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class="mw-page-title-main">Adiaphora</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiafora" title="Adiafora – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Adiafora" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi%C3%A0fora" title="Adiàfora – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adiàfora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiafora" title="Adiafora – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adiafora" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adiaphora" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiafoorid" title="Adiafoorid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adiafoorid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiafor%C3%ADa" title="Adiaforía – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adiaforía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adiaphora" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adiaphora" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%ED%8F%AC%EB%9D%BC" title="아디아포라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아디아포라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiafora" title="Adiafora – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adiafora" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Adiaphora" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adiaphora" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Adiaphora" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaphora" title="Adiaphora – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adiaphora" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%A9" title="アディアフォラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アディアフォラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiafora" title="Adiafora – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adiafora" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adi%C3%A1fora" title="Adiáfora – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adiáfora" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Адиафора – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Адиафора" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiaforon" title="Adiaforon – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adiaforon" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiafora" title="Adiafora – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adiafora" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiafora" title="Adiafora – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adiafora" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiafora" title="Adiafora – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adiafora" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%AD%E6%80%A7" title="道德中性 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="道德中性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Concepts in philosophy and religion</div> <p><b>Adiaphoron</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> plural: <b>adiaphora</b>; from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀδιάφορον</span></span> (pl. <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀδιάφορα</span></span>), meaning "not different or differentiable")<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the negation of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διαφορά</span></span> <i>diaphora</i>, "difference". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Ancient_Greek_philosophy">In Ancient Greek philosophy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaphora&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In Ancient Greek philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Pyrrhonism" title="Category:Pyrrhonism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png/100px-Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png/150px-Philosopher_marble_head_Roman_copy_AM_Corfu_Krfm22-removebg-preview.png 1.5x, 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<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia">Ataraxia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acatalepsy" title="Acatalepsy">Acatalepsy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adiaphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporia" title="Aporia">Aporia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch%C3%A9" title="Epoché">Epoché</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Similar philosophies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empiric_school" title="Empiric school">Empiric school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epilogism" title="Epilogism">Epilogism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_skepticism" title="Academic skepticism">Academic skepticism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)">Modern influence</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchhausen_trilemma" title="Münchhausen trilemma">Münchhausen trilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benson_Mates" title="Benson Mates">Benson Mates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Fogelin" title="Robert Fogelin">Robert Fogelin</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/10px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/15px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/21px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pyrrhonism_sidebar" title="Template:Pyrrhonism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pyrrhonism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Pyrrhonism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pyrrhonism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pyrrhonism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynicism</a>, adiaphora represents indifference to the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vicissitude" class="extiw" title="wikt:vicissitude">vicissitudes</a> of life through <a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">ascetic</a> practices which help one become free from influences – such as wealth, fame, and power – that have no value in nature.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Examples include <a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes</a>' practice of living in a tub and walking barefoot in winter.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoics</a> distinguish all the objects of human pursuit into three classes: good, bad, and adiaphora (indifferent). <a href="/wiki/Virtue" title="Virtue">Virtue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)" title="Temperance (virtue)">temperance</a>, and the like, are denominated <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good; their opposites were bad</a>. Besides these there are many other objects of pursuit such as <a href="/wiki/Wealth" title="Wealth">wealth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Celebrity" title="Celebrity">fame</a>, etc., of themselves neither good nor bad. These are thought therefore in <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a> to occupy neutral territory, and are denominated "adiaphora". This distinction amounts practically to an exclusion of the adiaphora from the field of <a href="/wiki/Morals" class="mw-redirect" title="Morals">morals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the context of Stoicism adiaphora is usually translated as "indifference".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Unlike in Stoicism and Cynicism, In <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonism</a> <i>adiaphora</i> has no specific connection to morality, but indicates things that cannot be logically differentiated,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Aristotle uses "adiaphora" to mean "undifferentiated by a logical <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διαφορά</span></span>/<a href="/wiki/Differentia" title="Differentia">differentia</a>." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaphora&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, adiaphora are matters not regarded as essential to <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a>, but nevertheless as permissible for Christians or allowed by the church. What is specifically considered adiaphora depends on the specific <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theology</a> in view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaphora&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lutheranism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">Law and Gospel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism#Lutheranism" title="Antinomianism">Antinomianism § Lutheranism</a></div> <p>The issue of what constituted <i>adiaphora</i> became a major dispute during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. In 1548, two years after the death of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor Charles V</a> tried to unite Catholics and Protestants in his realm with a law called the <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Interim" title="Augsburg Interim">Augsburg Interim</a>. This was rejected by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Melanchthon" class="mw-redirect" title="Philipp Melanchthon">Philipp Melanchthon</a>, because it did not ensure <a href="/wiki/Justification_by_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Justification by faith">justification by faith</a> as a fundamental doctrine. Later he was persuaded to accept a compromise known as the <a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Interim" title="Leipzig Interim">Leipzig Interim</a>, deciding that doctrinal differences not related to justification by faith were <i>adiaphora</i> or matters not essential for salvation. Melanchthon's compromise was vehemently opposed by <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a> and his followers in <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, who went to the opposite extreme by claiming that <i>adiaphora</i> cease to be such in a case of scandal and confession. By 1576, both extremes were rejected by the majority of <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a> and the formulators of the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a>. </p><p>In 1577, the Formula of Concord was crafted to settle the question of the nature of genuine <i>adiaphora</i>, which it defined as church rites that are “neither commanded nor forbidden in the Word of God.”<sup id="cite_ref-cycl_Luth_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cycl_Luth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Formula added believers should not yield even in matters of <i>adiaphora</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that an example be provided. (July 2022)">example needed</span></a></i>]</sup> when these are being forced upon them by the “enemies of God's Word.”<sup id="cite_ref-book_TheS_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-book_TheS-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lutheran <a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession" title="Augsburg Confession">Augsburg Confession</a> states that true unity of the Church is enough to allow for agreement, concerning the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> and administration of the <a href="/wiki/Lutheran_sacraments" title="Lutheran sacraments">Sacraments</a>. It also posits that merely human traditions, namely extrabiblical rites or ceremonies, need not be the same across all congregations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Puritanism">Puritanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaphora&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Puritanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Adiaphora&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="Westminster Confession of Faith">Westminster Confession of Faith</a>, a confession of faith written by the <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritans</a>, which after the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> was rejected by the <a href="/wiki/Anglicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicans">Anglicans</a>, distinguishes between elements or acts of <a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">worship</a> (worship proper) and the circumstances of worship. The elements of worship must be limited to what has positive warrant in Scripture, a doctrine known as the <a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">regulative principle of worship</a>. In this framework, the elements of worship have included praise (the words and manner of music), prayer, preaching and teaching from the Bible, the taking of vows, and the two sacraments of <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord’s Supper</a>, while the circumstances of worship have included the building and its necessary furniture and the time of day for worship. </p><p>The circumstances of worship are considered adiaphora, although they must be done for edification and to promote peace and order (compare <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Corinthians%2014:26–33&version=nrsv">1 Corinthians 14:26–33</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Romans%2014:19&version=nrsv">Romans 14:19</a>). According to the Westminster Confession 20.2,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the conscience is left free in general belief and behavior within the realm of whatever is not “contrary to the Word. However, specifically concerning worship and religious faith, the conscience is free from whatever is “besides” Scripture; that is, one is free to worship and believe only according to whatever has positive warrant in Scripture. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a> who have subscribed to the Westminster Confession, for instance, sometimes considered the questions of <a href="/wiki/Musical_instruments" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical instruments">musical instruments</a> and of the singing of <a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">hymns</a> (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_psalmody" title="Exclusive psalmody">exclusive psalmody</a>) not drawn directly from the Bible as related to the elements of worship, as not optional circumstances. Thus, they rejected musical instruments and hymns because they believed these were neither commanded by Scripture, nor deduced by good and necessary consequence from it.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, adherence to such a position is rare among modern Presbyterians. </p><p>The Puritan position on worship is thus in line with the common saying regarding adiaphora: “<a href="/wiki/In_necessariis_unitas,_in_dubiis_libertas,_in_omnibus_caritas" title="In necessariis unitas, in dubiis libertas, in omnibus caritas">In necessary things, unity; in doubtful things, liberty; in all things, charity</a>.” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latitudinarianism_in_Anglicanism">Latitudinarianism in Anglicanism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaphora&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Latitudinarianism in Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Latitudinarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitudinarianism">Latitudinarianism</a> was initially a pejorative term applied to a group of 17th-century English theologians who believed in conforming to official <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> practices, but who felt that matters of <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">liturgical</a> practice, and <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> organization were of relatively little importance. Good examples of the latitudinarian philosophy were found among the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonists</a>. The latitudinarian Anglicans of that period built on <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hooker (theologian)">Richard Hooker</a>'s position in <i><a href="/wiki/Of_the_Laws_of_Ecclesiastical_Polity" class="mw-redirect" title="Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity">Of the Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity</a></i>, which states God cares about the moral state of the individual soul and that matters such as church leadership are “things indifferent”. However, they took the position far beyond Hooker's own and extended it to doctrinal matters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaphora&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/18px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/27px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/36px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_counsels" title="Evangelical counsels">Evangelical counsels</a> – Chastity, poverty (perfect charity) and obedience</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodoxy" title="Heterodoxy">Heterodoxy</a> – Opinions or practices which vary from official positions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikhtilaf" title="Ikhtilaf"><i>Ikhtilaf</i></a> – Scholarly disagreement in Islamic law</li> <li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Lex_orandi,_lex_credendi" title="Lex orandi, lex credendi">Lex orandi, lex credendi</a></i></span><a href="/wiki/Lex_orandi,_lex_credendi" title="Lex orandi, lex credendi">.</a> – Principle of the relationship between belief and prayer in Christian tradition</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubah" title="Mubah">Mubah</a> – Islamic jurisprudential term denoting an action that has no specific ruling, similar to the Stoic meaning of <i>Adiaphora</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a> – Adherence to the actual accepted belief, especially in religion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Stoicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Stoicism">Modern Stoicism</a> – Virtue-focused philosophical system<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologoumenon" title="Theologoumenon">Theologoumenon</a> – Statement lacking absolute doctrinal authority</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaphora&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 64em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181116215947/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/adiaphoron">"adiaphoron"</a>. <i>Oxford Dictionaries</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/adiaphoron">the original</a> on November 16, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=adiaphoron&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fadiaphoron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/adiaphoron">"Adiaphoron"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adiaphoron&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fadiaphoron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=dia/foros"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">διάφορον</span></span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=a)dia/foros"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ἀδιάφορον</span></span></a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Liddell, Henry George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Scott_(philologist)" title="Robert Scott (philologist)">Scott, Robert</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Perseus_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Perseus Project">Perseus Project</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>The New American Cyclopaedia</i>, 1859, p. 124</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+American+Cyclopaedia&rft.pages=124&rft.date=1859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBett2018" class="citation book cs1">Bett, Richard (2018). "Pyrrho". In Zalta, Edward N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2018/entries/pyrrho/"><i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i></a>. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University – via Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pyrrho&rft.btitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.pub=Metaphysics+Research+Lab%2C+Stanford+University&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Bett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fwin2018%2Fentries%2Fpyrrho%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cycl_Luth-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cycl_Luth_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuekerPoellotJackson2000" class="citation web cs1">Lueker, Erwin L.; Poellot, Luther; Jackson, Paul, eds. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=a&word=ADIAPHORA">"Adiaphora"</a>. <i>Christian Cyclopedia</i>. Concordia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+Cyclopedia&rft.atitle=Adiaphora&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcyclopedia.lcms.org%2Fdisplay.asp%3Ft1%3Da%26word%3DADIAPHORA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-book_TheS-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-book_TheS_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bookofconcord.org/sd-adiaphora.php?setSidebar=min">"X. Church Rites, Commonly Called Adiaphora"</a>. <i>The Solid Declaration of the Formula of Concord</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Solid+Declaration+of+the+Formula+of+Concord&rft.atitle=X.+Church+Rites%2C+Commonly+Called+Adiaphora&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbookofconcord.org%2Fsd-adiaphora.php%3FsetSidebar%3Dmin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformed.org/documents/wcf_with_proofs/ch_XX.html">"XX"</a>, <i>Westminster Confession of Faith with proofs</i>, Reformed</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XX&rft.btitle=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith+with+proofs&rft.pub=Reformed&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freformed.org%2Fdocuments%2Fwcf_with_proofs%2Fch_XX.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwertley" class="citation web cs1">Schwertley, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120005900/http://reformedonline.com/view/reformedonline/sola.htm">"Sola Scripture and the Regulative Principles of Worship"</a>. <i>Reformed Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformedonline.com/view/reformedonline/sola.htm">the original</a> on 2013-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reformed+Online&rft.atitle=Sola+Scripture+and+the+Regulative+Principles+of+Worship&rft.aulast=Schwertley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freformedonline.com%2Fview%2Freformedonline%2Fsola.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwertley" class="citation web cs1">Schwertley, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120010940/http://reformedonline.com/view/reformedonline/music.htm">"Musical Instruments in the Public Worship of God"</a>. <i>Reformed Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformedonline.com/view/reformedonline/music.htm">the original</a> on 2013-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reformed+Online&rft.atitle=Musical+Instruments+in+the+Public+Worship+of+God&rft.aulast=Schwertley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freformedonline.com%2Fview%2Freformedonline%2Fmusic.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwertley" class="citation web cs1">Schwertley, Brian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120011120/http://reformedonline.com/view/reformedonline/psalm.htm">"Exclusive Psalmody: A Biblical Defense"</a>. <i>Reformed Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reformedonline.com/view/reformedonline/psalm.htm">the original</a> on 2013-01-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-06-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reformed+Online&rft.atitle=Exclusive+Psalmody%3A+A+Biblical+Defense&rft.aulast=Schwertley&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freformedonline.com%2Fview%2Freformedonline%2Fpsalm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaphora&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell2005" class="citation cs2">Waddell, James Alan (2005), <i>The Struggle to Reclaim the Liturgy in the Lutheran Church: Adiaphora in Historical, Theological and Practical Perspective</i>, Lewiston, NY: Mellen, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0773459227" title="Special:BookSources/0773459227"><bdi>0773459227</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Struggle+to+Reclaim+the+Liturgy+in+the+Lutheran+Church%3A+Adiaphora+in+Historical%2C+Theological+and+Practical+Perspective&rft.place=Lewiston%2C+NY&rft.pub=Mellen&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0773459227&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=James+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaddell2009" class="citation cs2">——— (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722205624/https://wipfandstock.com/store/A_Simplified_Guide_to_Worshiping_As_Lutherans"><i>A Simplified Guide to Worshiping As Lutherans</i></a>, Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wipfandstock.com/store/A_Simplified_Guide_to_Worshiping_As_Lutherans">the original</a> on 2012-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-07-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Simplified+Guide+to+Worshiping+As+Lutherans&rft.place=Eugene%2C+OR&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Waddell&rft.aufirst=James+Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwipfandstock.com%2Fstore%2FA_Simplified_Guide_to_Worshiping_As_Lutherans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adiaphora&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20071015032255/http://www.wlsessays.net/subjects/F/fsubind.htm%23Freedom,%20Christian"><i>Christian Freedom</i></a> (scholarly articles), The Wisconsin Lutheran Seminary Library, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wlsessays.net/subjects/F/fsubind.htm#Freedom,%20Christian">the original</a> on 2007-10-15</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Freedom&rft.pub=The+Wisconsin+Lutheran+Seminary+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wlsessays.net%2Fsubjects%2FF%2Ffsubind.htm%23Freedom%2C%2520Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lexcredendilexorandi.wordpress.com/">The Lex Orandi Lex Credendi Question in Lutheranism Today</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Adiaphorists"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Adiaphorists">"Adiaphorists" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adiaphorists&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=192&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdiaphora" class="Z3988"></span> This specifically describes the Lutheran controversy.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greek_philosophical_concepts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greek_philosophical_concepts" title="Template:Ancient Greek philosophical concepts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greek_philosophical_concepts" title="Template talk:Ancient Greek philosophical concepts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greek_philosophical_concepts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greek philosophical concepts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greek_philosophical_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Ancient Greek philosophical concepts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Adiaphora</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(indifferent)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aletheia" title="Aletheia"><i>Aletheia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(truth)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apeiron" title="Apeiron"><i>Apeiron</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(infinite)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporia" title="Aporia"><i>Aporia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(problem)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arche" class="mw-redirect" title="Arche"><i>Arche</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(first principle)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arete" title="Arete"><i>Arete</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(excellence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataraxia" title="Ataraxia"><i>Ataraxia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(tranquility)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmos" title="Cosmos"><i>Cosmos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(order)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diairesis" title="Diairesis"><i>Diairesis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(division)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxa" title="Doxa"><i>Doxa</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(opinion)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episteme" title="Episteme"><i>Episteme</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(knowledge)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethos" title="Ethos"><i>Ethos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(character)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudaimonia" title="Eudaimonia"><i>Eudaimonia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(flourishing)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesychia" title="Hesychia"><i>Hesychia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(stillness)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logos" title="Logos"><i>Logos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(reason)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis"><i>Mimesis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(imitation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monad_(philosophy)" title="Monad (philosophy)"><i>Monad</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(unit)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nous" title="Nous"><i>Nous</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(intellect)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ousia" title="Ousia"><i>Ousia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(substance)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos"><i>Pathos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(passion)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phronesis" title="Phronesis"><i>Phronesis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(prudence)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physis" title="Physis"><i>Physis</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(nature)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_(wisdom)" title="Sophia (wisdom)"><i>Sophia</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(wisdom)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophrosyne" title="Sophrosyne"><i>Sophrosyne</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(temperance)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_(philosophy)" title="Sage (philosophy)"><i>Sophós</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(sage)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techne" title="Techne"><i>Techne</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(craft)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos" title="Telos"><i>Telos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(goal)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thumos" title="Thumos"><i>Thumos</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(temper)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Early_Lutheran_controversies" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Early_Lutheran_controversies" title="Template:Early Lutheran controversies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Early_Lutheran_controversies" title="Template talk:Early Lutheran controversies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Early_Lutheran_controversies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Early Lutheran controversies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_Lutheran_controversies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Early <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> controversies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table class="hlist"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> <i>Date</i></th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <i>Controversy</i></th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> <span class="nowrap"><i>Resolution</i> <sup>a)</sup></span></th><th scope="col" style="font-weight:normal; padding:2px 5px;;text-align:left;"> <i>Issues / people / publications involved</i></th></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1527–56</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Antinomian" class="mw-redirect" title="Antinomian">Antinomian</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>V</li><li>VI</li></ul></div></th><td style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Agricola" title="Johannes Agricola">Johannes Agricola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Poach" title="Andreas Poach">Andreas Poach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Otto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Otto (page does not exist)">Anton Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1533–53</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Descent into Hell</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> IX</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrowing_of_Hell" title="Harrowing of Hell">Descent into Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Aepinus" title="Johannes Aepinus">Johannes Aepinus</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1548–55</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adiaphoristic</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> X</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1549–66</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Osiandrian_controversy" title="Osiandrian controversy">Osiandrian</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> III</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Osiander" title="Andreas Osiander">Andreas Osiander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Funck" title="Johann Funck">Johann Funck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Stancaro" title="Francesco Stancaro">Francesco Stancaro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Musculus" title="Andreas Musculus">Andreas Musculus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1551–62</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Majoristic</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> VI</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Major" title="Georg Major">Georg Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_Menius" title="Justus Menius">Justus Menius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_von_Amsdorf" title="Nicolaus von Amsdorf">Nicolaus von Amsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Gallus" title="Nicolaus Gallus">Nicolaus Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1555–60</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Synergistic</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> II</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Pfeffinger" title="Johann Pfeffinger">Johann Pfeffinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Bondage_of_the_Will" title="On the Bondage of the Will">On the Bondage of the Will</a></i></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1560–75</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Flacian</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> I</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Flacius" title="Matthias Flacius">Matthias Flacius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simon_Musaeus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simon Musaeus (page does not exist)">Simon Musaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victorinus_Strigel" title="Victorinus Strigel">Victorinus Strigel</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1560–75</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Calvinism" title="Crypto-Calvinism">Crypto-Calvinist</a><br />and Saligerian</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> VII</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Melanchthon" title="Philip Melanchthon">Philip Melanchthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg_Confession_Variata" title="Augsburg Confession Variata">Augsburg Confession Variata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hardenberg" title="Albert Hardenberg">Albert Hardenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Westphal_(of_Hamburg)" title="Joachim Westphal (of Hamburg)">Joachim Westphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Chemnitz" title="Martin Chemnitz">Martin Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_M%C3%B6rlin" title="Maximilian Mörlin">Maximilian Mörlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Saliger" title="Johannes Saliger">Johannes Saliger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippists" title="Philippists">Philippists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacramentarians" title="Sacramentarians">Sacramentarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitarians" title="Ubiquitarians">Ubiquitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnesio-Lutherans" title="Gnesio-Lutherans">Gnesio-Lutherans</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Body_and_Blood_of_Christ%E2%80%94Against_the_Fanatics" title="The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ—Against the Fanatics">The Sacrament of the Body and Blood of Christ</a></i></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1561–63</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> Predestination</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"> XI</th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination" title="Predestination">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Marbach" title="Johann Marbach">Johann Marbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girolamo_Zanchi" title="Girolamo Zanchi">Girolamo Zanchi</a></li></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center; padding:2px 5px;"> 1640-86</th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Syncretistic_controversy" title="Syncretistic controversy">Syncretistic</a></th><th scope="row" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:left; padding:2px 5px;"></th><td style="text-align:left;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Calixtus" title="Georg Calixtus">Georg Calixtus</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><sup>a)</sup> Articles identified (I–XII) according to the <a href="/wiki/Formula_of_Concord" title="Formula of Concord">Formula of Concord</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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