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href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientology_beliefs_and_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientology_beliefs_and_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Scientology beliefs and theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientology_beliefs_and_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="E-Meter" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-Metro" title="E-Metro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="E-Metro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-meter" title="E-meter – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="E-meter" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-meter" title="E-meter – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="E-meter" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-%E3%83%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="E-メーター – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="E-メーター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-meter" title="E-meter – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="E-meter" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80" title="Е-метр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Е-метр" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the scientific instrument, see <a href="/wiki/Electrometer" title="Electrometer">electrometer</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_e_meter_blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scientology_e_meter_blue.jpg/220px-Scientology_e_meter_blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scientology_e_meter_blue.jpg/330px-Scientology_e_meter_blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Scientology_e_meter_blue.jpg/440px-Scientology_e_meter_blue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption>A Scientology E-Meter</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology" title="Category:Scientology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="PAC Base, Los Angeles"><img alt="PAC Base, Los Angeles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/110px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/165px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg/220px-Church_of_Scientology_building_in_Los_Angeles%2C_Fountain_Avenue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="714" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>General</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scientology" title="Timeline of Scientology">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dianetics_and_Scientology" title="History of Dianetics and Scientology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of Scientology">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Scientology" title="Glossary of Scientology">Glossary</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_beliefs_and_practices" title="Scientology beliefs and practices">Beliefs and practices</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thetan" title="Thetan">Thetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_to_Total_Freedom" title="The Bridge to Total Freedom">Bridge to Total Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan" title="Operating Thetan">OT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenu" title="Xenu">Xenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_ethics_and_justice" title="Scientology ethics and justice">Ethics and justice</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_officials" title="Scientology officials">Officials and staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CEE0F2; color:black;"> <a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Controversies</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_law" title="Scientology and law">Litigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country" title="Scientology status by country">Status by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressive_person" title="Suppressive person">Suppressive person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disconnection_(Scientology)" title="Disconnection (Scientology)">Disconnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">Fair game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Project_Force" title="Rehabilitation Project Force">RPF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hole_(Scientology)" title="The Hole (Scientology)">The Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Affairs" title="Office of Special Affairs">Office of Special Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guardian%27s_Office_operations" title="List of Guardian's Office operations">Guardian's Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_psychiatry" title="Scientology and psychiatry">War on psychiatry</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology" title="Category:Scientology">More</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>E-Meter</b> (also <b>electropsychometer</b> and <b>Hubbard Electrometer</b>) is an electronic device used in <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> that allegedly "registers emotional reactions".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After claims by <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> that the procedures of <a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">auditing</a>, which used the E-Meter, could help heal diseases, the E-Meter became the subject of litigation.<sup id="cite_ref-skelley_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skelley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scribd.com_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scribd.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CanTimesJun1964_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanTimesJun1964-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> publishes disclaimers declaring that the E-Meter "by itself does nothing", is incapable of improving health, and is used solely for spiritual purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-insideVII_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-insideVII-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathison">Mathison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mathison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathison-2684670.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Schematic of electronics for Mathison E-Meter and sketch of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mathison-2684670.PNG/220px-Mathison-2684670.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mathison-2684670.PNG/330px-Mathison-2684670.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Mathison-2684670.PNG/440px-Mathison-2684670.PNG 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="632" /></a><figcaption>Illustration provided by Volney Mathison in the original 1951 patent application for the E-Meter, registered as <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2684670">U.S. patent 2,684,670</a></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Volney_Mathison" title="Volney Mathison">Volney Mathison</a> built an <a href="/wiki/Electrodermal_activity" title="Electrodermal activity">EDA meter</a> based on a <a href="/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge" title="Wheatstone bridge">Wheatstone bridge</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a> <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a>, and a large <a href="/wiki/Moving-coil_meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Moving-coil meter">moving-coil meter</a> that projected an image of the needle on the wall. He patented his device in 1954 as an <i>electropsychometer</i> or E-meter,<sup id="cite_ref-singh_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it came to be known as the "Mathison Electropsychometer".<sup id="cite_ref-freeman_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeman-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Mathison's words, the E-meter "has a needle that swings back and forth across a scale when a patient holds on to two electrical contacts".<sup id="cite_ref-singh_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singh-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mathison recorded in his book, <i>Electropsychometry</i>, that the idea of the E-Meter came to him in 1950 while listening to a lecture by <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 64">: 64 </span></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In 1950 ... I next attended a series of lectures being given by a very controversial figure, who several times emphasized that perhaps the major problem of psychotherapy was the difficulty of maintaining the communication of accurate or valid data from the patient to the therapist.<sup id="cite_ref-mathison-e_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathison-e-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 101">: 101 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>and </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>it appeared to me that the psychogalvanometer showed most promise.<sup id="cite_ref-mathison-e_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathison-e-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Hubbard told of that encounter in a 1952 recorded lecture: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This machine, the electropsychometer, has been acting as a pilot since about the first of January 1952. Very early I wanted a pilot; I had to have some method of metering preclears which was not dependent at all upon opinion or judgment. And I went out and looked at the existing lie detector equipment and I could not find anything which would do a job of work. Now, Volney Mathison out on the Coast heard a talk out there one day, and I mentioned this fact. ... I had one of the fanciest electroencephalographs made and it didn't do anything very much, police detectors didn't do anything very much, and Mathison went to work and he floated a current within a current. This machine is relatively simple, but it's a current floating inside another current ... And I am, by the way, very much indebted to Mathison just on this basis of all of a sudden having a pilot.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Mathison began working with L. Ron Hubbard in 1951<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that year filed application for his first E-meter patent, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2684670">U.S. Patent 2,684,670</a>. After the partnership broke up in 1954, Mathison continued improving his E-meters with additional patents (<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2736313">U.S. patent 2,736,313</a></span>, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US2810383">U.S. patent 2,810,383</a></span>), marketing them through his own company and publications, retaining many of the concepts and terms from his time with Hubbard.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a separate line of development, EDA monitors were incorporated in <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a> machines by <a href="/wiki/Leonarde_Keeler" title="Leonarde Keeler">Leonarde Keeler</a>. Rigorous testing of the polygraph has yielded mixed results, and some critics classify polygraph operation as a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fas_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APA2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hubbard">Hubbard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hubbard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Chronology of e-meter models</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:151px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_V_E-meter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mark_V_E-meter.jpg/238px-Mark_V_E-meter.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mark_V_E-meter.jpg/357px-Mark_V_E-meter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Mark_V_E-meter.jpg/476px-Mark_V_E-meter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2744" data-file-height="1741" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_-_The_E-Meter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Scientology_-_The_E-Meter.jpg/238px-Scientology_-_The_E-Meter.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Scientology_-_The_E-Meter.jpg/357px-Scientology_-_The_E-Meter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Scientology_-_The_E-Meter.jpg/476px-Scientology_-_The_E-Meter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="1980" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:162px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_e_meters_green_black_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Scientology_e_meters_green_black_cropped.jpg/238px-Scientology_e_meters_green_black_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Scientology_e_meters_green_black_cropped.jpg/357px-Scientology_e_meters_green_black_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Scientology_e_meters_green_black_cropped.jpg/476px-Scientology_e_meters_green_black_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="801" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mark_VIII_E-Meter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mark_VIII_E-Meter.jpg/238px-Mark_VIII_E-Meter.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mark_VIII_E-Meter.jpg/357px-Mark_VIII_E-Meter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Mark_VIII_E-Meter.jpg/476px-Mark_VIII_E-Meter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Mark V, Mark VI, Mark Super VII Quantum, and Mark VIII Ultra e-meters</div></div></div></div> <p>The E-meter was adopted for use in <a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a> when Mathison collaborated with Hubbard in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sources say the E-meter was "developed by Volney Mathison following Hubbard's designs",<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that Hubbard invented it.<sup id="cite_ref-robbers_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubbard falsely claimed to be the inventor of the E-meter, a claim which is in keeping with the Scientology stance that Hubbard is the "source", or "the only originator of all Dianetics and Scientology material".<sup id="cite_ref-asrr201662323_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asrr201662323-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The E-meter was not part of the early days of Dianetics and Scientology. Auditing was composed of conversation and not led by a mechanical device. Hubbard introduced an E-meter prototype during the 1952 Philadelphia Doctorate Course but did not introduce his transistorized version until several years later. The E-meter became "the principal material artifact" of Dianetics and Scientology from the 1960s onward.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowan_2014_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan_2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the book, <i><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard,_Messiah_or_Madman%3F" title="L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?">L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bent_Corydon" title="Bent Corydon">Bent Corydon</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In late 1954 the use of the E-meter was discontinued by Hubbard. Wrote Hubbard: "Yesterday, we used an instrument called an E-Meter to register whether or not the process was still getting results so that the auditor would know how long to continue it. While the E-Meter is an interesting investigation instrument and has played its part in research, it is not today used by the auditor ... As we long ago suspected, the intervention of a mechanical gadget between the auditor and the preclear had a tendency to depersonalize the session ..."<sup id="cite_ref-Corydon313_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corydon313-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dewolfaffidavit_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewolfaffidavit-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Though it seemed for a while that Scientology's more advanced techniques would serve without an E-meter, a few months later in May 1955, Hubbard wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And here come E-Meters back into the picture. The <a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Association_of_Scientologists_International" title="Hubbard Association of Scientologists International">HASI</a> is, at this moment, building a new and better E-Meter than has ever been built before, under the trademarked name of Physio-galvanometer, or O-Meter. It has very little in common with the old type E-Meter. Nevertheless, an old type E-Meter can be utilized.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Scientology meter was smaller, based on <a href="/wiki/Transistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistors">transistors</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Vacuum tubes">vacuum tubes</a>, and powered by a low-voltage <a href="/wiki/Rechargeable_battery" title="Rechargeable battery">rechargeable battery</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Mains_electricity" title="Mains electricity">line voltage</a>. </p><p>From then on, the E-meter was a required tool for Scientology ministers. The "Hubbard Mark II" E-meter was christened in 1960 and the Hubbard Mark III shortly after.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 6, 1966, Hubbard won a patent on the Mark V version under the name "Hubbard Electropsychometer". Corydon wrote that the Hubbard E-meter was actually developed by Scientologists Don Breeding and Joe Wallis,<sup id="cite_ref-Corydon313_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Corydon313-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dewolfaffidavit_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dewolfaffidavit-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the patent (<span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US3290589">U.S. patent 3,290,589</a></span>) does not list other developers. </p><p>The Scientology E-meter has been redesigned and re-patented several times since its first introduction to Dianetics (e.g.: <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4459995">U.S. patent 4,459,995</a></span>, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4578635">U.S. patent 4,578,635</a></span>, <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US4702259">U.S. patent 4,702,259</a></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earlier_similar_devices">Earlier similar devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earlier similar devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Electrodermal_activity" title="Electrodermal activity">Electrodermal activity</a> meters were first developed in 1889 in Russia, and psychotherapists began using them as tools for therapy in the 1900s.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-andersonreport_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-andersonreport-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_Scientology">Use in Scientology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Use in Scientology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_Auckland_Org_auditing_machine_20170121_160007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Scientology_Auckland_Org_auditing_machine_20170121_160007.jpg/220px-Scientology_Auckland_Org_auditing_machine_20170121_160007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Scientology_Auckland_Org_auditing_machine_20170121_160007.jpg/330px-Scientology_Auckland_Org_auditing_machine_20170121_160007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Scientology_Auckland_Org_auditing_machine_20170121_160007.jpg/440px-Scientology_Auckland_Org_auditing_machine_20170121_160007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Demonstration of auditing, showing position of e-meter—auditor in foreground, preclear in background</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg/220px-Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg/330px-Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg/440px-Scientology_Free_Stress_Test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Using an e-meter to perform the <a href="/wiki/Stress_testing" title="Stress testing">stress test</a>, a recruiting tool</figcaption></figure> <p>E-meters are used by Scientology practitioners known as "<a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">auditors</a>". Scientology materials refer to the subject as the "<a href="/wiki/Preclear" class="mw-redirect" title="Preclear">preclear</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The auditor gives the preclear a series of commands or questions while the preclear holds a pair of cylindrical <a href="/wiki/Electrodes" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrodes">electrodes</a> ("cans") connected to the meter, and the auditor notes both the verbal response and the activity of the meter. Auditor training includes familiarization with a number of <a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)#Terminology" title="Auditing (Scientology)">characteristic needle movements</a>, each with a specific significance.<sup id="cite_ref-howtheemeterworks_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howtheemeterworks-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religion scholar Dorthe Refslund Christensen describes the e-meter as "a technical device that could help the auditor locate engrams and areas of change when auditing a <a href="/wiki/Clear_(Scientology)" title="Clear (Scientology)">preclear</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-asrr201662323_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asrr201662323-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientology concepts associated with the E-meter and its use are regarded by the scientific and medical communities as <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, as the E-meter has never been subjected to <a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">clinical trials</a> as a therapeutic tool.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scientologists claim that in the hands of a trained operator, the meter can indicate whether a person has been relieved from the spiritual impediment of past experiences.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with a 1974 federal court order, the Church of Scientology asserts that the E-meter is intended for use only in church-sanctioned auditing sessions; it is not a curative or medical device.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The E-meters used by the Church were previously manufactured by Scientologists at their <a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Gold Base</a> facility,<sup id="cite_ref-Sptimes.com_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sptimes.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but were being manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> as of 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-Sptimes.com_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sptimes.com-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Hubbard, the E-meter is used by the operator for three vital functions: </p> <ol><li>To determine what process to run and what to run it on.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To observe how well the process is running.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>To know when the process should be stopped.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The Church claims that the E-meter can be used to assess the emotional charge of single words, whole sentences, and questions, as well as indicating the general state of the subject when the operator is not speaking.<sup id="cite_ref-howtheemeterworks_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howtheemeterworks-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Few users of the E-meter claim that it does anything to the subject. To most, it does no more than suggest to the operator a change of mental, emotional, or autonomic nervous system activity.<sup id="cite_ref-Lebron-1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebron-1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New religious movement scholar Douglas Cowan writes that Scientologists cannot progress along <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_to_Total_Freedom" title="The Bridge to Total Freedom">the Bridge to Total Freedom</a> without an E-meter, and that Hubbard even told Scientologists to buy two E-meters, in the event that one of them fails to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-Cowan_2014_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cowan_2014-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to anthropologist Roy Rappaport, the E-meter is a ritual object, an object that "stand[s] indexically for something intangible".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar devices have been used as research tools in many <a href="/wiki/Human_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Human studies">human studies</a> and as one of several components of the <a href="/wiki/Leonarde_Keeler" title="Leonarde Keeler">Leonarde Keeler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a> (lie detector) system, which has been widely criticized as ineffective and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> by legal experts and psychologists.<sup id="cite_ref-fas_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fas-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-APA2004_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>EDA meters are used in both therapist-patient<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bio-feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-feedback">bio-feedback</a> settings.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> EDA is one of the factors recorded by <a href="/wiki/Polygraphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygraphs">polygraphs</a>, and EDA meters are often used in <a href="/wiki/Human_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Human studies">human studies</a> to gauge <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> responses.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scientology_e_meter_blue_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Scientology_e_meter_blue_annotated.jpg/220px-Scientology_e_meter_blue_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Scientology_e_meter_blue_annotated.jpg/330px-Scientology_e_meter_blue_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Scientology_e_meter_blue_annotated.jpg/440px-Scientology_e_meter_blue_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1972" data-file-height="1508" /></a><figcaption>Parts of an e-meter</figcaption></figure> <p>Most prominent on the face of the e-meter is a display with a needle pointer. There are several dials and knobs, and modern e-meters have several LCD displays. All models have knobs for turning the device on, testing it, setting the sensitivity, and boosting the device. The primary control for the auditor is the tone arm (a rotating lever) which is held throughout auditing and operated by one hand while the auditor writes with their other hand. As the needle on the display moves off the right or left of the dial, the tone arm is used to bring the needle back on the dial. During an auditing session, the auditor writes down questions he has asked the preclear, the preclear's answers, and activity of the e-meter such as needle movements and tone arm settings<sup id="cite_ref-lewis-ch9_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-ch9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There are ten main "needle actions" that an auditor is trained to spot, including a "fall," a smooth needle motion to the right; a "rise," a similar motion to the left; and a "free needle," or more commonly called a "<dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Scientology#floating_needle" title="Glossary of Scientology"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of Scientology § floating needle" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">floating needle</span></a></dfn>," which is "a rhythmic sweep of the dial at a slow, even pace... back and forth."</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Harley and Kieffer <sup id="cite_ref-lewis-ch9_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-ch9-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 197">: 197 </span></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronics">Electronics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Electronics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of E-meter's primary components is a <a href="/wiki/Wheatstone_bridge" title="Wheatstone bridge">Wheatstone bridge</a>, an electrical circuit configuration invented in 1833<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that enables the detection of very small differences between two <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">electrical impedances</a> (in this case, <a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical resistance">resistances</a>). The E-meter is constructed so that one resistance is the subject's body and the other is a <a href="/wiki/Rheostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Rheostat">rheostat</a> controlled by the operator. A small voltage from the battery is applied to electrodes held in the subject's hands. As the electrical properties (electrodermal activity) of the subject's body change during the counseling,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brown_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the resulting changes in the small electric current are displayed in needle movements on a large analog panel meter. The dial face is without numbers because the absolute resistance in <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohms</a> is relatively unimportant, while the operator watches primarily for characteristic needle motions.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-howtheemeterworks_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howtheemeterworks-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Voltage" title="Voltage">voltage</a> applied to the electrodes is less than 1.5 V, and the <a href="/wiki/Electric_current" title="Electric current">electric current</a> through the subject's body is less than a half a <a href="/wiki/Milliampere" class="mw-redirect" title="Milliampere">milliampere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-howtheemeterworks_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-howtheemeterworks-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Scientology E-meter, the large control, known as the "tone arm", adjusts the <a href="/wiki/Biasing" title="Biasing">meter bias</a>, while a smaller one controls the <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a>. The operator manipulates the tone arm to keep the needle near the center of the dial so its motion is easily observed.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A simple E-meter powered by direct current, such as that used by the Scientologists and the like, displays several kinds of electrodermal activity (EDA) on the one dial without distinction, including changes in <a href="/wiki/Electric_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric resistance">resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bioelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioelectric">bioelectric</a> potential. Researchers in <a href="/wiki/Psychophysiology" title="Psychophysiology">psychophysiology</a> are also exploring <a href="/wiki/Admittance" title="Admittance">admittance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_impedance" title="Electrical impedance">impedance</a> aspects of EDA that can be observed only with <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The E-Meter, measuring variations in electrodermal activity (which can be highly responsive to emotion<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), functions on the same physiological data sources as one of the parts of the <a href="/wiki/Polygraph" title="Polygraph">polygraph</a>, or "<a href="/wiki/Lie_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="Lie detector">lie detector</a>". According to Scientology doctrine, the resistance corresponds to the "mental mass and energy" of the subject's mind, which are claimed to change when the subject thinks of particular mental images (<a href="/wiki/Engram_(Dianetics)" title="Engram (Dianetics)">engrams</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One account tells about Hubbard using the E-meter to determine whether or not fruits can experience pain, as in his 1968 assertion that tomatoes "scream when sliced".<sup id="cite_ref-tomatoes_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomatoes-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tomatoes2_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tomatoes2-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The traditional theory of EDA holds that skin resistance varies with the state of <a href="/wiki/Sweat_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Sweat glands">sweat glands</a> in the skin. Sweating is controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic nervous system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because sweat contains <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolytes</a> (salt, etc.), conductivity is increased when the sweat glands are activated. But some advocates argue that the meter responds more quickly than would be possible by the exudation and drying of sweat.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They propose an additional mechanism termed the "Tarchanoff Response", through which the <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cerebral cortex</a> of the brain affects the current directly. This phenomenon is not completely understood, and further research needs to be performed.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boucsein-7_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boucsein-7-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dianetics_and_Scientology" title="History of Dianetics and Scientology">History of Dianetics and Scientology</a></div> <p>The medical establishment had been watching Hubbard's enterprises since 1951, when the <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Division_of_Consumer_Affairs" title="New Jersey Division of Consumer Affairs">New Jersey State Board of Medical Examiners</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Dianetics_and_Scientology" title="History of Dianetics and Scientology">prosecuted the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Elizabeth,_New_Jersey" title="Elizabeth, New Jersey">Elizabeth, New Jersey</a>) for practicing medicine without a license.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958, the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) seized and destroyed 21,000 <a href="/wiki/Dianazene" title="Dianazene">Dianazene</a> tablets from Hubbard's <a href="/wiki/Distribution_Center_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution Center Inc.">Distribution Center Inc.</a>, charging that they were falsely labeled as a treatment for radiation sickness.<sup id="cite_ref-Blue_Sky_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blue_Sky-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-barefaced_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barefaced-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 4, 1963, in service of an FDA complaint, more than 100 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">US marshals</a> and deputized <a href="/wiki/Longshoremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Longshoremen">longshoremen</a> with drawn guns<sup id="cite_ref-:4_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> raided the <a href="/wiki/Founding_Church_of_Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Church of Scientology">Founding Church of Scientology</a> in Washington, D.C., and confiscated more than three tons of property,<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 135">: 135 </span></sup> including 5,000 books, 2,900 booklets, and several hundred E-meters.<sup id="cite_ref-skelley_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skelley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1151">: 1151 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDA accused the Church of making false medical claims that the E-meters could treat physical and <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illnesses</a>. The FDA also charged that the meters did not bear adequate directions for treating the conditions for which they were recommended.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The Church claimed that they had not written any publication that the E-meter could or would heal anything<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 136">: 136 </span></sup> and sued to get the property back. Years of litigation ensued. In the first trial beginning on April 3, 1967, the jury found that the Church misrepresented the E-meter, and the judge ordered the confiscated materials destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 136">: 136 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 1969 the <a href="/wiki/US_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="US Court of Appeals">US Court of Appeals</a> for the District of Columbia reversed the verdict; the Church, it said, had made substantial showing that Scientology is a religion and the government had done nothing to rebut the claim.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Court of Appeals wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[The Founding Church has] made no attempt to contradict the expert testimony introduced by the Government. They have conceded that the E-meter is of no use in the diagnosis or treatment of disease as such, and have argued that it was never put forward as having such use. Auditing or processing, in their view, treats the spirit of man, not his body, though through the healing of the spirit the body can be affected. They have culled from their literature numerous statements disclaiming any intent to treat disease and recommending that Scientology practitioners send those under their care to doctors when organic defects may be found. They have introduced through testimony a document which they assert all those who undergo auditing or processing must sign which states that Scientology is "a spiritual and religious guide intended to make persons more aware of themselves as spiritual beings, and not treating or diagnosing human ailments of body or mind, and not engaged in the teaching of medical arts or sciences * * *."<br />Finally, with respect to their claim to be a religion and hence within the protection of the First Amendment, they have shown that the Founding Church of Scientology is incorporated as a church in the District of Columbia, and that its ministers are qualified to perform marriages and burials. They have introduced their Creed into evidence. The Government has made no claim that the Founding Church is not a <i>bona fide</i> religion, that auditing is not part of the exercise of that religion, or that the theory of auditing is not a doctrine of that religion.<sup id="cite_ref-skelley_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skelley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Having found that Scientology was a religion, the Court wrote that the government was forbidden by the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a> to rule on the truth or falsity of the Church's doctrines and interfere with its practices, provided the claims are not manifestly insincere and the practices are reasonably harmless.<sup id="cite_ref-skelley_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skelley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court ordered a new trial with the mandate that the trial court could not forbid auditing, use of the E-meter, or purveyance of the literature within a religious context.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FDA appealed the decision, but in 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">US Supreme Court</a> declined to review the case, commenting only that "Scientology meets the <i>prima facie</i> test of religion".<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his 1973 judgment, District Court Judge <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Gesell" title="Gerhard Gesell">Gerhard Gesell</a> ruled that:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Hubbard and his fellow Scientologists developed the notion of using an E-Meter to aid auditing. Substantial fees were charged for the meter and for auditing sessions using the meter. They repeatedly and explicitly represented that such auditing effectuated cures of many physical and mental illnesses. An individual processed with the aid of the E-Meter was said to reach the intended goal of 'clear' and was led to believe that there was reliable scientific proof that once cleared many, indeed most, illnesses would successfully be cured. Auditing was guaranteed to be successful. All this was and is false.<sup id="cite_ref-robbers_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-robbers-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote><p>Unable to do more under the mandate from the Court of Appeals, Judge Gesell ordered all the property to be returned to the Church, and thereafter, the E-meter may be used only in "<i>bona fide</i> religious counseling". All meters and referring literature must include a label disclaiming any medical benefits: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The E-Meter is not medically or scientifically useful for the diagnosis, treatment or prevention of any disease. It is not medically or scientifically capable of improving the health or bodily functions of anyone.<sup id="cite_ref-scribd.com_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scribd.com-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The church adopted a modified version of that statement, which it still invokes in connection with the E-meter. The current statement reads: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The Hubbard Electrometer is a religious artifact. By itself, this meter does nothing. It is for religious use by students and Ministers of the church in Confessionals and pastoral counseling only.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Judge Gesell also ordered the Church to pay all the government's legal fees and warehousing costs for the confiscated property for the nine years of litigation. He also required the church to pay the salaries and travel expenses of FDA agents who might, from time to time, inspect for compliance with the court's order.<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 143">: 143 </span></sup> The raid was ruled illegal, but the government retained copies of the documents.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, a court forbade calling the E-meter "an invaluable aid to measuring man's mental state and changes in it" in an advertisement. The prohibition was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission_of_Human_Rights" title="European Commission of Human Rights">European Commission of Human Rights</a> in case <i><a href="/wiki/X._and_Church_of_Scientology_v._Sweden" title="X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden">X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 2009, a three-judge panel at the Correctional Court in Paris, convicted the church and six of its members of organized fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court's decision followed a three-week trial, where two plaintiffs alleged they were defrauded by the organization. One plaintiff's complaint involved the use of an E-Meter by Scientologists with medical implications. This plaintiff claimed that, after being audited with the device, she was encouraged to pay tens of thousands of euros for vitamins, books, and courses to improve her condition. She argued that amounted to fraud. The Court agreed, and the ruling was upheld on appeal in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_France#Conviction_for_fraud" title="Scientology in France">Scientology in France § Conviction for fraud</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Australia" title="Scientology in Australia">Scientology in Australia</a></div> <p>In 1964, the government of <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a>, held a Board of Inquiry into Scientology which returned its findings in a document colloquially known as the <a href="/wiki/Anderson_Report" title="Anderson Report">Anderson Report</a>. Psychiatrist Ian Holland Martin, honorary federal secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_and_New_Zealand_College_of_Psychiatrists" title="Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists">Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists</a>, gave evidence that the E-Meter "used for Scientology" was a "psycho-galvano-meter" and was "dangerous in unqualified hands".<sup id="cite_ref-CanTimesJun1964_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanTimesJun1964-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He said that if the E-meter "was suggested to possess mysterious powers" to someone who did not understand that it had "been thoroughly discredited as a lie detector" then "that person would be suggestible to ideas foisted on him by the operator".<sup id="cite_ref-CanTimesJun1964_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanTimesJun1964-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final report of the inquiry stated that the E-meter enabled Scientology </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>to assume, intensify and retain control over the minds and wills of preclears. Fears of its abilities keep them in constant subjection. Its use can be so manipulated by cunningly phrased questions that almost any desired result can be obtained, and it is used unscrupulously to dominate students and staff alike. All the evil features of scientology are intensified where the E-meter is involved. When used in conjunction with hypnotic techniques, its evil impact is greatly increased. </p><p> This simple electrical device is not, of course, the sole basis for the condemnation of scientology, but without the E-meter scientology would be partly disarmed.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1965, Victoria banned the use of the E-meter without a license, with Western Australia and South Australia following suit. In 1969, the High Court of Western Australia ruled the ban illegal. South Australia repealed its law in 1973, and Victoria repealed it in 1982. In 1983, the High Court of Australia ruled that Scientology was a religion and as such had the same rights and protections.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientology_beliefs_and_theories">Scientology beliefs and theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Scientology beliefs and theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the Church of Scientology, the early psychoanalysts are credited with first use of the E-meter. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Bob Thomas, senior executive of the Church of Scientology in the United States, described the E-meter ... "Some very early work on this was done by Jung, who used a list of words. I think he combined it with the psycho-galvanometer. By this word association, he was attempting to increase the effectiveness of the free association techniques, which he was not sure about."<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 62–64">: 62–64 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>Hubbard credited Mathison with recreating the E-meter and bringing him the first model for use in Dianetics.<sup id="cite_ref-6207C19_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6207C19-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hubbard set out his <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theory</a> of how the E-meter works in his book <i>Understanding the E-Meter</i>: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For the meter to be read, the tiny flow of electrical energy through the preclear (person) has to remain steady. When this tiny flow is changed the needle of the E-Meter moves. This will happen if the preclear pulls in or releases mental mass. This mental mass (condensed energy), acts as an additional resistance or lack of resistance to the flow of electrical energy from the E-Meter.</p></blockquote> <p>Hubbard claimed that this "mental mass" has the same physical characteristics, including weight, as <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> as commonly understood by lay persons: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In Scientology it has been discovered that mental energy is simply a finer, higher level of physical energy. The test of this is conclusive in that a thetan "mocking up" (creating) mental image pictures and thrusting them into the body can increase the body mass and by casting them away again can decrease the body mass. This test has actually been made and an increase of as much as thirty pounds, actually measured on scales, has been added to, and subtracted from, a body by creating "mental energy". Energy is energy. Matter is condensed energy.</p></blockquote> <p>This text in <i>Understanding the E-Meter</i> is accompanied by three drawings. The first shows a man standing on a weighing scale, which reflects a weight of "150" (the units are not given). The next shows the man on the same scale, weighed down under a burden of "Mental Image Pictures", and the scale indicates a weight of "180". The last picture shows the man standing upright on the scale, now unburdened by "Mental Image Pictures" and with a smile on his face, while the scale again indicates a weight of "148". </p><p>Bob Thomas, senior executive of the church in the early 1970s, gave a prosaic description. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The immediate goal of the E-meter is to enhance communication. In other words, just to take a parallel: if an analyst were allowing his patient to free-associate, and the patient were connected in some way with a galvanometer which showed the analyst what things the patient mentioned were emotionally charged and what things were not emotionally charged, a lot of time would be saved. So it's simply an assist for the practitioner to direct the individual to areas which he himself may not realize are troubled or charged with emotion or are repressed; and to better direct his attention into those areas ... The E-meter is a simple psycho-galvanometer. It's got some increased sensitivity built into it and the <a href="/wiki/Myology" title="Myology">myological</a> reactions that you sometimes get in the galvanometer have been damped out by the circuitry, so that the mental reactions, the reactions of the spirit, on the body are emphasized and can be read more clearly. But that's simply the design of the circuitry; it doesn't basically affect the kind of device. It registers what is called, commonly, the psychogalvanomic reflex, which is a reflex that is a poorly understood mechanism of the psyche. The body resistance seems to vary when the individual thinks of a painful or pain-associated or traumatic-associated concept, or word or idea. ... Some very early work was done on this by Jung ...<sup id="cite_ref-Garrison_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garrison-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 62–64">: 62–64 </span></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auditing_(Scientology)" title="Auditing (Scientology)">Auditing (Scientology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohmmeter" title="Ohmmeter">Ohmmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thought_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Thought identification">Thought identification</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quotation: "Technically it is a specially developed 'Wheatstone Bridge' well known to electrically minded people as a device to measure the amount of resistance to a flow of electricity."<sup id="cite_ref-wheatstone_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wheatstone-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reproduced and cited in The Kotzé Report, Section III, Chapter 8 § 8.7(b).<sup id="cite_ref-kotze_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kotze-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dewolfaffidavit-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dewolfaffidavit_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewolfaffidavit_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Corydon's account was said to be based on the memoirs of Hubbard's son, L. Ron Hubbard, Jr., later known as <a href="/wiki/Ronald_DeWolf" title="Ronald DeWolf">Ronald DeWolf</a>, but in 1987 DeWolf <a href="/wiki/Ronald_DeWolf#Biography_of_L._Ron_Hubbard" title="Ronald DeWolf">sued the publisher</a> to prevent publication and swore an affidavit repudiating everything in the book. See <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ron_DeWolf_May_1987.pdf" class="extiw" title="commons:File:Ron DeWolf May 1987.pdf">Affidavit submitted by DeWolf to a notary in Nevada</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The person was originally called a <b>pre</b>clear, because the end goal of early auditing was to reach the "<a href="/wiki/Clear_(Scientology)" title="Clear (Scientology)">State of Clear</a>". However, auditing occurs well beyond the State of Clear while Hubbard's instructions continue to call the person being audited a preclear.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMiller1995" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Timothy (1995). <i>America's Alternative Religions</i>. SUNY Press. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-2398-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-2398-0"><bdi>0-7914-2398-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL1092279M">1092279M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Alternative+Religions&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL1092279M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-7914-2398-0&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skelley-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-skelley_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skelley_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skelley_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skelley_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1969" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Skelley (February 5, 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=18407779340802616532">"Opinion"</a>. Washington, D.C.: United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia. p. 1154<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opinion&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=1154&rft.pub=United+States+Court+of+Appeals+for+the+District+of+Columbia&rft.date=1969-02-05&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Skelley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar_case%3Fcase%3D18407779340802616532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scribd.com-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-scribd.com_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-scribd.com_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/5024758/Court-Order-FDA-Scientology-Dianetics-Hubbard-Emeter">"Court Order - FDA - Scientology Dianetics Hubbard E-meter"</a>. <i>Scribd.com</i>. August 25, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scribd.com&rft.atitle=Court+Order+-+FDA+-+Scientology+Dianetics+Hubbard+E-meter&rft.date=2008-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F5024758%2FCourt-Order-FDA-Scientology-Dianetics-Hubbard-Emeter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanTimesJun1964-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanTimesJun1964_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanTimesJun1964_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanTimesJun1964_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article105764102">"Scientology Venus Trip 'a Delusion'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Canberra_Times" title="The Canberra Times">The Canberra Times</a></i>. June 2, 1964. p. 27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 13,</span> 2013</span> – via National Library of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canberra+Times&rft.atitle=Scientology+Venus+Trip+%27a+Delusion%27&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1964-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article105764102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-insideVII-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-insideVII_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTouretzky" class="citation web cs1">Touretzky, Dave. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Secrets/E-Meter/Mark-VII/">"Inside the Mark Super VII"</a>. <i>Secrets of Scientology</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2016</span>. <q>By itself, this meter does nothing. It is solely for the guide of Ministers of the Church in Confessionals and pastoral counselling. The Electrometer is not medically or scientifically capable of improving the health or bodily function of anyone and is for religious use by students and Ministers of the Church of Scientology only.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secrets+of+Scientology&rft.atitle=Inside+the+Mark+Super+VII&rft.aulast=Touretzky&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.cmu.edu%2F~dst%2FSecrets%2FE-Meter%2FMark-VII%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wheatstone-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wheatstone_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1968" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, L. Ron (1968). <i>The Book Introducing the E-Meter</i>. <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology#Pubs_org" title="Church of Scientology">Publications Organization World Wide</a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+Introducing+the+E-Meter&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Publications+Organization+World+Wide&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=L.+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kotze-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kotze_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotzé1972" class="citation report cs1">Kotzé, G.P.C. (June 9, 1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southafricascientologyreport1972full/">Report of the Commission of Enquiry into Scientology for 1972</a> (Report). Republic of South Africa. RP 55/1973 (The Kotzé Report).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commission+of+Enquiry+into+Scientology+for+1972&rft.pub=Republic+of+South+Africa&rft.date=1972-06-09&rft.aulast=Kotz%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=G.P.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthafricascientologyreport1972full%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singh-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singh_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singh_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghEdzard_Ernst2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_Singh" title="Simon Singh">Singh, Simon</a>; Edzard Ernst (2008). <a href="/wiki/Trick_or_Treatment:_The_Undeniable_Facts_about_Alternative_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine"><i>Trick or Treatment: The Undeniable Facts about Alternative Medicine</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">163–</span>65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06661-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06661-6"><bdi>978-0-393-06661-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trick+or+Treatment%3A+The+Undeniable+Facts+about+Alternative+Medicine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E163-%3C%2Fspan%3E65&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-393-06661-6&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft.au=Edzard+Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freeman-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freeman_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman1987" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, John (1987). <i>Suppressed and Incredible Inventions</i>. 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Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?"><i>L. Ron Hubbard, Messiah or Madman?</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Stuart" title="Lyle Stuart">Lyle Stuart</a>. p. 313. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0818404442" title="Special:BookSources/0818404442"><bdi>0818404442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.+Ron+Hubbard%2C+Messiah+or+Madman%3F&rft.pages=313&rft.pub=Lyle+Stuart&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0818404442&rft.aulast=Corydon&rft.aufirst=Bent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1955" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, L. Ron (May 13, 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/technicalbulleti0000hubb/page/195/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Professional Auditor's Bulletin No. 52 — Auditing the "Whole Track"</i></a>. London, UK: Hubbard Communication Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professional+Auditor%27s+Bulletin+No.+52+%E2%80%94+Auditing+the+%22Whole+Track%22&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pub=Hubbard+Communication+Office&rft.date=1955-05-13&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=L.+Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftechnicalbulleti0000hubb%2Fpage%2F195%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span> On page 195 in <i>The Technical Bulletins of Dianetics and Scientology, Volume II, 1954–1956</i>, (1976) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0884040429" title="Special:BookSources/0884040429">0884040429</a> <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL39796274M">39796274M</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2014" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Boyd (2014). <i>What is Scientology? History, Beliefs, Rules, Secrets, and Facts</i> (1 ed.). Newark, Delaware: Speedy Publishing. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=What+is+Scientology%3F+History%2C+Beliefs%2C+Rules%2C+Secrets%2C+and+Facts&rft.place=Newark%2C+Delaware&rft.pages=5&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Speedy+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniels" class="citation web cs1">Daniels, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150419110943/http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/junglect.html">"Notes on Carl Gustav Jung"</a>. <i>Sonoma State University</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonoma.edu/users/d/daniels/junglect.html">the original</a> on April 19, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 4,</span> 2015</span>. <q>By 1906 [Jung] was using GSR and breath measurement to note changes in respiration and skin resistance to emotionally charged worlds. Found that indicators cluster around stimulus words which indicate the nature of the subject's complexes ... Much later L. Ron Hubbard used this approach in Scientology's 'auditing', using the 'e-meter' (a galvanic skin response indicator) to discern the presence of complexes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sonoma+State+University&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Carl+Gustav+Jung&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonoma.edu%2Fusers%2Fd%2Fdaniels%2Fjunglect.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinswanger1919" class="citation book cs1">Binswanger, L. (1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/studiesinwordass00jung#page/446/mode/2up/search/psychogalvanic">"XII. On the Psychogalvanaic Phenomenon in Association Experiments"</a>. In Jung, Carl (ed.). <i>Studies in Word-Association</i>. New York, NY: Moffat, Yard & Company. pp. 446 et seq. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23343062M">23343062M</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XII.+On+the+Psychogalvanaic+Phenomenon+in+Association+Experiments&rft.btitle=Studies+in+Word-Association&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=446+et+seq&rft.pub=Moffat%2C+Yard+%26+Company&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23343062M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Binswanger&rft.aufirst=L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstudiesinwordass00jung%23page%2F446%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fpsychogalvanic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-andersonreport-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-andersonreport_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1965" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Victor_Anderson" title="Kevin Victor Anderson">Anderson, Kevin Victor</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vparl-1965-66-no-9-recognized/mode/1up?view=theater">"Report of the Board of Inquiry into Scientology"</a>. Government Printer, Melbourne. p. 95. <q>The E-meter is not a new type of instrument. It is one which is well known to science and has been in use in one form or another for many years. As early as the 1920s, experiments were conducted in psychological research with what was then called an electro-galvanometer or psychogalvanometer.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Board+of+Inquiry+into+Scientology&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Government+Printer%2C+Melbourne&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Kevin+Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvparl-1965-66-no-9-recognized%2Fmode%2F1up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/andrhome.html">HTML version</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtack2014" class="citation web cs1">Atack, Jon (June 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scientology101.org/scientology-secrets/technology/technical-developments/">"Possible origins for Dianetics and Scientology"</a>. <i>Scientology 101</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Some form of 'E-meter' has actually been in use since before WWI</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scientology+101&rft.atitle=Possible+origins+for+Dianetics+and+Scientology&rft.date=2014-06-06&rft.aulast=Atack&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscientology101.org%2Fscientology-secrets%2Ftechnology%2Ftechnical-developments%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/61192107/">"You can learn control of how your skin talks"</a></span>. San Bernardino, California: The San Bernardino County Sun. The San Bernardino County Sun. October 11, 1977. p. 12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2015</span> – via Newspapers.com. <q>Current research using the skin's electrical activity as a communications medium between patient and therapist looks promising in such stress problems as drug abuse, alcoholism, neuroses and other tension states.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=You+can+learn+control+of+how+your+skin+talks&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1977-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F61192107%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-howtheemeterworks-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-howtheemeterworks_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howtheemeterworks_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howtheemeterworks_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-howtheemeterworks_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientology.org/what-is-scientology/the-practice-of-scientology/how-the-e-meter-works.html">"How the E-Meter works"</a>. Church of Scientology International.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+the+E-Meter+works&rft.pub=Church+of+Scientology+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientology.org%2Fwhat-is-scientology%2Fthe-practice-of-scientology%2Fhow-the-e-meter-works.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation episode cs1">"Inside Scientology Reaching for the Stars". <i>Nightline</i>. October 23, 2009. ABC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nightline&rft.date=2009-10-23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yearbook of the European Convention on Human Rights by the European Court of Human Rights, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-247-2383-3" title="Special:BookSources/90-247-2383-3">90-247-2383-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Religionsfreiheit und Konformismus: Über Minderheiten und die Macht der Mehrheit, Gerhard Besier, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8258-7654-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-8258-7654-3">3-8258-7654-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3v4xJfq9B88C&dq=hubbard+electrometer+artefact&pg=PA177">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sptimes.com-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sptimes.com_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sptimes.com_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobin1998" class="citation news cs1">Tobin, Thomas C (October 25, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19991112082952/http://www.sptimes.com/TampaBay/102598/scientologygold.html">"A place called 'Gold'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sptimes.com/TampaBay/102598/scientologygold.html">the original</a> on November 12, 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.atitle=A+place+called+%27Gold%27&rft.date=1998-10-25&rft.aulast=Tobin&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sptimes.com%2FTampaBay%2F102598%2Fscientologygold.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1970" class="citation journal cs1">Hubbard, L Ron (May 27, 1970). "Unreading Questions and Items". <i>HCO Bulletin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HCO+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Unreading+Questions+and+Items&rft.date=1970-05-27&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=L+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1961" class="citation journal cs1">Hubbard, L Ron (February 18, 1961). "SOP Goals". <i>HCO Bulletin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HCO+Bulletin&rft.atitle=SOP+Goals&rft.date=1961-02-18&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=L+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1970" class="citation journal cs1">Hubbard, L Ron (February 20, 1970). "Floating Needles and End Phenomena". <i>HCO Bulletin</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HCO+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Floating+Needles+and+End+Phenomena&rft.date=1970-02-20&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=L+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lebron-1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lebron-1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebron2012" class="citation book cs1">Lebron, Robyn (January 13, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CJQZ83QrqEIC&pg=PA549"><i>Searching for Spiritual Unity... Can There Be Common Ground?</i></a>. CrossBooks. p. 549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781462719525" title="Special:BookSources/9781462719525"><bdi>9781462719525</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Spiritual+Unity...+Can+There+Be+Common+Ground%3F&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=CrossBooks&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft.isbn=9781462719525&rft.aulast=Lebron&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCJQZ83QrqEIC%26pg%3DPA549&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavanaugh2004" class="citation book cs1">Cavanaugh, Jeanne (April 27, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8965552/Cavanaugh.html?sequence=2"><i>Scientology and the FDA: A Look Back, A Modern Analysis, And A New Approach</i></a>. Boston: Harvard University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 2,</span> 2015</span>. <q>As described, Scientology does not assert that the E-meter can directly cure or mitigate disease; rather, the E-meter plays a vital role in the allegedly illness-alleviating process of auditing by identifying the presence and location of the cause of psychosomatic illnesses. Other systems work to actually accomplish the discharge of illness-causing agents.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientology+and+the+FDA%3A+A+Look+Back%2C+A+Modern+Analysis%2C+And+A+New+Approach&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Harvard+University&rft.date=2004-04-27&rft.aulast=Cavanaugh&rft.aufirst=Jeanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdash.harvard.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1%2F8965552%2FCavanaugh.html%3Fsequence%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2008" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James R. (2008). Lewis, James R. (ed.). <i>The Oxford Handbook of New Religious Movements</i>. Vol. 1. OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195369649" title="Special:BookSources/9780195369649"><bdi>9780195369649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+New+Religious+Movements&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780195369649&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShapiroShapiro1982" class="citation journal cs1">Shapiro, David A.; Shapiro, Diana (November 1982). "Meta-analysis of comparative therapy outcome studies: A replication and refinement". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>. <b>92</b> (3). American Psychological Association: <span class="nowrap">581–</span>604. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-2909.92.3.581">10.1037/0033-2909.92.3.581</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7156259">7156259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Meta-analysis+of+comparative+therapy+outcome+studies%3A+A+replication+and+refinement&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E581-%3C%2Fspan%3E604&rft.date=1982-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-2909.92.3.581&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7156259&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft.au=Shapiro%2C+Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagaiGoldsteinFenwickTrimblea2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nagai, Yoko; <a href="/wiki/Laura_H._Goldstein" title="Laura H. Goldstein">Goldstein, Laura H.</a>; Fenwick, Peter B.C.; Trimblea, Michael R. (April 2004). "Clinical efficacy of galvanic skin response biofeedback training in reducing seizures in adult epilepsy: a preliminary randomized controlled study". <i>Epilepsy & Behavior</i>. <b>5</b> (2). Elsevier: <span class="nowrap">216–</span>223. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2003.12.003">10.1016/j.yebeh.2003.12.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15123023">15123023</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23077324">23077324</a>. <q>Biofeedback training significantly reduced seizure frequency in the active biofeedback group</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Clinical+efficacy+of+galvanic+skin+response+biofeedback+training+in+reducing+seizures+in+adult+epilepsy%3A+a+preliminary+randomized+controlled+study&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E216-%3C%2Fspan%3E223&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23077324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15123023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2003.12.003&rft.aulast=Nagai&rft.aufirst=Yoko&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+Laura+H.&rft.au=Fenwick%2C+Peter+B.C.&rft.au=Trimblea%2C+Michael+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://holisticonline.com/Biofeedback-GSH.htm">"Biofeedback, Galvanic skin response (GSH) or Electrodermal Response, Types of Biofeedback Machines or Biofeedback Techniques"</a>. <i>Holisticonline.com</i>. 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John; Eleazer, Paul D.; Barfield, Robert D.; Chavers, Scott (December 16, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jendodon.com/article/S0099-2399(05)60391-3/abstract">"Objective Measurement of Patient's Dental Anxiety by Galvanic Skin Reaction"</a>. <i>Journal of Endodontics</i>. <b>29</b> (8). Elsevier Inc.: <span class="nowrap">493–</span>496. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00004770-200308000-00001">10.1097/00004770-200308000-00001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12929693">12929693</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2015</span>. <q>A statistically significant correlation was found between skin conductance and dental anxiety in all cases.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Endodontics&rft.atitle=Objective+Measurement+of+Patient%27s+Dental+Anxiety+by+Galvanic+Skin+Reaction&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E493-%3C%2Fspan%3E496&rft.date=2005-12-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00004770-200308000-00001&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12929693&rft.aulast=Caprara&rft.aufirst=H.+John&rft.au=Eleazer%2C+Paul+D.&rft.au=Barfield%2C+Robert+D.&rft.au=Chavers%2C+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jendodon.com%2Farticle%2FS0099-2399%2805%2960391-3%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderarkEly1992" class="citation journal cs1">Vanderark, Sherman D.; Ely, Daniel (1992). 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Ron (1982). <i>Understanding the E-Meter</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bridge_Publications_(Scientology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge Publications (Scientology)">Bridge Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88404-078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88404-078-1"><bdi>978-0-88404-078-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+the+E-Meter&rft.pub=Bridge+Publications&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-88404-078-1&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=L.+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1977" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Barbara (November 9, 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/22744127/">"Skin Talks – And It May Not Be Saying What You Want To"</a>. Pocatello, Idaho: Field Enterprises, Inc. Idaho State Journal. p. 32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2015</span>. <q>Carl Jung, possibly the most creative psychologist who ever lived, experimented with skin talk in 1900. Using a primitive instrument to record changes in skin electrical activity, he conducted psychological interviews with patients and found that the skin responded to hidden emotions. It is said he was so astounded by this phenomenon that he exclaimed, 'Aha, a looking glass into the unconscious!'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Skin+Talks+%E2%80%93+And+It+May+Not+Be+Saying+What+You+Want+To&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1977-11-09&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fnewspage%2F22744127%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard1982" class="citation web cs1">Hubbard, Lafayette (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-meter-star.com/books.files/Understanding_the_E_Meter.pdf#page=58">"Understanding the E-Meter"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Starlight Meter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Starlight+Meter&rft.atitle=Understanding+the+E-Meter&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Lafayette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-meter-star.com%2Fbooks.files%2FUnderstanding_the_E_Meter.pdf%23page%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Lafayette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-meter-star.com/books.files/E-meter_drills.pdf#page=11"><i>The Book of E-meter Drills</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461411260" title="Special:BookSources/9781461411260"><bdi>9781461411260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrodermal+Activity&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781461411260&rft.aulast=Boucsein&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6N6rnOEZEEoC%26pg%3DPA2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCritchley2002" class="citation journal cs1">Critchley, Hugo D. (April 2002). "Book Review: Electrodermal Responses: What Happens in the Brain". <i>Neuroscientist</i>. <b>8</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">132–</span>142. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F107385840200800209">10.1177/107385840200800209</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11954558">11954558</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146232135">146232135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscientist&rft.atitle=Book+Review%3A+Electrodermal+Responses%3A+What+Happens+in+the+Brain&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E132-%3C%2Fspan%3E142&rft.date=2002-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146232135%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11954558&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F107385840200800209&rft.aulast=Critchley&rft.aufirst=Hugo+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientology.org/what-is-scientology/the-practice-of-scientology/the-e-meter.html">"Official Scientology page on the E-meter"</a>. Scientology.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 3,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Official+Scientology+page+on+the+E-meter&rft.pub=Scientology.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientology.org%2Fwhat-is-scientology%2Fthe-practice-of-scientology%2Fthe-e-meter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tomatoes-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tomatoes_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091031093818/http://www.life.com/image/76796742/in-gallery/25371">"30 Dumb Inventions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>. January 1, 1968. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.life.com/image/76796742/in-gallery/25371">the original</a> on October 31, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Life&rft.atitle=30+Dumb+Inventions&rft.date=1968-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.life.com%2Fimage%2F76796742%2Fin-gallery%2F25371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tomatoes2-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tomatoes2_60-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tonyortega.org/2013/02/02/scientology-mythbusting-with-jon-atack-the-tomato-photo/">"Scientology Mythbusting with Jon Atack: The Tomato Photo!"</a>. tonyortega.org. February 2, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology+Mythbusting+with+Jon+Atack%3A+The+Tomato+Photo%21&rft.pub=tonyortega.org&rft.date=2013-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftonyortega.org%2F2013%2F02%2F02%2Fscientology-mythbusting-with-jon-atack-the-tomato-photo%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartiniBartholomew2001" class="citation book cs1">Martini, Frederic; Bartholomew, Edwin (2001). <i>Essentials of Anatomy & Physiology</i>. San Francisco, CA: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cummings" title="Benjamin Cummings">Benjamin Cummings</a>. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-061567-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-061567-1"><bdi>978-0-13-061567-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Anatomy+%26+Physiology&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Benjamin+Cummings&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-13-061567-1&rft.aulast=Martini&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rft.au=Bartholomew%2C+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Skin_conductance#Possible_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin conductance">Article <i>Skin conductance</i>, main page</a>: "Lastly, galvanic skin responses are delayed 1–3 seconds."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHubbard" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, Lafayette. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://e-meter-star.com/books.files/E-meter_drills.pdf#page=27"><i>The Book of E-meter Drills</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 8,</span> 2015</span>. <q>An Instant Read. An instant read is defined as that reaction of the needle which occurs at the precise end of any major thought voiced by the auditor. (quoting HCO B May 25, 1962)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+E-meter+Drills&rft.pages=27&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=Lafayette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fe-meter-star.com%2Fbooks.files%2FE-meter_drills.pdf%23page%3D27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boucsein-7-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boucsein-7_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoucsein2012" class="citation book cs1">Boucsein, Wolfram (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6N6rnOEZEEoC&pg=PR4"><i>Electrodermal Activity</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781461411260" title="Special:BookSources/9781461411260"><bdi>9781461411260</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electrodermal+Activity&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781461411260&rft.aulast=Boucsein&rft.aufirst=Wolfram&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6N6rnOEZEEoC%26pg%3DPR4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bulletin of the Hubbard Dianetic Research Foundation</i>, Elizabeth, New Jersey. January 1951</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blue_Sky-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blue_Sky_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtack1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Atack" class="mw-redirect" title="Jon Atack">Atack, Jon</a> (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/pieceofblueskysc00atac"><i>A Piece of Blue Sky</i></a>. New York: Carol Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8184-0499-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8184-0499-3"><bdi>978-0-8184-0499-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Piece+of+Blue+Sky&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Carol+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8184-0499-3&rft.aulast=Atack&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpieceofblueskysc00atac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallis, Roy. <i>Sectarianism: Analyses of Religious and Non-Religious Sects</i>, Page 92, 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-470-91910-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-470-91910-8">0-470-91910-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barefaced-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-barefaced_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller,_Russell1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Miller" title="Russell Miller">Miller, Russell</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barefacedmessiah00mill_0/page/227"><i>Bare-faced Messiah, The True Story of L. Ron Hubbard</i></a> (First American ed.). New York: Henry Holt & Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/barefacedmessiah00mill_0/page/227">227–228</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-0654-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-0654-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-0654-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bare-faced+Messiah%2C+The+True+Story+of+L.+Ron+Hubbard&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=227-228&rft.edition=First+American&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+%26+Co&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-0654-4&rft.au=Miller%2C+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbarefacedmessiah00mill_0%2Fpage%2F227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James R. (2009). <i>Scientology</i>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. Introduction: 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199887118" title="Special:BookSources/9780199887118"><bdi>9780199887118</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientology&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=Introduction%3A+5&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199887118&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opposing.scientology.org/31-battl.htm">"The Battle Mounts – Those Who Oppose Scientology"</a>. <i>Those Who Oppose Scientology</i>. Church of Scientology International<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Those+Who+Oppose+Scientology&rft.atitle=The+Battle+Mounts+%E2%80%93+Those+Who+Oppose+Scientology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopposing.scientology.org%2F31-battl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Riche_Evans1974" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Riche Evans (1974). <a href="/wiki/Cults_of_Unreason" title="Cults of Unreason"><i>Cults of Unreason</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-374-13324-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-374-13324-5"><bdi>978-0-374-13324-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cults+of+Unreason&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-374-13324-5&rft.au=Christopher+Riche+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span> Chapter 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell_Miller1987" class="citation book cs1">Russell Miller (1987). "15. Visits To Heaven". <i>Bare-Faced Messiah: The true story of L. Ron Hubbard</i>. <a href="/wiki/Key_Porter_Books" title="Key Porter Books">Key Porter Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55013-027-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55013-027-0"><bdi>978-1-55013-027-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15.+Visits+To+Heaven&rft.btitle=Bare-Faced+Messiah%3A+The+true+story+of+L.+Ron+Hubbard&rft.pub=Key+Porter+Books&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-1-55013-027-0&rft.au=Russell+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeins1982" class="citation journal cs1">Heins, Marjorie (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025107/http://www.hastingsconlawquarterly.org/archives/V9/I1/Heins.pdf#PAGE=18">"Other People's Faiths: The Scientology Litigation and the Justiciability of Religious Fraud"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 170. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hastingsconlawquarterly.org/archives/V9/I1/Heins.pdf#PAGE=18">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hastings+Constitutional+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Other+People%27s+Faiths%3A+The+Scientology+Litigation+and+the+Justiciability+of+Religious+Fraud&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=170&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Heins&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingsconlawquarterly.org%2Farchives%2FV9%2FI1%2FHeins.pdf%23PAGE%3D18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeins1982" class="citation journal cs1">Heins, Marjorie (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025107/http://www.hastingsconlawquarterly.org/archives/V9/I1/Heins.pdf#PAGE=19">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Other People's Faiths": The Scientology Litigation and the Justiciability of Religious Fraud"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 171. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hastingsconlawquarterly.org/archives/V9/I1/Heins.pdf#PAGE=19">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hastings+Constitutional+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=%22Other+People%27s+Faiths%22%3A+The+Scientology+Litigation+and+the+Justiciability+of+Religious+Fraud&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=171&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Heins&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingsconlawquarterly.org%2Farchives%2FV9%2FI1%2FHeins.pdf%23PAGE%3D19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalko1970" class="citation book cs1">Malko, George (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081123045806/http://www.solitarytrees.net/pubs/now/4.htm"><i>Scientology: The Now Religion</i></a>. New York: Dell/Delacorte Press. pp. Chapter 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1112963735" title="Special:BookSources/978-1112963735"><bdi>978-1112963735</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.solitarytrees.net/pubs/now/4.htm">the original</a> on November 23, 2008. <q>the U.S. Court of Appeals ... reversed the decision of the federal jury and stated that until the government can offer proof that Scientology is not a religion, the E-Meters and the literature seized are protected by our rights of freedom of worship.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientology%3A+The+Now+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=Chapter+4&rft.pub=Dell%2FDelacorte+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-1112963735&rft.aulast=Malko&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.solitarytrees.net%2Fpubs%2Fnow%2F4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeins1982" class="citation journal cs1">Heins, Marjorie (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025107/http://www.hastingsconlawquarterly.org/archives/V9/I1/Heins.pdf#PAGE=23">"Other People's Faiths: The Scientology Litigation and the Justiciability of Religious Fraud"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly</i>. <b>9</b> (1): 175, fn. 116. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hastingsconlawquarterly.org/archives/V9/I1/Heins.pdf#PAGE=23">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hastings+Constitutional+Law+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Other+People%27s+Faiths%3A+The+Scientology+Litigation+and+the+Justiciability+of+Religious+Fraud&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=175%2C+fn.+116&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Heins&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hastingsconlawquarterly.org%2Farchives%2FV9%2FI1%2FHeins.pdf%23PAGE%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigliardi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Bigliardi, Stefano (2016). "New Religious Movements, Technology, and Science: The Conceptualization of the E-meter in Scientology Teachings". <i>Zygon</i>. <b>51</b> (3): 668. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fzygo.12281">10.1111/zygo.12281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zygon&rft.atitle=New+Religious+Movements%2C+Technology%2C+and+Science%3A+The+Conceptualization+of+the+E-meter+in+Scientology+Teachings&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=668&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fzygo.12281&rft.aulast=Bigliardi&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/10/27/france.scientology.fraud/index.html?eref=igoogle_cnn">"French court convicts Church of Scientology of fraud"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a>. October 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=French+court+convicts+Church+of+Scientology+of+fraud&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2009%2FWORLD%2Feurope%2F10%2F27%2Ffrance.scientology.fraud%2Findex.html%3Feref%3Digoogle_cnn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAFP2013" class="citation news cs1">AFP (October 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/france/10384877/Scientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html">"Scientology's fraud conviction upheld in France"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 29,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Scientology%27s+fraud+conviction+upheld+in+France&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft.au=AFP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Ffrance%2F10384877%2FScientologys-fraud-conviction-upheld-in-France.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State of Victoria (1965). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Cowen/audit/ar14.html">Report of the Board of Inquiry into Scientology</a></i> p. 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2009" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James R. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WEy-BgAAQBAJ&q=%22founding%20church%20of%20scientology%20v.%20united%20states%22&pg=PT36"><i>Scientology</i></a>. Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. pp. Introduction: 5, 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199887118" title="Special:BookSources/9780199887118"><bdi>9780199887118</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientology&rft.place=Oxford%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=Introduction%3A+5%2C+6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199887118&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWEy-BgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522founding%2520church%2520of%2520scientology%2520v.%2520united%2520states%2522%26pg%3DPT36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6207C19-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6207C19_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="6207C19" class="citation book cs1">Hubbard, L. Ron (July 19, 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150122084024/http://www.matrixfiles.com/Scientology%20Materials/Tapes%20in%20order/6105a07%20Saint%20Hill%20Special%20Briefing%20Course%20Lectures/TXT/6207C19%20SHSBC-191%20The%20E-Meter.txt"><i>Taped Lecture 6207C19 SHSBC-191: The E-Meter</i></a>. East Grinstead, England: Church of Scientology, St. Hill Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matrixfiles.com/Scientology%20Materials/Tapes%20in%20order/6105a07%20Saint%20Hill%20Special%20Briefing%20Course%20Lectures/TXT/6207C19%20SHSBC-191%20The%20E-Meter.txt">the original</a> on January 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 10,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taped+Lecture+6207C19+SHSBC-191%3A+The+E-Meter&rft.place=East+Grinstead%2C+England&rft.pub=Church+of+Scientology%2C+St.+Hill+Organization&rft.date=1962-07-19&rft.aulast=Hubbard&rft.aufirst=L.+Ron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matrixfiles.com%2FScientology%2520Materials%2FTapes%2520in%2520order%2F6105a07%2520Saint%2520Hill%2520Special%2520Briefing%2520Course%2520Lectures%2FTXT%2F6207C19%2520SHSBC-191%2520The%2520E-Meter.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AE-meter" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=E-meter&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:E-meters" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:E-meters">E-meters</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060908224302/http://www.scientologytoday.org/Common/question/pg15.htm"><i>Scientology Today: What is the E-Meter and how does it work?</i></a>, official <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a> description</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-2.cs.cmu.edu/~dst/Secrets/E-Meter/"><i>Secrets of Scientology: The E-Meter</i></a>, by <a href="/wiki/David_S._Touretzky" title="David S. Touretzky">David S. Touretzky</a></li> <li><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6011992">E-Meter US Patent</a></span>, filed by the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Spiritual_Technology" title="Church of Spiritual Technology">Church of Spiritual Technology</a> on May 9, 1996, and published January 4, 2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/21303695/_New_Religious_Movements_Technology_and_Science_The_Conceptualization_of_the_E-Meter_in_Scientology_Teachings_Zygon_Journal_of_Religion_and_Science_51_3_661-683_2016_">"New Religious Movements, Technology, and Science: The Conceptualization of the E-Meter in Scientology Teachings" Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science 51 (3):661-683 (2016)</a>, a thorough historical and critical study by scholar Stefano Bigliardi.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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title="The Bridge to Total Freedom">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_(Scientology)" title="Clear (Scientology)">Clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics" title="Dianetics">Dianetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianetics:_The_Modern_Science_of_Mental_Health" title="Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health"><i>Dianetics</i> (book)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disconnection_(Scientology)" title="Disconnection (Scientology)">Disconnection</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">E-meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engram_(Dianetics)" title="Engram (Dianetics)">Engram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_ethics_and_justice" title="Scientology ethics and justice">Ethics and justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Scientology" title="Glossary of Scientology">Glossary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_terminology" title="Scientology terminology">Terminology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implant_(Scientology)" title="Implant (Scientology)">Implant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incident_(Scientology)" title="Incident (Scientology)">Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keeping_Scientology_Working" title="Keeping Scientology Working">Keeping Scientology Working</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcab_Confederacy" title="Marcab Confederacy">Marcab Confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_marriage" title="Scientology and marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MEST_(Scientology)" title="MEST (Scientology)">MEST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_Thetan" title="Operating Thetan">Operating Thetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OT_VIII" title="OT VIII">OT VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactive_mind" title="Reactive mind">Reactive mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_religious_groups" title="Scientology and religious groups">Scientology and religious groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation#Scientology" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_security_checks" title="List of Scientology security checks">Sec Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_sex" title="Scientology and sex">Sex</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_gender" title="Scientology and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_homosexuality" title="Scientology and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_birth" title="Silent birth">Silent birth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera_in_Scientology" title="Space opera in Scientology">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_Technology" title="Study Technology">Study Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thetan" title="Thetan">Thetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Training_routines_(Scientology)" title="Training routines (Scientology)">Training routines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenu" title="Xenu">Xenu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Dianetics_and_Scientology" title="History of Dianetics and Scientology">History</a> and<br /> <a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">controversies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Mental_Health_Enabling_Act" title="Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act">Alaska Mental Health Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Books critical of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_editing_on_Wikipedia" title="Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia">Church of Scientology editing on Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_Hearings" title="Clearwater Hearings">Clearwater Hearings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Elli_Perkins" title="Murder of Elli Perkins">Death of Elli Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Kaja_Ballo" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Kaja Ballo">Death of Kaja Ballo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Lisa_McPherson" title="Death of Lisa McPherson">Death of Lisa McPherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_game_(Scientology)" title="Fair game (Scientology)">Fair game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishman_Affidavit" title="Fishman Affidavit">Fishman Affidavit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Guardian%27s_Office_operations" title="List of Guardian's Office operations">Guardian's Office operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Henson" title="Keith Henson">Keith Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_the_Internet" title="Scientology and the Internet">The Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Clambake" title="Operation Clambake">Operation Clambake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Freakout" title="Operation Freakout">Operation Freakout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Snow_White" title="Operation Snow White">Operation Snow White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Chanology" title="Project Chanology">Project Chanology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Normandy" title="Project Normandy">Project Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R2-45" title="R2-45">R2-45</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_psychiatry" title="Scientology and psychiatry">Psychiatry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_Me" title="Scientology and Me">Scientology and Me</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_as_a_business" title="Scientology as a business">Scientology as a business</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Secrets_of_Scientology" title="The Secrets of Scientology">The Secrets of Scientology</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppressive_person" title="Suppressive person">Suppressive person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_status_of_Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Tax status of Scientology in the United States">Tax status in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hole_(Scientology)" title="The Hole (Scientology)">The Hole</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thriving_Cult_of_Greed_and_Power" title="The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power">The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Scientology" title="Timeline of Scientology">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government reports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anderson_Report" title="Anderson Report">Anderson Report</a> (AUS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbleton%E2%80%93Powles_Report" title="Dumbleton–Powles Report">Dumbleton–Powles Report</a> (NZ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foster_Report" title="Foster Report">Foster Report</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Lee_Report" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lee Report">Lee Report</a> (CAN)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_law" title="Scientology and law">Litigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Registrar_General,_ex_p_Segerdal" title="R v Registrar General, ex p Segerdal">R v Registrar General, ex p Segerdal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_v_Vosper" title="Hubbard v Vosper">Hubbard v Vosper</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hubbard" title="United States v. Hubbard">United States v. Hubbard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/X._and_Church_of_Scientology_v._Sweden" title="X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden">X. and Church of Scientology v. Sweden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_v._Sweden" title="Church of Scientology v. Sweden">Church of Scientology v. Sweden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wollersheim_v._Church_of_Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology">Wollersheim v. Church of Scientology</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Commissioner" title="Hernandez v. Commissioner">Hernandez v. Commissioner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Era_Publications_International_ApS_v._Carol_Publishing_Group_and_Jonathan_Caven-Atack" title="New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack">New Era Publications International ApS v. Carol Publishing Group and Jonathan Caven-Atack</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_of_California_v._Armstrong" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong">Church of Scientology of California v. Armstrong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R_v_Church_of_Scientology_of_Toronto" title="R v Church of Scientology of Toronto">R. v. Church of Scientology of Toronto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fishman_Affidavit" title="Fishman Affidavit">Church of Scientology Intl. v. Fishman and Geertz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hill_v_Church_of_Scientology_of_Toronto" title="Hill v Church of Scientology of Toronto">Hill v. Church of Scientology of Toronto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_v_Lerma" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Technology Center v Lerma">Religious Technology Center v Lerma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center_v._Netcom_On-Line_Communication_Services,_Inc." title="Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.">Religious Technology Center v. Netcom On-Line Communication Services, Inc.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thriving_Cult_of_Greed_and_Power" title="The Thriving Cult of Greed and Power">Church of Scientology Intl. v. Time Warner, Inc., et al.</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arenz,_R%C3%B6der_and_Dagmar_v._Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany">Arenz, Röder and Dagmar v. Germany</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Moscow_v._Russia" title="Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia">Church of Scientology Moscow v. Russia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Headley_v._Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Headley v. Church of Scientology International">Headley v. Church of Scientology International</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Scientology_organizations" title="List of Scientology organizations">Organizations</a><br />(and <a href="/wiki/Scientology_properties" title="Scientology properties">properties</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Org" title="Cadet Org">Cadet Org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_Centre" title="Celebrity Centre">Celebrity Centre</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_%C3%89lys%C3%A9e" title="Château Élysée">Château Élysée</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology" title="Church of Scientology">Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_International" title="Church of Scientology International">Church of Scientology International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guaranty_Building_(Hollywood,_California)" title="Guaranty Building (Hollywood, California)">Guaranty Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Spiritual_Technology" title="Church of Spiritual Technology">Church of Spiritual Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trementina_Base" title="Trementina Base">Trementina Base</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scientology_Flag_Service_Organization" title="Church of Scientology Flag Service Organization">Flag Service Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Building" title="Flag Building">Flag Building/Super Power Building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_Ship_Service_Org" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag Ship Service Org">Flag Ship Service Org</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freewinds" title="Freewinds">Freewinds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Church_of_Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Founding Church of Scientology">Founding Church of Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Press" title="Galaxy Press">Galaxy Press</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Security_Trust" title="Security Trust">Author Services building</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Base" title="Gold Base">Golden Era Productions (Gold Base)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubbard_Association_of_Scientologists_International" title="Hubbard Association of Scientologists International">Hubbard Association of Scientologists International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Scientologists" title="International Association of Scientologists">International Association of Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Special_Affairs" title="Office of Special Affairs">Office of Special Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Technology_Center" title="Religious Technology Center">Religious Technology Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_Project_Force" title="Rehabilitation Project Force">Rehabilitation Project Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Hill_Manor" title="Saint Hill Manor">Saint Hill Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_Missions_International" title="Scientology Missions International">Scientology Missions International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Org" title="Sea Org">Sea Org</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology_by_country" title="Category:Scientology by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_status_by_country" title="Scientology status by country">Status by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Australia" title="Scientology in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Belgium" title="Scientology in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Canada" title="Scientology in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Egypt" title="Scientology in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_France" title="Scientology in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Germany" title="Scientology in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_Netherlands" title="Scientology in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_New_Zealand" title="Scientology in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Norway" title="Scientology in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Pakistan" title="Scientology in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_Russia" title="Scientology in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Scientology in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_officials" title="Scientology officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue_Hubbard" title="Mary Sue Hubbard">Mary Sue Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Miscavige" title="David Miscavige">David Miscavige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelly_Miscavige" title="Shelly Miscavige">Shelly Miscavige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Adams_(American_football)" title="Bob Adams (American football)">Bob Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Carmichael_(Scientology)" title="John Carmichael (Scientology)">John Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Davis_(Scientology)" title="Tommy Davis (Scientology)">Tommy Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Feshbach" title="Jessica Feshbach">Jessica Feshbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gaiman" title="David Gaiman">David Gaiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisa_Goodman" title="Leisa Goodman">Leisa Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heber_Jentzsch" title="Heber Jentzsch">Heber Jentzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendrick_Moxon" title="Kendrick Moxon">Kendrick Moxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Pouw" title="Karin Pouw">Karin Pouw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rathbun" title="Mark Rathbun">Mark Rathbun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rinder" title="Mike Rinder">Mike Rinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Stith" title="Michelle Stith">Michelle Stith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weiland" title="Kurt Weiland">Kurt Weiland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientology_organizations" title="Category:Scientology organizations">Affiliated <br />organizations<br />and recruitment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_Better_Living_and_Education" title="Association for Better Living and Education">Association for Better Living and Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_Scholastics" title="Applied Scholastics">Applied Scholastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_and_celebrities" title="Scientology and celebrities">Celebrities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Citizens Commission on Human Rights">Citizens Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Businessmen%27s_Association_of_America" title="Concerned Businessmen's Association of America">Concerned Businessmen's Association of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criminon" title="Criminon">Criminon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Cult_Awareness_Network" title="New Cult Awareness Network">Cult Awareness Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Delphian_School" class="mw-redirect" title="The Delphian School">The Delphian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Zone_(Scientology)" title="Free Zone (Scientology)">Free Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_front_groups" title="Scientology front groups">Front groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSCN-TV" title="KSCN-TV">KSCN-TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moxon_%26_Kobrin" title="Moxon & Kobrin">Moxon & Kobrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narconon" title="Narconon">Narconon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Rescue_Workers_Detoxification_Project" title="New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project">New York Rescue Workers Detoxification Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Capacity_Analysis" title="Oxford Capacity Analysis">Oxford Capacity Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_Environment_Fund" title="Safe Environment Fund">Safe Environment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_Network" title="Scientology Network">Scientology Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chance_Program" title="Second Chance Program">Second Chance Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trademarks_owned_by_the_Church_of_Scientology_and_its_affiliates" title="List of trademarks owned by the Church of Scientology and its affiliates">Trademarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Ministers" title="Volunteer Ministers">Volunteer Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Way_to_Happiness" title="The Way to Happiness">The Way to Happiness Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Institute_of_Scientology_Enterprises" title="World Institute of Scientology Enterprises">World Institute of Scientology Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_for_Human_Rights_International" title="Youth for Human Rights International">Youth for Human Rights International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_popular_culture" title="Scientology in popular culture">Popular <br />culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali%27s_Smile:_Naked_Scientology" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology">Ali's Smile: Naked Scientology</a></i></li> <li><i><a 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