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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biography of Muhammad (<i>Sīrat Rasūl Allāh</i>)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biography_of_Muhammad_(Sīrat_Rasūl_Allāh)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biography of Muhammad (<i>Sīrat Rasūl Allāh</i>) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biography_of_Muhammad_(Sīrat_Rasūl_Allāh)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Original_versions,_survival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Original_versions,_survival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Original versions, survival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Original_versions,_survival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reconstruction_of_the_text_by_Guillaume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction_of_the_text_by_Guillaume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Reconstruction of the text by Guillaume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction_of_the_text_by_Guillaume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Other works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability_of_his_hadith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability_of_his_hadith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reliability of his hadith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability_of_his_hadith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Traditional biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Secondary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ibn Ishaq</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ابن إسحاق – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ابن إسحاق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn_%C4%B0shaq" title="İbn İshaq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İbn İshaq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="ইবনে ইসহাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইবনে ইসহাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muh%C3%A0mmad_ibn_Ishaq" title="Muhàmmad ibn Ishaq – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Muhàmmad ibn Ishaq" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ish%C4%81q" title="Ibn Ishāq – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ibn Ishāq" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ibn Ishaq" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishak" title="Ibn Ishak – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ibn Ishak" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ابن اسحاق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ابن اسحاق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ibn Ishaq" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="इब्न इशाक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इब्न इशाक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishak" title="Ibn Ishak – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ibn Ishak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibnu_Ishaq" title="Ibnu Ishaq – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibnu Ishaq" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ibn Ishaq" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%97%D7%90%D7%A7" title="אבן אסחאק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אבן אסחאק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="იბნ ისჰაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იბნ ისჰაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Ибн Исхақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ибн Исхақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammed_ibn_Ishaq" title="Mohammed ibn Ishaq – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mohammed ibn Ishaq" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇബ്‌നു ഇസ്‌ഹാഖ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇബ്‌നു ഇസ്‌ഹാഖ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ابن اسحاق – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ابن اسحاق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Ishaq_bin_Yasar" title="Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Yasar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muhammad bin Ishaq bin Yasar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ibn Ishaq" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ibn Ishaq" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Isham" title="Ibn Isham – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ibn Isham" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Is%CA%BChoq" title="Ibn Isʼhoq – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ibn Isʼhoq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ابن اسحاق – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ابن اسحاق" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishak" title="Ibn Ishak – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ibn Ishak" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibne_Ixaque" title="Ibne Ixaque – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ibne Ixaque" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Isxaq" title="Ibn Isxaq – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ibn Isxaq" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ибн Исхак – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ибн Исхак" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%90_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ابنِ اسحاق – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ابنِ اسحاق" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ib%C3%ABn_Is%27haku" title="Ibën Is'haku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ibën Is'haku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ابن اسحاق – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ابن اسحاق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ئیبن ئیسحاق – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیبن ئیسحاق" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%98%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ибн Исхак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ибн Исхак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishak" title="Ibn Ishak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ibn Ishak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_Ibn_Ishaq_Ibn_Yasar" title="Muhammad Ibn Ishaq Ibn Yasar – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Muhammad Ibn Ishaq Ibn Yasar" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ibn Ishaq" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0bn-i_%C4%B0shak" title="İbn-i İshak – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İbn-i İshak" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B1%D0%BD_%D0%86%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Ібн Ісхак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ібн Ісхак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82" title="ابن اسحاق – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ابن اسحاق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%93%88%E6%A0%BC" title="伊本·伊斯哈格 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊本·伊斯哈格" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Muslim hagiographer and historian (704–767)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the historian. For the grammarian, see <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Ishaq" title="Ibn Abi Ishaq">Ibn Abi Ishaq</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the physician, see <a href="/wiki/Hunayn_ibn_Ishaq" title="Hunayn ibn Ishaq">Hunayn ibn Ishaq</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;"><div class="fn">Ibn Ishaq</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname"><span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ٱبْن إِسْحَاق</span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data">Ṣāḥib al-Sīra</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Personal life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 704</span> (85 AH)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 767</span> (150 AH)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data">Umayyad and Abbasid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Main interest(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Prophetic biography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable work(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Al-Sirah_al-Nabawiyyah_(Ibn_Ishaq)" title="Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Ishaq)">al-Sira al-nabawiyya</a></i></span> ('Life of the Prophet')</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Religious life</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Teachers</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Al-Bakka'i</li> <li>Salama ibn al-Fadl</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #9BE89B; color: #000000;">Muslim leader</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left; border:none; padding:0;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Students</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Al-Bakka'i</li> <li>Salama ibn al-Fadl</li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Abu Abd Allah Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar al-Muttalibi</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَبُو عَبْدُ ٱلله مُحَمَّد ٱبْن إِسْحَاق ٱبْن يَسَار ٱلْمُطَّلِبيّ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn ʾIsḥāq ibn Yasār al-Muṭṭalibī</i></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 704</span>–767), known simply as <b>Ibn Ishaq</b>, was an 8th-century <a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Muslim historian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiographer</a>. </p><p>Ibn Ishaq, also known by the title <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ṣāḥib al-sīra</i></span>, collected oral traditions that formed the basis of an important <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">biography</a> of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>. His biography is known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sirah_al-Nabawiyyah_(Ibn_Ishaq)" title="Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Ishaq)">Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah</a></i>, and it has mainly survived through <a href="/wiki/Al-Sirah_al-Nabawiyyah_(Ibn_Hisham)" title="Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)">the recension</a> of the work by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> circa A.H. 85 (A.D. 704),<sup id="cite_ref-Suqa_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suqa-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ibn Isḥaq's grandfather was Yasār ibn Khiyar (according to some ibn Khabbar, Kuman or Kutan),<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of forty Christian or Jewish boys who had been held captive in a monastery at <a href="/wiki/Ayn_al-Tamr" title="Ayn al-Tamr">Ayn al-Tamr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being found in one of <a href="/wiki/Khalid_ibn_al-Walid" title="Khalid ibn al-Walid">Khalid ibn al-Walid</a>'s campaigns, Yasār was taken to Medina and enslaved to Qays ibn Makhrama ibn al-Muṭṭalib ibn ʿAbd Manāf ibn Quṣayy. On his conversion to Islam, he was manumitted as "<a href="/wiki/Mawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawali">mawlā</a>" (client), thus acquiring the surname, or "<a href="/wiki/Nisbat_(onomastics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisbat (onomastics)">nisbat</a>", <b>al-Muṭṭalibī</b>. His three sons, Mūsā, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, and Isḥāq, were transmitters of "akhbār", i.e. they collected and recounted written and oral testaments of the past. Isḥāq married the daughter of another mawlā and from this marriage Ibn Isḥāq was born.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2003,_p._xv2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_2003,_p._xv2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No facts of Ibn Isḥāq's early life are known, but it is likely that he followed in the family tradition of transmission of early akhbār and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>. He was influenced by the work of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri">ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a>, who praised the young ibn Ishaq for his knowledge of "maghāzī" (stories of military expeditions). Around the age of 30, ibn Isḥaq arrived in Alexandria and studied under Yazīd ibn Abī Ḥabīb. After his return to Medina, based on one account, he was ordered out of Medina for attributing a hadith to a woman he had not met, Fāṭima bint al-Mundhir, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Hish%C4%81m_ibn_%CA%BFUrwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hishām ibn ʿUrwa">Hishām ibn ʿUrwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But those who defended him, like <a href="/wiki/Sufyan_ibn_%CA%BDUyaynah" title="Sufyan ibn ʽUyaynah">Sufyan ibn ʽUyaynah</a>, stated that Ibn Ishaq told them that he did meet her.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also ibn Ishaq disputed with the young <a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a>, famous for the <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> School of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a>. Leaving Medina (or forced to leave), he traveled eastwards towards "<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">al-Irāq</a>", stopping in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>, also <a href="/wiki/Al-Jazira_(caliphal_province)" title="Al-Jazira (caliphal province)">al-Jazīra</a>, and into Iran as far as <a href="/wiki/Ray,_Iran" title="Ray, Iran">Ray</a>, before returning west. Eventually he settled in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>. There, the new <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_dynasty" title="Abbasid dynasty">Abbasid dynasty</a>, having overthrown the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Umayyad dynasty</a>, was establishing a new capital.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Isḥaq moved to the capital and found patrons in the new regime.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He became a tutor employed by the Abbasid caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur" title="Al-Mansur">Al-Mansur</a>, who commissioned him to write an all-encompassing history book starting from the creation of <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> to the present day, known as "al-Mubtadaʾ wa al-Baʿth wa al-Maghāzī" (lit. "In the Beginning, the mission [of Muhammad], and the expeditions"). It was kept in the court library of Baghdad.<sup id="cite_ref-EQ-Sira_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EQ-Sira-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of this work contains the <i>Sîrah</i> or biography of the Prophet, the rest was once considered a <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost work</a>, but substantial fragments of it survive.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in Baghdad in A.H. 150.<sup id="cite_ref-Robinson_2003,_p._xv2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Robinson_2003,_p._xv2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography_of_Muhammad_(Sīrat_Rasūl_Allāh)"><span id="Biography_of_Muhammad_.28S.C4.ABrat_Ras.C5.ABl_All.C4.81h.29"></span>Biography of Muhammad (<i>Sīrat Rasūl Allāh</i>)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biography of Muhammad (Sīrat Rasūl Allāh)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Original_versions,_survival"><span id="Original_versions.2C_survival"></span>Original versions, survival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Original versions, survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Isḥaq collected oral traditions about the life of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. These traditions, which he orally dictated to his pupils,<sup id="cite_ref-EQ-Sira_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EQ-Sira-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are now known collectively as <i>Sīratu Rasūli l-Lāh</i> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سيرة رسول الله</span> "Life of the Messenger of God") and survive mainly in the following sources: </p> <ul><li>An edited copy, or <a href="/wiki/Recension" title="Recension">recension</a>, of his work by his student al-Bakka'i, which was further edited by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">ibn Hisham</a>. Al-Bakka'i's work <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">has perished</a> and only ibn Hisham's has survived, in copies.<sup id="cite_ref-Donner_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Hisham edited out of his work "things which it is disgraceful to discuss; matters which would distress certain people; and such reports as al-Bakka'i told me he could not accept as trustworthy."<sup id="cite_ref-[5]-sira_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-[5]-sira-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An edited copy, or recension, prepared by his student Salamah ibn Fadl al-Ansari. This <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">also has perished</a>, and survives only in the copious extracts to be found in the voluminous <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Donner_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Fragments of several other recensions. <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Guillaume" title="Alfred Guillaume">Guillaume</a> lists them on p. xxx of his preface, but regards most of them as so fragmentary as to be of little worth.</li></ul> <p>According to Donner, the material in ibn Hisham and al-Tabari is "virtually the same".<sup id="cite_ref-Donner_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Donner-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is some material to be found in al-Tabari that was not preserved by ibn Hisham. For example, al-Tabari includes the controversial episode of the <a href="/wiki/Satanic_Verses" title="Satanic Verses">Satanic Verses</a>, while ibn Hisham does not.<sup id="cite_ref-EQ-Sira_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EQ-Sira-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the publication of previously unknown fragments of ibn Isḥaq's traditions, recent scholarship suggests that ibn Isḥaq did not commit to writing any of the traditions now extant, but they were narrated orally to his transmitters. These new texts, found in accounts by Salama al-Ḥarranī and Yūnus ibn Bukayr, were hitherto unknown and contain versions different from those found in other works.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2-Sira_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-Sira-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reconstruction_of_the_text_by_Guillaume">Reconstruction of the text by Guillaume</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reconstruction of the text by Guillaume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Al-Sirah_al-Nabawiyyah_(Ibn_Hisham)" title="Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)">Al-Sirah al-Nabawiyyah (Ibn Hisham)</a></div> <p>The original text of the <i>Sīrat Rasūl Allāh</i> by Ibn Ishaq did not survive. However, much of the original text was copied over into a work of his own by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fustat" title="Fustat">Fustat</a>, died 833 AD, 218 AH).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Hisham also "abbreviated, annotated, and sometimes altered" the text of Ibn Ishaq, according to Guillaume (at p. xvii). <a href="/wiki/Interpolation_(manuscripts)" title="Interpolation (manuscripts)">Interpolations</a> made by Ibn Hisham are said to be recognizable and can be deleted, leaving as a remainder, a so-called "<i><a href="/wiki/Edited" class="mw-redirect" title="Edited">edited</a></i>" version of Ibn Ishaq's original text (otherwise lost). In addition, Guillaume (at p. xxxi) points out that Ibn Hisham's version <i>omits</i> various narratives in the text which were given by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Jarir_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh_al-Tabari" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarikh al-Tabari">History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these passages al-Tabari expressly cites Ibn Ishaq as a source.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus can be reconstructed an 'improved' "<i>edited</i>" text, i.e., by distinguishing or removing Ibn Hisham's additions, and by adding from al-Tabari passages attributed to Ibn Ishaq. Yet the result's degree of approximation to Ibn Ishaq's original text can only be conjectured. Such a reconstruction is available, e.g., in Guillaume's translation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Here, Ibn Ishaq's introductory chapters describe <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabia</a>, before he then commences with the narratives surrounding the life of Muhammad (in Guillaume at pp. 109–690). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reception">Reception</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Notable scholars like the jurist <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a> appreciated his efforts in collecting sīra narratives and accepted him on <a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">maghāzī</a>, despite having reservations on his methods on matters of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ibn Ishaq also influenced later sīra writers like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hish%C4%81m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Hishām">Ibn Hishām</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fat%E1%B8%A5_al-Din_Ibn_Sayyid_al-N%C4%81s" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatḥ al-Din Ibn Sayyid al-Nās">Ibn Sayyid al-Nās</a>. Other scholars, like <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_Al-Jawziyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya</a>, made use of his chronological ordering of events.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most widely discussed criticism of his sīra was that of his contemporary <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81lik_ibn_Anas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mālik ibn Anas">Mālik ibn Anas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mālik rejected the stories of Muhammad and the Jews of Medina on the ground that they were taken solely based on accounts by sons of Jewish converts.<sup id="cite_ref-Arafat_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arafat-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These same stories have also been denounced as "odd tales" (gharāʾib) later by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Asqalani" title="Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani">ibn Hajar al-Asqalani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arafat_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arafat-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mālik and others also thought that ibn Isḥāq exhibited <a href="/wiki/Qadar%C4%AByah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadarīyah">Qadari</a> tendencies, had a preference for <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a> (Guillaume also found evidence of this, pp. xxii &xxiv),<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and relied too heavily on what were later called the <a href="/wiki/Isr%C4%81%27%C4%ABl%C4%ABy%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Isrā'īlīyāt">Isrā'īlīyāt</a>. Furthermore, early literary critics, like ibn Sallām al-Jumaḥī and <a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nad%C4%ABm" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Nadīm">ibn al-Nadīm</a>, censured ibn Isḥāq for knowingly including forged poems in his biography,<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for attributing poems to persons not known to have written any poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-EI2-Sira_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EI2-Sira-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 14th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahab%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Dhahabī">al-Dhahabī</a>, using <a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology" title="Hadith terminology">hadith terminology</a>, noted that in addition to the forged (<i>makdhūb</i>) poetry, Ibn Isḥāq filled his sīra with <a href="/wiki/Munqa%E1%B9%ADi%CA%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="Munqaṭiʿ">munqaṭiʿ</a> (broken <a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">chain of narration</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Munkar" title="Hadith terminology">munkar</a> (suspect narrator) reports.<sup id="cite_ref-mizan_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mizan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Guillaume notices that Ibn Isḥāq frequently uses a number of expressions to convey his skepticism or caution. Beside a frequent note that only God knows whether a particular statement is true or not (p. xix), Guillaume suggests that Ibn Isḥāq deliberately substitutes the ordinary term "ḥaddathanī" (he narrated to me) by a word of suspicion "zaʿama" ("he alleged") to show his skepticism about certain traditions (p. xx). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cook_(historian)" title="Michael Cook (historian)">Michael Cook</a> laments that comparing Ibn Ishaq with the later commentator <a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi#Comparison_with_earlier_commentaries" title="Al-Waqidi">Al-Waqidi</a> — who based his writing on Ibn Ishaq but added much colorful but made-up detail — reveals how oral history can be contaminated by the fiction of storytellers (<i>qussa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Cook-1983-62-3_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-1983-62-3-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "We have seen what half a century of story-telling could achieve between Ibn Ishaq and al-Waqidi, at a time when we know that much material had already been committed to writing. What the same processes may have brought about in the century before Ibn Ishaq is something we can only guess at."<sup id="cite_ref-Cook-1983-67_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-1983-67-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cook's fellow <a href="/wiki/Revisionist_school_of_Islamic_studies" title="Revisionist school of Islamic studies">revisionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Patricia Crone</a> complains that <i>Sīrat</i> is full of "contradictions, confusions, inconsistencies and anomalies,"<sup id="cite_ref-Crone_slaves_12_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone_slaves_12-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> written "not by a grandchild, but a great grandchild of the Prophet's generation", that it is written from the point of view of the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a>, so that "we shall never know ... how the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad caliphs</a> remembered their prophet".<sup id="cite_ref-Crone_slaves_4_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crone_slaves_4-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1864 the Heidelberg professor <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Weil" title="Gustav Weil">Gustav Weil</a> published an annotated German translation in two volumes. Several decades later the Hungarian scholar <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rehatsek" title="Edward Rehatsek">Edward Rehatsek</a> prepared an English translation, but it was not published until over a half-century later.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The best-known translation in a Western language is <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Guillaume" title="Alfred Guillaume">Alfred Guillaume</a>'s 1955 English translation, but some have questioned the reliability of this translation.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it Guillaume combined ibn Hisham and those materials in al-Tabari cited as ibn Isḥaq's whenever they differed or added to ibn Hisham, believing that in so doing he was restoring a lost work. The extracts from al-Tabari are clearly marked, although sometimes it is difficult to distinguish them from the main text (only a capital "T" is used).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_works">Other works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ibn Isḥaq wrote several works. His major work is <i>al-Mubtadaʾ wa al-Baʿth wa al-Maghāzī</i>—the <i>Kitab al-Mubtada</i> and <i>Kitab al-Mab'ath</i> both survive in part, particularly <i>al-Mab'ath</i>, and <i>al-Mubtada</i> otherwise in substantial fragments. He is also credited with the <a href="/wiki/Lost_literary_work" title="Lost literary work">lost works</a> <i>Kitāb al-kh̲ulafāʾ</i>, which al-Umawwī related to him (Fihrist, 92; Udabāʾ, VI, 401) and a book of <i>Sunan</i> (Ḥād̲j̲d̲j̲ī Ḵh̲alīfa, II, 1008).<sup id="cite_ref-EQ-Sira_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EQ-Sira-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reliability_of_his_hadith">Reliability of his hadith</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reliability of his hadith"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">hadith studies</a>, ibn Isḥaq's hadith (considered separately from his prophetic biography) is generally thought to be "good" (<i>ḥasan</i>) (assuming an accurate and trustworthy <a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">isnad</a>, or chain of transmission)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and himself having a reputation of being "sincere" or "trustworthy" (<i>ṣadūq</i>). However, a general analysis of his isnads has given him the negative distinction of being a <i>mudallis</i>, meaning one who did not name his teacher, claiming instead to narrate directly from his teacher's teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Others, like <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>, rejected his narrations on all matters related to <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jones_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabī</a> concluded that the soundness of his narrations regarding ahadith is <i>hasan</i>, except in hadith where he is the sole transmitter which should probably be considered as <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Munkar" title="Hadith terminology">munkar</a></i>. He added that some Imams mentioned him, including <a href="/wiki/Muslim_ibn_al-Hajjaj" title="Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj">Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj</a>, who cited five of Ibn Ishaq's ahadith in his <i>Sahih</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-mizan_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mizan-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sufi" title="Ibn Sufi">Ibn Sufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biographies_of_Muhammad" title="List of biographies of Muhammad">List of biographies of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians" title="List of Muslim historians">List of Muslim historians</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Suqa-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Suqa_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mustafa al-Saqqa, Ibrahim al-Ibyari and Abdu l-Hafidh Shalabi, Tahqiq Kitab Sirah an-Nabawiyyah, Dar Ihya al-Turath, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJones1968" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, J. M. B. (1968). "ibn Isḥāḳ". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a></i>. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">810–</span>11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ibn+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81%E1%B8%B3&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E810-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.+M.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecker2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lecker, Michael (2015-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/book/edcoll/9789004283756/B9789004283756_003.xml">"Muḥammad b. Isḥāq ṣāḥib al-maghāzī: Was His Grandfather Jewish?"</a>. <i>Books and Written Culture of the Islamic World</i>: <span class="nowrap">26–</span>38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004283756_003">10.1163/9789004283756_003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004283756" title="Special:BookSources/9789004283756"><bdi>9789004283756</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Books+and+Written+Culture+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.atitle=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+b.+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q+%E1%B9%A3%C4%81%E1%B8%A5ib+al-magh%C4%81z%C4%AB%3A+Was+His+Grandfather+Jewish%3F&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004283756_003&rft.isbn=9789004283756&rft.aulast=Lecker&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Fbook%2Fedcoll%2F9789004283756%2FB9789004283756_003.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon D. Newby, <i>The Making of the Last Prophet</i> (University of South Carolina 1989) at 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robinson_2003,_p._xv2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2003,_p._xv2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robinson_2003,_p._xv2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson 2003, p. xv.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Abī Ḥātim, <i>Taqdima al-maʿrifa li kitāb al-jarḥ wa al-taʿdīl</i>, at "Sufyān ibn ʿUyayna".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon D. Newby, <i>The Making of the Last Prophet</i> (University of South Carolina 1989) at 6–7, 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robinson 2003, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EQ-Sira-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EQ-Sira_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EQ-Sira_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EQ-Sira_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EQ-Sira_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Raven, Wim, Sīra and the Qurʾān – Ibn Isḥāq and his editors, <i>Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an</i>. Ed. Jane Dammen McAuliffe. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill Academic Publishers, 2006. pp 29-51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon D. Newby, <i>The Making of the Last Prophet</i> (University of South Carolina 1989) at 7–9, 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1992" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, William A. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/12214915/Review-%20The%20Making%20of%20the%20Last%20Prophet-%20A%20Reconstruction%20of%20the%20Earliest%20Biography%20of%20Muhammad%20(1).pdf?sequence=1">"The Making of the Last Prophet: A Reconstruction of the Earliest Biography of Muhammad by Gordon Darnell Newby"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History of Religions</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">93–</span>95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463314">10.1086/463314</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Making+of+the+Last+Prophet%3A+A+Reconstruction+of+the+Earliest+Biography+of+Muhammad+by+Gordon+Darnell+Newby&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463314&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F12214915%2FReview-%2520The%2520Making%2520of%2520the%2520Last%2520Prophet-%2520A%2520Reconstruction%2520of%2520the%2520Earliest%2520Biography%2520of%2520Muhammad%2520%281%29.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEncyclopaedia_Britannica" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/Ibn-Ishaq">"Ibn Ishaq"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Ishaq&rft.au=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FIbn-Ishaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOxford_Dictionary_of_Islam" class="citation web cs1">Oxford Dictionary of Islam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119000709/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e944">"Ibn Ishaq, Muhammad ibn Ishaq ibn Yasar ibn Khiyar"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e944">the original</a> on January 19, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ibn+Ishaq%2C+Muhammad+ibn+Ishaq+ibn+Yasar+ibn+Khiyar&rft.au=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft125%2Fe944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donner-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donner_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donner_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donner_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonner1998" class="citation book cs1">Donner, Fred McGraw (1998). <i>Narratives of Islamic origins: the beginnings of Islamic historical writing</i>. Darwin Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87850-127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87850-127-4"><bdi>978-0-87850-127-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narratives+of+Islamic+origins%3A+the+beginnings+of+Islamic+historical+writing&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87850-127-4&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Fred+McGraw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-[5]-sira-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-[5]-sira_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guillaume, A. <i>The Life of Muhammad</i>, translation of Ibn Ishaq's <i>Sira Rasul Allah</i>, (Oxford, 1955), p. 691.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. Montgomery Watt and M. V. McDonald, "Translator's Forward" xi–xlvi, at xi–xiv, in <i>The History of al-Tabari. Volume VI. Muhammad at Mecca</i> (SUNY 1988). Regarding al-Tabari's narratives of Muhammad, the translators state, "The earliest and most important of these sources was Ibn Ishaq, whose book on the Prophet is usually known as the <i>Sirah</i>". Discussed here are Ibn Ishaq and his <i>Sirah</i>, the various recensions of it, Guillaume's translation, and Ibn Hisham.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., Ibn Ishaq (Guillaume's reconstruction, at pp. 165–167) and al-Tabari (SUNY edition, at VI: 107–112).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EI2-Sira-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EI2-Sira_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EI2-Sira_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1997" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Raven, W. (1997). "SĪRA". <i>Encyclopaedia of Islam</i>. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Brill Academic Publishers. pp. <span class="nowrap">660–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10422-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10422-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10422-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=S%C4%AARA&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E660-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10422-8&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dates and places, and discussions, re Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham in Guillaume (pp. xiii & xli).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Tabari (839–923) wrote his <i>History</i> in Arabic: <i>Ta'rikh al-rusul wa'l-muluk</i> (Eng: <i>History of Prophets and Kings</i>). A 39-volume translation was published by State University of New York as <i>The History of al-Tabari</i>; volumes six to nine concern the life of Muhammad.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Omitted by Ibn Hisham and found in al-Tabari are, e.g., at 1192 (<i>History of al-Tabari</i> (SUNY 1988), VI: 107–112), and at 1341 (<i>History of al-Tabari</i> (SUNY 1987), at VII: 69–73).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., al-Tabari, <i>The History of al-Tabari, volume VI. Muhammad at Mecca</i> (SUNY 1988) at p. 56 (1134).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See here above: "The text and its survival", esp. re Salamah ibn Fadl al-Ansari. Cf, Guillaume at p. xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn Hisham's 'narrative' additions and his comments are removed from the text and isolated in a separate section (Guillaume at 3 note, pp. 691–798), while Ibn Hisham's philological additions are evidently omitted (cf., Guillaume at p. xli).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuḥammad_Ibn_ʻAbd_al-Wahhāb2003" class="citation book cs1">Muḥammad Ibn ʻAbd al-Wahhāb, Imam (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8JRzr6mC55IC"><i>Mukhtaṣar zād al-maʻād</i></a>. Darussalam publishers Ltd. p. 345. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9960-897-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-9960-897-18-9"><bdi>978-9960-897-18-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mukhta%E1%B9%A3ar+z%C4%81d+al-ma%CA%BB%C4%81d&rft.pages=345&rft.pub=Darussalam+publishers+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-9960-897-18-9&rft.aulast=Mu%E1%B8%A5ammad+Ibn+%CA%BBAbd+al-Wahh%C4%81b&rft.aufirst=Imam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8JRzr6mC55IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arafat-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arafat_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arafat_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArafat1976" class="citation journal cs1">Arafat, W. N. (1976-01-01). "New Light on the Story of Banū Qurayẓa and the Jews of Medina". <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. <b>108</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">100–</span>107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0035869X00133349">10.1017/S0035869X00133349</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-869X">0035-869X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25203706">25203706</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162232301">162232301</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=New+Light+on+the+Story+of+Ban%C5%AB+Quray%E1%BA%93a+and+the+Jews+of+Medina&rft.volume=108&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E100-%3C%2Fspan%3E107&rft.date=1976-01-01&rft.issn=0035-869X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162232301%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25203706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0035869X00133349&rft.aulast=Arafat&rft.aufirst=W.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mizan-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mizan_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mizan_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Al-Dhahabī, <i>Mīzān al-iʿtidāl fī naqd al-rijāl</i>, at "Muhammad ibn Ishaq". <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/waq15344/03_15346/page/n468/mode/1up">[1]</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/waq15344/03_15346/page/n474/mode/1up">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-1983-62-3-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cook-1983-62-3_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1983" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (1983). <i>Muhammad</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">62–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192876058" title="Special:BookSources/0192876058"><bdi>0192876058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E62-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0192876058&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-1983-67-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cook-1983-67_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1983" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (1983). <i>Muhammad</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0192876058" title="Special:BookSources/0192876058"><bdi>0192876058</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0192876058&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crone_slaves_12-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crone_slaves_12_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone1980" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://delong.typepad.com/files/slaves_on_horses.pdf"><i>Slaves on Horses</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves+on+Horses&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdelong.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Fslaves_on_horses.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crone_slaves_4-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Crone_slaves_4_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone1980" class="citation book cs1">Crone, Patricia (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://delong.typepad.com/files/slaves_on_horses.pdf"><i>Slaves on Horses</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Cambridge University Press. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slaves+on+Horses&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdelong.typepad.com%2Ffiles%2Fslaves_on_horses.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See bibliography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys1991" class="citation book cs1">Humphreys, R. Stephen (1991). <i>Islamic History: A Framework for Inquiry</i> (Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00856-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00856-1"><bdi>978-0-691-00856-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+History%3A+A+Framework+for+Inquiry&rft.pages=78&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00856-1&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=R.+Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTibawi1956" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latif_Tibawi" title="Abdul Latif Tibawi">Tibawi, Abdul Latif</a> (1956). <i>Ibn Isḥāq's Sīra, a critique of Guillaume's English translation: the life of Muhammad</i>. OUP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q%27s+S%C4%ABra%2C+a+critique+of+Guillaume%27s+English+translation%3A+the+life+of+Muhammad&rft.pub=OUP&rft.date=1956&rft.aulast=Tibawi&rft.aufirst=Abdul+Latif&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g., Guillaume at pp. 11–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gordon D. Newby, <i>The Making of the Last Prophet</i> (University of South Carolina 1989) at 2–4, 5, 7–9, 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._R._Ahmad1992" class="citation book cs1">M. R. Ahmad (1992). <i>Al-sīra al-nabawiyya fī dhawʾ al-maṣādir al-aṣliyya: dirāsa taḥlīlīyya</i> (1st ed.). Riyadh: King Saud University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-s%C4%ABra+al-nabawiyya+f%C4%AB+dhaw%CA%BE+al-ma%E1%B9%A3%C4%81dir+al-a%E1%B9%A3liyya%3A+dir%C4%81sa+ta%E1%B8%A5l%C4%ABl%C4%AByya&rft.place=Riyadh&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=King+Saud+University&rft.date=1992&rft.au=M.+R.+Ahmad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQaraḍāwī2007" class="citation book cs1">Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf (2007). <i>Approaching the Sunnah: comprehension and controversy</i>. IIIT. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-418-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-418-2"><bdi>978-1-56564-418-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaching+the+Sunnah%3A+comprehension+and+controversy&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=IIIT&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56564-418-2&rft.aulast=Qara%E1%B8%8D%C4%81w%C4%AB&rft.aufirst=Y%C5%ABsuf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Books and journals</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Michael V McDonald and William Montgomery Watt (trans.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_06.pdf">The history of al-Tabari</a> Volume 6: Muhammad at Mecca (Albany, New York, 1987) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-707-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-707-7">0-88706-707-7</a></li> <li>Michael V McDonald (trans.), William Montgomery Watt (annot.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_07.pdf">The history of al-Tabari</a> Volume 7: The foundation of the community: Muhammad at al-Madina (Albany, New York, 1987) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-345-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-345-4">0-88706-345-4</a></li> <li>Michael Fishbein (trans.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_08.pdf">The history of al-Tabari</a> Volume 8: The victory of Islam (Albany, New York, 1997) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3150-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3150-9">0-7914-3150-9</a></li> <li>Ismail K Poonawalla (trans.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muslim-library.com/books/2019/05/en_Tabari_Volume_09.pdf">The history of al-Tabari</a> Volume 9: The last years of the Prophet (Albany, New York, 1985) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-692-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-692-5">0-88706-692-5</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Guillaume" title="Alfred Guillaume">Alfred Guillaume</a>, <i>The Life of Muhammad. A Translation of Isḥaq's "Sirat Rasul Allah"</i>, with introduction [pp. xiii–xliii] and notes (Oxford University, 1955), xlvii + 815 pages. The Arabic text used by Guillaume was the Cairo edition of 1355/1937 by Mustafa al-Saqqa, Ibrahim al-Abyari and Abdul-Hafiz Shalabi, as well as another, that of F. Wustenfeld (Göttingen, 1858–1860). Ibn Hasham's "notes" are given at pages 691–798. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IbnIshaq-SiratuRasulAllah-translatorA.Guillaume">digital scan</a> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIshaqGuillaume2002" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ishaq, Ibn</a>; <a href="/wiki/A._Guillaume" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Guillaume">Guillaume, A.</a> (18 July 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad"><i>The Life of Muhammad</i></a>. United States: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 860. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0196360331" title="Special:BookSources/978-0196360331"><bdi>978-0196360331</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/911693736">911693736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Muhammad&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=860&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002-07-18&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F911693736&rft.isbn=978-0196360331&rft.aulast=Ishaq&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rft.au=Guillaume%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Weil" title="Gustav Weil">Gustav Weil</a>, <i>Das Leben Mohammed's nach Mohammed Ibn Ishak, bearbeitet von Abd el-Malik Ibn Hischam</i> (Stuttgart: J.B. Metzler'schen Buchhandlung, 1864), 2 volumes. The <i>Sirah Rasul Allah</i> translated into German with annotations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DasLebenMohammedsNachMohammedIbnIshak">digital edition</a></li> <li>Ibn Isḥaq, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Sirat-lifeOfMuhammadBy-ibnIshaq"><i>The Life of Muhammad. Apostle of Allah</i></a> (London: The Folio Society, 1964), 177 pages. From a translation by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rehatsek" title="Edward Rehatsek">Edward Rehatsek</a> (Hungary 1819 – Mumbai [Bombay] 1891), abridged and introduced [at pp. 5–13] by Michael Edwards. Rehatsek completed his translation; in 1898 it was given to the Royal Asiatic Society of London by F.F. Arbuthnot.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Isḥaq2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Isḥaq (2004). Al-Mazīdī, Aḥmad Farīd (ed.). <i>Al-Sīrah al-Nabawiyah li-ibn Isḥāq (السيرة النبوية لابن إسحاق)</i> (in Arabic). Bayrūt: Dār al-kutub al-ʻilmiyah. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7451-3982-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-7451-3982-5"><bdi>978-2-7451-3982-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Al-S%C4%ABrah+al-Nabawiyah+li-ibn+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q+%28%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%29&rft.place=Bayr%C5%ABt&rft.pub=D%C4%81r+al-kutub+al-%CA%BBilmiyah&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-7451-3982-5&rft.au=Ibn+Is%E1%B8%A5aq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_Isḥaq1976" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ibn Isḥaq (1976). Hamidullah, Muhammad (ed.). <i>Sīrat ibn Isḥāq al-musammāh bi-kitāb al-Mubtadaʼ wa-al-Mabʻath wa-al-maghāzī (سيرة ابن اسحاق، المسماة بكتاب المبتدأ والمبعث والمغازي )</i> (in Arabic). Al-Rabāṭ al-Maghrib: Maʻhad al-Dirāsāt wa-al-Abḥāth lil-Taʻrīb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=S%C4%ABrat+ibn+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q+al-musamm%C4%81h+bi-kit%C4%81b+al-Mubtada%CA%BC+wa-al-Mab%CA%BBath+wa-al-magh%C4%81z%C4%AB+%28%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%86+%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%8C+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%A9+%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A3+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB+%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A+%29&rft.place=Al-Rab%C4%81%E1%B9%AD+al-Maghrib&rft.pub=Ma%CA%BBhad+al-Dir%C4%81s%C4%81t+wa-al-Ab%E1%B8%A5%C4%81th+lil-Ta%CA%BBr%C4%ABb&rft.date=1976&rft.au=Ibn+Is%E1%B8%A5aq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_biographies">Traditional biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Traditional biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ibn Sayyid al-Nās, <i>ʿUyūn al-athar fī funūn al-maghāzī wa al-shamāʾil wa al-siyar</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%AD%C4%ABb_al-Baghd%C4%81d%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī">Al-Khaṭīb al-Baghdādī</a>, <i>Tārīkh Baghdād</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahab%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Dhahabī">Al-Dhahabī</a>, <i>Mīzān al-iʿtidāl fī naqd al-rijāl</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81q%C5%ABt_al-%E1%B8%A4amaw%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī">Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī</a>, <i>Irshād al-arīb fī mʿrefat al-adīb</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Secondary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonner1998" class="citation book cs1">Donner, Fred McGraw (1998). <i>Narratives of Islamic origins: the beginnings of Islamic historical writing</i>. Darwin Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87850-127-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87850-127-4"><bdi>978-0-87850-127-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Narratives+of+Islamic+origins%3A+the+beginnings+of+Islamic+historical+writing&rft.pub=Darwin+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87850-127-4&rft.aulast=Donner&rft.aufirst=Fred+McGraw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Robinson, Chase, <i>Islamic Historiography</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-58813-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-58813-8">0-521-58813-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF'Arafat1958" class="citation journal cs1">'Arafat, W. (1958-01-01). "Early Critics of the Authenticity of the Poetry of the "Sīra"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London</i>. <b>21</b> (1/3): <span class="nowrap">453–</span>463. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0041977x00060110">10.1017/s0041977x00060110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0041-977X">0041-977X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/610611">610611</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:194960198">194960198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+School+of+Oriental+and+African+Studies%2C+University+of+London&rft.atitle=Early+Critics+of+the+Authenticity+of+the+Poetry+of+the+%22S%C4%ABra%22&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1%2F3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E453-%3C%2Fspan%3E463&rft.date=1958-01-01&rft.issn=0041-977X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A194960198%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F610611%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0041977x00060110&rft.aulast=%27Arafat&rft.aufirst=W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIbn+Ishaq" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Historians_of_Islam" title="Template:Historians of Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historians_of_Islam" title="Template talk:Historians of Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historians_of_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historians of Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslim_historians78" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_historians" title="List of Muslim historians">Muslim historians</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aban_bin_Uthman_bin_Affan" class="mw-redirect" title="Aban bin Uthman bin Affan"> Aban bin Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urwah_ibn_Zubayr" class="mw-redirect" title="Urwah ibn Zubayr">Urwah ibn Zubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Shihab_al-Zuhri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri">Ibn Shihab al-Zuhri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_al-Kalbi" title="Hisham ibn al-Kalbi">Hisham ibn al-Kalbi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ibn Ishaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Waqidi" title="Al-Waqidi">Al-Waqidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mikhnaf" title="Abu Mikhnaf">Abu Mikhnaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_ibn_Umar" title="Sayf ibn Umar">Sayf ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27ini" title="Al-Mada'ini">Al-Mada'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Lahi%27a" title="Ibn Lahi'a">Ibn Lahi'a</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%CA%BDAbd_al-Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn ʽAbd al-Hakam">Ibn ʽAbd al-Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalifah_ibn_Khayyat" title="Khalifah ibn Khayyat">Khalifah ibn Khayyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya'qubi">Ya'qubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">Al-Tabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">Al-Baladhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zubayr_ibn_Bakkar" title="Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar">Al-Zubayr ibn Bakkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azraqi" title="Al-Azraqi">Al-Azraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa_Dinawari" title="Abu Hanifa Dinawari">Abu Hanifa Dinawari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mada%27ini" title="Al-Mada'ini">Al-Mada'ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Nadim" title="Ibn al-Nadim">Ibn al-Nadim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Duraid" title="Ibn Duraid">Ibn Duraid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Q%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn al-Qūṭiyya">Ibn al-Qūṭiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miskawayh" title="Miskawayh">Miskawayh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_bin_Yahya_al-Suli" title="Abu Bakr bin Yahya al-Suli">al-Suli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Arab" title="Abu al-Arab">Abu al-Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muhammad_al-Hasan_al-Hamdani" title="Abu Muhammad al-Hasan al-Hamdani"> Abu Muhammad al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Musabbihi" title="Al-Musabbihi">Al-Musabbihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Yusuf_al-Kindi" title="Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Kindi">al-Kindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Faradi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Faradi">Ibn Faradi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hayyan" title="Ibn Hayyan">Ibn Hayyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Said_al-Andalusi" title="Said al-Andalusi">Said al-Andalusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Udri" title="Al-Udri">Al-Udri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">Al-Bakri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hazm" title="Ibn Hazm">Ibn Hazm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilal_al-Sabi%27" title="Hilal al-Sabi'">Hilal al-Sabi'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Khatib_al-Baghdadi" title="Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi">Al-Khatib al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Quda%27i" title="Al-Quda'i">Al-Quda'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bassam" title="Ibn Bassam">Ibn Bassam</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fadl_Bayhaqi" title="Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi">Abu'l-Fadl Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Sa%27id_Gardezi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Sa'id Gardezi">Abu Sa'id Gardezi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Baydhaq" title="Mohammed al-Baydhaq">Mohammed al-Baydhaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Latif_al-Baghdadi" title="Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi">Abd al-Latif al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Qalanisi" title="Ibn al-Qalanisi">Ibn al-Qalanisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_%CA%BDAsakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn ʽAsakir">Ibn ʽAsakir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usama_ibn_Munqidh" title="Usama ibn Munqidh">Usama ibn Munqidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imad_ad-Din_al-Isfahani" class="mw-redirect" title="Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani">Imad ad-Din al-Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baha_ad-Din_ibn_Shaddad" title="Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad">Baha ad-Din ibn Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hammad_(historian)" title="Ibn Hammad (historian)">Ibn Hammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jawwani" title="Al-Jawwani">Al-Jawwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Sam%27ani" title="Ibn al-Sam'ani">Ibn al-Sam'ani</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Ali_Rawandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi">Muhammad bin Ali Rawandi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">13th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqut_al-Hamawi" title="Yaqut al-Hamawi">Yaqut al-Hamawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Abd_al-Wahid_al-Marrakushi" title="'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi">'Abd al-Wahid al-Marrakushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Amira" title="Ibn Amira">Ibn Amira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jubayr" title="Ibn Jubayr">Ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Kardab%C5%ABs" title="Ibn al-Kardabūs">Ibn al-Kardabūs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Adim" title="Ibn al-Adim">Ibn al-Adim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_al-Athir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali ibn al-Athir">Ibn al-Athir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibt_ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Sibt ibn al-Jawzi">Sibt ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khallikan" title="Ibn Khallikan">Ibn Khallikan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qifti" title="Al-Qifti">Al-Qifti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zar" title="Ibn Abi Zar">Ibn Abi Zar</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Bibi" title="Ibn Bibi">Ibn Bibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Aufi" title="Muhammad Aufi">Muhammad Aufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Isfandiyar" title="Ibn Isfandiyar">Ibn Isfandiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minhaj-i_Siraj_Juzjani" title="Minhaj-i Siraj Juzjani">Minhaj-i-Siraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata-Malik_Juvayni" title="Ata-Malik Juvayni">Ata-Malik Juvayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">14th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fida" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fida">Abu'l-Fida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Idhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Idhari">Ibn Idhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Khatib" title="Ibn al-Khatib">Ibn al-Khatib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Fadlallah_al-Umari" title="Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari">Ibn Fadlallah al-Umari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Tiqtaqa" title="Ibn al-Tiqtaqa">Ibn al-Tiqtaqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Furat" title="Ibn al-Furat">Ibn al-Furat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Abi_al-Fada%27il" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Abi al-Fada'il">Al-Mufaddal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-%CA%BDAsqalani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Hajar al-ʽAsqalani">al-ʽAsqalani</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdallah_Mustawfi" title="Hamdallah Mustawfi">Hamdallah Mustawfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassaf" title="Wassaf">Wassaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziauddin_Barani" title="Ziauddin Barani">Ziauddin Barani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafiz-i_Abru" title="Hafiz-i Abru">Hafiz-i Abru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">15th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqrizi" title="Al-Maqrizi">al-Maqrizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taghribirdi" title="Ibn Taghribirdi">Ibn Taghribirdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sakhawi" title="Al-Sakhawi">Al-Sakhawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Suyuti" title="Al-Suyuti">Al-Suyuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ghazi_al-Miknasi" title="Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi">Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharaf_ad-Din_Ali_Yazdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi">Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirkhvand" title="Mirkhvand">Mirkhvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullah_Nadiri" title="Mullah Nadiri">Mullah Nadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahir_al-Din_Mar%27ashi" title="Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi">Zahir al-Din Mar'ashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Khunji_Isfahani" title="Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani">Fazlallah Khunji Isfahani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Bitlisi" title="Idris Bitlisi">Idris Bitlisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_bin_Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi">Yahya bin Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oru%C3%A7_Bey" title="Oruç Bey">Oruç Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kpa%C5%9Fazade" title="Aşıkpaşazade">Aşıkpaşazade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enveri" title="Enveri">Enveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neshri" class="mw-redirect" title="Neshri">Neshri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tursun_Beg" title="Tursun Beg">Tursun Beg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">16th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Iyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn Iyas">Ibn Iyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mujir_al-Din" title="Mujir al-Din">Mujir al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Aziz_al-Fishtali" title="Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali">Abd al-Aziz al-Fishtali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Ibn_al-Qadi" title="Ahmad Ibn al-Qadi"> Ibn al-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%27i_al-Karmi" title="Mar'i al-Karmi">Mar'i al-Karmi</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fazl_ibn_Mubarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak">Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khwandamir" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Khwandamir">Muhammad Khwandamir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BDAbd_al-Qadir_Badayuni" title="ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni">ʽAbd al-Qadir Badayuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizamuddin_Ahmad" title="Nizamuddin Ahmad">Nizamuddin Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firishta" title="Firishta">Firishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Beg_Munshi" title="Iskandar Beg Munshi">Iskandar Beg Munshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharafkhan_Bidlisi" title="Sharafkhan Bidlisi">Sharafkhan Bidlisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_%C3%82l%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Âlî">Mustafa Âlî</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCtfi_Pasha" title="Lütfi Pasha">Lûtfi Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Nasuh" title="Matrakçı Nasuh">Matrakçı Nasuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadeddin_Effendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadeddin Effendi">Sadeddin Effendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Selaniki" title="Mustafa Selaniki">Mustafa Selaniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C5%9Fk%C3%B6pr%C3%BCzade" title="Taşköprüzade">Taşköprüzade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Mohammed_al-Maqqari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari">Ahmed Mohammed al-Maqqari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katib_%C3%87elebi" class="mw-redirect" title="Katib Çelebi">Katib Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Imad_al-Hanbali" title="Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali">Ibn al-Imad al-Hanbali</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaikh_Inayat_Allah_Kamboh" title="Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh">Shaikh Inayat Allah Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Saleh_Kamboh" title="Muhammad Saleh Kamboh">Muhammad Saleh Kamboh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Fattah_Fumani" title="Abd al-Fattah Fumani">Abd al-Fattah Fumani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsin_Fani" title="Mohsin Fani">Mohsin Fani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ottoman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Petchevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Petchevi">Ibrahim Petchevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solakzade_Mehmed_Hemdemi" title="Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemi">Solakzade Mehmed Hemdemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A2tip_%C3%87elebi" title="Kâtip Çelebi">Kâtip Çelebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munejjim-bashi_Ahmed_Dede" title="Munejjim-bashi Ahmed Dede">Munejjim Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silahdar_Findiklili_Mehmed_Agha" title="Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha">Silahdar Findiklili Mehmed Agha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osman_Aga_of_Temesvar" title="Osman Aga of Temesvar">Osman Aga of Temesvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Naima" title="Mustafa Naima">Mustafa Naima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Burini" title="Al-Burini">Al-Hasan al-Burini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdurrahman_Abdi_Pasha_(court_historian)" title="Abdurrahman Abdi Pasha (court historian)">Abdi Pasha</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chagatai</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Ghazi_Bahadur" title="Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur">Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khani" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Khani">Ahmad Khani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Ifrani" title="Mohammed al-Ifrani">Mohammed al-Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Qadiri" title="Mohammed al-Qadiri">Mohammed al-Qadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_al-Muradi" title="Khalil al-Muradi">Khalil al-Muradi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Qasim_al-Zayyani" title="Abu al-Qasim al-Zayyani">al-Zayyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Jabarti" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Jabarti">al-Jabarti</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mehdi_Khan_Astarabadi" title="Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi">Mirza Mehdi Khan Astarabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Hasan_Golestaneh" title="Abol-Hasan Golestaneh">Abol-Hasan Golestaneh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Resm%C3%AE_Efendi" title="Ahmed Resmî Efendi">Ahmed Resmî Efendi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Khalid_al-Nasiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri">Ahmad ibn Khalid al-Nasiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Farid" title="Mohammad Farid">Mohammad Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Diyaf" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf">Ahmad ibn Abi Diyaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurji_Zaydan" title="Jurji Zaydan">Jurji Zaydan</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_Mirza_Qajar" title="Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar">Jalal al-Din Mirza Qajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Ahmad_Ali" title="Agha Ahmad Ali">Agha Ahmad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza-Qoli_Khan_Hedayat" title="Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat">Reza-Qoli Khan Hedayat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ottoman</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amiri_(Turkish_historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Amiri (Turkish historian)">Ali Amiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevdet_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevdet Pasha">Ahmed Cevdet Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Cevad_Pasha" title="Ahmed Cevad Pasha">Ahmed Cevad Pasha</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijani</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Adigozal_bey" title="Mirza Adigozal bey">Mirza Adigozal bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_bey_Javanshir" title="Ahmad bey Javanshir">Ahmad bey Javanshir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karim_agha_Shakikhanov" title="Karim agha Shakikhanov">Karim agha Shakikhanov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Bayazidi" title="Mahmud Bayazidi">Mahmud Bayazidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastoureh_Ardalan" title="Mastoureh Ardalan">Mastoureh Ardalan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Notable works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meadows_of_Gold" title="The Meadows of Gold">The Meadows of Gold</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Prophets_and_Kings" title="History of the Prophets and Kings">History of the Prophets and Kings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mu%27jam_al-Buldan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'jam al-Buldan">Mu'jam al-Buldan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concise_History_of_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Concise History of Humanity">Concise History of Humanity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_History" title="The Complete History">The Complete History</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Bidaya_wa%27l-Nihaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya">Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remaining_Signs_of_Past_Centuries" title="The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries">The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futuh_al-Buldan" title="Futuh al-Buldan">Futuh al-Buldan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-I%27tibar" title="Kitab al-I'tibar">Kitab al-I'tibar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caliphs" title="History of the Caliphs">History of the Caliphs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Rawd_al-Mitar" title="Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar">Kitab al-Rawd al-Mitar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarikh_al-Yaqubi" title="Tarikh al-Yaqubi">Tarikh al-Yaqubi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Idols" title="Book of Idols">Book of Idols</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Isnad" title="Isnad">Isnad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic calendar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_evaluation" title="Biographical evaluation">Biographical evaluation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_dictionary" title="Biographical dictionary">Biographical dictionary</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hadith_studies" title="Hadith studies">Hadith studies</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat" title="Tabaqat">Tabaqat</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isra%27iliyyat" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra'iliyyat">Isra'iliyyat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334847#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2042" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334847#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2042" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334847#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000080761635">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/4972197">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1825474/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjCXd3xWfdbMcjVBBBkjC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118976850">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88194910">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12172761p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12172761p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20061227001&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071558586">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdflsj2b4sl7b">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277409805171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13924079">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03803599?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118976850.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118976850">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03027690X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ibn-ishak">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&oldid=1271038151">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ibn_Ishaq&oldid=1271038151</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" 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