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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Mausoleum_voor_Celsus_Polemaenus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mausoleum_voor_Celsus_Polemaenus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Mausoleum voor Celsus Polemaenus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mausoleum_voor_Celsus_Polemaenus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_bibliotheek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_bibliotheek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>De bibliotheek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_bibliotheek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Het_gebouw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Het_gebouw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Het gebouw</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Het_gebouw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_gevel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_gevel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>De gevel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_gevel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bibliotheek van Celsus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 38 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsus-biblioteek" title="Celsus-biblioteek – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Celsus-biblioteek" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="مكتبة سيلسوس – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكتبة سيلسوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_de_Celsu" title="Biblioteca de Celsu – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Biblioteca de Celsu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelsus_Kitabxanas%C4%B1" title="Kelsus Kitabxanası – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kelsus Kitabxanası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Библиотека на Целс – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Библиотека на Целс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_de_Cels" title="Biblioteca de Cels – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Biblioteca de Cels" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsova_knihovna" title="Celsova knihovna – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Celsova knihovna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsus-Bibliothek" title="Celsus-Bibliothek – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Celsus-Bibliothek" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B8%CE%AE%CE%BA%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9A%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Βιβλιοθήκη του Κέλσου – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιβλιοθήκη του Κέλσου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Library of Celsus" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteko_de_Efezo" title="Biblioteko de Efezo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biblioteko de Efezo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_de_Celso" title="Biblioteca de Celso – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca de Celso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsuse_raamatukogu" title="Celsuse raamatukogu – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Celsuse raamatukogu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeltsoren_liburutegia" title="Zeltsoren liburutegia – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zeltsoren liburutegia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کتابخانه سلسوس – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کتابخانه سلسوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsuksen_kirjasto" title="Celsuksen kirjasto – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Celsuksen kirjasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_de_Celsus" title="Bibliothèque de Celsus – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bibliothèque de Celsus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laburaren_Celsus" title="Laburaren Celsus – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Laburaren Celsus" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsus_k%C3%B6nyvt%C3%A1ra" title="Celsus könyvtára – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Celsus könyvtára" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%91%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ցելսուսի գրադարան – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ցելսուսի գրադարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpustakaan_Celsus" title="Perpustakaan Celsus – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perpustakaan Celsus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_di_Celso" title="Biblioteca di Celso – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biblioteca di Celso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ცელსუსის ბიბლიოთეკა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცელსუსის ბიბლიოთეკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BC%88%EC%88%98%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8F%84%EC%84%9C%EA%B4%80" title="켈수스 도서관 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="켈수스 도서관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsus-biblioteket" title="Celsus-biblioteket – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Celsus-biblioteket" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_Celsusa" title="Biblioteka Celsusa – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biblioteka Celsusa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_de_Celso" title="Biblioteca de Celso – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Biblioteca de Celso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Библиотека Цельса – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Библиотека Цельса" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Celsus" title="Library of Celsus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Library of Celsus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celzova_knji%C5%BEnica" title="Celzova knjižnica – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Celzova knjižnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteka_e_Celsusit" title="Biblioteka e Celsusit – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biblioteka e Celsusit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Целзијусова библиотека – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Целзијусова библиотека" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celsus_K%C3%BCt%C3%BCphanesi" title="Celsus Kütüphanesi – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Celsus Kütüphanesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Бібліотека Цельса – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бібліотека Цельса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A8_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3" title="کتب خانہ کلسوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کتب خانہ کلسوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C6%B0_vi%E1%BB%87n_Celsus" title="Thư viện Celsus – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thư viện Celsus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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color:inherit;" colspan="3">Afbeeldingen </th></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" style="padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Efez_Celsus_Library_6_RB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Binnenzijde van de bibliotheek" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Efez_Celsus_Library_6_RB.jpg/266px-Efez_Celsus_Library_6_RB.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Efez_Celsus_Library_6_RB.jpg/399px-Efez_Celsus_Library_6_RB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Efez_Celsus_Library_6_RB.jpg/532px-Efez_Celsus_Library_6_RB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Binnenzijde van de bibliotheek</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" style="padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Celsus_Library,_Ephesus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Gevel van de Bibliotheek van Celsus 's nachts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Celsus_Library%2C_Ephesus.jpg/266px-Celsus_Library%2C_Ephesus.jpg" decoding="async" width="266" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Celsus_Library%2C_Ephesus.jpg/399px-Celsus_Library%2C_Ephesus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Celsus_Library%2C_Ephesus.jpg/532px-Celsus_Library%2C_Ephesus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3861" data-file-height="2574" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Gevel van de Bibliotheek van Celsus 's nachts</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm/260px--Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="146" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Bestand:Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c5/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm/Ephesus_Efes_Library_of_Celsus_Turkey_2015.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>De bibliotheek van Celsus</figcaption></figure> <p>De <b>Bibliotheek van Celsus</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Rijk" title="Romeinse Rijk">Romeins</a> <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> en bibliotheek in de antieke Grieks-Romeinse stad <a href="/wiki/Efeze" title="Efeze">Efeze</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië">Klein-Azië</a>, het huidige <a href="/wiki/Turkije" title="Turkije">Turkije</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mausoleum_voor_Celsus_Polemaenus">Mausoleum voor Celsus Polemaenus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliotheek_van_Celsus&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Mausoleum voor Celsus Polemaenus" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliotheek_van_Celsus&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Mausoleum voor Celsus Polemaenus"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De bibliotheek is tussen <a href="/wiki/114" title="114">114</a> en <a href="/wiki/125" title="125">125</a> n. Chr. gebouwd in opdracht van <i>Tiberius Julius Aquila</i> ter ere van zijn overleden vader <i>Tiberius Julius Celsus Polemaenus</i>, die de Romeinse gouverneur was van de provincie <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Romeinse_provincie)" title="Asia (Romeinse provincie)">Asia</a>. Celsus werd begraven in een <a href="/wiki/Marmer" title="Marmer">marmeren</a> sarcofaag in de grafkamer onder de bibliotheek. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_bibliotheek">De bibliotheek</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliotheek_van_Celsus&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De bibliotheek" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliotheek_van_Celsus&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De bibliotheek"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De leeszaal was bekleed met marmer en in de nissen in de muren werden ongeveer 12.000 perkamentrollen bewaard. De muren werden dubbel gebouwd om de kwetsbare rollen te beschermen tegen vocht. De voorgevel van de bibliotheek was op het oosten gericht zodat de lezers optimaal gebruik konden maken van het ochtendlicht. De bibliotheek had aan de binnenzijde drie verdiepingen, waar de rollen door galerijen te bereiken waren.<br /> In nissen in de voorgevel staan vier grote vrouwelijke beelden die de <a href="/wiki/Deugd" title="Deugd">deugden</a> die Celsus nastreefde uitbeelden; <i>Sophia</i> (wijsheid), <i>Aretē</i> (deugd), <i>Ennoia</i> (verstand) en <i>Epistēmē</i> (kennis). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Het_gebouw">Het gebouw</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliotheek_van_Celsus&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Het gebouw" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliotheek_van_Celsus&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Het gebouw"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De bibliotheek is ongeveer 23 meter lang en 17 meter diep. Om het gebouw een imposanter uiterlijk te geven is aan de voorzijde een trap met 9 treden gebouwd. Bovenaan de trap zijn drie deuren die toegang geven tot de binnenruimte die een afmeting heeft van ongeveer 17 bij 11 meter. </p><p>Waarschijnlijk is de bibliotheek bij een brand na een aardbeving aan het eind van de <a href="/wiki/3e_eeuw" title="3e eeuw">3e eeuw</a> ingestort en niet meer herbouwd. De façade bleef wel overeind staan en werd na de instorting gebruikt als achterwand van een <a href="/wiki/Fontein" title="Fontein">fontein</a>. Deze fontein werd versierd met reliëfs die de keizers <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> en <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a> in hun strijd tegen de <a href="/wiki/Parthische_Rijk" title="Parthische Rijk">Parthen</a> voorstellen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="De_gevel">De gevel</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliotheek_van_Celsus&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: De gevel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bibliotheek_van_Celsus&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: De gevel"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In tegenstelling tot de binnenruimte heeft de gevel maar twee verdiepingen. Boven de drie grote deuren bevinden zich drie vensteropeningen. De gevel is rijkelijk versierd met zuilen en reliëfs. </p><p>De gevel is tussen <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> en <a href="/wiki/1978" title="1978">1978</a> grondig gerestaureerd. De zuilen zijn gevuld met ijzeren staven om zo eventuele <a href="/wiki/Aardbeving" title="Aardbeving">aardbevingen</a> te kunnen weerstaan. Nadat de restauratie was afgerond werd het gebouw weer opengesteld voor publiek. Het is nu een van de mooiste en bekendste gebouwen die zijn overgebleven uit de oude Grieks-Romeinse tijd. </p> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bibliotheek_van_Celsus#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bibliotheek van Celsus">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Library_of_Celsus#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Library of Celsus">Library of Celsus</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliotheek_van_Celsus&oldid=67055341">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bibliotheek_van_Celsus&oldid=67055341</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Romeins_bouwwerk_in_Turkije" title="Categorie:Romeins bouwwerk in Turkije">Romeins bouwwerk in Turkije</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Romeinen_in_Klein-Azi%C3%AB" title="Categorie:Romeinen in Klein-Azië">Romeinen in Klein-Azië</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Mausoleum" title="Categorie:Mausoleum">Mausoleum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Antiek_bouwwerk_in_Efeze" title="Categorie:Antiek bouwwerk in Efeze">Antiek bouwwerk in Efeze</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Verborgen categorie: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Wikipedia:Co%C3%B6rdinaten_op_Wikidata" title="Categorie:Wikipedia:Coördinaten op Wikidata">Wikipedia:Coördinaten op Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 18 feb 2024 om 16:42.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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