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overflow: hidden; text-overflow: ellipsis; -webkit-line-clamp: 3; -webkit-box-orient: vertical; }</style><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><div class="u-floatLeft"><h1 class="PageHeader-title u-m0x u-fs30">Fungicide</h1><div class="u-tcGrayDark">138 Followers</div><div class="u-tcGrayDark u-mt2x">Recent papers in <b>Fungicide</b></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="TabbedNavigation"><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12 clearfix"><ul class="nav u-m0x u-p0x list-inline u-displayFlex"><li class="active"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide">Top Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide/MostCited">Most Cited Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide/MostDownloaded">Most Downloaded Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide/MostRecent">Newest Papers</a></li><li><a class="" href="https://www.academia.edu/People/Fungicide">People</a></li></ul></div><style type="text/css">ul.nav{flex-direction:row}@media(max-width: 567px){ul.nav{flex-direction:column}.TabbedNavigation li{max-width:100%}.TabbedNavigation li.active{background-color:var(--background-grey, #dddde2)}.TabbedNavigation li.active:before,.TabbedNavigation li.active:after{display:none}}</style></div></div></div><div class="container"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><div class="u-displayFlex"><div class="u-flexGrow1"><div class="works"><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76544052" data-work_id="76544052" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76544052/Mechanisms_of_N2O_production_following_chloropicrin_fumigation">Mechanisms of N2O production following chloropicrin fumigation</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Soil fumigation has recently been shown to affect the greenhouse gas balance by increasing emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) following chloropicrin (CP) application. However, the exact mechanisms of this increase were not investigated.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76544052" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Soil fumigation has recently been shown to affect the greenhouse gas balance by increasing emissions of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) following chloropicrin (CP) application. However, the exact mechanisms of this increase were not investigated. The purpose of this study was to elucidate potential mechanisms of CP-induced N 2 O production through laboratory incubations using chemical inhibitors (acetylene, antibacterial, antifungal, and oxygen), isotopically labeled 15 N-CP, and pH modifications of a forest nursery soil. Results showed that N 2 O production increased by 12.6 times following CP fumigation. Microbial activity contributed 82% to the CP-induced N 2 O production, with the remaining 18% from abiotic processes as determined by incubation with sterilized soil. Inhibitor studies suggested that 20% of the N 2 O production was from bacteria and 70% from fungi. There were no significant differences in N 2 O production following CP fumigation under various levels of acetylene (0, 10, and 10 kPa), suggesting that traditional nitrification and denitification reactions did not significantly contribute to N 2 O production following CP fumigation. 15 N labeled studies indicated that 12% of fumigant source N was incorporated into the produced N 2 O. No enrichment in N 2 was observed, indicating that N 2 O was one of the terminal biotic mineralization products of CP. Production of N 2 O is aerobic and production rates increased with increasing oxygen concentrations. Our data strongly suggested that fungal mediated denitrification reactions under aerobic conditions were the primary mechanism for CP-induced N 2 O production.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76544052" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="feea306e4afc0960a06b99808c92a922" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84220236,"asset_id":76544052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84220236/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="22743887" href="https://usda-ars.academia.edu/KurtSpokas">Kurt Spokas</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="22743887" type="text/json">{"id":22743887,"first_name":"Kurt","last_name":"Spokas","domain_name":"usda-ars","page_name":"KurtSpokas","display_name":"Kurt Spokas","profile_url":"https://usda-ars.academia.edu/KurtSpokas?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76544052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76544052"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76544052, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76544052", }); 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However, the exact mechanisms of this increase were not investigated. The purpose of this study was to elucidate potential mechanisms of CP-induced N 2 O production through laboratory incubations using chemical inhibitors (acetylene, antibacterial, antifungal, and oxygen), isotopically labeled 15 N-CP, and pH modifications of a forest nursery soil. Results showed that N 2 O production increased by 12.6 times following CP fumigation. Microbial activity contributed 82% to the CP-induced N 2 O production, with the remaining 18% from abiotic processes as determined by incubation with sterilized soil. Inhibitor studies suggested that 20% of the N 2 O production was from bacteria and 70% from fungi. There were no significant differences in N 2 O production following CP fumigation under various levels of acetylene (0, 10, and 10 kPa), suggesting that traditional nitrification and denitification reactions did not significantly contribute to N 2 O production following CP fumigation. 15 N labeled studies indicated that 12% of fumigant source N was incorporated into the produced N 2 O. No enrichment in N 2 was observed, indicating that N 2 O was one of the terminal biotic mineralization products of CP. Production of N 2 O is aerobic and production rates increased with increasing oxygen concentrations. Our data strongly suggested that fungal mediated denitrification reactions under aerobic conditions were the primary mechanism for CP-induced N 2 O production.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84220236,"asset_id":76544052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":22743887,"first_name":"Kurt","last_name":"Spokas","domain_name":"usda-ars","page_name":"KurtSpokas","display_name":"Kurt Spokas","profile_url":"https://usda-ars.academia.edu/KurtSpokas?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":421,"name":"Soil Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Science?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":156319,"name":"Soils","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soils?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":169070,"name":"Sol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":177876,"name":"Sterilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sterilization?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":251654,"name":"Greenhouse Gas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Greenhouse_Gas?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":275177,"name":"Oxygen Isotope","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxygen_Isotope?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":387920,"name":"Nitrous Oxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitrous_Oxide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":533275,"name":"Microbial Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbial_Activity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1912509,"name":"Production Rate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Production_Rate?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2142568,"name":"Thallophyta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thallophyta?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":4104286,"name":"Soil Fumigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Fumigation-1?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59983035" data-work_id="59983035" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59983035/Effect_of_foliar_treatments_to_durum_wheat_on_flag_leaf_senescence_grain_yield_quality_and_deoxynivalenol_contamination_in_North_Italy">Effect of foliar treatments to durum wheat on flag leaf senescence, grain yield, quality and deoxynivalenol contamination in North Italy</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59983035" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="74f2b12c3ece4a676475e45281a752cd" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73631439,"asset_id":59983035,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73631439/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35744115" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BlandinoM">M. 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Plant Disease 70: 307-309. 10, or 15 .tg a.i./ml of WS or mancozeb. The fungicides and the acid (2.5 ml of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_58173748" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Chemical control of prune leaf rust (Tranzschelia dextrose agar (APDA) amended with 5, discolor f. sp. domesticae) in California. Plant Disease 70: 307-309. 10, or 15 .tg a.i./ml of WS or mancozeb. The fungicides and the acid (2.5 ml of The effects of wettable sulfur (WS), mancozeb, and timing of mancozeb applications in controlling 25% lactic acid per liter) were added to prune rust (Tranzschelia discolor f. sp. domesticae) of French prunes were evaluated. In an the medium after autoclaving the agar, experimental plot of prunes, unsprayed trees had 44% and WS-and mancozeb-sprayed trees had 21 and urediniospore germination was and < 1% rusted leaves, respectively. In vitro urediniospore germination on acidified potatorecorded after 22-24 hr of incubation at dextrose agar amended with5, 10, or 15pga.i./mlofWS ormancozeb was reduced ll,33,and38% 18 C. Data were analyzed by a two-way with WS and 97, 97, and 97% with mancozeb. Results of three mancozeb sprays (in June, July, and August 1983) proved that the last application alone was sufficient for controlling prune rust. Factorinalysis fuvaice (ANO a). Sprayed trees had fewer infected leaves and also fewer rust pustules per leaf. On unsprayed trees, Factors included fungicide tested and most of the infected leaves had > 16 pustules per leaf. In a commercial prune orchard already rate of fungicide. infected by rust, two mancozeb sprays (in July and August) protected the sprayed trees for 3 mo 1983 Experiments. To determine the from further rust infections, whereas 100% of the leaves on unsprayed trees were infected, appropriate number and timing of mancozeb applications, prune trees at the Davis campus plot were sprayed with Prune leaf rust, caused by the fungus rust, prune trees (Prunus domestica L.) in mancozeb at a concentration of 5,378 g Tranzschelia discolor (Fuckel) Tranzschel the experimental plot of the Department a.i./ha on the following schedule: one & Litvinov f. sp. domesticae (1), is widely of Plant Pathology at University of spray (20 June), one spray (27 July), one distributed in California and may be a California, Davis, were sprayed with a spray (19 August), two sprays (20 June serious problem in certain years (2,4,8). handgun sprayer on 15 August, 23 and 27 July), two sprays (20 June and 19 During early stages of infection, September, and 19 October of 1981 and August), two sprays (27 July and 19 symptoms of the disease are distinct, 1982. The dosages used were 20,167 and August), and three sprays (20 June, 27 angular, yellow-orange lesions on the top 5,378 g a.i./ha for WS and mancozeb, July, and 19 August). The test plot was a surfaces of leaves that correspond to light respectively. The experimental layout completely randomized block design with brown to reddish pustules on the lower was a completely randomized block design six single-tree replicates in each treatment. surfaces (6). These are the uredinia (sori) with eight single-tree replicates. Evalu-Disease incidence was evaluated 3 wk of the fungus that produce urediniospores ation of disease incidence was made dur-after the appearance of first rust during summer and teliospores later ing the first week in November (about 3 symptoms, using 100 leaves collected at during summer and fall. wk after the incidence of first rust symprandom from each tree. Symptoms were When extensive, the disease causes toms) by collecting randomly 400 leaves classified into four disease severity premature defoliation of the prune trees per tree (100 leaves per tree quadrant). categories according to the number of (6-8). Defoliation not only creates Urediniospore germination tests. pustules per leaf, as shown in Table I. difficulties in mechanical harvest opera-Because urediniospores are the infective ANOVA and mean calculations were tions (3) but also reduces the vigor of the stage of the fungus (6,8), to explain conducted with the Statistical Analysis trees. To avoid early defoliation of the results obtained in the field, we tested the Program (SAS) (5) and mean comparisons trees, chemical control of the disease is effects of WS and mancozeb on with orthogonal contrasts. required. Wettable sulfur (WS) is the only urediniospore germination. 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Plant Disease 70: 307-309. 10, or 15 .tg a.i./ml of WS or mancozeb. The fungicides and the acid (2.5 ml of The effects of wettable sulfur (WS), mancozeb, and timing of mancozeb applications in controlling 25% lactic acid per liter) were added to prune rust (Tranzschelia discolor f. sp. domesticae) of French prunes were evaluated. In an the medium after autoclaving the agar, experimental plot of prunes, unsprayed trees had 44% and WS-and mancozeb-sprayed trees had 21 and urediniospore germination was and \u003c 1% rusted leaves, respectively. In vitro urediniospore germination on acidified potatorecorded after 22-24 hr of incubation at dextrose agar amended with5, 10, or 15pga.i./mlofWS ormancozeb was reduced ll,33,and38% 18 C. Data were analyzed by a two-way with WS and 97, 97, and 97% with mancozeb. Results of three mancozeb sprays (in June, July, and August 1983) proved that the last application alone was sufficient for controlling prune rust. Factorinalysis fuvaice (ANO a). Sprayed trees had fewer infected leaves and also fewer rust pustules per leaf. On unsprayed trees, Factors included fungicide tested and most of the infected leaves had \u003e 16 pustules per leaf. In a commercial prune orchard already rate of fungicide. infected by rust, two mancozeb sprays (in July and August) protected the sprayed trees for 3 mo 1983 Experiments. To determine the from further rust infections, whereas 100% of the leaves on unsprayed trees were infected, appropriate number and timing of mancozeb applications, prune trees at the Davis campus plot were sprayed with Prune leaf rust, caused by the fungus rust, prune trees (Prunus domestica L.) in mancozeb at a concentration of 5,378 g Tranzschelia discolor (Fuckel) Tranzschel the experimental plot of the Department a.i./ha on the following schedule: one \u0026 Litvinov f. sp. domesticae (1), is widely of Plant Pathology at University of spray (20 June), one spray (27 July), one distributed in California and may be a California, Davis, were sprayed with a spray (19 August), two sprays (20 June serious problem in certain years (2,4,8). handgun sprayer on 15 August, 23 and 27 July), two sprays (20 June and 19 During early stages of infection, September, and 19 October of 1981 and August), two sprays (27 July and 19 symptoms of the disease are distinct, 1982. The dosages used were 20,167 and August), and three sprays (20 June, 27 angular, yellow-orange lesions on the top 5,378 g a.i./ha for WS and mancozeb, July, and 19 August). The test plot was a surfaces of leaves that correspond to light respectively. The experimental layout completely randomized block design with brown to reddish pustules on the lower was a completely randomized block design six single-tree replicates in each treatment. surfaces (6). These are the uredinia (sori) with eight single-tree replicates. Evalu-Disease incidence was evaluated 3 wk of the fungus that produce urediniospores ation of disease incidence was made dur-after the appearance of first rust during summer and teliospores later ing the first week in November (about 3 symptoms, using 100 leaves collected at during summer and fall. wk after the incidence of first rust symprandom from each tree. Symptoms were When extensive, the disease causes toms) by collecting randomly 400 leaves classified into four disease severity premature defoliation of the prune trees per tree (100 leaves per tree quadrant). categories according to the number of (6-8). Defoliation not only creates Urediniospore germination tests. pustules per leaf, as shown in Table I. difficulties in mechanical harvest opera-Because urediniospores are the infective ANOVA and mean calculations were tions (3) but also reduces the vigor of the stage of the fungus (6,8), to explain conducted with the Statistical Analysis trees. To avoid early defoliation of the results obtained in the field, we tested the Program (SAS) (5) and mean comparisons trees, chemical control of the disease is effects of WS and mancozeb on with orthogonal contrasts. required. Wettable sulfur (WS) is the only urediniospore germination. Uredinio-To evaluate the efficacy of mancozeb fungicide registered in the United States spores from rust pustules on leaves were when the disease was already present, an","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72713194,"asset_id":58173748,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46561658,"first_name":"THEMIS","last_name":"Michailides","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"THEMISMichailides","display_name":"THEMIS Michailides","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/THEMISMichailides?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":239810,"name":"Field Study","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Study?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":285012,"name":"Sulfur","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sulfur?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":560410,"name":"Plant Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Disease?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2142568,"name":"Thallophyta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thallophyta?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48673034" data-work_id="48673034" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48673034/Determination_of_pyrimethanil_and_kresoxim_methyl_in_soils_by_headspace_solid_phase_microextraction_and_gas_chromatography_mass_spectrometry">Determination of pyrimethanil and kresoxim-methyl in soils by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A method using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) then gas chromatographymass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (GC-MS, SIM) has been developed for determination of trace amounts of the fungicides pyrimethanil and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48673034" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A method using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) then gas chromatographymass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (GC-MS, SIM) has been developed for determination of trace amounts of the fungicides pyrimethanil and kresoxim-methyl in soil and humic materials. Both fungicides were extracted on to a fused-silica fibre coated with 85 lm polyacrylate (PA). Response-surface methodology was used to optimise the experimental conditions. For soil samples the linear dynamic range of application was 0.004-1.000 lg g À1 for pyrimethanil and 0.013-1.000 lg g À1 for kresoxim-methyl. The detection limits were 0.001 lg g À1 and 0.004 lg g À1 for pyrimethanil and kresoxim-methyl, respectively. HP-SPME-GC-MS analysis was highly reproducible-relative standard deviations (RSD) were between 6.7 and 12.2%. The method was validated by analysis of spiked matrix samples and used to investigate the presence of pyrimethanil and kresoxim-methyl above the detection limits in soil and humic materials.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48673034" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d251563ee01b090537b287d483edd246" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67185108,"asset_id":48673034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67185108/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25062747" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoseLuisVilchez">Jose Luis Vilchez</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25062747" type="text/json">{"id":25062747,"first_name":"Jose Luis","last_name":"Vilchez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoseLuisVilchez","display_name":"Jose Luis Vilchez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoseLuisVilchez?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48673034 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48673034"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48673034, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48673034", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48673034]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48673034").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48673034").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48673034"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1605" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil">Soil</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1605" type="text/json">{"id":1605,"name":"Soil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry">Mass Spectrometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5769" type="text/json">{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9508" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Response_Surface_Methodology">Response Surface Methodology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9508" type="text/json">{"id":9508,"name":"Response Surface Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Response_Surface_Methodology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48673034]'), work: {"id":48673034,"title":"Determination of pyrimethanil and kresoxim-methyl in soils by headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry","created_at":"2021-05-05T03:32:19.211-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48673034/Determination_of_pyrimethanil_and_kresoxim_methyl_in_soils_by_headspace_solid_phase_microextraction_and_gas_chromatography_mass_spectrometry?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_48673034","summary":"A method using headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) then gas chromatographymass spectrometry with selected ion monitoring (GC-MS, SIM) has been developed for determination of trace amounts of the fungicides pyrimethanil and kresoxim-methyl in soil and humic materials. Both fungicides were extracted on to a fused-silica fibre coated with 85 lm polyacrylate (PA). Response-surface methodology was used to optimise the experimental conditions. For soil samples the linear dynamic range of application was 0.004-1.000 lg g À1 for pyrimethanil and 0.013-1.000 lg g À1 for kresoxim-methyl. The detection limits were 0.001 lg g À1 and 0.004 lg g À1 for pyrimethanil and kresoxim-methyl, respectively. HP-SPME-GC-MS analysis was highly reproducible-relative standard deviations (RSD) were between 6.7 and 12.2%. The method was validated by analysis of spiked matrix samples and used to investigate the presence of pyrimethanil and kresoxim-methyl above the detection limits in soil and humic materials.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67185108,"asset_id":48673034,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":25062747,"first_name":"Jose Luis","last_name":"Vilchez","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JoseLuisVilchez","display_name":"Jose Luis Vilchez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JoseLuisVilchez?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":1605,"name":"Soil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":9508,"name":"Response Surface Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Response_Surface_Methodology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":32910,"name":"Sample Preparation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sample_Preparation?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":139599,"name":"Microanalysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microanalysis?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":160814,"name":"Fruit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fruit?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":166448,"name":"Gas Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":467113,"name":"Headspace","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Headspace?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":901876,"name":"Sensitivity and Specificity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sensitivity_and_Specificity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":970774,"name":"Ionic Strength","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ionic_Strength?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1248626,"name":"Response surface","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Response_surface?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1724844,"name":"Molecular Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Structure?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1956581,"name":"Dynamic Range","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dynamic_Range?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3075112,"name":"Relative Standard Deviation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Relative_Standard_Deviation?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76072464" data-work_id="76072464" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/76072464/Effectiveness_of_Fungicides_and_Biofungicides_in_the_Control_of_Grey_Mould_of_Raspberry_in_Serbia">Effectiveness of Fungicides and Biofungicides in the Control of Grey Mould of Raspberry in Serbia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">During 2005 growing season, field experiments were conducted in two commercial raspberry fields to compare effectiveness of some fungicides and biofungicides in Botrytis cinerea control. The experiments consisted of four fungicide and two... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76072464" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">During 2005 growing season, field experiments were conducted in two commercial raspberry fields to compare effectiveness of some fungicides and biofungicides in Botrytis cinerea control. The experiments consisted of four fungicide and two biofungicide treatments and untreated control, in randomized block design with four replicates per treatment. The fungicides: fenhxamid, vinclozolin, benomyl, and pyrimethanil were applied twice. The biofungicides Polyversum</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76072464" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="494243" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IvanaPotocnik">Ivana Potocnik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="494243" type="text/json">{"id":494243,"first_name":"Ivana","last_name":"Potocnik","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IvanaPotocnik","display_name":"Ivana Potocnik","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IvanaPotocnik?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/494243/169286/197310/s65_ivana.potocnik.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76072464 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76072464"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76072464, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76072464", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76072464]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_76072464").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_76072464").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="76072464"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="148391" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Experiment">Field Experiment</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="148391" type="text/json">{"id":148391,"name":"Field Experiment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Experiment?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="386872" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacillus_subtilis">Bacillus subtilis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="386872" type="text/json">{"id":386872,"name":"Bacillus subtilis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacillus_subtilis?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="502934" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Botrytis_cinerea">Botrytis cinerea</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="502934" type="text/json">{"id":502934,"name":"Botrytis cinerea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Botrytis_cinerea?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=76072464]'), work: {"id":76072464,"title":"Effectiveness of Fungicides and Biofungicides in the Control of Grey Mould of Raspberry in Serbia","created_at":"2022-04-10T23:48:28.552-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/76072464/Effectiveness_of_Fungicides_and_Biofungicides_in_the_Control_of_Grey_Mould_of_Raspberry_in_Serbia?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_76072464","summary":"During 2005 growing season, field experiments were conducted in two commercial raspberry fields to compare effectiveness of some fungicides and biofungicides in Botrytis cinerea control. The experiments consisted of four fungicide and two biofungicide treatments and untreated control, in randomized block design with four replicates per treatment. The fungicides: fenhxamid, vinclozolin, benomyl, and pyrimethanil were applied twice. The biofungicides Polyversum","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":494243,"first_name":"Ivana","last_name":"Potocnik","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IvanaPotocnik","display_name":"Ivana Potocnik","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IvanaPotocnik?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/494243/169286/197310/s65_ivana.potocnik.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":148391,"name":"Field Experiment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Experiment?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":386872,"name":"Bacillus subtilis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacillus_subtilis?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":502934,"name":"Botrytis cinerea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Botrytis_cinerea?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":563200,"name":"Randomized Block design","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Randomized_Block_design?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":971822,"name":"Active Ingredient","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Active_Ingredient?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2163839,"name":"Growing Season","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growing_Season?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2674671,"name":"Horticultural production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horticultural_production?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61780491" data-work_id="61780491" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61780491/Toxic_effects_of_new_antifouling_compounds_on_tunicate_haemocytes_I_Sea_nine_211_and_chlorothalonil">Toxic effects of new antifouling compounds on tunicate haemocytes I. Sea-nine 211 and chlorothalonil</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">After the definitive ban on tin-based antifouling substances, new organic compounds have recently been introduced in antifouling paint formulations, as either principal or booster biocides. In most cases, previous risk assessment of these... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61780491" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">After the definitive ban on tin-based antifouling substances, new organic compounds have recently been introduced in antifouling paint formulations, as either principal or booster biocides. In most cases, previous risk assessment of these biocides has been inadequate so that their possible effects on aquatic ecosystems is a matter of great concern. We studied the effects of two new organic biocides often associated in paint formulations, Sea-Nine 211 TM (4,5 dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile), on haemocytes of the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri exposed for 60 min to various concentrations (from 0.1 to 10 M) of the xenobiotics. This species had previously proved to be a good bioindicator of organotin compounds. Both compounds, at concentrations of 1 and 10 M, altered the morphology of phagocytes, and these changes were closely related to disrupting effects on cytoskeletal components. At the same concentrations, phagocytosis, which requires cytoskeletal modifications for pseudopod formation, was severely hindered. Both compounds were able to induce apoptosis of Botryllus blood cells, probably as a consequence of severe oxidative stress related to the reported decrease of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) content. In the case of Sea-Nine 211 TM , a substantial increase in intracellular Ca 2+ and a negative effect on Ca 2+-ATPase activity may also be involved in the activation of the cell death machinery. Cytochrome-c-oxidase was also significantly inhibited by the two biocides, indicating perturbation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Isodynamic mixtures of Sea-Nine 211 TM and chlorothalonil were used to evaluate the occurrence of interactions between the two compounds. Results suggest the combined action of partial additivity when cell-spreading and cytochrome-c-oxidase activity were considered, and were indicative of antagonism in the case of the GSH depletion. On the whole, our results indicate that short-term in vitro exposure of haemocytes to high concentrations of Sea-Nine 211 TM and chlorothalonil provokes a marked reduction in haemocyte functionality, higher than or comparable to that of TBT. These assays of acute toxicity stress the immunosuppressive potential of these compounds, which, although counterbalanced by their short half-life in the marine environment, can lead to biocoenosis dismantling through rapid bioaccumulation by filter-feeding non-target benthic organisms.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61780491" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="1061f6dcc966de85c1f2489d698720c1" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74731864,"asset_id":61780491,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74731864/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40620717" href="https://unipd.academia.edu/Francesca_Cima">Francesca Cima</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40620717" type="text/json">{"id":40620717,"first_name":"Francesca","last_name":"Cima","domain_name":"unipd","page_name":"Francesca_Cima","display_name":"Francesca Cima","profile_url":"https://unipd.academia.edu/Francesca_Cima?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40620717/11070295/12353782/s65_ferguson-smith.ma.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61780491 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61780491"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61780491, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61780491", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61780491]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61780491").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61780491").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61780491"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">19</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2702" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response">Immune response</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2702" type="text/json">{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4552" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology">Ecotoxicology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4552" type="text/json">{"id":4552,"name":"Ecotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6969" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic_Toxicology">Aquatic Toxicology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6969" type="text/json">{"id":6969,"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic_Toxicology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="24731" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis">Apoptosis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="24731" type="text/json">{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61780491]'), work: {"id":61780491,"title":"Toxic effects of new antifouling compounds on tunicate haemocytes I. Sea-nine 211 and chlorothalonil","created_at":"2021-11-16T06:28:09.503-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61780491/Toxic_effects_of_new_antifouling_compounds_on_tunicate_haemocytes_I_Sea_nine_211_and_chlorothalonil?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_61780491","summary":"After the definitive ban on tin-based antifouling substances, new organic compounds have recently been introduced in antifouling paint formulations, as either principal or booster biocides. In most cases, previous risk assessment of these biocides has been inadequate so that their possible effects on aquatic ecosystems is a matter of great concern. We studied the effects of two new organic biocides often associated in paint formulations, Sea-Nine 211 TM (4,5 dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazoline-3-one) and chlorothalonil (2,4,5,6-tetrachloroisophthalonitrile), on haemocytes of the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri exposed for 60 min to various concentrations (from 0.1 to 10 M) of the xenobiotics. This species had previously proved to be a good bioindicator of organotin compounds. Both compounds, at concentrations of 1 and 10 M, altered the morphology of phagocytes, and these changes were closely related to disrupting effects on cytoskeletal components. At the same concentrations, phagocytosis, which requires cytoskeletal modifications for pseudopod formation, was severely hindered. Both compounds were able to induce apoptosis of Botryllus blood cells, probably as a consequence of severe oxidative stress related to the reported decrease of intracellular reduced glutathione (GSH) content. In the case of Sea-Nine 211 TM , a substantial increase in intracellular Ca 2+ and a negative effect on Ca 2+-ATPase activity may also be involved in the activation of the cell death machinery. Cytochrome-c-oxidase was also significantly inhibited by the two biocides, indicating perturbation of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Isodynamic mixtures of Sea-Nine 211 TM and chlorothalonil were used to evaluate the occurrence of interactions between the two compounds. Results suggest the combined action of partial additivity when cell-spreading and cytochrome-c-oxidase activity were considered, and were indicative of antagonism in the case of the GSH depletion. On the whole, our results indicate that short-term in vitro exposure of haemocytes to high concentrations of Sea-Nine 211 TM and chlorothalonil provokes a marked reduction in haemocyte functionality, higher than or comparable to that of TBT. These assays of acute toxicity stress the immunosuppressive potential of these compounds, which, although counterbalanced by their short half-life in the marine environment, can lead to biocoenosis dismantling through rapid bioaccumulation by filter-feeding non-target benthic organisms.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74731864,"asset_id":61780491,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40620717,"first_name":"Francesca","last_name":"Cima","domain_name":"unipd","page_name":"Francesca_Cima","display_name":"Francesca Cima","profile_url":"https://unipd.academia.edu/Francesca_Cima?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40620717/11070295/12353782/s65_ferguson-smith.ma.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2702,"name":"Immune response","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immune_response?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":4552,"name":"Ecotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":6969,"name":"Aquatic Toxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic_Toxicology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":24731,"name":"Apoptosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apoptosis?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":37508,"name":"Cytoskeleton","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytoskeleton?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":53796,"name":"Aquatic Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquatic_Ecosystem?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":55163,"name":"Enzymes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Enzymes?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":112576,"name":"Cell Death","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_Death?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":132510,"name":"Cytochrome c oxidase","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cytochrome_c_oxidase?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":315091,"name":"Hemocytes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hemocytes?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":406850,"name":"Marine Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Marine_Environment?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":802213,"name":"Lethal Dose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lethal_Dose?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":980394,"name":"Acute Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_Toxicity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1311469,"name":"Blood cells","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Blood_cells?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2212558,"name":"Immunotoxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunotoxicity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72294425" data-work_id="72294425" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72294425/Photoisomerization_Kinetics_of_Trifloxystrobin">Photoisomerization Kinetics of Trifloxystrobin</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The photoisomerization kinetics of trifloxystrobin (TFS) in acetone under artificial sunlight is reported. HPLC analysis showed the TFS, a strobilurine fungicide of EE conformation, was converted into an equilibrium mixture of four... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72294425" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The photoisomerization kinetics of trifloxystrobin (TFS) in acetone under artificial sunlight is reported. HPLC analysis showed the TFS, a strobilurine fungicide of EE conformation, was converted into an equilibrium mixture of four isomers after illumination for 7 h. The isomers were identified as EZ, EE, ZZ, and ZE and were separated in the crystalline form by preparative HPLC and characterized by use of a variety of spectroscopic techniques. The quantum yield and reaction constants for the isomerization reactions were determined. The detailed spectral features of the individual isomers measured by UV, IR, Raman, NMR and mass spectroscopy are presented and compared. The spectra of the isomers were found to be very characteristic, with good analytical significance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72294425" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8c829c801345823ad8c039004dc08c85" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81278877,"asset_id":72294425,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81278877/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="184945515" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KaushikBanerjee47">Kaushik Banerjee</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="184945515" type="text/json">{"id":184945515,"first_name":"Kaushik","last_name":"Banerjee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KaushikBanerjee47","display_name":"Kaushik Banerjee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KaushikBanerjee47?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72294425 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72294425"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72294425, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72294425", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=72294425]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_72294425").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_72294425").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="72294425"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering">Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48" type="text/json">{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4987" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics">Kinetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4987" type="text/json">{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry">Mass Spectrometry</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="5769" type="text/json">{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72294425]'), work: {"id":72294425,"title":"Photoisomerization Kinetics of Trifloxystrobin","created_at":"2022-02-23T00:19:00.092-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72294425/Photoisomerization_Kinetics_of_Trifloxystrobin?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_72294425","summary":"The photoisomerization kinetics of trifloxystrobin (TFS) in acetone under artificial sunlight is reported. HPLC analysis showed the TFS, a strobilurine fungicide of EE conformation, was converted into an equilibrium mixture of four isomers after illumination for 7 h. The isomers were identified as EZ, EE, ZZ, and ZE and were separated in the crystalline form by preparative HPLC and characterized by use of a variety of spectroscopic techniques. The quantum yield and reaction constants for the isomerization reactions were determined. The detailed spectral features of the individual isomers measured by UV, IR, Raman, NMR and mass spectroscopy are presented and compared. The spectra of the isomers were found to be very characteristic, with good analytical significance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81278877,"asset_id":72294425,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":184945515,"first_name":"Kaushik","last_name":"Banerjee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"KaushikBanerjee47","display_name":"Kaushik Banerjee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/KaushikBanerjee47?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":21732,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":75847,"name":"HPLC","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HPLC?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":114941,"name":"Nmr","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nmr?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":128057,"name":"Light","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Light?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":707350,"name":"Mass Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectroscopy?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":990774,"name":"Quantum Yield","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantum_Yield?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1724844,"name":"Molecular Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Structure?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2417891,"name":"Isomerism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Isomerism?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3881467,"name":"HPLC Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/HPLC_Chromatography?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":4045205,"name":"Methacrylates","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methacrylates?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_54134741" data-work_id="54134741" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54134741/Use_of_fungicides_in_plant_tissue_culture">Use of fungicides in plant tissue culture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We have examined a number of antifungal agents which might prove useful in plant tissue culture. We find that carbendazim, fenbendazole and imazali! can be used relatively safely and also have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_54134741" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We have examined a number of antifungal agents which might prove useful in plant tissue culture. We find that carbendazim, fenbendazole and imazali! can be used relatively safely and also have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity. Fungicides in clinical use do not prove to be as effective. Abbreviations YEPD = yeast potato dextrose, MS medium is Murashige and Skoog medium purchased from Flow Laboratories. 2,4 D = 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. BAP = 6-Benzylamino purine. Benomyl is methyl-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate. MBC is Carbendazim (methyl benzimidazole-2-yl-carbamate). TBZ is Thiabendazole; 2-(Thiazol-4-y-1) benzimidazole. FBZ is Fenbendazole [5-(Phenylthio)-lH-benzimidazole-2-yl] carbamic acid methyl ester.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54134741" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="70e1af0f8502b26ba1fb1c1be081d971" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70646111,"asset_id":54134741,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70646111/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="46200867" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertShields15">Robert Shields</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="46200867" type="text/json">{"id":46200867,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Shields","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertShields15","display_name":"Robert Shields","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertShields15?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46200867/19583840/19476567/s65_robert.shields.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_54134741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="54134741"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 54134741, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_54134741", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_54134741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54134741; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_54134741"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_54134741 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="54134741"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 54134741; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=54134741]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_54134741").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_54134741").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="54134741"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">8</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5541" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology">Plant Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5541" type="text/json">{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9981" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Tissue_Culture">Plant Tissue Culture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9981" type="text/json">{"id":9981,"name":"Plant Tissue Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Tissue_Culture?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="66089" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_culture">Tissue culture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="66089" type="text/json">{"id":66089,"name":"Tissue culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_culture?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="215543" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antifungal_Activity">Antifungal Activity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="215543" type="text/json">{"id":215543,"name":"Antifungal Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antifungal_Activity?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=54134741]'), work: {"id":54134741,"title":"Use of fungicides in plant tissue culture","created_at":"2021-09-29T22:23:49.610-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54134741/Use_of_fungicides_in_plant_tissue_culture?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_54134741","summary":"We have examined a number of antifungal agents which might prove useful in plant tissue culture. We find that carbendazim, fenbendazole and imazali! can be used relatively safely and also have a broad spectrum of antifungal activity. Fungicides in clinical use do not prove to be as effective. Abbreviations YEPD = yeast potato dextrose, MS medium is Murashige and Skoog medium purchased from Flow Laboratories. 2,4 D = 2,4 dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. BAP = 6-Benzylamino purine. Benomyl is methyl-(butylcarbamoyl)-2-benzimidazole carbamate. MBC is Carbendazim (methyl benzimidazole-2-yl-carbamate). TBZ is Thiabendazole; 2-(Thiazol-4-y-1) benzimidazole. FBZ is Fenbendazole [5-(Phenylthio)-lH-benzimidazole-2-yl] carbamic acid methyl ester.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70646111,"asset_id":54134741,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":46200867,"first_name":"Robert","last_name":"Shields","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"RobertShields15","display_name":"Robert Shields","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/RobertShields15?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/46200867/19583840/19476567/s65_robert.shields.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":9981,"name":"Plant Tissue Culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Tissue_Culture?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":66089,"name":"Tissue culture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tissue_culture?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":215543,"name":"Antifungal Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antifungal_Activity?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":321836,"name":"Spectrum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Spectrum?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":552209,"name":"Antifungal Agents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antifungal_Agents?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2142568,"name":"Thallophyta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thallophyta?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_76505555" data-work_id="76505555" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/76505555/In_vitro_Evaluation_of_Fungicides_Botanicals_and_Bio_agents_against_Colletotrichum_lindemuthianum_causing_Anthracnose_of_Bean">In vitro Evaluation of Fungicides, Botanicals and Bio-agents against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum causing Anthracnose of Bean</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Niger [Guizotia abyssinica, family:compositae] is commonly known as ramtil. It is minor oilseed crop. Under favourable condition niger is attacked by various diseases. Out of which, leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_76505555" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Niger [Guizotia abyssinica, family:compositae] is commonly known as ramtil. It is minor oilseed crop. Under favourable condition niger is attacked by various diseases. Out of which, leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the predominant disease of niger causes yield loss. The present investigation was carried out to test the efficacy of fungicides, botanicals and bio-agent in vitro against the Alternaria alternata. Among the fungicides tested carboxin + thiram was found most effective arresting 100% mycelial growth inhibition while carbendazim + mancozeb 93.15%, copper oxychloride 92.22%, propineb 90.00% and pyraclostrobin 80.37%. Bioefficacy of botanicals is tested by poisoned food technique and result revealed that maximum mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in turmeric rhizome extract 54.92% followed by neem leaf extract, garlic bulb extract, tulsi leaf extract and eucalyptus leaf extract 35.83%, 26.38%, 18.47% and 14.72% respectively. Among the bio-agents tested by dual culture technique Trichoderma reesei was found superior recorded 75.00% mycelial growth inhibition of Alternaria alternata followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens, bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma asperellum recorded 65.36%, 60.36% and 58.88% respectively.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/76505555" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d42558cce37aa1e1a650dec9f72c4324" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":84193846,"asset_id":76505555,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84193846/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="215613796" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ASHWINIBAGADE2">ASHWINI BAGADE</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="215613796" type="text/json">{"id":215613796,"first_name":"ASHWINI","last_name":"BAGADE","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ASHWINIBAGADE2","display_name":"ASHWINI BAGADE","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ASHWINIBAGADE2?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/215613796/74151294/62643410/s65_ashwini.bagade.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_76505555 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="76505555"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 76505555, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_76505555", }); 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It is minor oilseed crop. Under favourable condition niger is attacked by various diseases. Out of which, leaf spot caused by Alternaria alternata is one of the predominant disease of niger causes yield loss. The present investigation was carried out to test the efficacy of fungicides, botanicals and bio-agent in vitro against the Alternaria alternata. Among the fungicides tested carboxin + thiram was found most effective arresting 100% mycelial growth inhibition while carbendazim + mancozeb 93.15%, copper oxychloride 92.22%, propineb 90.00% and pyraclostrobin 80.37%. Bioefficacy of botanicals is tested by poisoned food technique and result revealed that maximum mycelial growth inhibition was recorded in turmeric rhizome extract 54.92% followed by neem leaf extract, garlic bulb extract, tulsi leaf extract and eucalyptus leaf extract 35.83%, 26.38%, 18.47% and 14.72% respectively. Among the bio-agents tested by dual culture technique Trichoderma reesei was found superior recorded 75.00% mycelial growth inhibition of Alternaria alternata followed by Pseudomonas fluorescens, bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma asperellum recorded 65.36%, 60.36% and 58.88% respectively.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":84193846,"asset_id":76505555,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":215613796,"first_name":"ASHWINI","last_name":"BAGADE","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ASHWINIBAGADE2","display_name":"ASHWINI BAGADE","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ASHWINIBAGADE2?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/215613796/74151294/62643410/s65_ashwini.bagade.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1042,"name":"Horticulture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horticulture?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":215622,"name":"Alternaria alternata","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alternaria_alternata?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":1902255,"name":"Carbendazim","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbendazim?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48543174" data-work_id="48543174" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48543174/Determination_of_phosphine_and_other_fumigants_in_air_samples_by_thermal_desorption_and_2D_heart_cutting_gas_chromatography_with_synchronous_SIM_Scan_mass_spectrometry_and_flame_photometric_detection">Determination of phosphine and other fumigants in air samples by thermal desorption and 2D heart-cutting gas chromatography with synchronous SIM/Scan mass spectrometry and flame photometric detection</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fumigants and volatile industrial chemicals are particularly hazardous to health when a freight container is fumigated or the contaminated material is introduced into its enclosed environment. Phosphine is now increasingly used as a... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48543174" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fumigants and volatile industrial chemicals are particularly hazardous to health when a freight container is fumigated or the contaminated material is introduced into its enclosed environment. Phosphine is now increasingly used as a fumigant, after bromomethane-the former fumigant of choice-has been banned by the Montreal Protocol. We have enhanced our previously established thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) method by integrating a second gas chromatographic dimension and a flame photometric detector to allow the simultaneous detection of phosphine and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), providing a novel application. A thermal desorption system is coupled to a two dimensional gas chromatograph using both mass spectrometric and flame photometric detection (TD-2D-GC-MS/FPD). Additionally, the collection of mass spectrometric SIM and Scan data has been synchronised, so only a single analysis is now sufficient for qualitative scanning of the whole sample and for sensitive quantification. Though detection limits for the herewith described method are slightly higher than in the previous method, they are in the low L m −3 range, which is not only below the respective occupational exposure and intervention limits but also allows the detection of residual contamination after ventilation. The method was developed for the separation and identification of 44 volatile substances. For 12 of these compounds (bromomethane, iodomethane, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichlorethane, benzene, tetrachloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, toluene, trichloronitromethane, ethyl benzene, phosphine, carbon disulfide) the method was validated as we chose the target compounds due to their relevance in freight container handling.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48543174" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="27363e4cd230f7e9bb294b2bd9d98a8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67141192,"asset_id":48543174,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67141192/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="101328159" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BaurX">Xaver Baur</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="101328159" type="text/json">{"id":101328159,"first_name":"Xaver","last_name":"Baur","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BaurX","display_name":"Xaver Baur","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BaurX?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48543174 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48543174"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48543174, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48543174", }); 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Phosphine is now increasingly used as a fumigant, after bromomethane-the former fumigant of choice-has been banned by the Montreal Protocol. We have enhanced our previously established thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) method by integrating a second gas chromatographic dimension and a flame photometric detector to allow the simultaneous detection of phosphine and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), providing a novel application. A thermal desorption system is coupled to a two dimensional gas chromatograph using both mass spectrometric and flame photometric detection (TD-2D-GC-MS/FPD). Additionally, the collection of mass spectrometric SIM and Scan data has been synchronised, so only a single analysis is now sufficient for qualitative scanning of the whole sample and for sensitive quantification. Though detection limits for the herewith described method are slightly higher than in the previous method, they are in the low L m −3 range, which is not only below the respective occupational exposure and intervention limits but also allows the detection of residual contamination after ventilation. The method was developed for the separation and identification of 44 volatile substances. For 12 of these compounds (bromomethane, iodomethane, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichlorethane, benzene, tetrachloromethane, 1,2-dichloropropane, toluene, trichloronitromethane, ethyl benzene, phosphine, carbon disulfide) the method was validated as we chose the target compounds due to their relevance in freight container handling.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67141192,"asset_id":48543174,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":101328159,"first_name":"Xaver","last_name":"Baur","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BaurX","display_name":"Xaver Baur","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BaurX?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":896,"name":"Air 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data-has-card-for-ri="2867" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Toxicology">Environmental Toxicology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2867" type="text/json">{"id":2867,"name":"Environmental Toxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Toxicology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22843" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide_Residues">Pesticide Residues</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22843" type="text/json">{"id":22843,"name":"Pesticide Residues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide_Residues?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47477" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Pollution">Soil Pollution</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47477" type="text/json">{"id":47477,"name":"Soil 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Atlantic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Atlantic?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":155340,"name":"Sediments","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sediments?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":192294,"name":"Sediment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sediment?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":192651,"name":"Stream","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Stream?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":291498,"name":"River Basin","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/River_Basin?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":530872,"name":"Runoff","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Runoff?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":788711,"name":"Residue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Residue?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":830795,"name":"River basins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/River_basins?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":882010,"name":"Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Toxicology_and_Chemistry?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_33959981" data-work_id="33959981" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33959981/Antifungal_activity_of_olive_leaf_Olea_Europaea_L_extracts_from_the_Trilye_Region_of_Turkey">Antifungal activity of olive leaf (Olea Europaea L.) extracts from the Trilye Region of Turkey</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Antimicrobial properties of olive leaf extract on some yeast were examined in this study. Fresh olive leaf extracts were prepared using various solvents (water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate) in Soxhlet apparatus. Antimicrobial effects... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_33959981" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Antimicrobial properties of olive leaf extract on some yeast were examined in this study. Fresh olive leaf extracts were prepared using various solvents (water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate) in Soxhlet apparatus. Antimicrobial effects of these extracts were tested against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces uvarum, Candida oleophila, Metschnikowia fructicola and Kloeckera apiculata. The antifungal activities of these extracts were tested by the disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). All extracts showed various degrees of antifungal effects with 10-28 µg/ml MIC, 20-48 µg/ml MFC and 1.5-9.3 mm inhibitory zone values against yeasts utilised, except water. The results indicated that the tested yeasts were sensitive to acetone and ethyl acetate extracts. It was determined that Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 was the most resistant among the yeasts.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/33959981" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="033ea6562f78a6fb13fd03f8d45003f2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53918122,"asset_id":33959981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53918122/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35310389" href="https://independent.academia.edu/YaseminSahan">Yasemin Sahan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35310389" type="text/json">{"id":35310389,"first_name":"Yasemin","last_name":"Sahan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YaseminSahan","display_name":"Yasemin Sahan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YaseminSahan?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_33959981 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="33959981"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 33959981, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_33959981", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_33959981 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33959981; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_33959981"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_33959981 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="33959981"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 33959981; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=33959981]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_33959981").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_33959981").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="33959981"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="6947" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology">Medical Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="6947" type="text/json">{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48127" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concentration">Concentration</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48127" type="text/json">{"id":48127,"name":"Concentration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concentration?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65590" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide">Pesticide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="65590" type="text/json">{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=33959981]'), work: {"id":33959981,"title":"Antifungal activity of olive leaf (Olea Europaea L.) extracts from the Trilye Region of Turkey","created_at":"2017-07-19T23:02:29.310-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/33959981/Antifungal_activity_of_olive_leaf_Olea_Europaea_L_extracts_from_the_Trilye_Region_of_Turkey?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_33959981","summary":"Antimicrobial properties of olive leaf extract on some yeast were examined in this study. Fresh olive leaf extracts were prepared using various solvents (water, ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate) in Soxhlet apparatus. Antimicrobial effects of these extracts were tested against Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Saccharomyces uvarum, Candida oleophila, Metschnikowia fructicola and Kloeckera apiculata. The antifungal activities of these extracts were tested by the disc diffusion assay, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum fungicidal concentration (MFC). All extracts showed various degrees of antifungal effects with 10-28 µg/ml MIC, 20-48 µg/ml MFC and 1.5-9.3 mm inhibitory zone values against yeasts utilised, except water. The results indicated that the tested yeasts were sensitive to acetone and ethyl acetate extracts. It was determined that Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763 was the most resistant among the yeasts.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53918122,"asset_id":33959981,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35310389,"first_name":"Yasemin","last_name":"Sahan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"YaseminSahan","display_name":"Yasemin Sahan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/YaseminSahan?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":6947,"name":"Medical Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":48127,"name":"Concentration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Concentration?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":85252,"name":"Olea europaea","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Olea_europaea?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":215543,"name":"Antifungal Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antifungal_Activity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":333604,"name":"Schizosaccharomyces Pombe","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Schizosaccharomyces_Pombe?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":348794,"name":"Ethyl Acetate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethyl_Acetate?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":789968,"name":"Extract","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Extract?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1692059,"name":"Minimum inhibitory concentration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38017247" data-work_id="38017247" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38017247/Synergistic_Effects_of_Bacillus_Isolates_Carbofuran_and_Thiram_for_Management_of_Fusarium_Wilt_Root_lesion_Nematode_Disease_Complex_in_Chickpea">Synergistic Effects of Bacillus Isolates, Carbofuran and Thiram for Management of Fusarium Wilt/Root-lesion Nematode Disease Complex in Chickpea</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Wilt/root-rot disease complex caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, F. solani and the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp., constitute major threats to chickpea production worldwide. Synergistic efficacy of soil application of two... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38017247" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Wilt/root-rot disease complex caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, F. solani and the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp., constitute major threats to chickpea production worldwide. Synergistic efficacy of soil application of two Bacillus isolates (B16 and B3), carbofuran and thiram and their combination against wilt/root-rot disease complex in chickpea, caused by the aforementioned pathogens, were assessed via pot experiments conducted during winter season of three consecutive years (). Completely randomized design with five replicates was applied. Combined application of carbofuran and Bacillus isolate B3, resulted in a significant increase (P<0.05) in plant height, number of branches and leaves by 98.98% and 79.13% and 78.97%, respectively, 105 days after application (d.a.a). Carbofuran and Bacillus isolate B16 gave the highest significant (P<0.05) increase in flowering (100.04%) at 105d.a.a. Significantly (P<0.05) high increases in shoot fresh weight (85.09%) and root dry weigh (62.50%) were obtained when thiram was combined with Bacillus B16. A sharp drop in disease intensity index was recorded for all treatments in the range of 1.92-2.48 within the scale of 1-4, compared to the untreated soil (3.85). The combined application of thiram and Bacillus B3 reduced nematode population density in soil by 56.23% and decreased reproductive factor by 65.10%. The combined applications of Bacillus isolate B3 and B16 with carbofuran reduced the population density of Pratylenchus spp. in chickpea roots by 73.31%, and 73.44%, respectively. However, all applications resulted in a high decline in the severity of root necrosis in the range of 4.17-5.05 within a necrotic scale of 1-10, compared to the untreated soil (8.33). Accordingly, an integrated system could be more reliable than either biological or chemical control alone for the control of wilt/root rot complex disease in chickpea.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38017247" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="6b459f54b5451fa7c2ad6d16f96e8ce7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58038032,"asset_id":38017247,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58038032/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="4158975" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HananMudawi">Hanan I B R A H I M Mudawi</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="4158975" type="text/json">{"id":4158975,"first_name":"Hanan","last_name":"Mudawi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HananMudawi","display_name":"Hanan I B R A H I M Mudawi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HananMudawi?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4158975/1621682/49398131/s65_hanan.mudawi.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38017247 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38017247"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38017247, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38017247", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38017247]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38017247").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38017247").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38017247"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="130447" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocontrol">Biocontrol</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="130447" type="text/json">{"id":130447,"name":"Biocontrol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocontrol?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="515951" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhizobacteria">Rhizobacteria</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="515951" type="text/json">{"id":515951,"name":"Rhizobacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhizobacteria?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1570933" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cicer_arietinum">Cicer arietinum</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1570933" type="text/json">{"id":1570933,"name":"Cicer arietinum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cicer_arietinum?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1640344" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pratylenchus">Pratylenchus</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="1640344" type="text/json">{"id":1640344,"name":"Pratylenchus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pratylenchus?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38017247]'), work: {"id":38017247,"title":"Synergistic Effects of Bacillus Isolates, Carbofuran and Thiram for Management of Fusarium Wilt/Root-lesion Nematode Disease Complex in Chickpea","created_at":"2018-12-20T12:02:00.026-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38017247/Synergistic_Effects_of_Bacillus_Isolates_Carbofuran_and_Thiram_for_Management_of_Fusarium_Wilt_Root_lesion_Nematode_Disease_Complex_in_Chickpea?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_38017247","summary":"Wilt/root-rot disease complex caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris, F. solani and the root lesion nematode Pratylenchus spp., constitute major threats to chickpea production worldwide. Synergistic efficacy of soil application of two Bacillus isolates (B16 and B3), carbofuran and thiram and their combination against wilt/root-rot disease complex in chickpea, caused by the aforementioned pathogens, were assessed via pot experiments conducted during winter season of three consecutive years (). Completely randomized design with five replicates was applied. Combined application of carbofuran and Bacillus isolate B3, resulted in a significant increase (P\u003c0.05) in plant height, number of branches and leaves by 98.98% and 79.13% and 78.97%, respectively, 105 days after application (d.a.a). Carbofuran and Bacillus isolate B16 gave the highest significant (P\u003c0.05) increase in flowering (100.04%) at 105d.a.a. Significantly (P\u003c0.05) high increases in shoot fresh weight (85.09%) and root dry weigh (62.50%) were obtained when thiram was combined with Bacillus B16. A sharp drop in disease intensity index was recorded for all treatments in the range of 1.92-2.48 within the scale of 1-4, compared to the untreated soil (3.85). The combined application of thiram and Bacillus B3 reduced nematode population density in soil by 56.23% and decreased reproductive factor by 65.10%. The combined applications of Bacillus isolate B3 and B16 with carbofuran reduced the population density of Pratylenchus spp. in chickpea roots by 73.31%, and 73.44%, respectively. However, all applications resulted in a high decline in the severity of root necrosis in the range of 4.17-5.05 within a necrotic scale of 1-10, compared to the untreated soil (8.33). Accordingly, an integrated system could be more reliable than either biological or chemical control alone for the control of wilt/root rot complex disease in chickpea.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58038032,"asset_id":38017247,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4158975,"first_name":"Hanan","last_name":"Mudawi","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HananMudawi","display_name":"Hanan I B R A H I M Mudawi","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HananMudawi?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/4158975/1621682/49398131/s65_hanan.mudawi.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":130447,"name":"Biocontrol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocontrol?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":515951,"name":"Rhizobacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhizobacteria?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":1570933,"name":"Cicer arietinum","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cicer_arietinum?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":1640344,"name":"Pratylenchus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pratylenchus?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3088573,"name":"Nematicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nematicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_50112095" data-work_id="50112095" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50112095/Integrated_disease_management_of_ascochyta_blight_in_pulse_crops">Integrated disease management of ascochyta blight in pulse crops</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Ascochyta blight causes significant yield loss in pulse crops worldwide. Integrated disease management is essential to take advantage of cultivars with partial resistance to this disease. The most effective practices, established by... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_50112095" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Ascochyta blight causes significant yield loss in pulse crops worldwide. Integrated disease management is essential to take advantage of cultivars with partial resistance to this disease. The most effective practices, established by decades of research, use a combination of disease-free seed, destruction or avoidance of inoculum sources, manipulation of sowing dates, seed and foliar fungicides, and cultivars with improved resistance. An understanding of the pathosystems and the interrelationship between host, pathogen and the environment is essential to be able to make correct decisions for disease control without compromising the agronomic or economic ideal. For individual pathosystems, some components of the integrated management principles may need to be given greater consideration than others. For instance, destruction of infested residue may be incompatible with no or minimum tillage practices, or rotation intervals may need to be extended in environments that slow the speed of residue decomposition. For ascochyta-susceptible chickpeas the use of disease-free seed, or seed treatments, is crucial as seed-borne infection is highly effective as primary inoculum and epidemics develop rapidly from foci in favourable conditions. Implemented fungicide strategies differ according to cultivar resistance and the control efficacy of fungicides, and the effectiveness of genetic resistance varies according to seasonal conditions. Studies are being undertaken to develop advanced decision support tools to assist growers in making more informed decisions regarding fungicide and agronomic practices for disease control.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/50112095" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="87d269982c99bcf5f99993c5cf4b0e14" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":68219839,"asset_id":50112095,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/68219839/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="174161181" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FMuehlbauer">Fred Muehlbauer</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="174161181" type="text/json">{"id":174161181,"first_name":"Fred","last_name":"Muehlbauer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FMuehlbauer","display_name":"Fred Muehlbauer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FMuehlbauer?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_50112095 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="50112095"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 50112095, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_50112095", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=50112095]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_50112095").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_50112095").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="50112095"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="156" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics">Genetics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="156" type="text/json">{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5541" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology">Plant Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5541" type="text/json">{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65590" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide">Pesticide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="65590" type="text/json">{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=50112095]'), work: {"id":50112095,"title":"Integrated disease management of ascochyta blight in pulse crops","created_at":"2021-07-20T13:53:32.462-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/50112095/Integrated_disease_management_of_ascochyta_blight_in_pulse_crops?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_50112095","summary":"Ascochyta blight causes significant yield loss in pulse crops worldwide. Integrated disease management is essential to take advantage of cultivars with partial resistance to this disease. The most effective practices, established by decades of research, use a combination of disease-free seed, destruction or avoidance of inoculum sources, manipulation of sowing dates, seed and foliar fungicides, and cultivars with improved resistance. An understanding of the pathosystems and the interrelationship between host, pathogen and the environment is essential to be able to make correct decisions for disease control without compromising the agronomic or economic ideal. For individual pathosystems, some components of the integrated management principles may need to be given greater consideration than others. For instance, destruction of infested residue may be incompatible with no or minimum tillage practices, or rotation intervals may need to be extended in environments that slow the speed of residue decomposition. For ascochyta-susceptible chickpeas the use of disease-free seed, or seed treatments, is crucial as seed-borne infection is highly effective as primary inoculum and epidemics develop rapidly from foci in favourable conditions. Implemented fungicide strategies differ according to cultivar resistance and the control efficacy of fungicides, and the effectiveness of genetic resistance varies according to seasonal conditions. Studies are being undertaken to develop advanced decision support tools to assist growers in making more informed decisions regarding fungicide and agronomic practices for disease control.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":68219839,"asset_id":50112095,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":174161181,"first_name":"Fred","last_name":"Muehlbauer","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FMuehlbauer","display_name":"Fred Muehlbauer","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FMuehlbauer?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":74341,"name":"Fungicides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":105062,"name":"Disease resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_resistance?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":136316,"name":"Minimum Tillage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Minimum_Tillage?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":151688,"name":"Cultivar","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultivar?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":173357,"name":"Disease Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Control?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":192604,"name":"Decision support tool","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Decision_support_tool?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":202017,"name":"Integrated Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_Management?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":219927,"name":"Efficiency","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Efficiency?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":529873,"name":"Faba Bean","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Faba_Bean?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":872487,"name":"INTEGRATED DISEASE MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/INTEGRATED_DISEASE_MANAGEMENT?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":886152,"name":"Genetic Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Resistance?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":998113,"name":"Cultivars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultivars?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1208706,"name":"Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2428226,"name":"Cultural Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultural_Control?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74848314" data-work_id="74848314" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74848314/Chemical_and_biocidal_investigations_on_essential_oils_of_some_Indian_Curcuma_species">Chemical and biocidal investigations on essential oils of some Indian Curcuma species</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The chemical investigation on volatile oils of Curcuma longa (rhizome), C. zedoaria (rhizome), C. aromatica (leaf) and C. amada (rhizome), done by GC and GC-MS. The rhizome oil of C. longa have been found to contain ar-turmerone (51.8%)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74848314" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The chemical investigation on volatile oils of Curcuma longa (rhizome), C. zedoaria (rhizome), C. aromatica (leaf) and C. amada (rhizome), done by GC and GC-MS. The rhizome oil of C. longa have been found to contain ar-turmerone (51.8%) ar-turmerol(11.9%), C. amada, myrcene (80.54%) p-pinene (4.64%)$. zedoaria,lJ cineol(18.5%), cymene (18.42%) a-phellandrene (14.9%) and leaf oil of C. aromatica,p-cymene (25.2%) 1,8-cineole (24.8%) as principal constituents.The bioassay of these oils indicated C. longa as good antifungal material and cause complete mycelial growth of Colletotrichum falcatum (CF), Fusarium moniliforme (FM), at 1000 ppm and Curvularia Pallescens (CP), Aspergillus niger(Ah$ Fusarium oxysporium (FO), at 2000 ppm concentrations. The C. zedoaria and C. aromatica also cause complete mycelial growth of CF at 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm concetration respectively. The latter two oils also have also good insecticidal against Odontotermes obesus Rhamb, a pest of sugarcane.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74848314" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="737873b50078e468797162f46c232349" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82853613,"asset_id":74848314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82853613/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="123654853" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SumitraMaurya">Sumitra Maurya</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="123654853" type="text/json">{"id":123654853,"first_name":"Sumitra","last_name":"Maurya","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SumitraMaurya","display_name":"Sumitra Maurya","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SumitraMaurya?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74848314 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74848314"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74848314, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74848314", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74848314]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74848314").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74848314").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74848314"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">15</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering">Materials Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="56" type="text/json">{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry">Mass Spectrometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5769" type="text/json">{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="48465" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essential_Oil">Essential Oil</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="48465" type="text/json">{"id":48465,"name":"Essential Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essential_Oil?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65590" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide">Pesticide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="65590" type="text/json">{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74848314]'), work: {"id":74848314,"title":"Chemical and biocidal investigations on essential oils of some Indian Curcuma species","created_at":"2022-03-28T23:20:28.398-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74848314/Chemical_and_biocidal_investigations_on_essential_oils_of_some_Indian_Curcuma_species?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_74848314","summary":"The chemical investigation on volatile oils of Curcuma longa (rhizome), C. zedoaria (rhizome), C. aromatica (leaf) and C. amada (rhizome), done by GC and GC-MS. The rhizome oil of C. longa have been found to contain ar-turmerone (51.8%) ar-turmerol(11.9%), C. amada, myrcene (80.54%) p-pinene (4.64%)$. zedoaria,lJ cineol(18.5%), cymene (18.42%) a-phellandrene (14.9%) and leaf oil of C. aromatica,p-cymene (25.2%) 1,8-cineole (24.8%) as principal constituents.The bioassay of these oils indicated C. longa as good antifungal material and cause complete mycelial growth of Colletotrichum falcatum (CF), Fusarium moniliforme (FM), at 1000 ppm and Curvularia Pallescens (CP), Aspergillus niger(Ah$ Fusarium oxysporium (FO), at 2000 ppm concentrations. The C. zedoaria and C. aromatica also cause complete mycelial growth of CF at 2000 ppm and 3000 ppm concetration respectively. The latter two oils also have also good insecticidal against Odontotermes obesus Rhamb, a pest of sugarcane.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82853613,"asset_id":74848314,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":123654853,"first_name":"Sumitra","last_name":"Maurya","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SumitraMaurya","display_name":"Sumitra Maurya","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SumitraMaurya?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":48465,"name":"Essential Oil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Essential_Oil?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":166448,"name":"Gas Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":168891,"name":"Chemical Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Analysis?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":215619,"name":"Aspergillus niger","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aspergillus_niger?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":271683,"name":"Herb","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Herb?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":406914,"name":"Biopesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biopesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":581656,"name":"Rhizome","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rhizome?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":783432,"name":"Biological activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_activity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2281154,"name":"Terpenoid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Terpenoid?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3574456,"name":"Plant Leaf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Leaf?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59372709" data-work_id="59372709" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59372709/Soil_aggregation_and_carbon_sequestration_are_tightly_correlated_with_the_abundance_of_arbuscular_mycorrhizal_fungi_results_from_long_term_field_experiments">Soil aggregation and carbon sequestration are tightly correlated with the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: results from long-term field experiments</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">We examined the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in ecosystems using soil aggregate stability and C and N storage as representative ecosystem processes. We utilized a wide gradient in AMF abundance, obtained through long-term... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_59372709" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">We examined the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in ecosystems using soil aggregate stability and C and N storage as representative ecosystem processes. We utilized a wide gradient in AMF abundance, obtained through long-term (17 and 6 years) large-scale field manipulations. Burning and N-fertilization increased soil AMF hyphae, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) pools and water-stable macroaggregates while fungicide applications reduced AMF hyphae, GRSP and water-stable macroaggregates. We found that AMF abundance was a surprisingly dominant factor explaining the vast majority of variability in soil aggregation. This experimental field study, involving longterm diverse management practices of native multispecies prairie communities, invariably showed a close positive correlation between AMF hyphal abundance and soil aggregation, and C and N sequestration. This highly significant linear correlation suggests there are serious consequences to the loss of AMF from ecosystems.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59372709" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7ab8275589e200c66dc7978d530091f2" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73329631,"asset_id":59372709,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73329631/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="32502948" href="https://okstate.academia.edu/GailWilson">Gail Wilson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="32502948" type="text/json">{"id":32502948,"first_name":"Gail","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"okstate","page_name":"GailWilson","display_name":"Gail Wilson","profile_url":"https://okstate.academia.edu/GailWilson?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_59372709 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="59372709"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 59372709, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_59372709", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=59372709]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_59372709").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_59372709").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="59372709"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1605" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil">Soil</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1605" type="text/json">{"id":1605,"name":"Soil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5303" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon">Carbon</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5303" type="text/json">{"id":5303,"name":"Carbon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5411" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass">Biomass</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5411" type="text/json">{"id":5411,"name":"Biomass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9846" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="9846" type="text/json">{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=59372709]'), work: {"id":59372709,"title":"Soil aggregation and carbon sequestration are tightly correlated with the abundance of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: results from long-term field experiments","created_at":"2021-10-21T13:36:29.865-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/59372709/Soil_aggregation_and_carbon_sequestration_are_tightly_correlated_with_the_abundance_of_arbuscular_mycorrhizal_fungi_results_from_long_term_field_experiments?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_59372709","summary":"We examined the role of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in ecosystems using soil aggregate stability and C and N storage as representative ecosystem processes. We utilized a wide gradient in AMF abundance, obtained through long-term (17 and 6 years) large-scale field manipulations. Burning and N-fertilization increased soil AMF hyphae, glomalin-related soil protein (GRSP) pools and water-stable macroaggregates while fungicide applications reduced AMF hyphae, GRSP and water-stable macroaggregates. We found that AMF abundance was a surprisingly dominant factor explaining the vast majority of variability in soil aggregation. This experimental field study, involving longterm diverse management practices of native multispecies prairie communities, invariably showed a close positive correlation between AMF hyphal abundance and soil aggregation, and C and N sequestration. This highly significant linear correlation suggests there are serious consequences to the loss of AMF from ecosystems.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73329631,"asset_id":59372709,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":32502948,"first_name":"Gail","last_name":"Wilson","domain_name":"okstate","page_name":"GailWilson","display_name":"Gail Wilson","profile_url":"https://okstate.academia.edu/GailWilson?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1605,"name":"Soil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5303,"name":"Carbon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5411,"name":"Biomass","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biomass?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":11643,"name":"Carbon Sequestration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Carbon_Sequestration?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":88740,"name":"Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Arbuscular_mycorrhizal_fungi?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":148391,"name":"Field Experiment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Experiment?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":151091,"name":"Nitrogen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitrogen?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":229326,"name":"Kansas","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kansas?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":326964,"name":"Simbiosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Simbiosis?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":372124,"name":"Burning","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Burning?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":413194,"name":"Analysis of Variance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analysis_of_Variance?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":592629,"name":"Mycorrhizae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mycorrhizae?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":843856,"name":"Ecological Applications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecological_Applications?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":908385,"name":"Long Term","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Term?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1243514,"name":"Soil Aggregation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Aggregation?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70574377" data-work_id="70574377" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70574377/Screening_of_Cucumber_Varieties_Against_Downy_Mildew_Pseudoperonospora_Cubensis_and_Its_Chemical_Management">Screening of Cucumber Varieties Against Downy Mildew (Pseudoperonospora Cubensis) and Its Chemical Management</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Cucumber is the most important vegetable that is being affected by many biotic and abiotic factors, but the downy mildew is most fatal. Seven cucumber varieties were screened for resistance against downy mildew and five fungicides were... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_70574377" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Cucumber is the most important vegetable that is being affected by many biotic and abiotic factors, but the downy mildew is most fatal. Seven cucumber varieties were screened for resistance against downy mildew and five fungicides were evaluated for their efficacy to control the disease. Disease severity data was recorded according to Jenkins-Wehner scale. The statistical analysis of data was done by using Fisher's technique, analysis of variance and least significant difference test (LSD) evaluated for comparing of means of different treatments at 5% probability level. The result of the present study suggested that "Super green special" variety was graded 3 and other varieties Beithoalfa, Marketmore-76, Cucumber 363, Anmol , Marketmore and Desi graded 6,6,6,7,7and 8 respectively against the downy mildew. Among different fungicide only the "Moral" (Azoxystrobin) fungicide presented the effective control of disease followed by Agrohut (Mancozeb +Dimetamorph), Acute (Azoxystrobin), Antracol (propineb) and Cabriotop (metiram + pyraclostrobin). The present study will be effective in order to manage the downy mildew disease of cucumber.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70574377" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d2e400b71f34aa8563bcdad6bcdfa3f7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80269744,"asset_id":70574377,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80269744/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="67967206" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SajidKhan205">Sajid Khan</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="67967206" type="text/json">{"id":67967206,"first_name":"Sajid","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SajidKhan205","display_name":"Sajid Khan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SajidKhan205?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67967206/18663852/18623585/s65_sajid.khan.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_70574377 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="70574377"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 70574377, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_70574377", }); 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Seven cucumber varieties were screened for resistance against downy mildew and five fungicides were evaluated for their efficacy to control the disease. Disease severity data was recorded according to Jenkins-Wehner scale. The statistical analysis of data was done by using Fisher's technique, analysis of variance and least significant difference test (LSD) evaluated for comparing of means of different treatments at 5% probability level. The result of the present study suggested that \"Super green special\" variety was graded 3 and other varieties Beithoalfa, Marketmore-76, Cucumber 363, Anmol , Marketmore and Desi graded 6,6,6,7,7and 8 respectively against the downy mildew. Among different fungicide only the \"Moral\" (Azoxystrobin) fungicide presented the effective control of disease followed by Agrohut (Mancozeb +Dimetamorph), Acute (Azoxystrobin), Antracol (propineb) and Cabriotop (metiram + pyraclostrobin). The present study will be effective in order to manage the downy mildew disease of cucumber.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80269744,"asset_id":70574377,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":67967206,"first_name":"Sajid","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"SajidKhan205","display_name":"Sajid Khan","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/SajidKhan205?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/67967206/18663852/18623585/s65_sajid.khan.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":43363,"name":"Screening","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Screening?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_42792465" data-work_id="42792465" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/42792465/Analytical_Method_Validation_for_the_Determination_of_Meptyldinocap_As_2_4_Dinitrooctylphenol_Metabolite_in_Mango_and_Soil_Using_LC_MS_MS_and_Dissipation_Study_of_the_Fungicide_in_Indian_Mango_Field_Ecosystem">Analytical Method Validation for the Determination of Meptyldinocap As 2,4-Dinitrooctylphenol Metabolite in Mango and Soil Using LC−MS/MS and Dissipation Study of the Fungicide in Indian Mango Field Ecosystem</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An analytical method for the quantitative determination of meptyldinocap (2,4-DNOPC) as 2,4dinitrooctylphenyl (2,4-DNOP) in mango and soil was developed as well as validated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS).... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_42792465" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An analytical method for the quantitative determination of meptyldinocap (2,4-DNOPC) as 2,4dinitrooctylphenyl (2,4-DNOP) in mango and soil was developed as well as validated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The method comprised an extraction with an acetone:methanol:4 N HCl (100:10:5, v/v/v) mixture followed by hydrolytic conversion of parent 2,4-DNOPC to the corresponding phenol metabolite (2,4-DNOP), and cleanup was done by liquid:liquid partition using ethyl acetate. Final quantitation was performed by LC-MS/MS of 2,4-DNOP with negative electrospray ionization using gradient elution. The method was validated at concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 2 μg/g, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of meptyldinocap in mango and soil samples was 0.025 μg/g. The recovery of meptyldinocap from mango and soil sample was found to be 93-98% spiked at different levels with analyte, and the relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSD r ) and reproducibility (RSD R ) were acceptable (2-6%). The method was rugged as evident from a low measurement uncertainty at 0.05 μg/g. In order to evaluate its safety use in India a multilocational field dissipation study on meptyldinocap in mango was conducted by following the proposed analytical method.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/42792465" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e4ad9c531e07ee724eb886c4e18b562c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":63018770,"asset_id":42792465,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/63018770/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34032708" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BappadityaKanrar">Bappaditya Kanrar</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34032708" type="text/json">{"id":34032708,"first_name":"Bappaditya","last_name":"Kanrar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BappadityaKanrar","display_name":"Bappaditya Kanrar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BappadityaKanrar?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34032708/38493981/34405376/s65_bappaditya.kanrar.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_42792465 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="42792465"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 42792465, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_42792465", }); 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The method comprised an extraction with an acetone:methanol:4 N HCl (100:10:5, v/v/v) mixture followed by hydrolytic conversion of parent 2,4-DNOPC to the corresponding phenol metabolite (2,4-DNOP), and cleanup was done by liquid:liquid partition using ethyl acetate. Final quantitation was performed by LC-MS/MS of 2,4-DNOP with negative electrospray ionization using gradient elution. The method was validated at concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 2 μg/g, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) of meptyldinocap in mango and soil samples was 0.025 μg/g. The recovery of meptyldinocap from mango and soil sample was found to be 93-98% spiked at different levels with analyte, and the relative standard deviation for repeatability (RSD r ) and reproducibility (RSD R ) were acceptable (2-6%). The method was rugged as evident from a low measurement uncertainty at 0.05 μg/g. In order to evaluate its safety use in India a multilocational field dissipation study on meptyldinocap in mango was conducted by following the proposed analytical method.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":63018770,"asset_id":42792465,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34032708,"first_name":"Bappaditya","last_name":"Kanrar","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"BappadityaKanrar","display_name":"Bappaditya Kanrar","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/BappadityaKanrar?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/34032708/38493981/34405376/s65_bappaditya.kanrar.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":48,"name":"Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Engineering?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":43838,"name":"India","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/India?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":156319,"name":"Soils","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soils?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":163275,"name":"Tandem Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tandem_Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":169070,"name":"Sol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":222949,"name":"Dissipation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dissipation?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":231318,"name":"Agricultural","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":330839,"name":"Analytical Method","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Method?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":398287,"name":"Liquid Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liquid_Chromatography?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":596974,"name":"Agricultural and Food Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agricultural_and_Food_Chemistry?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_37459037" data-work_id="37459037" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37459037/Pre_and_Postharvest_Treatments_to_Control_Green_Mold_of_Citrus_Fruit_During_Ethylene_Degreening">Pre- and Postharvest Treatments to Control Green Mold of Citrus Fruit During Ethylene Degreening</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest">Smilanick, J. L., Mansour, M. F., and Sorenson, D. 2006. Pre-and postharvest treatments to control green mold of citrus fruit during ethylene degreening. Plant Dis. 90:89-96.</div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/37459037" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="34c60a8bd887afd18c942f7a9c83867d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":57427250,"asset_id":37459037,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57427250/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45174201" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JosephSmilanick">Joseph Smilanick</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45174201" type="text/json">{"id":45174201,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Smilanick","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JosephSmilanick","display_name":"Joseph Smilanick","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JosephSmilanick?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45174201/20528452/20160759/s65_joseph.smilanick.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_37459037 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="37459037"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37459037, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_37459037", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_37459037 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37459037; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_37459037"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_37459037 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37459037"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37459037; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37459037]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_37459037").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_37459037").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="37459037"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1085" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology">Epidemiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1085" type="text/json">{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5541" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology">Plant Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5541" type="text/json">{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="8942" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment">Treatment</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="8942" type="text/json">{"id":8942,"name":"Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=37459037]'), work: {"id":37459037,"title":"Pre- and Postharvest Treatments to Control Green Mold of Citrus Fruit During Ethylene Degreening","created_at":"2018-09-22T06:28:13.016-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/37459037/Pre_and_Postharvest_Treatments_to_Control_Green_Mold_of_Citrus_Fruit_During_Ethylene_Degreening?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_37459037","summary":"Smilanick, J. L., Mansour, M. F., and Sorenson, D. 2006. Pre-and postharvest treatments to control green mold of citrus fruit during ethylene degreening. Plant Dis. 90:89-96.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57427250,"asset_id":37459037,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45174201,"first_name":"Joseph","last_name":"Smilanick","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JosephSmilanick","display_name":"Joseph Smilanick","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JosephSmilanick?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/45174201/20528452/20160759/s65_joseph.smilanick.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":8942,"name":"Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":14925,"name":"Heat Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heat_Treatment?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":96098,"name":"Resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Resistance?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":106562,"name":"Plant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":174502,"name":"Incidence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Incidence?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":528615,"name":"Postharvest","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postharvest?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":560410,"name":"Plant Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Disease?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":624980,"name":"Plant Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Pathology?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1333410,"name":"Sodium Bicarbonate","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sodium_Bicarbonate?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2142568,"name":"Thallophyta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thallophyta?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_55848025" data-work_id="55848025" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55848025/Selection_of_biocides_for_use_in_floral_preservatives">Selection of biocides for use in floral preservatives</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The effects of concentrations of various biocides, in a solution containing 0.2 g l − 1 citric acid and 10 g l − 1 glucose, were tested on cut roses (Rosa hybrida L., 'Classy'), Alstroemeria pelegrina L. and carnations (Dianthus... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_55848025" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The effects of concentrations of various biocides, in a solution containing 0.2 g l − 1 citric acid and 10 g l − 1 glucose, were tested on cut roses (Rosa hybrida L., 'Classy'), Alstroemeria pelegrina L. and carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Compounds were evaluated for their effects on flower life (time to decline in fresh weight), maximum gain in fresh weight, solution uptake from 4 to 6 days, resistance to water flow in the stem, stem respiration and solution absorbance. Longer flower life and higher gain in fresh weight of roses were observed with a concentration of 0.05 g l − 1 than with higher concentrations of most biocides. At this concentration, bromopropanediol, Dantogard and thiabendazole did not prevent a rise in stem resistance to water flow, or solution absorbance. Aluminium sulphate up to 0.8 g l − 1 was also ineffective in these respects. Stem respiration was inhibited by sodium benzoate, hydroxyquinoline citrate (HQC), Isocil and Physan-20. Principal component analysis on the rose data indicated that the best treatments were 0.05 g l − 1 benzoate, cetylpyridinium chloride, Isocil and Physan-20, 0.05 and 0.2 g l − 1 dichloroisocyanuric acid, and 0.2 and 0.8 g l − 1 HQC. Tests with carnation and Alstroemeria indicated that HQC, Isocil and Physan most consistently promoted fresh weight increase and maintenance.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/55848025" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="785f1774cb346d26a144cb09015b4829" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71524062,"asset_id":55848025,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71524062/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40710565" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelKnee">Michael Knee</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40710565" type="text/json">{"id":40710565,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Knee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelKnee","display_name":"Michael Knee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelKnee?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_55848025 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="55848025"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 55848025, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_55848025", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_55848025 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55848025; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_55848025"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_55848025 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="55848025"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 55848025; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=55848025]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_55848025").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_55848025").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="55848025"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5069" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis">Principal Component Analysis</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5069" type="text/json">{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12129" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocides">Biocides</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="12129" type="text/json">{"id":12129,"name":"Biocides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocides?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="59412" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postharvest_Physiology">Postharvest Physiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="59412" type="text/json">{"id":59412,"name":"Postharvest Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postharvest_Physiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65590" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide">Pesticide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="65590" type="text/json">{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=55848025]'), work: {"id":55848025,"title":"Selection of biocides for use in floral preservatives","created_at":"2021-10-06T00:33:29.298-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/55848025/Selection_of_biocides_for_use_in_floral_preservatives?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_55848025","summary":"The effects of concentrations of various biocides, in a solution containing 0.2 g l − 1 citric acid and 10 g l − 1 glucose, were tested on cut roses (Rosa hybrida L., 'Classy'), Alstroemeria pelegrina L. and carnations (Dianthus caryophyllus L.). Compounds were evaluated for their effects on flower life (time to decline in fresh weight), maximum gain in fresh weight, solution uptake from 4 to 6 days, resistance to water flow in the stem, stem respiration and solution absorbance. Longer flower life and higher gain in fresh weight of roses were observed with a concentration of 0.05 g l − 1 than with higher concentrations of most biocides. At this concentration, bromopropanediol, Dantogard and thiabendazole did not prevent a rise in stem resistance to water flow, or solution absorbance. Aluminium sulphate up to 0.8 g l − 1 was also ineffective in these respects. Stem respiration was inhibited by sodium benzoate, hydroxyquinoline citrate (HQC), Isocil and Physan-20. Principal component analysis on the rose data indicated that the best treatments were 0.05 g l − 1 benzoate, cetylpyridinium chloride, Isocil and Physan-20, 0.05 and 0.2 g l − 1 dichloroisocyanuric acid, and 0.2 and 0.8 g l − 1 HQC. Tests with carnation and Alstroemeria indicated that HQC, Isocil and Physan most consistently promoted fresh weight increase and maintenance.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71524062,"asset_id":55848025,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40710565,"first_name":"Michael","last_name":"Knee","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MichaelKnee","display_name":"Michael Knee","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelKnee?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5069,"name":"Principal Component Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Principal_Component_Analysis?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":12129,"name":"Biocides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biocides?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":59412,"name":"Postharvest Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postharvest_Physiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":66912,"name":"SHELF LIFE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SHELF_LIFE?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":126935,"name":"Xylem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xylem?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":162983,"name":"Absorption","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Absorption?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":225187,"name":"Postharvest Biology and Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postharvest_Biology_and_Technology?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":839489,"name":"BIOCIDE","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BIOCIDE?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":893363,"name":"Water Flow","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Water_Flow?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":977996,"name":"Citric Acid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citric_Acid?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1207804,"name":"Cut Flower","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cut_Flower?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1443077,"name":"Fresh Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fresh_Weight?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2674671,"name":"Horticultural production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horticultural_production?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_49039053" data-work_id="49039053" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49039053/Mobilization_of_Pentachlorophenol_by_GlutathioneS_Transferase_%CE%BC_Increases_Cellular_Toxicity">Mobilization of Pentachlorophenol by GlutathioneS-Transferase μ Increases Cellular Toxicity</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a class of proteins that have intracellular binding and sequestration, as well as catalytic, capabilities. This study investigated the role of GSTs in the intracellular mobilization of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_49039053" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a class of proteins that have intracellular binding and sequestration, as well as catalytic, capabilities. This study investigated the role of GSTs in the intracellular mobilization of pentachlorophenol (PCP). A single mouse GST isoform, GST , specifically and competitively bound PCP with a k i ‫ס‬ 7 M with respect to the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), yet did not metabolize PCP. Instead, the binding of GST to PCP resulted in the partitioning of PCP from lipid to aqueous compartments. The physiological significance of the mobilization was then investigated using two mouse hepatocyte cell lines that differ significantly in their expression of GST. These cells were treated with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) to induce GST and provided several levels of GST expression. The toxicity of PCP to these cells based on trypan blue dye exclusion was assessed, which demonstrated a significant correlation between GST levels within the cell and PCP toxicity. The BHA-treated, high GST expressor cells were approximately 40% more sensitive to PCP toxicity than were the untreated low GST expressors, suggesting that GST was acting to make PCP more bioavailable to elicit toxicity. Furthermore, the increase in toxicity was not due to a difference in PCP accumulation or in GST metabolism by the cells. These results suggest that GST may increase the cellular toxicity of PCP by mobilizing this lipophilic compound within the cell.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/49039053" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="174465ba980a171583035b8ca8cce372" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67422079,"asset_id":49039053,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67422079/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc4OSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="34537596" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GeraldLeblanc">Gerald Leblanc</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="34537596" type="text/json">{"id":34537596,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Leblanc","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GeraldLeblanc","display_name":"Gerald Leblanc","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GeraldLeblanc?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_49039053 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="49039053"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49039053, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_49039053", }); 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This study investigated the role of GSTs in the intracellular mobilization of pentachlorophenol (PCP). A single mouse GST isoform, GST , specifically and competitively bound PCP with a k i ‫ס‬ 7 M with respect to the substrate 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB), yet did not metabolize PCP. Instead, the binding of GST to PCP resulted in the partitioning of PCP from lipid to aqueous compartments. The physiological significance of the mobilization was then investigated using two mouse hepatocyte cell lines that differ significantly in their expression of GST. These cells were treated with butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) to induce GST and provided several levels of GST expression. The toxicity of PCP to these cells based on trypan blue dye exclusion was assessed, which demonstrated a significant correlation between GST levels within the cell and PCP toxicity. The BHA-treated, high GST expressor cells were approximately 40% more sensitive to PCP toxicity than were the untreated low GST expressors, suggesting that GST was acting to make PCP more bioavailable to elicit toxicity. Furthermore, the increase in toxicity was not due to a difference in PCP accumulation or in GST metabolism by the cells. These results suggest that GST may increase the cellular toxicity of PCP by mobilizing this lipophilic compound within the cell.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67422079,"asset_id":49039053,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":34537596,"first_name":"Gerald","last_name":"Leblanc","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GeraldLeblanc","display_name":"Gerald Leblanc","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GeraldLeblanc?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3855,"name":"Polymorphism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Polymorphism?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":57808,"name":"Cell line","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cell_line?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":59370,"name":"In Vitro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":67405,"name":"Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":118450,"name":"Glutathione","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Glutathione?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":218315,"name":"Mobilization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mobilization?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1909087,"name":"PENTACHLOROPHENOL","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PENTACHLOROPHENOL?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2032101,"name":"Intracellular","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intracellular?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_38737775" data-work_id="38737775" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38737775/Chemical_Control_of_Septoria_Blight_of_Parsley_Caused_by_Septoria_petroselini">Chemical Control of Septoria Blight of Parsley Caused by Septoria petroselini</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The effects of various fungicides on spore germination, mycelial growth, seed transmission, and infection by Septoria petroselini Desm., the causal agent of Septoria blight of parsley, were determined in this study. Eleven fungicides... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_38737775" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The effects of various fungicides on spore germination, mycelial growth, seed transmission, and infection by Septoria petroselini Desm., the causal agent of Septoria blight of parsley, were determined in this study. Eleven fungicides (azoxystrobin, benomyl, captan, copper oxychloride, kresoxim-methyl mancozeb, maneb, propineb, tebuconazole, thiram, and trifloxystrobin) were tested at various concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 50 mg l -1 in spore germination and mycelial growth assays. Tebuconazole was the most effective fungicide in all the experiments, with an EC50 value &lt; 0.052 mg l -1 , followed by azoxystrobin, captan, and trifloxystrobin, with EC50 values of 0.053, 0.06, and 0.066 mg l -1 , respectively. Many of the fungicides were effective on spore germination in PDA medium at concentrations ranging from 0.052 mg l -1 (Tebuconazole) to 23.032 mg l -1 (copper oxychloride). Captan, mancozeb, maneb, and thiram were very effective at reducing spore germination, but were less...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/38737775" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="677c114003deb6e4344a151acdc3bed4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":58825969,"asset_id":38737775,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/58825969/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="21911771" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FatihTok">Fatih M Tok</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="21911771" type="text/json">{"id":21911771,"first_name":"Fatih","last_name":"Tok","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FatihTok","display_name":"Fatih M Tok","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FatihTok?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_38737775 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="38737775"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 38737775, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_38737775", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_38737775 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38737775; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_38737775"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_38737775 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="38737775"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 38737775; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=38737775]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_38737775").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_38737775").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="38737775"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">3</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="80692" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copper">Copper</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="80692" type="text/json">{"id":80692,"name":"Copper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copper?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="893159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Control">Chemical Control</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="893159" type="text/json">{"id":893159,"name":"Chemical Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Control?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2736405" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide">Fungicide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2736405" type="text/json">{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=38737775]'), work: {"id":38737775,"title":"Chemical Control of Septoria Blight of Parsley Caused by Septoria petroselini","created_at":"2019-04-07T23:26:51.977-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/38737775/Chemical_Control_of_Septoria_Blight_of_Parsley_Caused_by_Septoria_petroselini?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_38737775","summary":"The effects of various fungicides on spore germination, mycelial growth, seed transmission, and infection by Septoria petroselini Desm., the causal agent of Septoria blight of parsley, were determined in this study. Eleven fungicides (azoxystrobin, benomyl, captan, copper oxychloride, kresoxim-methyl mancozeb, maneb, propineb, tebuconazole, thiram, and trifloxystrobin) were tested at various concentrations ranging from 0.025 to 50 mg l -1 in spore germination and mycelial growth assays. Tebuconazole was the most effective fungicide in all the experiments, with an EC50 value \u0026lt; 0.052 mg l -1 , followed by azoxystrobin, captan, and trifloxystrobin, with EC50 values of 0.053, 0.06, and 0.066 mg l -1 , respectively. Many of the fungicides were effective on spore germination in PDA medium at concentrations ranging from 0.052 mg l -1 (Tebuconazole) to 23.032 mg l -1 (copper oxychloride). Captan, mancozeb, maneb, and thiram were very effective at reducing spore germination, but were less...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":58825969,"asset_id":38737775,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":21911771,"first_name":"Fatih","last_name":"Tok","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FatihTok","display_name":"Fatih M Tok","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FatihTok?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":80692,"name":"Copper","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Copper?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":893159,"name":"Chemical Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Control?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74108557" data-work_id="74108557" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/74108557/The_level_of_quiescent_infection_of_Alternaria_alternata_in_mango_fruits_at_harvest_determines_the_postharvest_treatment_applied_for_the_control_of_rots_during_storage">The level of quiescent infection of Alternaria alternata in mango fruits at harvest determines the postharvest treatment applied for the control of rots during storage</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The effectiveness of different postharvest treatments to control different levels of quiescent infections of Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria rot in mango fruits during storage was compared. A combined hot water spray and fruit... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74108557" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The effectiveness of different postharvest treatments to control different levels of quiescent infections of Alternaria alternata causing Alternaria rot in mango fruits during storage was compared. A combined hot water spray and fruit brushing (hot water brushing-HWB) treatment for 15-20 s with 225 mg ml − 1 prochloraz was the most effective treatment to control Alternaria rot in fruit with a high relative quiescent infected surface (RQIS) rating of 36 at harvest. Comparable control was obtained with the commercial treatment of 900 mg ml − 1 prochloraz spray. However, Alternaria rot in mango fruit with an intermediate level of RQIS rating of 25 was controlled by HWB treatment alone or HWB with chlorine (300 mg ml − 1 Troclosene Na). HWB alone was effective enough to control postharvest decay in fruit with a RQIS of five. Present results have indicated that effectiveness of postharvest HWB and prochloraz applications are dependent on the quiescent infected area of the fruit by A. alternata at harvest. A RQIS rating, before harvest, has resulted in the use of effective, mild, fungicides as a single postharvest treatment thus avoiding wide use of less friendly synthetic fungicides.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74108557" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="9e857fbdecc5eea5e3b8ad819005023c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":82379294,"asset_id":74108557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82379294/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41656689" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DovPrusky">Dov Prusky</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41656689" type="text/json">{"id":41656689,"first_name":"Dov","last_name":"Prusky","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DovPrusky","display_name":"Dov Prusky","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DovPrusky?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74108557 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74108557"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74108557, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74108557", }); 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A combined hot water spray and fruit brushing (hot water brushing-HWB) treatment for 15-20 s with 225 mg ml − 1 prochloraz was the most effective treatment to control Alternaria rot in fruit with a high relative quiescent infected surface (RQIS) rating of 36 at harvest. Comparable control was obtained with the commercial treatment of 900 mg ml − 1 prochloraz spray. However, Alternaria rot in mango fruit with an intermediate level of RQIS rating of 25 was controlled by HWB treatment alone or HWB with chlorine (300 mg ml − 1 Troclosene Na). HWB alone was effective enough to control postharvest decay in fruit with a RQIS of five. Present results have indicated that effectiveness of postharvest HWB and prochloraz applications are dependent on the quiescent infected area of the fruit by A. alternata at harvest. A RQIS rating, before harvest, has resulted in the use of effective, mild, fungicides as a single postharvest treatment thus avoiding wide use of less friendly synthetic fungicides.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82379294,"asset_id":74108557,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41656689,"first_name":"Dov","last_name":"Prusky","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DovPrusky","display_name":"Dov Prusky","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DovPrusky?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":88757,"name":"Postharvest biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postharvest_biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":173357,"name":"Disease Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Control?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":225187,"name":"Postharvest Biology and Technology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Postharvest_Biology_and_Technology?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":341079,"name":"Storage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Storage?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2142568,"name":"Thallophyta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thallophyta?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2674671,"name":"Horticultural production","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Horticultural_production?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72900567" data-work_id="72900567" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72900567/Quest_ce_que_Pseudomonas_chlororaphis_souche_MA342_bio_fongicide_en_traitement_de_semences_de_bl%C3%A9_triticale_et_seigle">Qu'est-ce que ? Pseudomonas chlororaphis souche MA342 bio-fongicide en traitement de semences de blé, triticale et seigle</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Cerall® is a biopesticide. The active ingredient in the product is the naturally occurring soil-dwel- ling bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis also contains other ingredients, such as water, which allow it to function in practical ap-... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_72900567" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Cerall® is a biopesticide. The active ingredient in the product is the naturally occurring soil-dwel- ling bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis also contains other ingredients, such as water, which allow it to function in practical ap- plications. All of the ingredients have been carefully selected to ensure that the product is envi- ronmental friendly. Cerall® has been developed so as to be specially adapted to bare seed such as wheat. Cerall® is effective against the seed-borne diseases common wheat bunt (Tilletia caries), wheat  leaf spot (Septoria nodorum) and Fusarium (Fusarium spp.) in wheat, rye and triticale. Cerall® is:• Effective against the most commonly occurring seed-bornediseases.• Environmentally-friendly because it contains naturally occurring bacteria and non toxic ingredients.• Also accepted for use in organic farming. <br />• User-friendly and working- environment conscious, as the handling of chemical substances and dust from chemically treated seed are avoided. <br />• Not considered environmen- tally hazardous goods during transport. <br />Cerall® treated seed can be stored, transported and handled in the same manner as normal seed. Treatment with Cerall® does not affect treatment capa- city. Cerall® can be used in most treatment equipment available on the market. In certain cases, <br />the equipment must be adjusted in order to handle the product’s relatively high dosage. The recommended dosage is 10 li- ters/ton of seed. The product can be stored in unopened packaging at +4ºC to +8ºC for up to eight weeks after delivery. All packa- ging is marked with a used before date. The product must be stirred before use. Partial emptying of packages is not recommended. <br />Treated seed can be stored for one year. BioAgri AB also recommends that the seed health be analysed before treatment. <br />Special attention should be given at seed germination. If the germi- nation of the untreated seed  does not meet the requirements for certification, a test treatment and follow-up analysis is recommended before the product is used.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/72900567" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="78e3b6f203144281325593055be1b7a4" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81641315,"asset_id":72900567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81641315/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="147603783" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JBOULON">Jean-Philippe BOULON</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="147603783" type="text/json">{"id":147603783,"first_name":"Jean-Philippe","last_name":"BOULON","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JBOULON","display_name":"Jean-Philippe BOULON","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JBOULON?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_72900567 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="72900567"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 72900567, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_72900567", }); 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Pseudomonas chlororaphis souche MA342 bio-fongicide en traitement de semences de blé, triticale et seigle","created_at":"2022-03-03T03:49:44.111-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72900567/Quest_ce_que_Pseudomonas_chlororaphis_souche_MA342_bio_fongicide_en_traitement_de_semences_de_bl%C3%A9_triticale_et_seigle?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_72900567","summary":"Cerall® is a biopesticide. The active ingredient in the product is the naturally occurring soil-dwel- ling bacterium Pseudomonas chlororaphis also contains other ingredients, such as water, which allow it to function in practical ap- plications. All of the ingredients have been carefully selected to ensure that the product is envi- ronmental friendly. Cerall® has been developed so as to be specially adapted to bare seed such as wheat. Cerall® is effective against the seed-borne diseases common wheat bunt (Tilletia caries), wheat leaf spot (Septoria nodorum) and Fusarium (Fusarium spp.) in wheat, rye and triticale. Cerall® is:• Effective against the most commonly occurring seed-bornediseases.• Environmentally-friendly because it contains naturally occurring bacteria and non toxic ingredients.• Also accepted for use in organic farming.\r\n• User-friendly and working- environment conscious, as the handling of chemical substances and dust from chemically treated seed are avoided.\r\n• Not considered environmen- tally hazardous goods during transport.\r\nCerall® treated seed can be stored, transported and handled in the same manner as normal seed. Treatment with Cerall® does not affect treatment capa- city. Cerall® can be used in most treatment equipment available on the market. In certain cases,\r\nthe equipment must be adjusted in order to handle the product’s relatively high dosage. The recommended dosage is 10 li- ters/ton of seed. The product can be stored in unopened packaging at +4ºC to +8ºC for up to eight weeks after delivery. All packa- ging is marked with a used before date. The product must be stirred before use. Partial emptying of packages is not recommended.\r\nTreated seed can be stored for one year. BioAgri AB also recommends that the seed health be analysed before treatment.\r\nSpecial attention should be given at seed germination. If the germi- nation of the untreated seed does not meet the requirements for certification, a test treatment and follow-up analysis is recommended before the product is used.\r\n","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81641315,"asset_id":72900567,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":147603783,"first_name":"Jean-Philippe","last_name":"BOULON","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"JBOULON","display_name":"Jean-Philippe BOULON","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/JBOULON?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":8942,"name":"Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":414312,"name":"Strain","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Strain?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":429427,"name":"Gramineae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gramineae?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":515834,"name":"SEED","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SEED?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":624980,"name":"Plant Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Pathology?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_47966850" data-work_id="47966850" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47966850/Mango_Anthracnose_Economic_Impact_and_Current_Options_For_Integrated_Managaement">Mango Anthracnose: Economic Impact and Current Options For Integrated Managaement</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm 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Arauz","profile_url":"https://ucr.academia.edu/LuisFelipeArauz?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":23516,"name":"Integrated Pest Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_Pest_Management?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":66973,"name":"Plant diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_diseases?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":149214,"name":"Economic 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Martinez","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/EnriqueMartinez376?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1037,"name":"Agronomy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agronomy?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":3724,"name":"Irrigation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Irrigation?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5345,"name":"Photosynthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Photosynthesis?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":18194,"name":"Ecophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecophysiology?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":129121,"name":"Yield","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yield?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":166985,"name":"Agronomie","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agronomie?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":429427,"name":"Gramineae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gramineae?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3574456,"name":"Plant Leaf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Leaf?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_55601406" data-work_id="55601406" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55601406/Synthesis_and_antimicrobial_activity_of_some_new_heterocycles_incorporating_antipyrine_moiety">Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some new heterocycles incorporating antipyrine moiety</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A novel series of 7,7-diphenyl-1,2-dihydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-6(7H)one 6a-h, were easily prepared via reactions of novel 2-hydrazinyl-4,4-diphenyl-1Himidazol-5(4H)-one (2) with hydrazonoyl halides 3a-h. In addition, we also... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_55601406" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A novel series of 7,7-diphenyl-1,2-dihydroimidazo[2,1-c][1,2,4]triazin-6(7H)one 6a-h, were easily prepared via reactions of novel 2-hydrazinyl-4,4-diphenyl-1Himidazol-5(4H)-one (2) with hydrazonoyl halides 3a-h. In addition, we also examined the reaction of compound 2 with commercially available active methylene compounds to afford new pyrazoles containing an imidazolone moiety, expected to be biologically active. The structures of the synthesized compounds were assigned on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, 1 H-NMR and mass spectral data. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/55601406" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bbef172c64e376ac586aa9a60533764b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":71397451,"asset_id":55601406,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/71397451/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="109097579" href="https://damietta.academia.edu/fawziaelablack">fawzia Z . el-ablack</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="109097579" type="text/json">{"id":109097579,"first_name":"fawzia","last_name":"el-ablack","domain_name":"damietta","page_name":"fawziaelablack","display_name":"fawzia Z . el-ablack","profile_url":"https://damietta.academia.edu/fawziaelablack?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/109097579/29960229/27821231/s65_atef.tealab.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_55601406 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="55601406"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 55601406, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_55601406", }); 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In addition, we also examined the reaction of compound 2 with commercially available active methylene compounds to afford new pyrazoles containing an imidazolone moiety, expected to be biologically active. The structures of the synthesized compounds were assigned on the basis of elemental analysis, IR, 1 H-NMR and mass spectral data. The antifungal and antibacterial activities of the newly synthesized compounds were evaluated.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":71397451,"asset_id":55601406,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":109097579,"first_name":"fawzia","last_name":"el-ablack","domain_name":"damietta","page_name":"fawziaelablack","display_name":"fawzia Z . el-ablack","profile_url":"https://damietta.academia.edu/fawziaelablack?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/109097579/29960229/27821231/s65_atef.tealab.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":59370,"name":"In Vitro","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/In_Vitro?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":83128,"name":"Escherichia coli","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Escherichia_coli?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":111007,"name":"Antimicrobial activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antimicrobial_activity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":116078,"name":"Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Staphylococcus_aureus?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":131573,"name":"Candida albicans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Candida_albicans?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":160656,"name":"Potassium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potassium?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":279027,"name":"European","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/European?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1152821,"name":"Chemical Synthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Synthesis?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3969947,"name":"Antimicrobial agent","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antimicrobial_agent?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_41613586" data-work_id="41613586" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/41613586/M_A_B_Revestimientos_v%C3%ADtreos_con_propiedades_bactericidas_y_fungicidas">M.A.B. 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Revestimientos vítreos con propiedades bactericidas y fungicidas","created_at":"2020-01-13T07:32:16.035-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/41613586/M_A_B_Revestimientos_v%C3%ADtreos_con_propiedades_bactericidas_y_fungicidas?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_41613586","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":61768917,"asset_id":41613586,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":5995852,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"MUNOZ","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AlbertoMUNOZ1","display_name":"Alberto MUNOZ","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AlbertoMUNOZ1?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5995852/2934812/3435360/s65_alberto.munoz.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":306194,"name":"Mosaic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mosaic?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_74989628" data-work_id="74989628" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/74989628/In_vitro_screening_methods_using_chemical_fungicides_against_canola_black_spot_pathogen">In vitro screening methods using chemical fungicides against canola black spot pathogen</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Canola is a cash commercial crop renowned for its edible oil production ability. Brown and black spot diseases of stem and leaves of canola plants caused by Alternaria species have always been a threat for their growth and productivity... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_74989628" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Canola is a cash commercial crop renowned for its edible oil production ability. Brown and black spot diseases of stem and leaves of canola plants caused by Alternaria species have always been a threat for their growth and productivity ultimately economic loss. Several strategies have been adopted to control these fungal pathogens, while, use of commercially available chemical fungicides is the most common. For this in present study, two chemical fungicides with trade name Triton and Benedict contains active ingredients validamycin and iprobenfos, respectively were evaluated for their ability to control the canola spot disease pathogen, Alternaria sp. Fungus was grown on growth media incorporated with fungicides by three different methods viz. well diffusion, disc diffusion and food poisoning. Maximum inhibition in fungus growth was recorded by food poisoning method using either of fungicide. Whereas, Benedict (iprobenfos) was more effective against Alternaria sp. as compared to Tri...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/74989628" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="195822316" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZiaUllahMalik3">Zia Ullah Malik</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="195822316" type="text/json">{"id":195822316,"first_name":"Zia Ullah","last_name":"Malik","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZiaUllahMalik3","display_name":"Zia Ullah Malik","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZiaUllahMalik3?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/195822316/58156347/46383932/s65_zia_ullah.malik.jpeg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_74989628 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="74989628"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 74989628, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_74989628", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_74989628 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74989628; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_74989628"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_74989628 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74989628"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74989628; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74989628]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_74989628").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_74989628").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="74989628"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2736405" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide">Fungicide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2736405" type="text/json">{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=74989628]'), work: {"id":74989628,"title":"In vitro screening methods using chemical fungicides against canola black spot pathogen","created_at":"2022-03-30T09:32:13.870-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/74989628/In_vitro_screening_methods_using_chemical_fungicides_against_canola_black_spot_pathogen?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_74989628","summary":"Canola is a cash commercial crop renowned for its edible oil production ability. Brown and black spot diseases of stem and leaves of canola plants caused by Alternaria species have always been a threat for their growth and productivity ultimately economic loss. Several strategies have been adopted to control these fungal pathogens, while, use of commercially available chemical fungicides is the most common. For this in present study, two chemical fungicides with trade name Triton and Benedict contains active ingredients validamycin and iprobenfos, respectively were evaluated for their ability to control the canola spot disease pathogen, Alternaria sp. Fungus was grown on growth media incorporated with fungicides by three different methods viz. well diffusion, disc diffusion and food poisoning. Maximum inhibition in fungus growth was recorded by food poisoning method using either of fungicide. Whereas, Benedict (iprobenfos) was more effective against Alternaria sp. as compared to Tri...","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":195822316,"first_name":"Zia Ullah","last_name":"Malik","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ZiaUllahMalik3","display_name":"Zia Ullah Malik","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ZiaUllahMalik3?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/195822316/58156347/46383932/s65_zia_ullah.malik.jpeg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_70950649" data-work_id="70950649" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70950649/Improving_the_Cercospora_leaf_spot_management_model_for_sugar_beet_in_Minnesota_and_North_Dakota">Improving the Cercospora leaf spot management model for sugar beet in Minnesota and North Dakota</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/70950649" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="f2d508c9365c1d1efa01adbfbb0c23d6" rel="nofollow" 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window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_70950649"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_70950649 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="70950649"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 70950649; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=70950649]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_70950649").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { 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type="text/json">{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5541" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology">Plant Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5541" type="text/json">{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=70950649]'), work: {"id":70950649,"title":"Improving the Cercospora leaf spot management model for sugar beet in Minnesota and North Dakota","created_at":"2022-02-08T11:19:29.775-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/70950649/Improving_the_Cercospora_leaf_spot_management_model_for_sugar_beet_in_Minnesota_and_North_Dakota?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_70950649","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80490468,"asset_id":70950649,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":23963912,"first_name":"Mohamed","last_name":"Khan","domain_name":"ndsu","page_name":"MohamedKhan","display_name":"Mohamed Khan","profile_url":"https://ndsu.academia.edu/MohamedKhan?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":1085,"name":"Epidemiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Epidemiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":8942,"name":"Treatment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Treatment?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65140,"name":"Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Models?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":80715,"name":"ROOT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ROOT?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":129121,"name":"Yield","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yield?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":204014,"name":"North Dakota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Dakota?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":502920,"name":"Sugar Beet","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sugar_Beet?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":560410,"name":"Plant Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Disease?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":624980,"name":"Plant Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Pathology?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":670696,"name":"Data Loggers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Data_Loggers?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2142568,"name":"Thallophyta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thallophyta?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_66591080" data-work_id="66591080" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/66591080/The_effects_of_pesticides_on_the_diversity_of_culturable_soil_bacteria">The effects of pesticides on the diversity of culturable soil bacteria</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The numbers of culturable soil bacteria in plots that had received either no pesticides or the full combination (aldicarb, chlorfenvinphos, benomyl, glyphosate, plus chlorotoluron or triadimefon) over a 20 year period were compared.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_66591080" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The numbers of culturable soil bacteria in plots that had received either no pesticides or the full combination (aldicarb, chlorfenvinphos, benomyl, glyphosate, plus chlorotoluron or triadimefon) over a 20 year period were compared. Differences were very small although there were consistently higher numbers on the treated plot, possibly reflecting the greater crop yields which had been reported previously. There was no significant difference in numbers of bacterial colonies with homology to a nif gene probe in soils from the two plots. Genetic fingerprinting of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates from the plots, using ERIC-PCR, showed that the dominant strains in the two populations were not the same although there was no obvious difference in the degree of diversity. Substrate utilization by microbial populations from the two plots was compared using Biolog plates. The population from the pesticide-treated plot showed a higher rate of substrate utilization which could reflect a slightly higher inoculum of heterotrophic bacteria, but could also indicate greater metabolic diversity in the population.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/66591080" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="14b06dc2a1dc97d3f21f0bcbddca5d47" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":77721999,"asset_id":66591080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/77721999/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="35387821" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HirschPenny">Penny Hirsch</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="35387821" type="text/json">{"id":35387821,"first_name":"Penny","last_name":"Hirsch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HirschPenny","display_name":"Penny Hirsch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HirschPenny?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_66591080 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="66591080"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 66591080, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_66591080", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=66591080]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_66591080").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_66591080").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="66591080"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">11</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="17825" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="17825" type="text/json">{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="19703" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_microbiology">Applied microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="19703" type="text/json">{"id":19703,"name":"Applied microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="28235" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary">Multidisciplinary</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="28235" type="text/json">{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="43028" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Diversity">Genetic Diversity</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="43028" type="text/json">{"id":43028,"name":"Genetic Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Diversity?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=66591080]'), work: {"id":66591080,"title":"The effects of pesticides on the diversity of culturable soil bacteria","created_at":"2021-12-30T09:09:12.259-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/66591080/The_effects_of_pesticides_on_the_diversity_of_culturable_soil_bacteria?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_66591080","summary":"The numbers of culturable soil bacteria in plots that had received either no pesticides or the full combination (aldicarb, chlorfenvinphos, benomyl, glyphosate, plus chlorotoluron or triadimefon) over a 20 year period were compared. Differences were very small although there were consistently higher numbers on the treated plot, possibly reflecting the greater crop yields which had been reported previously. There was no significant difference in numbers of bacterial colonies with homology to a nif gene probe in soils from the two plots. Genetic fingerprinting of Pseudomonas fluorescens isolates from the plots, using ERIC-PCR, showed that the dominant strains in the two populations were not the same although there was no obvious difference in the degree of diversity. Substrate utilization by microbial populations from the two plots was compared using Biolog plates. The population from the pesticide-treated plot showed a higher rate of substrate utilization which could reflect a slightly higher inoculum of heterotrophic bacteria, but could also indicate greater metabolic diversity in the population.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":77721999,"asset_id":66591080,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":35387821,"first_name":"Penny","last_name":"Hirsch","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"HirschPenny","display_name":"Penny Hirsch","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HirschPenny?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":17825,"name":"Biodiversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biodiversity?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":19703,"name":"Applied microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Applied_microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":43028,"name":"Genetic Diversity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_Diversity?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":156319,"name":"Soils","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soils?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":169070,"name":"Sol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sol?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":202419,"name":"Soil Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Bacteria?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64538914" data-work_id="64538914" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64538914/Farmers_Knowledge_Perceptions_and_Practices_in_the_Management_of_Fruit_Infesting_Flies_Diptera_Tephritidae_in_Northern_Ghana">Farmers’ Knowledge, Perceptions and Practices in the Management of Fruit-Infesting Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Northern Ghana</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Weeds and insect pests are among the serious constraints in common bean production in most rural communities. A survey of 169 smallholder farmers was conducted in two common bean-growing districts in northern Tanzania. The aim was to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64538914" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Weeds and insect pests are among the serious constraints in common bean production in most rural communities. A survey of 169 smallholder farmers was conducted in two common bean-growing districts in northern Tanzania. The aim was to assess farmers' knowledge, perceptions, current management practices and challenges in order to develop sustainable weed and insect pest management strategies. The results revealed that 83% of farmers perceived insect pests as the major constraint in common bean production, while 73% reported weeds as the main drawback. Insect pest management was mainly achieved through the use of synthetic pesticides, however, only 24% of farmers were able to apply, the rest could not afford due to high cost, limited access and lack of knowledge. Only 6.5% of farmers were aware of non-chemical methods and 2.1% did not practice any method in managing insect pests, both in the field and during storage. Moreover, farmers generally relied on experience in managing insect pests and weeds, and about 43% did not see the need to consult extension officers. These findings indicate that there is a need to sensitize and train farmers on the sustainable methods for pest and weed management in common bean farming systems in northern Tanzania.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64538914" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c7b3626cd8d42dc9958a46d55d54da26" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76529778,"asset_id":64538914,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76529778/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="19961770" href="https://ugh.academia.edu/MaxBILLAH">Maxwell K . BILLAH</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="19961770" type="text/json">{"id":19961770,"first_name":"Maxwell","last_name":"BILLAH","domain_name":"ugh","page_name":"MaxBILLAH","display_name":"Maxwell K . BILLAH","profile_url":"https://ugh.academia.edu/MaxBILLAH?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_64538914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="64538914"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 64538914, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_64538914", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_64538914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64538914; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_64538914"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_64538914 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="64538914"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 64538914; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=64538914]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_64538914").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_64538914").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="64538914"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="261" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography">Geography</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="261" type="text/json">{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="724" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics">Economics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="724" type="text/json">{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4306" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pest_Management">Pest Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4306" type="text/json">{"id":4306,"name":"Pest Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pest_Management?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=64538914]'), work: {"id":64538914,"title":"Farmers’ Knowledge, Perceptions and Practices in the Management of Fruit-Infesting Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) in Northern Ghana","created_at":"2021-12-16T06:34:26.270-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/64538914/Farmers_Knowledge_Perceptions_and_Practices_in_the_Management_of_Fruit_Infesting_Flies_Diptera_Tephritidae_in_Northern_Ghana?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_64538914","summary":"Weeds and insect pests are among the serious constraints in common bean production in most rural communities. A survey of 169 smallholder farmers was conducted in two common bean-growing districts in northern Tanzania. The aim was to assess farmers' knowledge, perceptions, current management practices and challenges in order to develop sustainable weed and insect pest management strategies. The results revealed that 83% of farmers perceived insect pests as the major constraint in common bean production, while 73% reported weeds as the main drawback. Insect pest management was mainly achieved through the use of synthetic pesticides, however, only 24% of farmers were able to apply, the rest could not afford due to high cost, limited access and lack of knowledge. Only 6.5% of farmers were aware of non-chemical methods and 2.1% did not practice any method in managing insect pests, both in the field and during storage. Moreover, farmers generally relied on experience in managing insect pests and weeds, and about 43% did not see the need to consult extension officers. These findings indicate that there is a need to sensitize and train farmers on the sustainable methods for pest and weed management in common bean farming systems in northern Tanzania.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76529778,"asset_id":64538914,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":19961770,"first_name":"Maxwell","last_name":"BILLAH","domain_name":"ugh","page_name":"MaxBILLAH","display_name":"Maxwell K . BILLAH","profile_url":"https://ugh.academia.edu/MaxBILLAH?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":261,"name":"Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Geography?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":724,"name":"Economics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Economics?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":4306,"name":"Pest Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pest_Management?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":16655,"name":"Vietnam","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vietnam?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":23516,"name":"Integrated Pest Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_Pest_Management?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":44096,"name":"Knowledge","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Knowledge?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":118599,"name":"Information Transfer","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Information_Transfer?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":280967,"name":"PEST","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/PEST?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":435458,"name":"Insect pests","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Insect_pests?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":459632,"name":"Crop Protection","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Crop_Protection?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":494314,"name":"Fruit flies","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fruit_flies?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":560315,"name":"BIOLOGICAL AGENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/BIOLOGICAL_AGENT?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1208617,"name":"Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sustainability?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3092161,"name":"Dry Season","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dry_Season?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3510160,"name":"Tropical Zone","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tropical_Zone?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3857116,"name":"Yield Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yield_Loss?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61375131" data-work_id="61375131" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61375131/The_Cardiotoxic_Action_of_the_Pyrethroid_Insecticide_Deltamethrin_the_Azole_Fungicide_Prochloraz_and_Their_Synergy_on_the_Semi_Isolated_Heart_of_the_Bee_Apis_mellifera_macedonica">The Cardiotoxic Action of the Pyrethroid Insecticide Deltamethrin, the Azole Fungicide Prochloraz, and Their Synergy on the Semi-Isolated Heart of the Bee Apis mellifera macedonica</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The contraction of the isolated heart of the bee in physiological solution can be monitored for hours, making this preparation suitable for the investigation of the cardiotoxic action of certain compounds. The results of this study have... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61375131" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The contraction of the isolated heart of the bee in physiological solution can be monitored for hours, making this preparation suitable for the investigation of the cardiotoxic action of certain compounds. The results of this study have shown that exposure of the semi-isolated heart of the bee to 1, 0.1, and 0.01 M deltamethrin causes a temporal increase in the frequency and the force of spontaneously generated contractions, which is followed by a decrease in both parameters. The decrease is dose dependent. The action of deltamethrin was not reversible. The fungicide prochloraz applied at the same concentration levels as deltamethrin has an immediate chronotropic and inotropic effect on the semi-isolated heart of the bee, but its effects are more intense than those caused by deltamethrin. Comparison of the dose-response curves clearly shows that prochloraz is more cardiotoxic than deltamethrin. When prochloraz and deltamethrin are combined there is an increase of over 100 times in the cardiotoxicity of deltamethrin and an increase of 10 times in the toxicity of prochloraz. Our suggestion is that this synergistic action could be caused by the action of the two compounds on the same target site, which in the heart of the bee may be gap junctional intercellular communication, a vital physiological mechanism for the functioning of the heart in both vertebrates and invertebrates.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61375131" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="4cc1587af1cd5cdd6080706475729b88" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74424879,"asset_id":61375131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74424879/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="172967924" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GTheophilidis">George Theophilidis</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="172967924" type="text/json">{"id":172967924,"first_name":"George","last_name":"Theophilidis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GTheophilidis","display_name":"George Theophilidis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GTheophilidis?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61375131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61375131"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61375131, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61375131", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_61375131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61375131; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_61375131"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_61375131 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="61375131"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 61375131; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=61375131]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_61375131").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_61375131").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="61375131"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">14</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4552" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology">Ecotoxicology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4552" type="text/json">{"id":4552,"name":"Ecotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="10225" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture">Agriculture</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="10225" type="text/json">{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="64753" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apis_mellifera">Apis mellifera</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="64753" type="text/json">{"id":64753,"name":"Apis mellifera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apis_mellifera?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=61375131]'), work: {"id":61375131,"title":"The Cardiotoxic Action of the Pyrethroid Insecticide Deltamethrin, the Azole Fungicide Prochloraz, and Their Synergy on the Semi-Isolated Heart of the Bee Apis mellifera macedonica","created_at":"2021-11-09T00:00:22.535-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/61375131/The_Cardiotoxic_Action_of_the_Pyrethroid_Insecticide_Deltamethrin_the_Azole_Fungicide_Prochloraz_and_Their_Synergy_on_the_Semi_Isolated_Heart_of_the_Bee_Apis_mellifera_macedonica?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_61375131","summary":"The contraction of the isolated heart of the bee in physiological solution can be monitored for hours, making this preparation suitable for the investigation of the cardiotoxic action of certain compounds. The results of this study have shown that exposure of the semi-isolated heart of the bee to 1, 0.1, and 0.01 M deltamethrin causes a temporal increase in the frequency and the force of spontaneously generated contractions, which is followed by a decrease in both parameters. The decrease is dose dependent. The action of deltamethrin was not reversible. The fungicide prochloraz applied at the same concentration levels as deltamethrin has an immediate chronotropic and inotropic effect on the semi-isolated heart of the bee, but its effects are more intense than those caused by deltamethrin. Comparison of the dose-response curves clearly shows that prochloraz is more cardiotoxic than deltamethrin. When prochloraz and deltamethrin are combined there is an increase of over 100 times in the cardiotoxicity of deltamethrin and an increase of 10 times in the toxicity of prochloraz. Our suggestion is that this synergistic action could be caused by the action of the two compounds on the same target site, which in the heart of the bee may be gap junctional intercellular communication, a vital physiological mechanism for the functioning of the heart in both vertebrates and invertebrates.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74424879,"asset_id":61375131,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":172967924,"first_name":"George","last_name":"Theophilidis","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"GTheophilidis","display_name":"George Theophilidis","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/GTheophilidis?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4552,"name":"Ecotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":10225,"name":"Agriculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Agriculture?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":64753,"name":"Apis mellifera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apis_mellifera?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":67405,"name":"Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Toxicity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":109828,"name":"Fauna","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fauna?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":131495,"name":"Heart","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Heart?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":170198,"name":"Synergy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Synergy?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":583406,"name":"Xenobiotic","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Xenobiotic?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":783432,"name":"Biological activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_activity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1208706,"name":"Environment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environment?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_57085962" data-work_id="57085962" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57085962/Gas_chromatographic_determination_of_cyprodinil_fludioxonil_pyrimethanil_and_tebuconazole_in_grapes_must_and_wine">Gas chromatographic determination of cyprodinil, fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, and tebuconazole in grapes, must, and wine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">A rapid and simple gas chromatographic method for determinating cyprodinil, fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, and tebuconazole in grapes, must, and wine is described. An on-line microextraction method was used with a one-step... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_57085962" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">A rapid and simple gas chromatographic method for determinating cyprodinil, fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, and tebuconazole in grapes, must, and wine is described. An on-line microextraction method was used with a one-step extraction-partition procedure. Nitrogen-phosphorus and mass spectrometric detectors were used, because of their low sensitivity and high selectivity. Because of high selectivity of detector, no cleanup was necessary and the extract was concentrated 5 times. Recoveries from fortified grapes, must, and wine ranged from 93 to 110%. Limits of determination were 0.05 mg/kg for cyprodinil and pyrimethanil and 0.10 mg/kg for fludioxonil and tebuconazole.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/57085962" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="298560537f50c1903159b329f921a30d" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":72154282,"asset_id":57085962,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/72154282/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40665673" href="https://cactus-co.academia.edu/AlbertoAngioni">Alberto Angioni</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40665673" type="text/json">{"id":40665673,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Angioni","domain_name":"cactus-co","page_name":"AlbertoAngioni","display_name":"Alberto Angioni","profile_url":"https://cactus-co.academia.edu/AlbertoAngioni?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40665673/11078852/12363405/s65_alberto.angioni.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_57085962 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="57085962"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 57085962, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_57085962", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=57085962]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_57085962").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_57085962").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="57085962"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="523" type="text/json">{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="524" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry">Analytical Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="524" type="text/json">{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="22843" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide_Residues">Pesticide Residues</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="22843" type="text/json">{"id":22843,"name":"Pesticide Residues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide_Residues?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="38516" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wine">Wine</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="38516" type="text/json">{"id":38516,"name":"Wine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wine?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=57085962]'), work: {"id":57085962,"title":"Gas chromatographic determination of cyprodinil, fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, and tebuconazole in grapes, must, and wine","created_at":"2021-10-10T23:33:38.290-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/57085962/Gas_chromatographic_determination_of_cyprodinil_fludioxonil_pyrimethanil_and_tebuconazole_in_grapes_must_and_wine?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_57085962","summary":"A rapid and simple gas chromatographic method for determinating cyprodinil, fludioxonil, pyrimethanil, and tebuconazole in grapes, must, and wine is described. An on-line microextraction method was used with a one-step extraction-partition procedure. Nitrogen-phosphorus and mass spectrometric detectors were used, because of their low sensitivity and high selectivity. Because of high selectivity of detector, no cleanup was necessary and the extract was concentrated 5 times. Recoveries from fortified grapes, must, and wine ranged from 93 to 110%. Limits of determination were 0.05 mg/kg for cyprodinil and pyrimethanil and 0.10 mg/kg for fludioxonil and tebuconazole.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":72154282,"asset_id":57085962,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40665673,"first_name":"Alberto","last_name":"Angioni","domain_name":"cactus-co","page_name":"AlbertoAngioni","display_name":"Alberto Angioni","profile_url":"https://cactus-co.academia.edu/AlbertoAngioni?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40665673/11078852/12363405/s65_alberto.angioni.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":22843,"name":"Pesticide Residues","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide_Residues?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":38516,"name":"Wine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wine?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":39719,"name":"Food Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Analysis?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":53108,"name":"Phosphorus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phosphorus?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":151091,"name":"Nitrogen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nitrogen?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":160814,"name":"Fruit","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fruit?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":166448,"name":"Gas Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":299902,"name":"Standard","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Standard?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":413191,"name":"Reproducibility","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":490676,"name":"Pesticide Residue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide_Residue?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":529560,"name":"Gas Chromatography/mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography_mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":549280,"name":"Reproducibility of Results","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reproducibility_of_Results?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":801411,"name":"Triazoles","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triazoles?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2637271,"name":"Reference standards","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Reference_standards?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48730538" data-work_id="48730538" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48730538/A_rapid_resazurin_bioassay_for_assessing_the_toxicity_of_fungicides">A rapid resazurin bioassay for assessing the toxicity of fungicides</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Fungicides are widely used in agriculture, and released in large amounts to the environment. Methods used for antifungal susceptibility testing are cumbersome and time-consuming. As a result, very little attention has been paid to... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48730538" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Fungicides are widely used in agriculture, and released in large amounts to the environment. Methods used for antifungal susceptibility testing are cumbersome and time-consuming. As a result, very little attention has been paid to including fungal tests in the routine screening of pesticides and there are no reports in the literature of fungicide focussed effects directed analysis (EDA). In addition very little is known on the toxicity of fungicides to environmentally significant fungi. Here we report a rapid microplate-based resorufin fluorescence inhibition bioassay and compare it with a 24 h microplate-based yeast growth inhibition bioassay using eight fungicides. The growth inhibition bioassay was sensitive, giving IC50 and IC90 values comparable to previously reported IC50 or MICs of these fungicides for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi. The resorufin fluorescence inhibition bioassay was both faster and more sensitive than the growth inhibition bioassay. Inhibitory concentrations obtained just after 30 min of incubation with amphotericin B (AMB) and captan were at least a hundred fold lower than IC50s in the literature for fungi. The fluorescence bioassay showed only a small response to pyrazophos and thiabendazole but these only inhibited growth at high concentrations so this may reflect low sensitivity of S. cerevisiae to these particular fungicides. This bioassay can detect toxic effects of a range of fungicides from different chemical classes with different modes of action. It will be valuable for screening chemical libraries for fungicides and as a biomarker for detecting the effects of fungicides to non-target fungi.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48730538" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="e0a177a969f061f2dadf3fc79a20bd8b" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":67204525,"asset_id":48730538,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67204525/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="40616604" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaFai">Patricia Fai</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="40616604" type="text/json">{"id":40616604,"first_name":"Patricia","last_name":"Fai","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PatriciaFai","display_name":"Patricia Fai","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaFai?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40616604/13828669/14918669/s65_patricia.fai.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48730538 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48730538"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48730538, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48730538", }); 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Methods used for antifungal susceptibility testing are cumbersome and time-consuming. As a result, very little attention has been paid to including fungal tests in the routine screening of pesticides and there are no reports in the literature of fungicide focussed effects directed analysis (EDA). In addition very little is known on the toxicity of fungicides to environmentally significant fungi. Here we report a rapid microplate-based resorufin fluorescence inhibition bioassay and compare it with a 24 h microplate-based yeast growth inhibition bioassay using eight fungicides. The growth inhibition bioassay was sensitive, giving IC50 and IC90 values comparable to previously reported IC50 or MICs of these fungicides for Saccharomyces cerevisiae and other fungi. The resorufin fluorescence inhibition bioassay was both faster and more sensitive than the growth inhibition bioassay. Inhibitory concentrations obtained just after 30 min of incubation with amphotericin B (AMB) and captan were at least a hundred fold lower than IC50s in the literature for fungi. The fluorescence bioassay showed only a small response to pyrazophos and thiabendazole but these only inhibited growth at high concentrations so this may reflect low sensitivity of S. cerevisiae to these particular fungicides. This bioassay can detect toxic effects of a range of fungicides from different chemical classes with different modes of action. It will be valuable for screening chemical libraries for fungicides and as a biomarker for detecting the effects of fungicides to non-target fungi.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67204525,"asset_id":48730538,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":40616604,"first_name":"Patricia","last_name":"Fai","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PatriciaFai","display_name":"Patricia Fai","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PatriciaFai?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/40616604/13828669/14918669/s65_patricia.fai.jpg"}],"research_interests":[{"id":2923,"name":"Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Methodology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":4552,"name":"Ecotoxicology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecotoxicology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":7698,"name":"Fluorescence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fluorescence?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":16664,"name":"Risk assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_assessment?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":28850,"name":"Linear models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Linear_models?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":49123,"name":"Saccharomyces cerevisiae","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":50711,"name":"Risk Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Analysis?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":63353,"name":"Identification","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Identification?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":74341,"name":"Fungicides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":140708,"name":"Bioassay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioassay?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":331187,"name":"Mode of action","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mode_of_action?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":413195,"name":"Time Factors","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Time_Factors?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":622589,"name":"Risk Assessment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Assessment-2?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":769359,"name":"Growth Inhibition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Growth_Inhibition?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1109769,"name":"Biological Assay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Assay?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3840259,"name":"Oxazines","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxazines?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_48064742" data-work_id="48064742" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48064742/Gas_chromatographic_determination_of_azoxystrobin_fluazinam_kresoxim_methyl_mepanipyrim_and_tetraconazole_in_grapes_must_and_wine">Gas chromatographic determination of azoxystrobin, fluazinam, kresoxim-methyl, mepanipyrim, and tetraconazole in grapes, must, and wine</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Azoxystrobin, fluazinam, kresoxim-methyl, mepanipyrim, and tetraconazole were determined in grapes, must, and wine by a gas chromatographic method with nitrogen-phosphorus (NP) and mass spectrometric (MS) detectors. Pesticides were... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_48064742" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Azoxystrobin, fluazinam, kresoxim-methyl, mepanipyrim, and tetraconazole were determined in grapes, must, and wine by a gas chromatographic method with nitrogen-phosphorus (NP) and mass spectrometric (MS) detectors. Pesticides were isolated from the matrixes by online microextraction with acetone-hexane (50 + 50, v/v). Because of the high selectivity of NP and MS detectors, no interferent peaks were present and no cleanup was necessary. Recoveries from fortified grapes, must, and wine ranged from 80 to 111%, with coefficients of variation ranging from 1 to 14%. Limits of determination were 0.05 mg/kg for kresoxim-methyl and 0.10 mg/kg for the other compounds.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/48064742" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="d95f06553d2aa7d4e39aafc0b0af8a6c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":66870456,"asset_id":48064742,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/66870456/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="39053532" href="https://independent.academia.edu/VincenzoBrandolini">Vincenzo Brandolini</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="39053532" type="text/json">{"id":39053532,"first_name":"Vincenzo","last_name":"Brandolini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VincenzoBrandolini","display_name":"Vincenzo Brandolini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VincenzoBrandolini?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_48064742 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="48064742"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48064742, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_48064742", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48064742]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_48064742").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_48064742").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="48064742"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">12</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="524" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry">Analytical Chemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="524" type="text/json">{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry">Mass Spectrometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5769" type="text/json">{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37306" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_Control">Quality Control</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="37306" type="text/json">{"id":37306,"name":"Quality Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_Control?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="37434" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_analysis">Quantitative analysis</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="37434" type="text/json">{"id":37434,"name":"Quantitative analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_analysis?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=48064742]'), work: {"id":48064742,"title":"Gas chromatographic determination of azoxystrobin, fluazinam, kresoxim-methyl, mepanipyrim, and tetraconazole in grapes, must, and wine","created_at":"2021-05-04T00:15:44.928-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/48064742/Gas_chromatographic_determination_of_azoxystrobin_fluazinam_kresoxim_methyl_mepanipyrim_and_tetraconazole_in_grapes_must_and_wine?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_48064742","summary":"Azoxystrobin, fluazinam, kresoxim-methyl, mepanipyrim, and tetraconazole were determined in grapes, must, and wine by a gas chromatographic method with nitrogen-phosphorus (NP) and mass spectrometric (MS) detectors. Pesticides were isolated from the matrixes by online microextraction with acetone-hexane (50 + 50, v/v). Because of the high selectivity of NP and MS detectors, no interferent peaks were present and no cleanup was necessary. Recoveries from fortified grapes, must, and wine ranged from 80 to 111%, with coefficients of variation ranging from 1 to 14%. Limits of determination were 0.05 mg/kg for kresoxim-methyl and 0.10 mg/kg for the other compounds.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":66870456,"asset_id":48064742,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":39053532,"first_name":"Vincenzo","last_name":"Brandolini","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"VincenzoBrandolini","display_name":"Vincenzo Brandolini","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/VincenzoBrandolini?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":524,"name":"Analytical Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Analytical_Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":37306,"name":"Quality Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quality_Control?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":37434,"name":"Quantitative analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_analysis?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":38516,"name":"Wine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wine?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":166448,"name":"Gas Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":529560,"name":"Gas Chromatography/mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography_mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":573653,"name":"Food Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":641216,"name":"Quantitative Analysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Quantitative_Analysis-1?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_72244322" data-work_id="72244322" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/72244322/Actividad_Antif%C3%BAngica_de_Aceites_Esenciales_de_Canela_Cinnamomum_zeylanicum_Blume_y_Or%C3%A9gano_Origanum_vulgare_L_y_su_Efecto_sobre_la_Producci%C3%B3n_de_">Actividad Antifúngica de Aceites Esenciales de Canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) y Orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) y su Efecto sobre la Producción de …</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList 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data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="486539" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Micotoxins">Micotoxins</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="486539" type="text/json">{"id":486539,"name":"Micotoxins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Micotoxins?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2736405" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide">Fungicide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2736405" type="text/json">{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=72244322]'), work: {"id":72244322,"title":"Actividad Antifúngica de Aceites Esenciales de Canela (Cinnamomum zeylanicum Blume) y Orégano (Origanum vulgare L.) y su Efecto sobre la Producción de …","created_at":"2022-02-22T10:32:41.672-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/72244322/Actividad_Antif%C3%BAngica_de_Aceites_Esenciales_de_Canela_Cinnamomum_zeylanicum_Blume_y_Or%C3%A9gano_Origanum_vulgare_L_y_su_Efecto_sobre_la_Producci%C3%B3n_de_?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_72244322","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81249129,"asset_id":72244322,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":4567415,"first_name":"Martha Yolanda","last_name":"Quezada Viay","domain_name":"unam1","page_name":"MarthaYolandaQuezadaViay","display_name":"Martha Yolanda Quezada Viay","profile_url":"https://unam1.academia.edu/MarthaYolandaQuezadaViay?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":486539,"name":"Micotoxins","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Micotoxins?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_69505502" data-work_id="69505502" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/69505502/Integrated_Control_of_Powdery_Mildew_on_Field_grown_Mango_Trees_by_Foliar_Sprays_of_Mono_potassium_Phosphate_Fertilizer_Sterol_Inhibitor_Fungicides_and_the_Strobilurin_Kresoxym_methyl">Integrated Control of Powdery Mildew on Field-grown Mango Trees by Foliar Sprays of Mono-potassium Phosphate Fertilizer, Sterol Inhibitor Fungicides and the Strobilurin Kresoxym-methyl</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/69505502" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="bc8cfd9855de08395977b06405b65379" 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{"id":69505502,"title":"Integrated Control of Powdery Mildew on Field-grown Mango Trees by Foliar Sprays of Mono-potassium Phosphate Fertilizer, Sterol Inhibitor Fungicides and the Strobilurin Kresoxym-methyl","created_at":"2022-01-26T10:46:17.930-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/69505502/Integrated_Control_of_Powdery_Mildew_on_Field_grown_Mango_Trees_by_Foliar_Sprays_of_Mono_potassium_Phosphate_Fertilizer_Sterol_Inhibitor_Fungicides_and_the_Strobilurin_Kresoxym_methyl?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_69505502","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":79577293,"asset_id":69505502,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":211460711,"first_name":"Moshe","last_name":"Reuveni","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MosheReuveni","display_name":"Moshe Reuveni","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MosheReuveni?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":23516,"name":"Integrated Pest Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_Pest_Management?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":148391,"name":"Field Experiment","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Field_Experiment?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":160656,"name":"Potassium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potassium?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":173357,"name":"Disease Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_Control?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":418603,"name":"Integrated Motion Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Integrated_Motion_Control?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":553606,"name":"Powdery Mildew","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Powdery_Mildew?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":758278,"name":"Large Scale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Large_Scale?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":783432,"name":"Biological activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_activity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1467864,"name":"Oidium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oidium?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2142568,"name":"Thallophyta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thallophyta?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3574456,"name":"Plant Leaf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Leaf?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_64258502" data-work_id="64258502" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64258502/Photodegradation_of_malachite_green_under_natural_sunlight_irradiation_Kinetic_and_toxicity_of_the_transformation_products">Photodegradation of malachite green under natural sunlight irradiation: Kinetic and toxicity of the transformation products</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This article describes the photolytic degradation of malachite green (MG), a cationic triphenylmethane dye used worldwide as a fungicide and antiseptic in the aquaculture industry. Photolysis experiments were performed by direct exposure... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_64258502" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This article describes the photolytic degradation of malachite green (MG), a cationic triphenylmethane dye used worldwide as a fungicide and antiseptic in the aquaculture industry. Photolysis experiments were performed by direct exposure of a solution of MG in water to natural sunlight. The main transformation products (TPs) generated during the process were identified by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The 28 TPs identified with this strategy indicate that MG undergoes three main reactions, N-demethylation, hydroxylation and cleavage of the conjugated structure forming benzophenone derivatives. These processes involve hydroxyl radical attack on the phenyl ring, the N,N-dimethylamine group and the central carbon atom. The Vibrio fischeri acute toxicity test showed that the solution remains toxic after MG has completely disappeared. This toxicity could be assigned, at least in part, to the formation of 4-(dimethylamine)benzophenone, which has an EC 50,30 min of 0.061 mg l À1 , and is considered ''very toxic to aquatic organisms'' by current EU legislation.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/64258502" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="2ac3ae8b757dd49c76c37862dddbadb7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":76375935,"asset_id":64258502,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/76375935/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="38729891" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AAg%C3%BCera">A. 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Photolysis experiments were performed by direct exposure of a solution of MG in water to natural sunlight. The main transformation products (TPs) generated during the process were identified by liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The 28 TPs identified with this strategy indicate that MG undergoes three main reactions, N-demethylation, hydroxylation and cleavage of the conjugated structure forming benzophenone derivatives. These processes involve hydroxyl radical attack on the phenyl ring, the N,N-dimethylamine group and the central carbon atom. The Vibrio fischeri acute toxicity test showed that the solution remains toxic after MG has completely disappeared. This toxicity could be assigned, at least in part, to the formation of 4-(dimethylamine)benzophenone, which has an EC 50,30 min of 0.061 mg l À1 , and is considered ''very toxic to aquatic organisms'' by current EU legislation.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":76375935,"asset_id":64258502,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":38729891,"first_name":"A.","last_name":"Agüera","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"AAgüera","display_name":"A. Agüera","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/AAg%C3%BCera?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":523,"name":"Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":4987,"name":"Kinetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kinetics?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":9043,"name":"Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Performance?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":23848,"name":"Aquaculture","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aquaculture?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":88815,"name":"Legislation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Legislation?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":113903,"name":"Bacteria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bacteria?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":140708,"name":"Bioassay","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioassay?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":158914,"name":"Luminescence","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Luminescence?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":166448,"name":"Gas Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gas_Chromatography?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":398287,"name":"Liquid Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liquid_Chromatography?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":980394,"name":"Acute Toxicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Acute_Toxicity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1030794,"name":"Hydrolysis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrolysis?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1744038,"name":"Aliivibrio fischeri","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aliivibrio_fischeri?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3724233,"name":"Hydroxyl Radical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydroxyl_Radical?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3849022,"name":"Malachite green","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Malachite_green?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_61245620" data-work_id="61245620" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/61245620/Effects_of_Soil_Water_Content_and_Soil_Temperature_on_Efficacy_of_Metham_Sodium_Against_Verticillium_dahliae">Effects of Soil Water Content and Soil Temperature on Efficacy of Metham-Sodium Against Verticillium dahliae</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Soil column studies were conducted to investigate the influence of soil water content and temperature on the efficacy of metham-sodium and its degradation product methyl isothiocyanate against Verticillium dahliae. The viability of the... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_61245620" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Soil column studies were conducted to investigate the influence of soil water content and temperature on the efficacy of metham-sodium and its degradation product methyl isothiocyanate against Verticillium dahliae. The viability of the microsclerotia (MS) of the fungus in the top 30 cm of fumigated and control columns was measured. Temperatures for studies were 2 or 22°C, and the soil water content, expressed as soil matric potential, varied from -23 (wet), -113 (moist), to -2485 J/kg (dry). There was a significant interaction of soil water content and temperature on the efficacy of metham-sodium against V. dahliae MS. For the low soil temperature (2°C) the fumigant was more effective against MS of the fungus in wet than in moist or dry soil Soil water content did not affect fungicidal activity of metham-sodium when the soil columns were maintained at 22°C. These results suggest that the fumigant has a greater efficacy against V. dahliae in wet/cold soil conditions compared to the o...</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/61245620" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="8d1e6cc9729a067e4eda0485eeeecce3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":74342438,"asset_id":61245620,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/74342438/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="63815888" href="https://independent.academia.edu/IbrahimSaeed10">Ibrahim Saeed</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="63815888" type="text/json">{"id":63815888,"first_name":"Ibrahim","last_name":"Saeed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IbrahimSaeed10","display_name":"Ibrahim Saeed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IbrahimSaeed10?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_61245620 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="61245620"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 61245620, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_61245620", }); 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The viability of the microsclerotia (MS) of the fungus in the top 30 cm of fumigated and control columns was measured. Temperatures for studies were 2 or 22°C, and the soil water content, expressed as soil matric potential, varied from -23 (wet), -113 (moist), to -2485 J/kg (dry). There was a significant interaction of soil water content and temperature on the efficacy of metham-sodium against V. dahliae MS. For the low soil temperature (2°C) the fumigant was more effective against MS of the fungus in wet than in moist or dry soil Soil water content did not affect fungicidal activity of metham-sodium when the soil columns were maintained at 22°C. These results suggest that the fumigant has a greater efficacy against V. dahliae in wet/cold soil conditions compared to the o...","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":74342438,"asset_id":61245620,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":63815888,"first_name":"Ibrahim","last_name":"Saeed","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"IbrahimSaeed10","display_name":"Ibrahim Saeed","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/IbrahimSaeed10?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":133177,"name":"Temperature","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Temperature?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":560410,"name":"Plant 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Morphological Deformities and Moulting Alterations in Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) Juveniles Exposed to the Triazole-Derivative Fungicide Tilt</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/54657205" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b8401d051b89ad0cd3a6291e500a3621" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70917343,"asset_id":54657205,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button 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Tilt","created_at":"2021-10-01T10:04:33.597-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/54657205/Induction_of_Morphological_Deformities_and_Moulting_Alterations_in_Litopenaeus_vannamei_Boone_Juveniles_Exposed_to_the_Triazole_Derivative_Fungicide_Tilt?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_54657205","summary":null,"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70917343,"asset_id":54657205,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":117117,"first_name":"Fernando","last_name":"González-Farias","domain_name":"unam","page_name":"FernandoGonzálezFarias","display_name":"Fernando 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href="https://www.academia.edu/35473005/Improved_control_of_moldy_core_decay_Alternaria_alternata_in_Red_Delicious_apple_fruit_by_mixtures_of_DMI_fungicides_and_captan">Improved control of moldy-core decay (Alternaria alternata) in Red Delicious apple fruit by mixtures of DMI fungicides and captan</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The sterol biosynthesis inhibitors bromuconazole and difenoconazole and tank mixes of each fungicide with captan were applied to apples and evaluated as controls for moldy-core and fruit decay caused by Alternaria alternata. Effectiveness... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_35473005" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The sterol biosynthesis inhibitors bromuconazole and difenoconazole and tank mixes of each fungicide with captan were applied to apples and evaluated as controls for moldy-core and fruit decay caused by Alternaria alternata. Effectiveness of a mixture of bromuconazole and captan in controlling colonization by the fungus was also evaluated. Decay formation by A. alternata on mature detached fruits was partially inhibited by bromuconazole at 0.5 mg ml À1 and was completely inhibited at 50 mg ml À1 ; it was significantly affected by either bromoconazole at 5 mg ml À1 or captan at 1,250 mg ml À1 , and was completely inhibited by their mixture. In general, three foliar applications of bromuconazole or difenoconazole in the field, during the bloom period, reduced the numbers of infected fruits by 40-60% compared with untreated control trees. However, tank mixes of either fungicide with captan improved control of moldy-core in fruits at harvest. Tank mixtures of bromuconazole and captan also significantly reduced the percentage of fruits colonized by A. alternata when sampled at various days after full bloom. Artificial inoculations in the orchard at full bloom did not change the inhibitory effects of the tank mixtures. Large-scale demonstration trials in commercial orchards supported these findings. The inhibitory effects of tank mixes on decay development in detached fruits, and on moldy-core in the field indicate that a control programme based on mixtures of either bromuconazole or difenoconazole with captan during the bloom period can effectively reduce moldy-core on Red Delicious apples.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/35473005" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="b2cd2f49527337eb92235d196fbf4f13" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":55335469,"asset_id":35473005,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55335469/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="41656689" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DovPrusky">Dov Prusky</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="41656689" type="text/json">{"id":41656689,"first_name":"Dov","last_name":"Prusky","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DovPrusky","display_name":"Dov Prusky","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DovPrusky?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_35473005 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="35473005"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35473005, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_35473005", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35473005]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_35473005").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_35473005").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="35473005"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">9</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="159" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology">Microbiology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="159" type="text/json">{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5541" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology">Plant Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5541" type="text/json">{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="65590" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide">Pesticide</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="65590" type="text/json">{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="85437" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides">Pesticides</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="85437" type="text/json">{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=35473005]'), work: {"id":35473005,"title":"Improved control of moldy-core decay (Alternaria alternata) in Red Delicious apple fruit by mixtures of DMI fungicides and captan","created_at":"2017-12-19T21:56:25.601-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/35473005/Improved_control_of_moldy_core_decay_Alternaria_alternata_in_Red_Delicious_apple_fruit_by_mixtures_of_DMI_fungicides_and_captan?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_35473005","summary":"The sterol biosynthesis inhibitors bromuconazole and difenoconazole and tank mixes of each fungicide with captan were applied to apples and evaluated as controls for moldy-core and fruit decay caused by Alternaria alternata. Effectiveness of a mixture of bromuconazole and captan in controlling colonization by the fungus was also evaluated. Decay formation by A. alternata on mature detached fruits was partially inhibited by bromuconazole at 0.5 mg ml À1 and was completely inhibited at 50 mg ml À1 ; it was significantly affected by either bromoconazole at 5 mg ml À1 or captan at 1,250 mg ml À1 , and was completely inhibited by their mixture. In general, three foliar applications of bromuconazole or difenoconazole in the field, during the bloom period, reduced the numbers of infected fruits by 40-60% compared with untreated control trees. However, tank mixes of either fungicide with captan improved control of moldy-core in fruits at harvest. Tank mixtures of bromuconazole and captan also significantly reduced the percentage of fruits colonized by A. alternata when sampled at various days after full bloom. Artificial inoculations in the orchard at full bloom did not change the inhibitory effects of the tank mixtures. Large-scale demonstration trials in commercial orchards supported these findings. The inhibitory effects of tank mixes on decay development in detached fruits, and on moldy-core in the field indicate that a control programme based on mixtures of either bromuconazole or difenoconazole with captan during the bloom period can effectively reduce moldy-core on Red Delicious apples.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55335469,"asset_id":35473005,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":41656689,"first_name":"Dov","last_name":"Prusky","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"DovPrusky","display_name":"Dov Prusky","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DovPrusky?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159,"name":"Microbiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Microbiology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":5541,"name":"Plant Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":106562,"name":"Plant","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":624980,"name":"Plant Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Pathology?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":758278,"name":"Large Scale","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Large_Scale?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2142568,"name":"Thallophyta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thallophyta?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_34026597 coauthored" data-work_id="34026597" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34026597/Evaluating_the_risk_of_pesticide_exposure_for_amphibian_species_listed_in_Annex_II_of_the_European_Union_Habitats_Directive">Evaluating the risk of pesticide exposure for amphibian species listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Environmental contaminants like pesticides concern amphibian conservationists. For many European amphibian species, special areas of conservation were created as they are listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. Agriculture is not... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_34026597" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Environmental contaminants like pesticides concern amphibian conservationists. For many European amphibian species, special areas of conservation were created as they are listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. Agriculture is not prohibited within these conservation areas. In the present study, a risk evaluation at the European level was conducted to identify proportions of land use with regular pesticide applications within the conservation areas and the specific risk of pesticide exposure depending on the species' biology and ecology. The proportion of agricultural land use and the risk of habitat and individual contamination differ among species but also at national scale. Nearly all species with high risk of habitat pesticide exposure are not threatened within their entire territories and Europe. Conversely, most globally threatened and European priority species are at a lower exposure risk in their habitatswith the exceptions Rana latastei, Pelobates fuscus insubricus, Triturus dobrogicus and Discoglossus jeanneae. In the conservation areas for these species, Habitat Directive management plans need to consider monitoring of habitat contamination with pesticides. Such a monitoring should also be conducted in conservation areas for amphibians that seem to be not threatened yet but are at high exposure risk, e.g. Bombina bombina. Monitoring and conservation action should also take place site-specifically to avoid national or regional loss of amphibian biodiversity. Overall, intensive use of agrochemicals and recent land use changes have the potential to be a serious threat for amphibian species, which can be found within cultivated areas -regardless of their current IUCN status.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/34026597" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="54f8536cc9d4c1d26cbcbcd36fea2f8e" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":53968490,"asset_id":34026597,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/53968490/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="66702499" href="https://uni-koblenz.academia.edu/CarstenBruhl">Carsten Bruhl</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="66702499" type="text/json">{"id":66702499,"first_name":"Carsten","last_name":"Bruhl","domain_name":"uni-koblenz","page_name":"CarstenBruhl","display_name":"Carsten Bruhl","profile_url":"https://uni-koblenz.academia.edu/CarstenBruhl?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span><span class="u-displayInlineBlock InlineList-item-text"> and <span class="u-textDecorationUnderline u-clickable InlineList-item-text js-work-more-authors-34026597">+1</span><div class="hidden js-additional-users-34026597"><div><span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a href="https://independent.academia.edu/PLenhardt">P. Lenhardt</a></span></div></div></span><script>(function(){ var popoverSettings = { el: $('.js-work-more-authors-34026597'), placement: 'bottom', hide_delay: 200, html: true, content: function(){ return $('.js-additional-users-34026597').html(); } } new HoverPopover(popoverSettings); })();</script></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_34026597 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="34026597"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 34026597, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_34026597", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_34026597 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34026597; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_34026597"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_34026597 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="34026597"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 34026597; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=34026597]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_34026597").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_34026597").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="34026597"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26747" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IUCN">IUCN</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26747" type="text/json">{"id":26747,"name":"IUCN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IUCN?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="58054" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences">Environmental Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="58054" type="text/json">{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="78624" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Conservation">Biological Conservation</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="78624" type="text/json">{"id":78624,"name":"Biological Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Conservation?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=34026597]'), work: {"id":34026597,"title":"Evaluating the risk of pesticide exposure for amphibian species listed in Annex II of the European Union Habitats Directive","created_at":"2017-07-25T00:07:12.820-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/34026597/Evaluating_the_risk_of_pesticide_exposure_for_amphibian_species_listed_in_Annex_II_of_the_European_Union_Habitats_Directive?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_34026597","summary":"Environmental contaminants like pesticides concern amphibian conservationists. For many European amphibian species, special areas of conservation were created as they are listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats Directive. Agriculture is not prohibited within these conservation areas. In the present study, a risk evaluation at the European level was conducted to identify proportions of land use with regular pesticide applications within the conservation areas and the specific risk of pesticide exposure depending on the species' biology and ecology. The proportion of agricultural land use and the risk of habitat and individual contamination differ among species but also at national scale. Nearly all species with high risk of habitat pesticide exposure are not threatened within their entire territories and Europe. Conversely, most globally threatened and European priority species are at a lower exposure risk in their habitatswith the exceptions Rana latastei, Pelobates fuscus insubricus, Triturus dobrogicus and Discoglossus jeanneae. In the conservation areas for these species, Habitat Directive management plans need to consider monitoring of habitat contamination with pesticides. Such a monitoring should also be conducted in conservation areas for amphibians that seem to be not threatened yet but are at high exposure risk, e.g. Bombina bombina. Monitoring and conservation action should also take place site-specifically to avoid national or regional loss of amphibian biodiversity. Overall, intensive use of agrochemicals and recent land use changes have the potential to be a serious threat for amphibian species, which can be found within cultivated areas -regardless of their current IUCN status.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":53968490,"asset_id":34026597,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":66702499,"first_name":"Carsten","last_name":"Bruhl","domain_name":"uni-koblenz","page_name":"CarstenBruhl","display_name":"Carsten Bruhl","profile_url":"https://uni-koblenz.academia.edu/CarstenBruhl?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"},{"id":66893660,"first_name":"P.","last_name":"Lenhardt","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"PLenhardt","display_name":"P. Lenhardt","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/PLenhardt?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":26747,"name":"IUCN","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/IUCN?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":58054,"name":"Environmental Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sciences?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":78624,"name":"Biological Conservation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Conservation?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":146941,"name":"Red List","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Red_List?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_80829918" data-work_id="80829918" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/80829918/Enhancement_of_natural_disease_resistance_in_potatoes_by_chemicals">Enhancement of natural disease resistance in potatoes by chemicals</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The mechanism involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) can be non-specifically induced in susceptible plants. In response to pathogens,... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_80829918" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The mechanism involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) can be non-specifically induced in susceptible plants. In response to pathogens, plants&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; natural defence mechanisms include the production of lignin and phytoalexins and the induction of plant enzymes. The aim of this research was to study the induction of SAR mediated by the chemical activator DL-3-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and the fungicide fosetyl-aluminium in potato cultivars with different levels of resistance against Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary. To study the chemical induction of the resistance, the foliage of several potato cultivars was sprayed with BABA, fosetyl-aluminium or water (as a control treatment). After 3 days the foliage was inoculated with P. infestans. Seven days after inoculation, development of disease symptoms in the foliage was assessed. In postharvest tuber samples, evidence for enhancement of the defence response was evaluated by measuring the protein content of several hydrolytic enzymes as well as the phenol and phytoalexin content. The highest level of protection against late blight was observed when the chemicals were applied at early stages of crop development. An increase in resistance to late blight was also detected in tubers after harvest. There was also an increase in the protein level of beta-1,3-glucanase and aspartic protease as well as in the phenol and phytoalexin content of potato tuber discs obtained from postharvest tubers of treated plants. Thus the protective effect seemed to persist throughout the whole crop cycle. This treatment may offer the possibility of controlling both foliage and tuber blight and could have a major impact in reducing over-winter survival of P. infestans in tubers.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/80829918" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="45252540" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ErikaWolski">Erika Wolski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="45252540" type="text/json">{"id":45252540,"first_name":"Erika","last_name":"Wolski","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ErikaWolski","display_name":"Erika Wolski","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ErikaWolski?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_80829918 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="80829918"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 80829918, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_80829918", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_80829918 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80829918; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_80829918"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_80829918 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="80829918"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 80829918; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=80829918]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_80829918").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_80829918").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="80829918"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">20</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="4306" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pest_Management">Pest Management</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="4306" type="text/json">{"id":4306,"name":"Pest Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pest_Management?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="26327" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine">Medicine</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="26327" type="text/json">{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="41418" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potato">Potato</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="41418" type="text/json">{"id":41418,"name":"Potato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potato?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=80829918]'), work: {"id":80829918,"title":"Enhancement of natural disease resistance in potatoes by chemicals","created_at":"2022-06-06T06:40:42.993-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/80829918/Enhancement_of_natural_disease_resistance_in_potatoes_by_chemicals?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_80829918","summary":"The mechanism involved in systemic acquired resistance (SAR) can be non-specifically induced in susceptible plants. In response to pathogens, plants\u0026amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; natural defence mechanisms include the production of lignin and phytoalexins and the induction of plant enzymes. The aim of this research was to study the induction of SAR mediated by the chemical activator DL-3-aminobutyric acid (BABA) and the fungicide fosetyl-aluminium in potato cultivars with different levels of resistance against Phytophthora infestans (Mont) de Bary. To study the chemical induction of the resistance, the foliage of several potato cultivars was sprayed with BABA, fosetyl-aluminium or water (as a control treatment). After 3 days the foliage was inoculated with P. infestans. Seven days after inoculation, development of disease symptoms in the foliage was assessed. In postharvest tuber samples, evidence for enhancement of the defence response was evaluated by measuring the protein content of several hydrolytic enzymes as well as the phenol and phytoalexin content. The highest level of protection against late blight was observed when the chemicals were applied at early stages of crop development. An increase in resistance to late blight was also detected in tubers after harvest. There was also an increase in the protein level of beta-1,3-glucanase and aspartic protease as well as in the phenol and phytoalexin content of potato tuber discs obtained from postharvest tubers of treated plants. Thus the protective effect seemed to persist throughout the whole crop cycle. This treatment may offer the possibility of controlling both foliage and tuber blight and could have a major impact in reducing over-winter survival of P. infestans in tubers.","downloadable_attachments":[],"ordered_authors":[{"id":45252540,"first_name":"Erika","last_name":"Wolski","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"ErikaWolski","display_name":"Erika Wolski","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/ErikaWolski?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4306,"name":"Pest Management","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pest_Management?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":41418,"name":"Potato","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Potato?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":65590,"name":"Pesticide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":66973,"name":"Plant diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_diseases?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":85437,"name":"Pesticides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pesticides?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":105062,"name":"Disease resistance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Disease_resistance?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":198061,"name":"Organophosphorus Compounds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organophosphorus_Compounds?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":219723,"name":"Phenol","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phenol?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":235081,"name":"Phytophthora","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytophthora?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":354056,"name":"Plant extracts","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_extracts?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":577933,"name":"Genetic variation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetic_variation?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":957793,"name":"Pathogenicity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pathogenicity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":996448,"name":"Leaves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Leaves?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":998113,"name":"Cultivars","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cultivars?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1279211,"name":"Pest Management Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Pest_Management_Science?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1905343,"name":"Plant Leaves","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Leaves?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1957240,"name":"ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND MANAGEMENT","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/ENVIRONMENTAL_SCIENCE_AND_MANAGEMENT?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_75325920" data-work_id="75325920" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/75325920/Legacy_source_of_mercury_in_an_urban_stream_wetland_ecosystem_in_central_North_Carolina_USA">Legacy source of mercury in an urban stream–wetland ecosystem in central North Carolina, USA</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">h i g h l i g h t s Runoff collected from university catchment is discharged to a stream-wetland ecosystem. Hg concentrations documented in water, soil, and sediment samples. Phenylmercury and methylmercury detected in soil and sediments.... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_75325920" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">h i g h l i g h t s Runoff collected from university catchment is discharged to a stream-wetland ecosystem. Hg concentrations documented in water, soil, and sediment samples. Phenylmercury and methylmercury detected in soil and sediments. Phenylmercury historically used as an anti-fungal agent, e.g., in seed treatment. Historically used Hg compounds could be a source of non-point Hg to watersheds.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/75325920" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="7a3500e5f9f9ac33f18a64f6a0597107" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":83139095,"asset_id":75325920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83139095/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="55799360" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CurtisRichardson1">Curtis Richardson</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="55799360" type="text/json">{"id":55799360,"first_name":"Curtis","last_name":"Richardson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CurtisRichardson1","display_name":"Curtis Richardson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CurtisRichardson1?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_75325920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="75325920"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 75325920, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_75325920", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_75325920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75325920; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_75325920"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_75325920 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="75325920"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 75325920; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=75325920]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_75325920").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_75325920").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="75325920"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">16</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="402" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science">Environmental Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="402" type="text/json">{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1605" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil">Soil</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1605" type="text/json">{"id":1605,"name":"Soil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2461" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetlands">Wetlands</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="2461" type="text/json">{"id":2461,"name":"Wetlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetlands?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="12653" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rivers">Rivers</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="12653" type="text/json">{"id":12653,"name":"Rivers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rivers?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=75325920]'), work: {"id":75325920,"title":"Legacy source of mercury in an urban stream–wetland ecosystem in central North Carolina, USA","created_at":"2022-04-03T08:56:23.481-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/75325920/Legacy_source_of_mercury_in_an_urban_stream_wetland_ecosystem_in_central_North_Carolina_USA?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_75325920","summary":"h i g h l i g h t s Runoff collected from university catchment is discharged to a stream-wetland ecosystem. Hg concentrations documented in water, soil, and sediment samples. Phenylmercury and methylmercury detected in soil and sediments. Phenylmercury historically used as an anti-fungal agent, e.g., in seed treatment. Historically used Hg compounds could be a source of non-point Hg to watersheds.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":83139095,"asset_id":75325920,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":55799360,"first_name":"Curtis","last_name":"Richardson","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CurtisRichardson1","display_name":"Curtis Richardson","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CurtisRichardson1?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":402,"name":"Environmental Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Science?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":1605,"name":"Soil","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":2461,"name":"Wetlands","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetlands?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":12653,"name":"Rivers","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rivers?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":21310,"name":"Urbanization","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urbanization?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":26327,"name":"Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":28235,"name":"Multidisciplinary","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Multidisciplinary?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":83587,"name":"Wetland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wetland?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":90017,"name":"Mercury","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mercury?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":93353,"name":"North Carolina","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/North_Carolina?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":343667,"name":"Theoretical Models","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Theoretical_Models?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":373754,"name":"Ecosystem","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecosystem?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":854278,"name":"Organomercury Compounds","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organomercury_Compounds?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1150779,"name":"Urban Runoff","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Urban_Runoff?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1365470,"name":"Soil Pollutants","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Soil_Pollutants?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_73445208" data-work_id="73445208" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/73445208/The_changes_of_some_physiological_parameters_in_Prussian_carp_under_the_action_of_the_Tilt_fungicide">The changes of some physiological parameters in Prussian carp under the action of the Tilt fungicide</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Lately, the chemical means of plant protection are expanding so fast that they are overgrowing the research possibilities that want not only to prove their efficiency, but also the way in which the integrity of natural environment is... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_73445208" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Lately, the chemical means of plant protection are expanding so fast that they are overgrowing the research possibilities that want not only to prove their efficiency, but also the way in which the integrity of natural environment is ensured. In this paper we study the action of such a product-the Tilt fungicide (the active substance is the propiconazole), under different concentration (0.265, 0.53, 1.06, 2.12 and 4.14 mg /l water) on some physiological parameters (oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, glycaemia and the number of erythrocytes) on prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch). In all the researched concentrations, the propiconazole modified the values of physiological parameters.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/73445208" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="883162142d2c5c3ef1af9ddb0e329334" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":81964995,"asset_id":73445208,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/81964995/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="77322652" href="https://independent.academia.edu/CPonepal">Cristina Ponepal</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="77322652" type="text/json">{"id":77322652,"first_name":"Cristina","last_name":"Ponepal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CPonepal","display_name":"Cristina Ponepal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CPonepal?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_73445208 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="73445208"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 73445208, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_73445208", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=73445208]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_73445208").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_73445208").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="73445208"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">6</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1035" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Science">Animal Science</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1035" type="text/json">{"id":1035,"name":"Animal Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Science?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="74341" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicides">Fungicides</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="74341" type="text/json">{"id":74341,"name":"Fungicides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicides?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="82174" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University">University</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="82174" type="text/json">{"id":82174,"name":"University","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=73445208]'), work: {"id":73445208,"title":"The changes of some physiological parameters in Prussian carp under the action of the Tilt fungicide","created_at":"2022-03-09T22:51:14.172-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/73445208/The_changes_of_some_physiological_parameters_in_Prussian_carp_under_the_action_of_the_Tilt_fungicide?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_73445208","summary":"Lately, the chemical means of plant protection are expanding so fast that they are overgrowing the research possibilities that want not only to prove their efficiency, but also the way in which the integrity of natural environment is ensured. In this paper we study the action of such a product-the Tilt fungicide (the active substance is the propiconazole), under different concentration (0.265, 0.53, 1.06, 2.12 and 4.14 mg /l water) on some physiological parameters (oxygen consumption, breathing frequency, glycaemia and the number of erythrocytes) on prussian carp (Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch). In all the researched concentrations, the propiconazole modified the values of physiological parameters.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":81964995,"asset_id":73445208,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":77322652,"first_name":"Cristina","last_name":"Ponepal","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"CPonepal","display_name":"Cristina Ponepal","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/CPonepal?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1035,"name":"Animal Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Animal_Science?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":74341,"name":"Fungicides","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicides?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":82174,"name":"University","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/University?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":202428,"name":"Respiration","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Respiration?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_71483536" data-work_id="71483536" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71483536/Efficacy_of_Foliar_Spray_with_Seven_Fungicides_and_a_Botanical_to_Control_Scab_Elsinoe_fawcettii_and_Dieback_Colletotrichum_gloeosporioides_Diseases_of_Lemon">Efficacy of Foliar Spray with Seven Fungicides and a Botanical to Control Scab (Elsinoe fawcettii) and Dieback (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) Diseases of Lemon</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">An investigation was conducted in a six year old lemon (Citrus limon) garden during March to September 2007 to find out the effect of foliar spray with seven fungicides and a botanical on the severity of citrus scab (Elsinoe fawcettii)... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_71483536" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">An investigation was conducted in a six year old lemon (Citrus limon) garden during March to September 2007 to find out the effect of foliar spray with seven fungicides and a botanical on the severity of citrus scab (Elsinoe fawcettii) and dieback (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of the crop.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/71483536" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="88c7deecd1e081b3a5abafd1c8befbef" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":80806069,"asset_id":71483536,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/80806069/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="57613389" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FmAminuzzaman">F.m. Aminuzzaman</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="57613389" type="text/json">{"id":57613389,"first_name":"F.m.","last_name":"Aminuzzaman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FmAminuzzaman","display_name":"F.m. Aminuzzaman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FmAminuzzaman?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_71483536 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="71483536"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 71483536, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_71483536", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_71483536 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71483536; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_71483536"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_71483536 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="71483536"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 71483536; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=71483536]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_71483536").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_71483536").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="71483536"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">10</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="160" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mycology">Mycology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="160" type="text/json">{"id":160,"name":"Mycology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mycology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7523" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Control">Control</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7523" type="text/json">{"id":7523,"name":"Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Control?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="7710" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="7710" type="text/json">{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="220614" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citrus">Citrus</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="220614" type="text/json">{"id":220614,"name":"Citrus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citrus?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=71483536]'), work: {"id":71483536,"title":"Efficacy of Foliar Spray with Seven Fungicides and a Botanical to Control Scab (Elsinoe fawcettii) and Dieback (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) Diseases of Lemon","created_at":"2022-02-14T04:28:10.897-08:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/71483536/Efficacy_of_Foliar_Spray_with_Seven_Fungicides_and_a_Botanical_to_Control_Scab_Elsinoe_fawcettii_and_Dieback_Colletotrichum_gloeosporioides_Diseases_of_Lemon?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_71483536","summary":"An investigation was conducted in a six year old lemon (Citrus limon) garden during March to September 2007 to find out the effect of foliar spray with seven fungicides and a botanical on the severity of citrus scab (Elsinoe fawcettii) and dieback (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of the crop.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":80806069,"asset_id":71483536,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":57613389,"first_name":"F.m.","last_name":"Aminuzzaman","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"FmAminuzzaman","display_name":"F.m. Aminuzzaman","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/FmAminuzzaman?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":160,"name":"Mycology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mycology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":7523,"name":"Control","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Control?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":220614,"name":"Citrus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Citrus?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":239886,"name":"Dieback","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dieback?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":436088,"name":"Botanical","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Botanical?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":624980,"name":"Plant Pathology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Pathology?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":988377,"name":"Lemon","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lemon?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1544026,"name":"SCAB","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/SCAB?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_59260003" data-work_id="59260003" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/59260003/Effect_of_different_volumes_and_adjuvants_in_the_air_and_ground_spraying_in_the_maize_culture">Effect of different volumes and adjuvants in the air and ground spraying in the maize culture</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">The experiment was conducted in the 2007/2008 crop in the city of Carambeí (PR) Brazil, Latitude 24° 55' 04'' S, Longitude 50° 05' 50'' W. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different spray volumes and spray adjuvants in air and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_59260003" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">The experiment was conducted in the 2007/2008 crop in the city of Carambeí (PR) Brazil, Latitude 24° 55' 04'' S, Longitude 50° 05' 50'' W. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different spray volumes and spray adjuvants in air and ground application of fungicide in corn. The treatments consisted of application of the chemical fungicide strobilurine (pyraclostrobin) and triazolam (Epoxiconazol) with concentration 133/50 SC at a dose of 0.7 L ha-1 (93.1 / 35 i. a), applied at rates of 10 and 20 L ha-1 in aerial spraying and 150 L ha-1 ground spraying, and adjuvants used were: a) vegetable oil rectified, b) mineral oil patch c) synthetic adjuvant. The main results found were that in the aerial spraying the dose of 20 L ha-1 causes drop spectrum with most appropriated characteristics as the volume median diameter, penetration of drops and potential risk of drift, for the application of 10 L ha-1. It can be used an intermediate flow rate (15 L ha-1) as an alternative for application of fungicides on maize. In the spectrum of spray, droplets of larger diameter tend to reach the leaves of the middle and upper third of leaves and lower third receives drops of smaller diameter and lower density per unit area compared to the leaves of thirds higher in the plant.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/59260003" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="28f9ee6fa744087424ade8da4e0c82d5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":73273807,"asset_id":59260003,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/73273807/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="44756697" href="https://unicentro.academia.edu/SidneiJadoski">Sidnei Jadoski</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="44756697" type="text/json">{"id":44756697,"first_name":"Sidnei","last_name":"Jadoski","domain_name":"unicentro","page_name":"SidneiJadoski","display_name":"Sidnei Jadoski","profile_url":"https://unicentro.academia.edu/SidneiJadoski?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_59260003 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="59260003"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 59260003, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_59260003", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=59260003]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_59260003").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_59260003").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="59260003"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="799602" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DROP">DROP</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="799602" type="text/json">{"id":799602,"name":"DROP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DROP?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="2736405" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide">Fungicide</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="2736405" type="text/json">{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=59260003]'), work: {"id":59260003,"title":"Effect of different volumes and adjuvants in the air and ground spraying in the maize culture","created_at":"2021-10-21T02:22:09.214-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/59260003/Effect_of_different_volumes_and_adjuvants_in_the_air_and_ground_spraying_in_the_maize_culture?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_59260003","summary":"The experiment was conducted in the 2007/2008 crop in the city of Carambeí (PR) Brazil, Latitude 24° 55' 04'' S, Longitude 50° 05' 50'' W. The objective was to evaluate the effect of different spray volumes and spray adjuvants in air and ground application of fungicide in corn. The treatments consisted of application of the chemical fungicide strobilurine (pyraclostrobin) and triazolam (Epoxiconazol) with concentration 133/50 SC at a dose of 0.7 L ha-1 (93.1 / 35 i. a), applied at rates of 10 and 20 L ha-1 in aerial spraying and 150 L ha-1 ground spraying, and adjuvants used were: a) vegetable oil rectified, b) mineral oil patch c) synthetic adjuvant. The main results found were that in the aerial spraying the dose of 20 L ha-1 causes drop spectrum with most appropriated characteristics as the volume median diameter, penetration of drops and potential risk of drift, for the application of 10 L ha-1. It can be used an intermediate flow rate (15 L ha-1) as an alternative for application of fungicides on maize. In the spectrum of spray, droplets of larger diameter tend to reach the leaves of the middle and upper third of leaves and lower third receives drops of smaller diameter and lower density per unit area compared to the leaves of thirds higher in the plant.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":73273807,"asset_id":59260003,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":44756697,"first_name":"Sidnei","last_name":"Jadoski","domain_name":"unicentro","page_name":"SidneiJadoski","display_name":"Sidnei Jadoski","profile_url":"https://unicentro.academia.edu/SidneiJadoski?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":799602,"name":"DROP","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/DROP?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_58218242" data-work_id="58218242" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/58218242/Four_new_bioactive_polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers_of_the_sponge_Dysidea_herbacea_from_West_Sumatra_Indonesia">Four new bioactive polybrominated diphenyl ethers of the sponge Dysidea herbacea from West Sumatra, Indonesia</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/58218242" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" 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Handayani","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DianMartinaHandayani?f_ri=2736405","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":531,"name":"Organic Chemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Organic_Chemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":2168,"name":"Natural Products","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Natural_Products?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":8058,"name":"Artemia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Artemia?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":21732,"name":"Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Magnetic_Resonance_Spectroscopy?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":24567,"name":"Porifera","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Porifera?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":59370,"name":"In 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activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_activity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":802213,"name":"Lethal Dose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Lethal_Dose?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1943522,"name":"Cladosporium","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cladosporium?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_53530634" data-work_id="53530634" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53530634/Xanthones_triterpenes_and_a_biphenyl_from_Kielmeyera_coriacea">Xanthones, triterpenes and a biphenyl from Kielmeyera coriacea</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Analysis of the dichloromethane extracts of Kielmeyera coriacea leaves and stems by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (LC-UV) and thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_53530634" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Analysis of the dichloromethane extracts of Kielmeyera coriacea leaves and stems by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (LC-UV) and thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (TSP/LC-MS) revealed the presence of several xanthones. Phytochemical investigation of these extracts resulted in the isolation and identification of ten xanthones, one biphenyl and two triterpenes. Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods (UV, ElMS , D/CI-MS, 'H NMR. "C NMR, HMQC and HMBC). One xanthone and two triterpenes are new compounds. Four xanthones and the biphenyl exhibited antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungus CI~~&~poriutn cucutnerirzum, while two prenylated xanthones inhibited the growth of Candida ulbicuns.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/53530634" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="a9bbdc42b71657655d40ade70df4e6e7" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":70331624,"asset_id":53530634,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/70331624/download_file?st=MTc0MTMyOTc5MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="14285792" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MariaCl%C3%A1udiaMarxYoung">Maria Cláudia Marx Young</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="14285792" type="text/json">{"id":14285792,"first_name":"Maria Cláudia","last_name":"Marx Young","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariaCláudiaMarxYoung","display_name":"Maria Cláudia Marx Young","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariaCl%C3%A1udiaMarxYoung?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14285792/173395641/163408528/s65_maria_cl_udia.marx_young.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_53530634 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="53530634"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 53530634, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_53530634", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=53530634]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_53530634").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_53530634").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="53530634"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">18</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="3057" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="3057" type="text/json">{"id":3057,"name":"Phytochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytochemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="47884" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences">Biological Sciences</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="47884" type="text/json">{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="121940" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/STEM">STEM</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="121940" type="text/json">{"id":121940,"name":"STEM","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/STEM?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="131573" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Candida_albicans">Candida albicans</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="131573" type="text/json">{"id":131573,"name":"Candida albicans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Candida_albicans?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=53530634]'), work: {"id":53530634,"title":"Xanthones, triterpenes and a biphenyl from Kielmeyera coriacea","created_at":"2021-09-27T08:30:22.964-07:00","url":"https://www.academia.edu/53530634/Xanthones_triterpenes_and_a_biphenyl_from_Kielmeyera_coriacea?f_ri=2736405","dom_id":"work_53530634","summary":"Analysis of the dichloromethane extracts of Kielmeyera coriacea leaves and stems by high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector (LC-UV) and thermospray liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (TSP/LC-MS) revealed the presence of several xanthones. Phytochemical investigation of these extracts resulted in the isolation and identification of ten xanthones, one biphenyl and two triterpenes. Their structures were established by chemical and spectroscopic methods (UV, ElMS , D/CI-MS, 'H NMR. \"C NMR, HMQC and HMBC). One xanthone and two triterpenes are new compounds. Four xanthones and the biphenyl exhibited antifungal activity against the plant pathogenic fungus CI~~\u0026~poriutn cucutnerirzum, while two prenylated xanthones inhibited the growth of Candida ulbicuns.","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":70331624,"asset_id":53530634,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false}],"ordered_authors":[{"id":14285792,"first_name":"Maria Cláudia","last_name":"Marx Young","domain_name":"independent","page_name":"MariaCláudiaMarxYoung","display_name":"Maria Cláudia Marx Young","profile_url":"https://independent.academia.edu/MariaCl%C3%A1udiaMarxYoung?f_ri=2736405","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/14285792/173395641/163408528/s65_maria_cl_udia.marx_young.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3057,"name":"Phytochemistry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Phytochemistry?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":47884,"name":"Biological Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_Sciences?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":121940,"name":"STEM","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/STEM?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":131573,"name":"Candida albicans","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Candida_albicans?f_ri=2736405","nofollow":true},{"id":215543,"name":"Antifungal Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Antifungal_Activity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":225787,"name":"High Performance Liquid Chromatography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_Performance_Liquid_Chromatography?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":260118,"name":"CHEMICAL SCIENCES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CHEMICAL_SCIENCES?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":309895,"name":"Isolation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Isolation?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":326380,"name":"Liquid Chromatography / Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liquid_Chromatography_Electrospray_Ionization_Mass_Spectrometry?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":607003,"name":"Plant Pathogen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Pathogen?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":783432,"name":"Biological activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biological_activity?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":963365,"name":"LC MS","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/LC_MS-1?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1724844,"name":"Molecular Structure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Structure?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":1758650,"name":"Triterpenes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Triterpenes?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2142568,"name":"Thallophyta","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thallophyta?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":2736405,"name":"Fungicide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fungicide?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3574456,"name":"Plant Leaf","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Plant_Leaf?f_ri=2736405"},{"id":3763225,"name":"Medical and Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medical_and_Health_Sciences?f_ri=2736405"}]}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="u-taCenter Pagination"><ul class="pagination"><li class="next_page"><a href="/Documents/in/Fungicide?after=50%2C53530634&show_topics_redesign=false" rel="next">Next</a></li><li class="last next"><a href="/Documents/in/Fungicide?page=last&show_topics_redesign=false">Last »</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="hidden-xs hidden-sm"><div class="u-pl6x"><div style="width: 300px;"></div></div></div></div></div><script>// MIT License // Copyright © 2011 Sebastian Tschan, https://blueimp.net // Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of // this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in // the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to // use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of // the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so, // subject to the following conditions: // The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all // copies or substantial portions of the Software. // THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR // IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS // FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. 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