.DB.8C.D8.B2.DB.90_.D9.BE.DB.90.DA.93.DB.8D_.D9.BE.D9.88.D8.B1.DB.90"></span>له لومړۍ تر ۱۵مې زېږدیزې پېړۍ پورې</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=edit&section=3" title="د سمولو برخه: له لومړۍ تر ۱۵مې زېږدیزې پېړۍ پورې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>اروپا په ۱ او ۲مه پېړۍ کې د پاکس رومانا پر برلاسې سوله واکمنه شوې وه. د دې هیجمیمونیک بنسټ سترواک اګسټوس ایښی و او د ظالمانه پوځي کمپاینونو لړۍ په کې شامله وه. <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>اموي او عباسي خلافتونه له ۷مې تر ۱۲مې پېړۍ پورې په خپل وار په پراخو سیمو کې برلاسي وو او په دې سیمو یې واکمني کوله. دوی ته د بازنطیني سترواکۍ په څېر له نورو دولتونو سره درناوی کېده. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>هارشا د هند هغه لوی سترواک و، چې له ۶۰۶ نه تر ۶۴۷ ز کلونو پورې یې پر شمالي هند واکمني کوله او خپله واکمني یې د شمال تر ډېرو سیمو غځولې وه. نوموړي دې ته غوره والی ورکړ، چې د یوه مرکزي حکومت په څېر واکمني ونه کړي، بلکې له ځانه یې پاچایان راتاو کړل او ځان یې په دې قانع کړ چې هغوی یې درناوی او احترام وکړي.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="۲۰مه_پېړۍ"><span id=".DB.B2.DB.B0.D9.85.D9.87_.D9.BE.DB.90.DA.93.DB.8D"></span>۲۰مه پېړۍ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=edit&section=4" title="د سمولو برخه: ۲۰مه پېړۍ"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>د ۱۹مې پېړۍ د وروستیو په څېر د ۲۰مې پېړۍ پیل د ډېرو لویو ځواکونو پر مټ په نښه شوی و، خو هېڅ نړیوال واکمن په کې نه و. لومړۍ نړیواله جګړه د دې لامل شوه چې د امریکا متحده ایالات او تر یوه بریده جاپان ځواکمن شي. د دواړو دولتونو حکومتونو هڅه وکړه چې په سیمه کې د خپل نفوذ د زیاتولو لپاره تګلارې جوړې او عملي کړي، متحده ایالاتو دا کار په لاتینه امریکا او جاپان په ختیځه اسیا کې ترسره کړ. په همدې ډول نورو هېوادونو لکه فرانسې، انګلستان، ایټالیا، شوروي اتحاد او بیا وروسته المان (۱۹۳۳ـ۱۹۴۵) دوه کارونه کول، لومړی دا چې د خپل نفوذ سیمې ته په کتو یې تګلارې مخ ته وړلې او دویم یې دا کوښښ کاوه چې سیمې ونیسي، خو دغو کې یوه هېواد هم دا قوت ترلاسه نه کړ چې په نړیواله کچه واکمني وکړي.  <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ملګري ملتونه له دویمې نړيوالۍ جګړې وروسته رامنځته شول او دا چې چین، فرانسه، انګلستان، امریکا او شوروي اتحاد پنځه پیاوړي قدرتونه وو؛ نو دوی ته د ملګرو ملتونو په امنیت شورا کې دایمي څوکۍ ورکړل شوې، امنیت شورا د سازمان هغه ارګان دی چې پرېکړې یې ډېرې ځواکمنې دي. کله چې جګړه ختمه شوه، نو دوه ډېر ځواکمن  نړیوال قدرتونه یې تر شا پرېښودل چې یو متحده ایالات او بل شوروي اتحاد و. دا دوه پیاوړي قدرتونه د دې لامل شول چې په نړیوالو چارو کې د سړې جګړې په نامه دوه قطبي ځواک وهڅوي. د برلاسۍ جګړه د کمونیزم او کپیټلیزم ترمنځ ایډیالوژیکي وه او د وارسا تړون هېوادونو (۱۹۵۵ــ۱۹۹۱) او د NATO/SEATO/CENTO هېوادونو (۱۹۴۹ــ تر اوسه/ ۱۹۵۴/ ۱۹۷۷/۱۹۵۵ /۱۹۷۹) ترمنځ جیوپولیټیکل وه. دواړو لویو قدرتونو د سړې جګړې په لړ کې دوه ډوله سیالي کوله، یوه مستقیم ډول او بله یې په نامستقیم ډول وه. په مستقیم ډول کې یې د وسلو د سیالۍ او په نامستقیم ډول کې یې د نیابتي جګړو له لارې خپل زور ښود. د دغو دوو پياوړو ځواکونو د رقابتونو پایله دا شوه، چې نور هېوادونه په دې شک کې شول چې ښايي حکومتي تګلارې یې توازن له لاسه ورکړي؛ نو له دې امله آن ډېر لرې هېوادونه هم په دې شخړو کې سره ښکېل شول. رینهارډ هیلډیبرانټ دې دورې ته «دوه اړخیزه واکمني» وايي او زیاتوي چې دا دوه واکمن دولتونه هڅه کوي چې په اروپا کې د یو بل پر وړاندې د خپل نفوذ ساحه پایداره کړي. نیابتي شخړو د هغو ځواکونو ترمنځ د جګړې ډګر رامنځته کړ چې په مستقیم یا نامستقیم ډول یې د واکمنو قدرتونو په وسیله ملاتړ کېده او د دې جګړو له ډلې د کوریا جګړې، د لاوتینا کورنۍ جګړې، د عربو او اسرایلو جګړې، د ویتنام جګړې، افغان جګړې، د انګولا کورنۍ جګړې او د مرکزي امریکا کورنۍ جګړې ته اشاره کولای شو. <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۱۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="۲۱مه_پېړۍ"><span id=".DB.B2.DB.B1.D9.85.D9.87_.D9.BE.DB.90.DA.93.DB.8D"></span>۲۱مه پېړۍ</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=edit&section=5" title="د سمولو برخه: ۲۱مه پېړۍ"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>کله چې سړه جګړه پای ته ورسېده؛ نو په دې اړه بېلابېل نظرونه وړاندې شوي دي چې متحده ایالات څرنګه واکمن شو او څه ډول یې دوام وکړ. د امریکا دوه سیاستپوهانو هر یوه جان میر شایمر او جوزف نای د امریکا په اړه دا استدلال وکړ چې یاد هېواد یو رښتینی واکمن نه دی، لامل یې دا وګاڼه چې امریکا د سمې، رسمي او نړیوالې واکمنۍ لپاره مالي او پوځي سرچینې نه لري. میرشایمر وايي چې متحده ایالات سیمه ییزه واکمني لري. له بل پلوه اناکارنلیا بییر هغه لیکواله ده چې له تروریزم سره د مبارزې په اړه یې کتاب لیکلی او په دې کتاب کې استدلال کوي چې نړیواله حکومتولي د امریکا د رهبرۍ محصول دی او امریکا ته د برلاسي حکومت په سترګه ګوري. څرنګه چې د اتحاد د بهرني ارزښت په پروفایل کې کمښت تر سترګو کېږي، له دې ور هاخوا متحده ایالات هغه ځواک دی چې په ناټو کې پراخه واکمني لري.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Beyer_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>هوبرت ویډرین هغه فرانسوي سوسیالیست سیاستوال و، چې په ۱۹۹۹ز کال کې یې یادونه وکړه، چې امریکا په ټوله نړۍ کې د یو اړخیزو پوځي اقداماتو له امله یو لوی ځواک دی.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>اډوارډ لوټواک د پنټاګون سټراتیژیست و، چې د روم د سترواکۍ په لویه سټراټېژۍ کې یې درې پړاوونه په نښه کړل، چې لومړۍ هغه یې استعماري دی او د سترواکۍ په وسیله تعقیبېږي. د هغه نظر دا و، چې دا بدلون وژونکی دی او په پای کې د دې لامل شو، چې د روم سترواکي سقوط وکړي. د نوموړي په کتاب کې واشنګټن ته مشوره ورکړل شوې، چې د سترواکۍ له رامنځته کولو ځان وساتي او د واکمنۍ اوسنۍ سټراټېژۍ ته دې دوام ورکړي. <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۲۹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>۳۰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="سرچينې"><span id=".D8.B3.D8.B1.DA.86.D9.8A.D9.86.DB.90"></span>سرچينې</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7&action=edit&section=6" title="د سمولو برخه: سرچينې"><span>سمول</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r262776">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchenoni2019" class="citation book cs1">Schenoni, Luis L. (2019). "Hegemony". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/internationalstudies/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.001.0001/acrefore-9780190846626-e-509"><i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of International Studies</i></a>. Oxford University Press and International Studies Association, LLC. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.013.509">10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.509</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9780190846626" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/9780190846626"><bdi>9780190846626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hegemony&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+International+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+and+International+Studies+Association%2C+LLC&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.013.509&rft.isbn=9780190846626&rft.aulast=Schenoni&rft.aufirst=Luis+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Finternationalstudies%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780190846626.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780190846626-e-509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Cite_book" class="mw-redirect" title="کينډۍ:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203070750/http://oaadonline.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/hegemony">"Hegemony"</a>. <i>Oxford Advanced American Dictionary</i>. Dictionary.com, LLC. 2014. خوندي شوی له <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oaadonline.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/dictionary/hegemony">the original</a> on 2014-02-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2014-02-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Advanced+American+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hegemony&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foaadonline.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com%2Fdictionary%2Fhegemony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheColumbia-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-TheColumbia_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFChernowVallasi1994" class="citation book cs1">Chernow, Barbara A.; Vallasi, George A., eds. (1994). <i>The Columbia Encyclopedia</i> (Fifth ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. p. 1215. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-231-08098-0" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-231-08098-0"><bdi>0-231-08098-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Columbia+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1215&rft.edition=Fifth&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-231-08098-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="کينډۍ:Harvid" class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q=hegemony">"hegemony"</a>, <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" class="extiw" title="w:Oxford English Dictionary">د آکسفورډ انګلیسي قاموس</a></i> (3rd ed.), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="extiw" title="w:Oxford University Press">د آکسفورډ پوهنتون چاپ</a>, September 2005</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=hegemony&rft.btitle=%D8%AF+%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%89+%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AB%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%8A+%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=%D8%AF+%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%89+%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86+%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foed.com%2Fsearch%3FsearchType%3Ddictionary%26q%3Dhegemony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%DA%89%DB%8D:Citation" title="کينډۍ:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Invalid <code class="cs1-code">|mode=CS1</code> (<a href="/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%9A%D9%88%D8%AF:CS1_errors#invalid_param_val" title="لارښود:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://global.oup.com/oxforddnb/info/freeodnb/libraries/">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span> (Definitions 2a and 2b)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontana-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fontana_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBullockTrombley1999" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Alan; Trombley, Stephen, eds. (1999). <i>The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought</i> (Third ed.). London: HarperCollins. pp. 387–388. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-00-255871-8" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-00-255871-8"><bdi>0-00-255871-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fontana+Dictionary+of+Modern+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pages=387-388&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-00-255871-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFFlintTaylor2018" class="citation book cs1">Flint, C.; Taylor, P. J. (2018). <i>Political Geography: world-economy, nation-state, and locality</i> (7 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/9781138058262" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/9781138058262"><bdi>9781138058262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Geography%3A+world-economy%2C+nation-state%2C+and+locality&rft.edition=7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781138058262&rft.aulast=Flint&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Taylor%2C+P.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fontana2-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Fontana2_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBullockTrombley1999" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Alan; Trombley, Stephen, eds. (1999). <i>The New Fontana Dictionary of Modern Thought</i> (Third ed.). London: HarperCollins. pp. 387–388. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-00-255871-8" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-00-255871-8"><bdi>0-00-255871-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Fontana+Dictionary+of+Modern+Thought&rft.place=London&rft.pages=387-388&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-00-255871-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Europe/Greeks-Romans-and-barbarians#ref58255">"Greeks, Romans, and barbarians (from Europe, history of)"</a>: "Fusions of power occurred in the shape of leagues of cities, such as the Peloponnesian League, the Delian League, and the Boeotian League. The efficacy of these leagues depended chiefly upon the hegemony of a leading city (Sparta, Athens, or Thebes)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wickersham, JM., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X9_7b1J19i0C&pg=PR10&dq=hegemony+history&hl=en&sa=X&ei=OgNhVOyUF8iHsQTNzoKABA&ved=0CDoQ6AEwBTgK#v=onepage&q=hegemony%20history&f=false"><i>Hegemony and Greek Historians</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, 1994, p. 1 - "The <i>hēgemonia</i> of greatest interest in Herodotus is the supreme command of the Greek coalition against Xerxes."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Qi-ancient-state-China-771-221-BC">"Ch'i"</a>: "As a result, Ch'i began to dominate most of China proper; in 651 BC it formed the little states of the area into a league, which was successful in staving off invasions from the semibarbarian regimes to the north and south. Although Ch'i thus gained hegemony over China, its rule was short-lived; after Duke Huan's death, internal disorders caused it to lose the leadership of the new confederation"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parchami, A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Pwt6AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA41&lpg=PA41&dq=rome+hegemony+-%22hegemony+rome%22&source=bl&ots=7kfL8Q8S1s&sig=dyHecMOG4obvHSA9QCPMjfGYkqg&hl=en&sa=X&ei=bHOAVO2fB9GrafPXgLAD&ved=0CDgQ6AEwBjgK#v=snippet&q=hegemony%20rome&f=false"><i>Hegemonic Peace and Empire: The Pax Romana, Britannica and Americana</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Routledge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Routledge (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">Routledge</a>, 2009, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">al-Tabari, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Oe16n-tfBEC&pg=PR11&dq=al-tabari+umayyad&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CDcQ6AEwBWoVChMIsOjD85iJxwIVSmsUCh2p7QII#v=onepage&q=al-tabari%20umayyad&f=false"><i>The History of al-Tabari</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/256065/Harsha">"Harsha"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Story, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTbvq_8HFPUC&pg=PA193&lpg=PA193&dq=Charlemagne++hegemony&source=bl&ots=2ifpDVvpvm&sig=5qFpSHZGAwIYNsuK5gahIv8pDsQ&hl=en&sa=X&ei=_m-AVPS4KoXpaPDxgrgN&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=Charlemagne%20%20hegemony&f=false"><i>Charlemagne: Empire and Society</i>, Manchester University Press, 2005, p. 193.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/atd-herkimer-westerncivilization/chapter/italian-trade-cities/">"Italian Trade Cities | Western Civilization"</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. بياځلي په <span class="nowrap">2021-09-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=Italian+Trade+Cities+%7C+Western+Civilization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fatd-herkimer-westerncivilization%2Fchapter%2Fitalian-trade-cities%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFF._Dewitt_Platt" class="citation book cs1">F. Dewitt Platt, Roy T. Matthews. <i>Western Humanities: Beginnings Through the Renaissance</i>. Mayfield Pub Co. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/1559349441" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/1559349441"><bdi>1559349441</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Humanities%3A+Beginnings+Through+the+Renaissance&rft.pub=Mayfield+Pub+Co&rft.isbn=1559349441&rft.aulast=F.+Dewitt+Platt&rft.aufirst=Roy+T.+Matthews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2002" class="citation book cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyorwellmatters00hitc/page/86"><i>Why Orwell Matters</i></a></span>. New York: Basic Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whyorwellmatters00hitc/page/86">86–87</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-465-03049-1" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-465-03049-1"><bdi>0-465-03049-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Orwell+Matters&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-465-03049-1&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhyorwellmatters00hitc%2Fpage%2F86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hilderbrandt, R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FavTTdW2YqEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hegemony+USA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SIFfVMGHF4KP7AbStoDIDA&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22cold%20war%22%20hegemony&f=false"><i>US Hegemony: Global Ambitions and Decline : Emergence of the Interregional Asian Triangle and the Relegation of the US as a Hegemonic Power, the Reorientation of Europe</i></a>, Peter Lang, 2009, p. 14. (Author's italics).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mumford, A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3UgSAAAAQBAJ&dq=proxy+wars&source=gbs_navlinks_s"><i>Proxy Warfare</i></a>, John Wiley & Sons, 2013, pp. 46–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hildebrandt, R., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FavTTdW2YqEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=hegemony+USA&hl=en&sa=X&ei=SIFfVMGHF4KP7AbStoDIDA&ved=0CCIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=hegemony%20USA&f=false"><i>US Hegemony: Global Ambitions and Decline : Emergence of the Interregional Asian Triangle and the Relegation of the US as a Hegemonic Power, the Reorientation of Europe</i></a>, Peter Lang, 2009, pp. 9–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_22-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFMearsheimer2001" class="citation book cs1">Mearsheimer, John (2001). <i>The Tragedy of Great Power Politics</i>. W.W. Norton. pp. 40, 138.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tragedy+of+Great+Power+Politics&rft.pages=40%2C+138&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Mearsheimer&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFNye1993" class="citation book cs1">Nye, Joseph S. Sr. (1993). <i>Understanding International Conflicts: An Introduction to Theory and History</i>. New York: HarperCollins. pp. 276–77. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-06-500720-4" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-06-500720-4"><bdi>0-06-500720-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+International+Conflicts%3A+An+Introduction+to+Theory+and+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=276-77&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-06-500720-4&rft.aulast=Nye&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.+Sr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyer-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Beyer_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer2010" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Anna Cornelia (2010). <i>Counterterrorism and International Power Relations</i>. London: I. B. Tauris. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/978-1-84511-892-1" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/978-1-84511-892-1"><bdi>978-1-84511-892-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Counterterrorism+and+International+Power+Relations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-892-1&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Anna+Cornelia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/NATOs-Democratic-Retrenchment-Hegemony-after-the-Return-of-History/Larsen/p/book/9781138585287">NATO's Democratic Retrenchment: Hegemony After the Return of History</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Reid, JIM., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p6LwocQyz44C&pg=PA82"><i>Religion and Global Culture: New Terrain in the Study of Religion and the Work of Charles H. Long</i></a>, Lexington Books, 2004, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Grand Strategy of the Roman Empire: From the First Century AD to the Third</i>, (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFDannerMartín2019" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Danner, Lukas K.; Martín, Félix E. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapp5.273">"China's hegemonic intentions and trajectory: Will it opt for benevolent, coercive, or Dutch-style hegemony?"</a>. <i>Asia & the Pacific Policy Studies</i> (in انګليسي). <b>6</b> (2): 186–207. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doi_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doi (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapp5.273">10.1002/app5.273</a></span>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISSN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISSN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-2680">2050-2680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+%26+the+Pacific+Policy+Studies&rft.atitle=China%27s+hegemonic+intentions+and+trajectory%3A+Will+it+opt+for+benevolent%2C+coercive%2C+or+Dutch-style+hegemony%3F&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=186-207&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fapp5.273&rft.issn=2050-2680&rft.aulast=Danner&rft.aufirst=Lukas+K.&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn%2C+F%C3%A9lix+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1002%252Fapp5.273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/yanzhonghuang/2017/08/29/chinas-superpower-status-not-enough-to-replace-u-s-as-global-leader-yet/">"Forbes Yanz Hong Huang"</a>. <i>www.forbes.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.forbes.com&rft.atitle=Forbes+Yanz+Hong+Huang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fyanzhonghuang%2F2017%2F08%2F29%2Fchinas-superpower-status-not-enough-to-replace-u-s-as-global-leader-yet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r262776"><cite id="CITEREFZhiqun2006" class="citation book cs1">Zhiqun, Zhu (2006). <i>US-China relations in the 21st century : power transition and peace</i>. London; New York: Routledge. <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISBN_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISBN (identifier) (تر اوسه پورې نه شته)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/%DA%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%93%DB%8C:%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%86%DB%90/0-415-70208-9" title="ځانگړی:د کتاب سرچينې/0-415-70208-9"><bdi>0-415-70208-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=US-China+relations+in+the+21st+century+%3A+power+transition+and+peace&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-70208-9&rft.aulast=Zhiqun&rft.aufirst=Zhu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fps.wikipedia.org%3A%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7959fbf7c4‐lj2q5 Cached time: 20241212162047 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc, vary‐revision‐sha1] CPU time usage: 0.174 seconds Real time usage: 0.229 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 923/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 29180/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 152/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 8/100 Expensive parser function count: 1/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 49274/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.104/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3915394/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 181.780 1 -total 80.37% 146.102 11 کينډۍ:Cite_book 8.48% 15.421 1 کينډۍ:Cite_OED 7.16% 13.023 3 کينډۍ:Cite_web 3.60% 6.539 1 کينډۍ:Citation 3.28% 5.968 1 کينډۍ:Cite_journal 2.63% 4.779 1 کينډۍ:ODNBsub 1.24% 2.255 1 کينډۍ:Link_note 0.63% 1.147 1 کينډۍ:Harvid --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key pswiki:pcache:64119:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241212162047 and revision id 285236. 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