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autocapitalize="sentences" title="Rechercher sur Wikipédia [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Rechercher</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigation utilisateur"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">David Card</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> économiste canadien </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" 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<span>Suivre</span> </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=David_Card&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Modifier</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"> <div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:Homonymie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375"></a></span> </div> <div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les articles homonymes, voir <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Card">Card</a>.</p> </div> </div> <p><b>David Card</b>, né en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1956?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1956">1956</a>, est un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économiste">économiste</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomie_du_travail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économie du travail">du travail</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">canadien</a>, et professeur à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Californie_%C3%A0_Berkeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Californie à Berkeley">université de Californie à Berkeley</a>. Il est connu pour son utilisation de la méthode des <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exp%C3%A9rience_naturelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expérience naturelle">expériences naturelles</a> pour identifier l'effet de l'immigration ou encore du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salaire_minimum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salaire minimum">salaire minimum</a> sur le marché du travail.</p> <div class="infobox_v3 infobox infobox--frwiki noarchive large"> <div class="entete defaut" style="background-color:#EEEEFF;color:#000000"> <div> David Card </div> </div> <div> <div class="images" style="padding:2px 0"> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fichier:David_Card_-_Nobel_prize_interview_screenshot_(cropped).png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_Card_-_Nobel_prize_interview_screenshot_%28cropped%29.png/260px-David_Card_-_Nobel_prize_interview_screenshot_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_Card_-_Nobel_prize_interview_screenshot_%2528cropped%2529.png/390px-David_Card_-_Nobel_prize_interview_screenshot_%2528cropped%2529.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/David_Card_-_Nobel_prize_interview_screenshot_%2528cropped%2529.png/520px-David_Card_-_Nobel_prize_interview_screenshot_%2528cropped%2529.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1080"></a></span> </div> </div> <table> <caption style="color:#000000;text-align:center;background-color:#EEEEFF"> Biographie </caption> <tbody> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Naissance</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p569"><time datetime="1956" data-sort-value="1956" class="date-lien"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1956?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1956">1956</a></time><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23P569" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span><br><span class="wd_p19"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guelph?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guelph">Guelph</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23P19" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Nationalité</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p27"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Canada?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Canada">canadienne</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23P27" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Formation</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p69"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Princeton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Princeton">Université de Princeton</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Doctorat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Doctorat">doctorat</a>)<br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Queen%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université Queen's">Université Queen's</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23P69" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Activités</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p106"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%89conomiste?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Économiste">Économiste</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Enseignement?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Enseignement">professeur d'université</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23P106" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <table> <caption style="color:#000000;text-align:center;background-color:#EEEEFF"> Autres informations </caption> <tbody> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">A travaillé pour</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p108"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Californie_%C3%A0_Berkeley?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Californie à Berkeley">Université de Californie à Berkeley</a><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Chicago?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Chicago">Université de Chicago</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23P108" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Membre de</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p463"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9conom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Société d'économétrie">Société d'économétrie</a> <small>(<time>1991</time>)</small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_nationale_des_sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Académie nationale des sciences">Académie américaine des sciences</a> <small>(<time>2021</time>)</small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_am%C3%A9ricaine_des_arts_et_des_sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Académie américaine des arts et des sciences">Académie américaine des arts et des sciences</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23P463" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Directeur de thèse</th> <td class=""> <div><span class="wd_p184"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Orley_Ashenfelter?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orley Ashenfelter">Orley Ashenfelter</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23P184" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div></td> </tr> <tr class=""> <th scope="row">Distinctions</th> <td class=""> <div> <div class="toccolours mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="border:none"> <b>Liste détaillée</b> <div class="mw-collapsible-content" style="line-height:150%"> <span class="wd_p166"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9conom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Société d'économétrie">Membre associé de la Société d'économétrie</a> <small>(<time>1991</time>)</small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_John-Bates-Clark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Médaille John-Bates-Clark">Médaille John-Bates-Clark</a> <small>(<time>1995</time>)</small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prix_IZA_de_l%27%C3%A9conomie_du_travail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prix IZA de l'économie du travail">Prix IZA de l'économie du travail</a> <small>(<time>2006</time>)</small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_d%27%C3%A9conom%C3%A9trie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Société d'économétrie">Médaille Frisch</a> <small>(<time>2008</time>)</small><br> Lauréats Clarivate des chercheurs les plus cités <small>(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarivate_Citation_Laureates" class="extiw" title="en:Clarivate Citation Laureates"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article sur Wikipédia en anglais">en</span></a>)</small> <small>(<time>2013</time>)</small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/BBVA_Foundation_Frontiers_of_Knowledge_Awards?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Awards">BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award</a> <small>(<time>2014</time>)</small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prix_de_la_Banque_de_Su%C3%A8de_en_sciences_%C3%A9conomiques_en_m%C3%A9moire_d%27Alfred_Nobel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prix de la Banque de Suède en sciences économiques en mémoire d'Alfred Nobel">Prix de la Banque de Suède en sciences économiques en mémoire d'Alfred Nobel</a> <small>(<time>2021</time>)</small><br> Fisher-Schultz Lecture <small>(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher%25E2%2580%2593Schultz_Lecture" class="extiw" title="en:Fisher–Schultz Lecture"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article sur Wikipédia en anglais">en</span></a>)</small><br><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_am%C3%A9ricaine_des_arts_et_des_sciences?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Académie américaine des arts et des sciences">Membre de l'Académie américaine des arts et des sciences</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23P166" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></span></span></span> </div> </div> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p class="navbar noprint bordered navigation-not-searchable" style="border-top:1px solid #EEEEFF"><span class="plainlinks" style="text-align:left"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DDavid_Card%26veaction%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier</a> - <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DDavid_Card%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">modifier le code</a> - <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928" class="extiw" title="d:Q1173928">modifier Wikidata</a></span><span style="text-align:right"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Infobox_Biographie2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Documentation du modèle"><img alt="Documentation du modèle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></a></span></span></p> </div> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sommaire</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Biographie"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Biographie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Honneurs_et_r%C3%A9compenses"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Honneurs et récompenses</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Notes_et_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rences"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Notes et références</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Liens_externes"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Liens externes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Biographie">Biographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=David_Card&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Biographie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>David Card obtient son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Queen%27s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université Queen's">Université Queen's</a> (<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kingston_(Ontario)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kingston (Ontario)">Kingston</a>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ontario?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>) en 1978 et son <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Philosophi%C3%A6_doctor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophiæ doctor">Ph.D.</a> en <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sciences_%C3%A9conomiques?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sciences économiques">sciences économiques</a> en 1983 à l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_Princeton?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Université de Princeton">Université de Princeton</a>.</p> <p>Entre 1988 et 1992, Card est directeur de rédaction du <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Journal_of_Labor_Economics?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Journal of Labor Economics">Journal of Labor Economics</a></i>. De 1993 à 1997, il est codirecteur de la revue <i><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Econometrica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Econometrica">Econometrica</a></i>. Il obtient le prix Doug Purvis de l'association canadienne d'économique en 1994, et la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_John_Bates_Clark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Médaille John Bates Clark">médaille John Bates Clark</a> en 1995.</p> <p>Au début des années 1990, Card obtient une certaine notoriété, ainsi que son collègue d'alors à Princeton, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_Krueger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alan Krueger">Alan Krueger</a>, à la suite d'une étude sur le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salaire_minimum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salaire minimum">salaire minimum</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Card et Krueger remettent en cause une des conclusions les plus largement acceptées parmi les économistes, celle que l'augmentation du salaire minimum provoque mécaniquement l'augmentation du taux de chômage. En étudiant l'évolution de l'emploi dans la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Restauration_rapide?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Restauration rapide">restauration rapide</a> dans le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/New_Jersey?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> et les États limitrophes avant et après l'augmentation du salaire minimum dans le New Jersey, ils parviennent à la conclusion que cette augmentation n'a eu aucun impact sur le niveau de l'emploi dans cette branche. Les conclusions de Card et Krueger ne sont pas universellement acceptées, mais elles bénéficient d'un crédit considérable chez la plupart des économistes, comme <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joseph_Eugene_Stiglitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Eugene Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> <p>En utilisant une méthode semblable, Card montre également qu'une vague soudaine d'immigration peut n'avoir aucun effet sur le taux de chômage<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Lors de l'<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exode_de_Mariel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Exode de Mariel">exode de Mariel</a> de 1980, près de 130 000 réfugiés quittent Cuba pour les États-Unis, dont la moitié s'installe à <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Miami?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Miami">Miami</a>. L'exode constitue une <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Exp%C3%A9rience_naturelle?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Expérience naturelle">expérience naturelle</a> permettant de mesurer la capacité d'absorption d'une économie (ici, la ville de Miami) à un <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Choc_externe&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Choc externe (page inexistante)">choc externe</a> (l'augmentation subite et imprévue de la population). Dans son étude, Card compare l'évolution du taux de chômage et des salaires à Miami avec quatre autres villes possédant des caractéristiques voisines, mais non affectées par l'exode. Si, entre avril et <time class="nowrap" datetime="1980-07" data-sort-value="1980-07">juillet 1980</time>, le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Taux_de_ch%C3%B4mage?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Taux de chômage">taux de chômage</a> augmente brusquement, passant de 5 % à 7,1 %, l'étude portant sur la période 1979-1981 parvient à une conclusion opposée : à Miami, il diminue de 1,2 points (de 5,1 à 3,9 %), tandis que dans les villes-témoins, il ne diminue que de 0,1 point (de 4,4 à 4,3 %). Pour la population noire (la moins qualifiée et <i>a priori</i> la plus vulnérable à cette nouvelle concurrence), l'augmentation du taux de chômage est plus faible à Miami que dans les villes-témoins. Les résultats sont similaires pour les salaires. <span class="need_ref" title="Une source est souhaitée pour ce passage." style="cursor:help;">Les conclusions de Card vont à l'encontre de l'idée que la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mythe_d%27une_quantit%C3%A9_fixe_de_travail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythe d'une quantité fixe de travail">quantité de travail est fixe</a>, critique qui peut être utilisée pour mettre en question les thèses favorables au <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partage_du_travail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Partage du travail">partage du travail</a> ; cependant, dans le cas qu’il étudie, le nombre de consommateurs augmente, ce qui augmente la demande</span><sup class="need_ref_tag" style="padding-left:2px;"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aide:R%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence_n%C3%A9cessaire?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aide:Référence nécessaire">[<abbr class="abbr" title="référence">réf.</abbr> souhaitée]</a></sup>.</p> <p>Card fait d'autres contributions significatives au sujet de l'immigration<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, de l'éducation<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, de la formation professionnelle et de l'inégalité.</p> <p>En <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10" data-sort-value="2021-10">octobre 2021</time>, il reçoit conjointement le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prix_de_la_Banque_de_Su%C3%A8de_en_sciences_%C3%A9conomiques_en_m%C3%A9moire_d%27Alfred_Nobel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prix de la Banque de Suède en sciences économiques en mémoire d'Alfred Nobel">prix Nobel d'économie</a><sup id="cite_ref-RC20211011_7-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RC20211011-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Honneurs_et_récompenses"><span id="Honneurs_et_r.C3.A9compenses"></span>Honneurs et récompenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=David_Card&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Honneurs et récompenses" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>David Card est lauréat de la <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/M%C3%A9daille_John_Bates_Clark?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Médaille John Bates Clark">médaille John Bates Clark</a> en 1995 et partage, avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alan_B._Krueger?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan B. Krueger">Alan B. Krueger</a>, en 1996 le <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prix_IZA_du_jeune_%C3%A9conomiste_du_travail?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prix IZA du jeune économiste du travail">Prix IZA du jeune économiste du travail</a>.</p> <p>Il est l'un des trois lauréats du <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prix_de_la_Banque_de_Su%C3%A8de_en_sciences_%C3%A9conomiques_en_m%C3%A9moire_d%27Alfred_Nobel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prix de la Banque de Suède en sciences économiques en mémoire d'Alfred Nobel">Prix de la Banque de Suède</a> 2021 avec <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Joshua_Angrist?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Joshua Angrist">Joshua Angrist</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Guido_Imbens?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Guido Imbens">Guido Imbens</a><sup id="cite_ref-RC20211011_7-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-RC20211011-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=David_Card&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> Cet article est partiellement ou en totalité issu de l’article de Wikipédia en anglais intitulé <span class="plainlinks">« <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card?oldid%3D115793394">David Card</a> » <small>(<a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card?action%3Dhistory">voir la liste des auteurs</a>)</small></span>.</li> </ul> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><i>Myth and Measurement: The New Economics of the Minimum Wage,</i> with Alan B. Kruger, Princeton University Press, 1997. <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/0-691-04823-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/0-691-04823-1"><span class="nowrap">0-691-04823-1</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Joseph Stiglitz (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www2.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/jstiglitz/download/2002_Emploi_justice_sociale.pdf"><i>Employment, social justice and societal well-being</i></a> International Labour Review, 141 (1-2), p. 9 - 29.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-3">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage">« <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v%3DxrIwcuD_53M"><cite style="font-style:normal;">Heureka, le SM, l'emploi, les données (½)</cite></a> » <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2022-07-11" data-sort-value="2022-07-11">11 juillet 2022</time>)</small></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">David Card, <i>The Impact of the Mariel Boatlift on the Miami Labor Market</i>, dans <i>Industrial and Labor Relations Review</i>, vol. 43, 1990, pages 245-257 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nber.org/papers/w3069.pdf">version en ligne</a> (NBER) ; l'étude est évoquée dans <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pierre_Cahuc?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pierre Cahuc">Pierre Cahuc</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Zylberberg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="André Zylberberg">André Zylberberg</a>, <i>Le chômage : fatalité ou nécessité</i>, <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Groupe_Flammarion?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Groupe Flammarion">Flammarion</a>, 2004, <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/2-08-210361-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/2-08-210361-7"><span class="nowrap">2-08-210361-7</span></a>)</small></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Card, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.phil.frb.org/econ/conf/immigration/card.pdf">"Is the new immigration really so bad?"</a>, Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Card, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.csuchico.edu/pub/inside/archive/98_02_26/card.html">"Is it worth it to go to college?"</a> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-RC20211011-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RC20211011_7-0">a</a> et <a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/David_Card?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-RC20211011_7-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="France-Presse2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Agence_France-Presse2021">Agence France-Presse, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Un Canadien parmi les lauréats du Nobel d’économie</cite> », <i>Ici.Radio-Canada.ca</i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2021-10-11" data-sort-value="2021-10-11">11 octobre 2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ici.radio-canada.ca/nouvelle/1830764/canada-prix-nobel-experiences-travail-economie">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Un+Canadien+parmi+les+laur%C3%A9ats+du+Nobel+d%E2%80%99%C3%A9conomie&rft.jtitle=Ici.Radio-Canada.ca&rft.aulast=France-Presse&rft.aufirst=Agence&rft.date=2021-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fici.radio-canada.ca%2Fnouvelle%2F1830764%2Fcanada-prix-nobel-experiences-travail-economie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3ADavid+Card"></span></span></span></span></li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=David_Card&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>modifier</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.iir.berkeley.edu/faculty/card/index.html">Page personnelle de David Card</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nber.org/vitae/vita125.htm">CV de David Card</a></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://viaf.org/viaf/76394045">VIAF</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://isni.org/isni/0000000114753298">ISNI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123623502">BnF</a></span> (<span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb123623502">données</a></span>)</li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.idref.fr/032630174">IdRef</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82257145">LCCN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://d-nb.info/gnd/124526586">GND</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V162983">Italie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07798592?l%3Den">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14225943">Belgique</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072703210">Pays-Bas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func%3Dfind-b%26local_base%3DNLX10%26find_code%3DUID%26request%3D987007259583705171">Israël</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/n%25202004257357">NUKAT</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058511698206706">Catalogne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://libris.kb.se/auth/181039">Suède</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36060023">Australie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90728024">Norvège</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://aut.nkp.cz/mub2011624096">Tchéquie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kopkatalogs.lv/F/?func%3Ddirect%26local_base%3Dlnc10%26doc_number%3D000251840">Lettonie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap uid noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n82-257145">WorldCat</a></span></li> </ul> </div></li> <li> <div class="liste-horizontale"> <span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://denstoredanske.lex.dk//David_Card/"><i>Den Store Danske Encyklopædi</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%25C3%25A5ng/david-card"><i>Nationalencyklopedin</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.munzinger.de/search/go/document.jsp?id%3D00000032579">Munzinger</a></li> </ul> </div></li> <li><span class="liste-horizontale noarchive"><span class="wd_identifiers">Ressources relatives à la recherche<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1173928?uselang%3Dfr%23identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"> <noscript> <img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" data-alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span></span> : <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://app.dimensions.ai/discover/publication?and_facet_researcher%3Dur.01020200442.77"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Dimensions</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://gepris.dfg.de/gepris/person/27481076"><span class="lang-de" lang="de">Geförderte Projekte Informationssystem</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user%3DlqmGJIkAAAAJ"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Google Scholar</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://genealogy.math.ndsu.nodak.edu/id.php?id%3D201092"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Mathematics Genealogy Project</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6914-6698"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">ORCID</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://authors.repec.org/pro/pca271"><span class="lang-en" lang="en">Research Papers in Economics</span></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/24px-NobelP2.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="24" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="542"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 24px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/24px-NobelP2.png" data-alt="icône décorative" data-width="24" data-height="24" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/36px-NobelP2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/48px-NobelP2.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></span> <span class="bandeau-portail-texte"><a href="https://fr-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portail:Prix_Nobel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portail:Prix Nobel">Portail du prix Nobel</a></span> </span></li> <li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span 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href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF" title="ديفيد كارد – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديفيد كارد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25D9%258A%25D9%2581%25D9%258A%25D8%25AF_%25D9%2583%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF" title="ديفيد كارد – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ديفيد كارد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A6_%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A7%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1" title="ডেভিদ কাৰ্ড – assamais" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডেভিদ কাৰ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D1%258D%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4_%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4" title="Дэвід Кард – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэвід Кард" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B9%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4_%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4" title="Дейвид Кард – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дейвид Кард" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25A1%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25AD%25E0%25A6%25BF%25E0%25A6%25A1_%25E0%25A6%2595%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25B0%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1" title="ডেভিড কার্ড – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডেভিড কার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AF%25DB%258C%25D9%2588%25DB%258C%25D8%25AF_%25DA%25A9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1%25D8%25AF" title="دیوید کارد – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیوید کارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%2593%25D7%2599%25D7%2599%25D7%2595%25D7%2595%25D7%2599%25D7%2593_%25D7%25A7%25D7%2590%25D7%25A8%25D7%2593" title="דייוויד קארד – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דייוויד קארד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25B4%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B5%25D5%25BE%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A4_%25D5%2594%25D5%25A1%25D6%2580%25D5%25A4" title="Դեյվիդ Քարդ – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեյվիդ Քարդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2587%25E3%2583%25B4%25E3%2582%25A3%25E3%2583%2583%25E3%2583%2589%25E3%2583%25BB%25E3%2582%25AB%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%2589" title="デヴィッド・カード – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デヴィッド・カード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2595%25E1%2583%2598%25E1%2583%2593_%25E1%2583%25A5%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A0%25E1%2583%2593%25E1%2583%2598" title="დევიდ ქარდი – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დევიდ ქარდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B3%2587%25E0%25B2%25B5%25E0%25B2%25BF%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B3%258D_%25E0%25B2%2595%25E0%25B2%25BE%25E0%25B2%25B0%25E0%25B3%258D%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಕಾರ್ಡ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡೇವಿಡ್ ಕಾರ್ಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EB%258D%25B0%25EC%259D%25B4%25EB%25B9%2584%25EB%2593%259C_%25EC%25B9%25B4%25EB%2593%259C" title="데이비드 카드 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="데이비드 카드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edward_Card" title="David Edward Card – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="David Edward Card" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4,_%25D0%2594%25D1%258D%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4" title="Кард, Дэвид – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кард, Дэвид" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D1%2598%25D0%25B2%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B4_%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4" title="Дејвид Кард – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дејвид Кард" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B5%25E0%25AF%2580%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581_%25E0%25AE%2595%25E0%25AE%25BE%25E0%25AE%25B0%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%259F%25E0%25AF%2581" title="தாவீது கார்டு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தாவீது கார்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%2594%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B2%25D1%2596%25D0%25B4_%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B4" title="Девід Кард – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Девід Кард" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Card" title="David Card – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="David Card" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%2588%25B4%25E7%25BB%25B4%25C2%25B7%25E5%258D%25A1%25E5%25BE%25B7" title="戴维·卡德 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="戴维·卡德" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-fr.svg" alt="Wikipédia" width="119" height="18" style="width: 7.4375em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">La dernière modification de cette page a été faite le 7 mars 2024 à 22:22.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Le contenu est disponible sous licence <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.fr">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> sauf 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