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id="toc-Meaning_and_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Nomenclature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Competition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Competition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Competition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Competition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_play" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_play"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fair play</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fair_play-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fair play subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fair_play-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sportsmanship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sportsmanship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sportsmanship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sportsmanship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cheating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cheating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Cheating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cheating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doping_and_drugs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doping_and_drugs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Doping and drugs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doping_and_drugs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Participation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Participation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Participation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gender_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gender participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Youth participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disabled_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disabled_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Disabled participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disabled_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Older_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Older_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Older participation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Older_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spectator_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spectator_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Spectator involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spectator_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amateur_and_professional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amateur_and_professional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Amateur and professional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amateur_and_professional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sports and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-As_a_means_of_controlling_and_subduing_populations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#As_a_means_of_controlling_and_subduing_populations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>As a means of controlling and subduing populations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-As_a_means_of_controlling_and_subduing_populations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 208 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-208" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">208 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%96%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" title="ስፖርት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስፖርት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="खेल – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="खेल" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plega" title="Plega – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Plega" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Аспорт – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аспорт" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9" title="رياضة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياضة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esporte" title="Esporte – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Esporte" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deporte" title="Deporte – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Deporte" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="खेल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="खेल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetepyso" title="Jetepyso – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jetepyso" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taqikuna_anata%C3%B1a" title="Taqikuna anataña – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Taqikuna anataña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0dman" title="İdman – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İdman" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایدمان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایدمان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farikolo%C9%B2%C9%9Bnaj%C9%9B" title="Farikoloɲɛnajɛ – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Farikoloɲɛnajɛ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ক্রীড়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্রীড়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulahraga" title="Ulahraga – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ulahraga" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-p%C3%B2%CD%98-chuh" title="Su-pò͘-chuh – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Su-pò͘-chuh" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahraga" title="Olahraga – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Olahraga" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A6" title="खेलकूद – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="खेलकूद" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isports" title="Isports – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Isports" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spot" title="Spot – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Spot" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoat" title="Spoat – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Spoat" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="ལུས་རྩལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལུས་རྩལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Тамир – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тамир" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esport" title="Esport – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esport" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paugnat_sa_kusog" title="Paugnat sa kusog – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Paugnat sa kusog" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deporte" title="Deporte – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Deporte" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chwaraeon" title="Chwaraeon – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Chwaraeon" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9" title="رياضة – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="رياضة" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schparret" title="Schparret – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Schparret" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%B8%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αθλητισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αθλητισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deporte" title="Deporte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Deporte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporto" title="Sporto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sporto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deportis" title="Deportis – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Deportis" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirol" title="Kirol – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kirol" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="ورزش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ورزش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dtr%C3%B3ttur" title="Ítróttur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ítróttur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B3rt" title="Spórt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Spórt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoyrt" title="Spoyrt – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Spoyrt" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B2rs" title="Spòrs – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Spòrs" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deporte" title="Deporte – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Deporte" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="運動 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="運動" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A4-%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%A4" title="રમત-ગમત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રમત-ગમત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yun-th%C3%BBng_hong-muk" title="Yun-thûng hong-muk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yun-thûng hong-muk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8F%AC%EC%B8%A0" title="스포츠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스포츠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasanni" title="Wasanni – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Wasanni" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%CA%BBuki" title="Haʻuki – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Haʻuki" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Սպորտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սպորտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="खेल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खेल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahraga" title="Olahraga – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Olahraga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporto" title="Sporto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sporto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahraga" title="Olahraga – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Olahraga" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ezemidlalo" title="Ezemidlalo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ezemidlalo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8D%C3%BEr%C3%B3tt" title="Íþrótt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íþrótt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98" title="ספורט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספורט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulah_raga" title="Ulah raga – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ulah raga" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timersorneq" title="Timersorneq – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Timersorneq" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಕ್ರೀಡೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ರೀಡೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasiknangan" title="Pasiknangan – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Pasiknangan" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სპორტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სპორტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szp%C3%B2rt" title="Szpòrt – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Szpòrt" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umukino" title="Umukino – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Umukino" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michezo" title="Michezo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Michezo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BC%D3%A7%D0%B3" title="Чожмӧг – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Чожмӧг" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%B2_(div%C3%A8tisman)" title="Espò (divètisman) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Espò (divètisman)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88sp%C3%B2" title="Èspò – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Èspò" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werzi%C5%9F" title="Werziş – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Werziş" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espor" title="Espor – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Espor" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2" title="ກີລາ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ກີລາ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports" title="Sports – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Sports" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ars_athletica" title="Ars athletica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ars athletica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports" title="Sports – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sports" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportas" title="Sportas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sportas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjport" title="Sjport – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjport" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporte" title="Sporte – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sporte" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportu" title="Sportu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sportu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%82" title="കായികവിനോദം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കായികവിനോദം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B3" title="खेळ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="खेळ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სპორტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სპორტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%87" title="رياضه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رياضه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="ورزش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ورزش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukan" title="Sukan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sukan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%94ng-d%C3%B4ng" title="Ông-dông – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ông-dông" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87porto" title="Çporto – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Çporto" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%85%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အားကစား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အားကစား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qito" title="Qito – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Qito" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2" title="खेल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="खेल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="कासा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कासा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%84" title="スポーツ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スポーツ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportii" title="Sportii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Sportii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrett" title="Idrett – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Idrett" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporte" title="Sporte – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sporte" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esp%C3%B2rt" title="Espòrt – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Espòrt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1" title="ਖੇਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖੇਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%B9%D8%B3" title="سپورٹس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپورٹس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%81%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ထာꩻခွုမ်ဆိုး – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ထာꩻခွုမ်ဆိုး" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deporte" title="Deporte – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Deporte" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%DA%93%DA%9A%D8%AA" title="تکړښت – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="تکړښت" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spuots" title="Spuots – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Spuots" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desporto" title="Desporto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Desporto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurku_kallpanchay" title="Kurku kallpanchay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kurku kallpanchay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Шпорт – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Шпорт" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%27aloga" title="Ta'aloga – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Ta'aloga" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isport" title="Isport – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Isport" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipapadi" title="Dipapadi – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Dipapadi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipapadi" title="Dipapadi – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Dipapadi" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporti" title="Sporti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sporti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F" title="ක්‍රීඩා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්‍රීඩා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0port" title="Šport – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Šport" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0port" title="Šport – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Šport" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szport" title="Szport – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Szport" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciyaaraha" title="Ciyaaraha – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Ciyaaraha" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%B4" title="وەرزش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وەرزش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olah_raga" title="Olah raga – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Olah raga" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheilu" title="Urheilu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Urheilu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakasan" title="Palakasan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palakasan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="உடல் திறன் விளையாட்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உடல் திறன் விளையாட்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnunt" title="Tunnunt – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tunnunt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Addal" title="Addal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Addal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88_%E1%82%81%E1%80%B1%E1%82%83%E1%81%B6%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87" title="လွင်ႈလဵၼ်ႈ ႁေႃၶီႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လွင်ႈလဵၼ်ႈ ႁေႃၶီႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="ఆటలు – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఆటలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AC%E0%B8%B2" title="กีฬา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กีฬา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8D%96%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B5" title="ስፖርት – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ስፖርት" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%88" title="Варзиш – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Варзиш" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spor" title="Spor – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Spor" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Спорт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Спорт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF" title="کھیل کود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کھیل کود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ningsangj" title="Ningsangj – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ningsangj" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spor" title="Spor – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Spor" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_thao" title="Thể thao – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thể thao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%B4rt" title="Spôrt – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Spôrt" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E8%82%B2" title="體育 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="體育" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paugnat-ha-Kusog" title="Paugnat-ha-Kusog – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Paugnat-ha-Kusog" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="体育运动 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="体育运动" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamintlangu" title="Tamintlangu – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Tamintlangu" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98" title="ספארט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ספארט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95" title="運動 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="運動" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spor" title="Spor – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Spor" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport" title="Sport – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Sport" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spuorts" title="Spuorts – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Spuorts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%93%E8%82%B2%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" title="体育运动 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="体育运动" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerak_badan" title="Gerak badan – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Gerak badan" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Forms of competitive activity, usually physical</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sport_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sport (disambiguation)">Sport (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg/300px-Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg/450px-Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg/600px-Youth-soccer-indiana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption>Sport in <a href="/wiki/Childhood" class="mw-redirect" title="Childhood">childhood</a>. <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a>, shown above, is a <a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">team sport</a> which also provides opportunities to nurture <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_actions" class="mw-redirect" title="Social actions">social interaction</a> skills.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:London_Marathon_2005_at_Blackfriars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_Marathon_2005_at_Blackfriars.jpg/220px-London_Marathon_2005_at_Blackfriars.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_Marathon_2005_at_Blackfriars.jpg/330px-London_Marathon_2005_at_Blackfriars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/London_Marathon_2005_at_Blackfriars.jpg/440px-London_Marathon_2005_at_Blackfriars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1918" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/2005_London_Marathon" title="2005 London Marathon">2005 London Marathon</a>: running races, in their various specialties, represent the oldest and most traditional form of sport.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Sport</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">physical activity</a> or <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">game</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sportaccord_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportaccord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competitive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organized</a>, sports use, maintain, or improve physical ability and <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">skills</a>. They also provide enjoyment to participants and, in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Entertainment" title="Entertainment">entertainment</a> to spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-council_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many sports exist, with different participant numbers, some are done by a single person with others being done by hundreds. Most sports take place either in <a href="/wiki/Team" title="Team">teams</a> or competing as individuals. Some sports allow a "tie" or "draw", in which there is no single winner; others provide <a href="/wiki/Tie-breaking_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Tie-breaking methods">tie-breaking methods</a> to ensure one winner. A number of contests may be arranged in a <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tournament</a> format, producing a <a href="/wiki/Champion" title="Champion">champion</a>. Many <a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">sports leagues</a> make an annual champion by arranging games in a regular <a href="/wiki/Sports_season" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports season">sports season</a>, followed in some cases by <a href="/wiki/Playoffs" title="Playoffs">playoffs</a>. </p><p>Sport is generally recognised as system of activities based in physical <a href="/wiki/Athleticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Athleticism">athleticism</a> or physical <a href="/wiki/Dexterity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dexterity">dexterity</a>, with major competitions admitting only sports meeting this definition.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some organisations, such as the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, preclude activities without any physical element from classification as sports.<sup id="cite_ref-council_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a number of competitive, but non-physical, activities claim recognition as <a href="/wiki/Mind_sport" title="Mind sport">mind sports</a>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> who oversee the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> recognises both <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Contract_bridge" title="Contract bridge">bridge</a> as sports. <a href="/wiki/SportAccord" title="SportAccord">SportAccord</a>, the international sports federation association, recognises five non-physical sports: chess, bridge, <a href="/wiki/Draughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Draughts">draughts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiangqi" title="Xiangqi">xiangqi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they limit the number of mind games which can be admitted as sports.<sup id="cite_ref-sportaccord_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportaccord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sport is usually governed by a set of <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_sport" title="Regulation of sport">rules</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">customs</a>, which serve to ensure fair competition. Winning can be determined by physical events such as scoring <a href="/wiki/Goal_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Goal (sport)">goals</a> or crossing a line first. It can also be determined by judges who are scoring elements of the sporting performance, including objective or subjective measures such as technical performance or artistic impression. </p><p>Records of performance are often kept, and for popular sports, this information may be widely announced or reported in <a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">sport news</a>. Sport is also a major source of entertainment for non-participants, with <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sport</a> drawing large crowds to <a href="/wiki/Sport_venue" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport venue">sport venues</a>, and reaching wider audiences through <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">broadcasting</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sport_betting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport betting">Sport betting</a> is in some cases severely regulated, and in others integral to the sport. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Kearney_(consulting_firm)" title="Kearney (consulting firm)">A.T. Kearney</a>, a consultancy, the global sporting industry is worth up to $620 billion as of 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The world's most accessible and practised sport is <a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">running</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> is the most popular spectator sport.<sup id="cite_ref-wa_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Meaning_and_usage">Meaning and usage</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3></div> <p>The word "sport" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">desport</i></span> meaning "<a href="/wiki/Leisure" title="Leisure">leisure</a>", with the oldest definition in English from around 1300 being "anything humans find amusing or entertaining".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other meanings include gambling and events staged for the purpose of gambling; hunting; and games and diversions, including ones that require exercise.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roget's defines the noun sport as an "activity engaged in for relaxation and amusement" with synonyms including diversion and recreation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h3></div> <p>The singular term "sport" is used in most English dialects to describe the overall concept (e.g. "children taking part in sport"), with "sports" used to describe multiple activities (e.g. "football and rugby are the most popular sports in England"). American English uses "sports" for both terms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Game#Definitions" title="Game">Game § Definitions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ChessStartingPosition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ChessStartingPosition.jpg/200px-ChessStartingPosition.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ChessStartingPosition.jpg/300px-ChessStartingPosition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/ChessStartingPosition.jpg/400px-ChessStartingPosition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> recognises some board games as sports, including <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Showjumping_white_horse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Showjumping_white_horse.jpg/200px-Showjumping_white_horse.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Showjumping_white_horse.jpg/300px-Showjumping_white_horse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Showjumping_white_horse.jpg/400px-Showjumping_white_horse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Show_jumping" title="Show jumping">Show jumping</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian</a> sport</figcaption></figure> <p>The precise definition of what differentiates a sport from other leisure activities varies between sources. The closest to an international agreement on a definition is provided by the <a href="/wiki/Global_Association_of_International_Sports_Federations" title="Global Association of International Sports Federations">Global Association of International Sports Federations</a> (GAISF), which is the association for all the largest international sports federations (including <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equestrianism" title="Equestrianism">equestrian sports</a>, and more), and is therefore the <i>de facto</i> representative of international sport. </p><p>GAISF uses the following criteria, determining that a sport should:<sup id="cite_ref-sportaccord_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportaccord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>have an element of competition</li> <li>be in no way harmful to any living creature</li> <li>not rely on equipment provided by a single supplier (excluding proprietary games such as <a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">arena football</a>)</li> <li>not rely on any "luck" element specifically designed into the sport.</li></ul> <p>They also recognise that sport can be primarily physical (such as <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby</a> or <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">athletics</a>), primarily mind (such as <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> or <a href="/wiki/Go_(game)" title="Go (game)">Go</a>), predominantly motorised (such as <a href="/wiki/Formula_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula 1">Formula 1</a> or <a href="/wiki/Powerboating" class="mw-redirect" title="Powerboating">powerboating</a>), primarily co-ordination (such as <a href="/wiki/Snooker" title="Snooker">snooker</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cue_sports" title="Cue sports">cue sports</a>), or primarily animal-supported (such as <a href="/wiki/Equestrian_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Equestrian sport">equestrian sport</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sportaccord_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportaccord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The inclusion of mind sports within sport definitions has not been universally accepted, leading to legal challenges from governing bodies in regards to being denied funding available to sports.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst GAISF recognises a small number of mind sports, it is not open to admitting any further mind sports. </p><p>There has been an increase in the application of the term "sport" to a wider set of non-physical challenges such as <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">esports</a> (from "electronic sports"), especially due to the large scale of participation and organised competition, but these are not widely recognised by mainstream sports organisations. According to <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>, European Sports Charter, article 2.i, <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'Sport' means all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim at expressing or improving physical fitness and mental well-being, forming social relationships or obtaining results in competition at all levels."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Competition">Competition</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horse-racing-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Horse-racing-4.jpg/220px-Horse-racing-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Horse-racing-4.jpg/330px-Horse-racing-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Horse-racing-4.jpg/440px-Horse-racing-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="884" /></a><figcaption>Horse racing</figcaption></figure> <p>There are opposing views on the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Competition" title="Competition">competition</a> as a defining element of a sport, with almost all <a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">professional sports</a> involving competition, and governing bodies requiring competition as a prerequisite of recognition by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) or GAISF.<sup id="cite_ref-sportaccord_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sportaccord-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other bodies advocate widening the definition of sport to include all physical activity. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> include all forms of physical exercise, including those competed just for fun.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In order to widen participation, and reduce the impact of losing on less able participants, there has been an introduction of non-competitive physical activity to traditionally competitive events such as school <a href="/wiki/Sports_day" title="Sports day">sports days</a>, although moves like this are often controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In competitive events, participants are graded or classified based on their "result" and often divided into groups of comparable performance, (e.g. gender, weight and age). The measurement of the result may be objective or subjective, and corrected with "handicaps" or penalties. In a race, for example, the time to complete the course is an objective measurement. In <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diving_(sport)" title="Diving (sport)">diving</a> the result is decided by a panel of judges, and therefore subjective. There are many shades of judging between boxing and mixed martial arts, where victory is assigned by judges if neither competitor has lost at the end of the match time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_sport" title="History of sport">History of sport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos,_2nd_century_CE_(Glyptothek_Munich).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/150px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/225px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg/300px-Roman_bronze_copy_of_Myron%E2%80%99s_Discobolos%2C_2nd_century_CE_%28Glyptothek_Munich%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2030" data-file-height="3274" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> bronze reduction of <a href="/wiki/Myron" title="Myron">Myron</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Discobolos" class="mw-redirect" title="Discobolos">Discobolos</a>, 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Participants_with_the_Water_Warrior_class_perform_squats_prior_to_entering_the_pool_at_Camp_Foster,_Okinawa,_Japan,_July_6,_2011_110706-M-VD776-004_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Participants_with_the_Water_Warrior_class_perform_squats_prior_to_entering_the_pool_at_Camp_Foster%2C_Okinawa%2C_Japan%2C_July_6%2C_2011_110706-M-VD776-004_%28cropped%29.jpg/260px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Participants_with_the_Water_Warrior_class_perform_squats_prior_to_entering_the_pool_at_Camp_Foster%2C_Okinawa%2C_Japan%2C_July_6%2C_2011_110706-M-VD776-004_%28cropped%29.jpg/390px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Participants_with_the_Water_Warrior_class_perform_squats_prior_to_entering_the_pool_at_Camp_Foster%2C_Okinawa%2C_Japan%2C_July_6%2C_2011_110706-M-VD776-004_%28cropped%29.jpg/520px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2851" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption>Swimmers perform <a href="/wiki/Squat_(exercise)" title="Squat (exercise)">squats</a> as <a href="/wiki/Warming_up" title="Warming up">warm-up exercise</a> prior to entering the pool in a U.S. military base, 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>Artifacts and structures suggest <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_China" title="Sport in China">sport in China</a> as early as 2000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gymnastics appears to have been popular in China's ancient past. Monuments to the <a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a> indicate that a number of sports, including swimming and fishing, were well-developed and regulated several thousands of years ago in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Egyptian sports included javelin throwing, high jump, and wrestling. <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">Ancient Persian</a> sports such as the traditional Iranian martial art of <a href="/wiki/Zourkhaneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zourkhaneh">Zoorkhaneh</a> had a close connection to warfare skills.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among other sports that originated in ancient Persia are <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">jousting</a>. Various <a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_of_India" title="Traditional games of India">traditional games of India</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Kho_kho" title="Kho kho">Kho kho</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabbadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbadi">Kabbadi</a> have been played for thousands of years. The kabaddi was played potentially as a preparation for hunting.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bruno_Senna_2006_Australian_Grand_Prix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bruno_Senna_2006_Australian_Grand_Prix.jpg/200px-Bruno_Senna_2006_Australian_Grand_Prix.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bruno_Senna_2006_Australian_Grand_Prix.jpg/300px-Bruno_Senna_2006_Australian_Grand_Prix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Bruno_Senna_2006_Australian_Grand_Prix.jpg/400px-Bruno_Senna_2006_Australian_Grand_Prix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1522" data-file-height="678" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motorised sports</a> have appeared since the advent of the modern age.</figcaption></figure> <p>A wide range of sports were already established by the time of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a> and the military culture and the development of sport in Greece influenced one another considerably. Sport became such a prominent part of their culture that the Greeks created the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, which in ancient times were held every four years in a small village in the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a> called <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sports have been increasingly organised and regulated from the time of the ancient Olympics up to the present century. Industrialisation has brought motorised transportation and increased <a href="/wiki/Leisure_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Leisure time">leisure time</a>, letting people attend and follow spectator sports and participate in athletic activities. These trends continued with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> and global communication. Professionalism became prevalent, further adding to the increase in sport's popularity, as sports fans followed the exploits of professional athletes – all while enjoying the exercise and competition associated with amateur participation in sports. Since the turn of the 21st century, there has been increasing debate about whether <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a> sports people should be able to participate in sport events that conform with their post-transition <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fair_play">Fair play</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gamesmanship" title="Gamesmanship">Gamesmanship</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winning_isn%27t_everything;_it%27s_the_only_thing" title="Winning isn't everything; it's the only thing">Winning isn't everything; it's the only thing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moral_development" title="Moral development">Moral development</a></div> <p>Sportsmanship is an attitude that strives for fair play, courtesy toward teammates and opponents, ethical behaviour and integrity, and grace in victory or defeat.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sportsmanship expresses an aspiration or ethos that the activity will be enjoyed for its own sake. The well-known sentiment by sports journalist <a href="/wiki/Grantland_Rice" title="Grantland Rice">Grantland Rice</a>, that it is "not that you won or lost but how you played the game", and the modern Olympic creed expressed by its founder <a href="/wiki/Pierre_de_Coubertin" title="Pierre de Coubertin">Pierre de Coubertin</a>: "The most important thing... is not winning but taking part" are typical expressions of this sentiment.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cheating">Cheating</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Sport">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">Match fixing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cheating" title="Cheating">cheating</a></div> <p>Key principles of sport include that the result should not be predetermined, and that both sides should have equal opportunity to win. Rules are in place to ensure fair play, but participants can break these rules in order to gain advantage. </p><p>Participants may cheat in order to unfairly increase their chance of winning, or in order to achieve other advantages such as financial gains. The widespread existence of <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> on the results of sports events creates a motivation for <a href="/wiki/Match_fixing" title="Match fixing">match fixing</a>, where a participant or participants deliberately work to ensure a given outcome rather than simply playing to win. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doping_and_drugs">Doping and drugs</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Use_of_performance-enhancing_drugs_in_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport">Use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport</a></div> <p>The competitive nature of sport encourages some participants to attempt to enhance their performance through the use of medicines, or through other means such as <a href="/wiki/Blood_doping" title="Blood doping">increasing the volume of blood in their bodies through artificial means</a>. </p><p>All sports recognised by the IOC or SportAccord are required to implement a testing programme, looking for a list of banned drugs, with suspensions or bans being placed on participants who test positive for banned substances.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence">Violence</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_sports" title="Violence in sports">Violence in sports</a> involves crossing the line between fair competition and intentional aggressive violence. Athletes, coaches, fans, and parents sometimes unleash violent behaviour on people or property, in misguided shows of loyalty, dominance, anger, or celebration. <a href="/wiki/Rioting" class="mw-redirect" title="Rioting">Rioting</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hooliganism" title="Hooliganism">hooliganism</a> by fans in particular is a problem at some national and international sporting contests.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participation">Participation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender_participation">Gender participation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women's sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_professional_sports" title="Women's professional sports">Women's professional sports</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:100_metres_race_winner_Sina_Schielke_(192)_and_the_other_Runners_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin,_3_September.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/100_metres_race_winner_Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_and_the_other_Runners_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg/220px-100_metres_race_winner_Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_and_the_other_Runners_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/100_metres_race_winner_Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_and_the_other_Runners_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg/330px-100_metres_race_winner_Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_and_the_other_Runners_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/100_metres_race_winner_Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_and_the_other_Runners_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg/440px-100_metres_race_winner_Sina_Schielke_%28192%29_and_the_other_Runners_-_ISTAF_2006_-_Berlin%2C_3_September.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="729" /></a><figcaption>International level female athletes at <a href="/wiki/ISTAF_Berlin" title="ISTAF Berlin">ISTAF Berlin</a>, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>Female participation in sports continues to rise alongside the opportunity for involvement and the value of sports for <a href="/wiki/Child_development" title="Child development">child development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a>. Despite increases in female participation during the last three decades, a gap persists in the enrollment figures between male and female players in sports-related teams. Female players account for 39% of the total participation in US interscholastic athletics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Certain sports are <a href="/wiki/Mixed-gender_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed-gender sport">mixed-gender</a>, allowing (or even requiring) men and women to play on the same team. One example of this is <a href="/wiki/Baseball5" title="Baseball5">Baseball5</a>, which is the first mixed-gender sport to have been admitted into an Olympic event.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_participation">Youth participation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/College_sports" title="College sports">College sports</a></div> <p>Youth sport presents children with opportunities for fun, socialisation, forming peer relationships, <a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">physical fitness</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Athletic_scholarship" title="Athletic scholarship">athletic scholarships</a>. Activists for <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_drugs" title="War on drugs">war on drugs</a> encourage youth sport as a means to increase <a href="/wiki/Participation_inequality" title="Participation inequality">educational participation</a> and to fight the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drug trade</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Nationwide_Children%27s_Hospital_(Columbus)#Research_and_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationwide Children's Hospital (Columbus)">Center for Injury Research and Policy at Nationwide Children's Hospital</a>, the biggest risk for youth sport is death or serious injury including <a href="/wiki/Concussion" title="Concussion">concussion</a>. These risks come from running, basketball, association football, volleyball, gridiron, gymnastics, and ice hockey.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Youth sport in the US is a $15 billion industry including equipment up to private coaching.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disabled_participation">Disabled participation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg/220px-David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg/330px-David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg/440px-David_Bizet_-_Marathon_de_Paris_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3868" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption>A runner gives a friendly tap on the shoulder to a wheelchair racer during the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Marathon" title="Paris Marathon"><i>Marathon International de Paris</i> (Paris Marathon)</a> in 2014.</figcaption></figure> <p>Disabled or adaptive sports are played by people with a <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual disabilities">intellectual disabilities</a>. As many of these are based on existing sports modified to meet the needs of people with a disability, they are sometimes referred to as <i>adapted sports</i>. However, not all disabled sports are adapted; several sports that have been specifically created for people with a disability have no equivalent in able-bodied sports.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Older_participation">Older participation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Masters_athletics" title="Masters athletics">Masters athletics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masters_cycling" title="Masters cycling">Masters cycling</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Masters_swimming" title="Masters swimming">Masters swimming</a></div> <p><b>Masters sport</b>, <b>senior sport</b>, or <b>veteran sport</b> is an age category of sport, that usually contains age groups of those 35 and older.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may concern unaltered or adapted sport activities, with and without competitions. </p><p><b>Competitions</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Masters_Games" title="World Masters Games">World Masters Games</a> organized since 1985 every four years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Masters_Games" title="European Masters Games">European Masters Games</a> organized for the first time in 2008 and then since 2011 every four years.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senior_Olympics" title="Senior Olympics">Senior Olympics</a> (Senior Games)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USATF_Masters_Outdoor_Championships" title="USATF Masters Outdoor Championships">USATF Masters Outdoor Championships</a> began 1968</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USATF_Masters_Indoor_Championships" title="USATF Masters Indoor Championships">USATF Masters Indoor Championships</a> began 1975</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Masters_Athletics_Championships" title="World Masters Athletics Championships">World Masters Athletics Championships</a> began 1975</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spectator_involvement">Spectator involvement</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">Spectator sport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1906_Athens_stadium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1906_Athens_stadium.jpg/220px-1906_Athens_stadium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1906_Athens_stadium.jpg/330px-1906_Athens_stadium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/1906_Athens_stadium.jpg/440px-1906_Athens_stadium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Spectators at the 1906 unofficial Olympic Games</figcaption></figure> <p>The competition element of sport, along with the aesthetic appeal of some sports, result in the popularity of people attending to watch sport being played. This has led to the specific phenomenon of spectator sport. </p><p>Both amateur and professional sports attract spectators, both in person at the sport venue, and through broadcast media including <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> broadcast. Both attendance in person and viewing remotely can incur a sometimes substantial charge, such as an entrance ticket, or <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a> television broadcast. <a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">Sports league</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tournament" title="Tournament">tournament</a> are two common arrangements to organise sport teams or individual athletes into competing against each other continuously or periodically.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is common for popular sports to attract large broadcast audiences, leading to rival broadcasters bidding large amounts of money for the rights to show certain events. The football <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a> attracts a global television audience of hundreds of millions; the <a href="/wiki/2006_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2006 FIFA World Cup">2006</a> <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup_Finals" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Cup Finals">final</a> alone attracted an estimated worldwide audience of well over 700 million and the <a href="/wiki/2011_Cricket_World_Cup_Final" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Cricket World Cup Final">2011 Cricket World Cup Final</a> attracted an estimated audience of 135 million in India alone.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the championship game of the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>, has become one of the most watched television broadcasts of the year.<sup id="cite_ref-SB15_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB15-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Super Bowl Sunday is a <i>de facto</i> national holiday in America;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the viewership being so great that in 2015, advertising space was reported as being sold at <a href="/wiki/$" class="mw-redirect" title="$">$</a>4.5m for a 30-second slot.<sup id="cite_ref-SB15_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SB15-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Amateur_and_professional">Amateur and professional</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Professional_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional sport">Professional sport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur sport">Amateur sport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volleyball-5_(9786053885).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Volleyball-5_%289786053885%29.jpg/220px-Volleyball-5_%289786053885%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Volleyball-5_%289786053885%29.jpg/330px-Volleyball-5_%289786053885%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Volleyball-5_%289786053885%29.jpg/440px-Volleyball-5_%289786053885%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2995" /></a><figcaption>Women's volleyball team of a U.S. university</figcaption></figure> <p>Sport can be undertaken on an amateur, professional or semi-professional basis, depending on whether participants are incentivised for participation (usually through payment of a <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Salary" title="Salary">salary</a>). Amateur participation in sport at lower levels is often called "grassroots sport".<sup id="cite_ref-council_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-council-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-White_Paper_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-White_Paper-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of <a href="/wiki/Spectator_sport" title="Spectator sport">spectator sport</a> as a recreation for non-participants has led to sport becoming a major business in its own right, and this has incentivised a high paying <a href="/wiki/Professional_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional sport">professional sport</a> culture, where high performing participants are rewarded with pay far in excess of average wages, which can run into millions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some sports, or individual competitions within a sport, retain a policy of allowing only <a href="/wiki/Amateur_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Amateur sport">amateur sport</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a> started with a principle of amateur competition with those who practised a sport professionally considered to have an unfair advantage over those who practised it merely as a hobby.<sup id="cite_ref-OIdeology_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OIdeology-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1971, Olympic athletes were allowed to receive compensation and sponsorship,<sup id="cite_ref-InfoPlease_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoPlease-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 1986, the IOC decided to make all professional athletes eligible for the Olympics,<sup id="cite_ref-InfoPlease_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InfoPlease-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and wrestling.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_umpire_lights_at_Melbourne_Cricket_Ground.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Third_umpire_lights_at_Melbourne_Cricket_Ground.JPG/220px-Third_umpire_lights_at_Melbourne_Cricket_Ground.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Third_umpire_lights_at_Melbourne_Cricket_Ground.JPG/330px-Third_umpire_lights_at_Melbourne_Cricket_Ground.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Third_umpire_lights_at_Melbourne_Cricket_Ground.JPG/440px-Third_umpire_lights_at_Melbourne_Cricket_Ground.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>These lights at the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Cricket_Ground" title="Melbourne Cricket Ground">Melbourne Cricket Ground</a> indicate the decision the third umpire makes following a review.</figcaption></figure> <p>Technology plays an important part in modern sport. It is a necessary part of some sports (such as motorsport), and it is used in others to improve performance. Some sports also use it to allow off-field decision making. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sports_science" title="Sports science">Sports science</a> is a widespread academic discipline, and can be applied to areas including athlete performance, such as the use of video analysis to fine-tune technique, or to equipment, such as improved <a href="/wiki/Running_shoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Running shoe">running shoes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Competitive_swimwear" title="Competitive swimwear">competitive swimwear</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sports_engineering" title="Sports engineering">Sports engineering</a> emerged as a discipline in 1998 with an increasing focus not just on materials design but also the use of technology in sport, from analytics and big data to <a href="/wiki/Wearable_technology" title="Wearable technology">wearable technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaining_Steam_in_Sports_Technology_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaining_Steam_in_Sports_Technology-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to control the impact of technology on fair play, governing bodies frequently have specific rules that are set to control the impact of technical advantage between participants. For example, in 2010, full-body, non-textile swimsuits were banned by <a href="/wiki/FINA" class="mw-redirect" title="FINA">FINA</a>, as they were enhancing swimmers' performances.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increase in technology has also allowed many decisions in sports matches to be taken, or reviewed, off-field, with another official using instant replays to make decisions. In some sports, players can now challenge decisions made by officials. In <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goal-line_technology" title="Goal-line technology">goal-line technology</a> makes decisions on whether a ball has crossed the goal line or not.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The technology is not compulsory,<sup id="cite_ref-IFABofficial_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFABofficial-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was used in the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a> in Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/2015_FIFA_Women%27s_World_Cup" title="2015 FIFA Women's World Cup">2015 FIFA Women's World Cup</a> in Canada,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> from <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_Premier_League" title="2013–14 Premier League">2013–14</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Premier_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Premier-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Bundesliga" title="Bundesliga">Bundesliga</a> from <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_Bundesliga" title="2015–16 Bundesliga">2015–16</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a>, a referee can ask for a review from the replay booth, or a head coach can issue a <a href="/wiki/Challenge_(NFL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Challenge (NFL)">challenge</a> to review the play using replays. The final decision rests with the referee.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A video referee (commonly known as a <a href="/wiki/Television_match_official#Television_match_official" class="mw-redirect" title="Television match official">Television Match Official</a> or TMO) can also use replays to help decision-making in rugby (both <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">league</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">union</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In international cricket, an umpire can ask the <a href="/wiki/Third_umpire" title="Third umpire">Third umpire</a> for a decision, and the third umpire makes the final decision.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Umpire_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Umpire-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Top_End_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Top_End-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 2008, a <a href="/wiki/Umpire_Decision_Review_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Umpire Decision Review System">decision review system</a> for players to review decisions has been introduced and used in <a href="/wiki/International_Cricket_Council" title="International Cricket Council">ICC</a>-run tournaments, and optionally in other matches.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_Umpire_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_Umpire-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the host broadcaster, a number of different technologies are used during an umpire or player review, including instant replays, <a href="/wiki/Hawk-Eye" title="Hawk-Eye">Hawk-Eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hot_Spot_(cricket)" title="Hot Spot (cricket)">Hot Spot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snickometer" title="Snickometer">Real Time Snickometer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hawk-Eye is also used in tennis to challenge umpiring decisions.<sup id="cite_ref-tind1_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tind1-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports_and_education">Sports and education</h2></div> <p>Research suggests that sports have the capacity to connect <a href="/wiki/Youth" title="Youth">youth</a> to positive adult role models and provide positive development opportunities, as well as promote the learning and application of life <a href="/wiki/Skill" title="Skill">skills</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years the use of sport to reduce <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, as well as to prevent <a href="/wiki/Violent_extremism" title="Violent extremism">violent extremism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">radicalization</a>, has become more widespread, especially as a tool to improve <a href="/wiki/Self-esteem" title="Self-esteem">self-esteem</a>, enhance social bonds and provide participants with a feeling of purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is no high-quality evidence that shows the effectiveness of interventions to increase sports participation of the community in sports such as mass media campaigns, educational sessions, and policy changes.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also no high-quality studies that investigate the effect of such interventions in promoting healthy behaviour change in the community.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sports is one of the important part of life </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_and_sports" title="Politics and sports">Politics and sports</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sportswashing" title="Sportswashing">Sportswashing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> used the <a href="/wiki/1934_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1934 FIFA World Cup">1934 FIFA World Cup</a>, which was held in Italy, to showcase <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy#Fascist_regime_(1922–1943)" title="Kingdom of Italy">Fascist Italy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-World_Fascism_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Fascism-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> also used the <a href="/wiki/1936_Summer_Olympics" title="1936 Summer Olympics">1936 Summer Olympics</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/1936_Winter_Olympics" title="1936 Winter Olympics">1936 Winter Olympics</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Garmisch-Partenkirchen" title="Garmisch-Partenkirchen">Garmisch-Partenkirchen</a>, to promote the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ideology">Nazi ideology</a> of the superiority of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>, and inferiority of the Jews and other "<a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">undesirables</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-World_Fascism_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Fascism-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sociology_Sport_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sociology_Sport-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany used the Olympics to give off a peaceful image while secretly preparing for war.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> was the official policy in South Africa, many sports people, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a>, adopted the conscientious approach that they should not appear in competitive sports there. Some feel this was an effective contribution to the eventual demolition of the policy of apartheid, others feel that it may have prolonged and reinforced its worst effects.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the history of Ireland, Gaelic sports were connected with <a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">cultural nationalism</a>. Until the mid-20th century a person could have been banned from playing <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a>, or other sports administered by the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> (GAA) if she/he played or supported <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Association football</a>, or other games seen to be of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">British</a> origin. Until recently the GAA continued to ban the playing of football and <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">rugby union</a> at Gaelic venues. This ban, also known as Rule 42,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is still enforced, but was modified to allow football and rugby to be played in <a href="/wiki/Croke_Park" title="Croke Park">Croke Park</a> while <a href="/wiki/Lansdowne_Road" title="Lansdowne Road">Lansdowne Road</a> was redeveloped into <a href="/wiki/Aviva_Stadium" title="Aviva Stadium">Aviva Stadium</a>. Until recently, under Rule 21, the GAA also banned members of the British security forces and members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">RUC</a> from playing Gaelic games, but the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Good Friday Agreement</a> in 1998 led to the eventual removal of the ban.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> is often evident in the pursuit of sport, or in its reporting: people compete in national teams, or commentators and audiences can adopt a partisan view. On occasion, such tensions can lead to violent confrontation among players or spectators within and beyond the sporting venue, as in the <a href="/wiki/Football_War" title="Football War">Football War</a>. These trends are seen by many as contrary to the fundamental ethos of sport being carried on for its own sake and for the enjoyment of its participants. Sport and politics collided in the 1972 Olympics in Munich. Masked men entered the hotel of the Israeli Olympic team and killed many of their men. This was known as the <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A study of US elections has shown that the result of sports events can affect the results. A study published in the <a href="/wiki/Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</a> showed that when the home team wins the game before the election, the incumbent candidates can increase their share of the vote by 1.5 per cent. A loss had the opposite effect, and the effect is greater for higher-profile teams or unexpected wins and losses.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, when <a href="/wiki/Washington_Redskins" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Redskins">Washington Redskins</a> win their final game before an election, then the incumbent president is more likely to win, and if the Redskins lose, then the opposition candidate is more likely to win; this has become known as the <a href="/wiki/Redskins_Rule" title="Redskins Rule">Redskins Rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="As_a_means_of_controlling_and_subduing_populations">As a means of controlling and subduing populations</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Étienne de La Boétie</a>, in his essay <i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Voluntary_Servitude" title="Discourse on Voluntary Servitude">Discourse on Voluntary Servitude</a></i> describes athletic spectacles as means for tyrants to control their subjects by distracting them. </p> <blockquote> <p>Do not imagine that there is any bird more easily caught by decoy, nor any fish sooner fixed on the hook by wormy bait, than are all these poor fools neatly tricked into servitude by the slightest feather passed, so to speak, before their mouths. Truly it is a marvellous thing that they let themselves be caught so quickly at the slightest tickling of their fancy. Plays, farces, spectacles, gladiators, strange beasts, medals, pictures, and other such opiates, these were for ancient peoples the bait toward slavery, the price of their liberty, the instruments of tyranny. By these practices and enticements the ancient dictators so successfully lulled their subjects under the yoke, that the stupefied peoples, fascinated by the pastimes and vain pleasures flashed before their eyes, learned subservience as naïvely, but not so creditably, as little children learn to read by looking at bright picture books.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote><p>During the British rule of <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, British and European sports began to supplant <a href="/wiki/Bengali_traditional_games" title="Bengali traditional games">traditional Bengali sports</a>, resulting in a loss of native culture.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_athletic_metaphors" title="New Testament athletic metaphors">New Testament athletic metaphors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg/220px-Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg/330px-Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg/440px-Panathenaic_amphora_Kleophrades_Louvre_F277.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2470" data-file-height="3275" /></a><figcaption>The foot race was one of the events dedicated to Zeus. Panathenaic amphora, Kleophrades painter, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 500 BC</span>, Louvre museum.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sport was an important form of worship in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Ancient Greek religion</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">ancient Olympic Games</a> were held in honour of the head deity, <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>, and featured various forms of religious dedication to him and other gods.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practice of athletic competitions has been criticised by some Christian thinkers as a form of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, in which "human beings extol themselves, adore themselves, sacrifice themselves and reward themselves."<sup id="cite_ref-Watson1_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sports are seen by these critics as a manifestation of "collective pride" and "national self-deification" in which feats of human power are idolised at the expense of divine worship.<sup id="cite_ref-Watson1_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watson1-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> condemns the athletic performances of his day, insisting "the entire apparatus of the shows is based upon idolatry."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shows, says Tertullian, excite passions foreign to the calm temperament cultivated by the Christian: </p> <blockquote> <p>God has enjoined us to deal calmly, gently, quietly, and peacefully with the Holy Spirit, because these things are alone in keeping with the goodness of His nature, with His tenderness and sensitiveness. ... Well, how shall this be made to accord with the shows? For the show always leads to spiritual agitation, since where there is pleasure, there is keenness of feeling giving pleasure its zest; and where there is keenness of feeling, there is rivalry giving in turn its zest to that. Then, too, where you have rivalry, you have rage, bitterness, wrath and grief, with all bad things which flow from them – the whole entirely out of keeping with the religion of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Christian clerics in the <a href="/wiki/Wesleyan-Holiness_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyan-Holiness movement">Wesleyan-Holiness movement</a> oppose the viewing of or participation in professional sports, believing that professional sports leagues <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_desecration" title="Sabbath desecration">profane the Sabbath</a>, compete with a Christian's primary commitment to God, exhibit a lack of modesty in the players' and cheerleaders' uniforms, are associated with violence and extensive use of profanity among many players, and encourage gambling, as well as alcohol and other drugs at sporting events, which go against a commitment to <a href="/wiki/Teetotalism" title="Teetotalism">teetotalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Handel2020_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Handel2020-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/31px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/47px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/62px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sports" title="Outline of sports">Outline of sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports" title="List of sports">List of sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sportspeople" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sportspeople">List of sportspeople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_attendance_figures" title="List of sports attendance figures">List of sports attendance figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_sports_leagues" title="List of professional sports leagues">List of professional sports leagues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Media_and_Sports" class="mw-redirect" title="New Media and Sports">New Media and Sports</a></li></ul> </div> <p><b>Related topics</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">Athletic sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_sport" title="Combat sport">Combat sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled sports">Disabled sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic sports">Electronic sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan (person)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handedness#Advantage_in_sports" title="Handedness">Handedness#Advantage in sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_sport" title="International sport">International sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_game" title="Lawn game">Lawn game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_sport" title="Mind sport">Mind sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor sports">Motor sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-sport_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-sport events">Multi-sport events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism_and_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalism and sports">Nationalism and sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_fitness" title="Physical fitness">Physical fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spalding_Athletic_Library" title="Spalding Athletic Library">Spalding Athletic Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsorship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sponsorship">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in film">Sport in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Sport psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">Sports club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_coaching" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports coaching">Sports coaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_commentator" title="Sports commentator">Sports commentator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">Sports entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_equipment" title="Sports equipment">Sports equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports fan">Sports fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Sports governing body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports injuries">Sports injuries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_league_attendances" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports league attendances">Sports league attendances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">Sports marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">Sports nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_terms_named_after_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports terms named after people">Sports terms named after people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_trainer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports trainer">Sports trainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsperson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportsperson">Sportsperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear_(activewear)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportswear (activewear)">Sportswear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_sporting_events" title="Sunday sporting events">Sunday sporting events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_sports" title="Underwater sports">Underwater sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women's sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Water sports">Water sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter sport">Winter sport</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a></span> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO. Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771"><i>Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers</i></a>, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sportaccord-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sportaccord_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sportaccord_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sportaccord_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sportaccord_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sportaccord_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111028112912/http://www.sportaccord.com/en/members/index.php?idIndex=32&idContent=14881">"Definition of sport"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=135+mn+saw+World+Cup+final%3A+TAM&rft.date=2011-04-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fbusiness-news%2FCorporateNews%2F135-mn-saw-World-Cup-final-TAM%2FArticle1-683623.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SB15-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SB15_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SB15_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sports.yahoo.com/blogs/nfl-shutdown-corner/super-bowl-sets-viewership-record-161138960.html">"Super Bowl XLIX was the most-viewed television program in U.S. history"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Super+Bowl+XLIX+was+the+most-viewed+television+program+in+U.S.+history&rft.pub=Yahoo+Sports&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsports.yahoo.com%2Fblogs%2Fnfl-shutdown-corner%2Fsuper-bowl-sets-viewership-record-161138960.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cbc8df2a-aafd-11e4-81bc-00144feab7de.html">"Super Bowl most watched television show in US history"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 2 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505001206/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/cbc8df2a-aafd-11e4-81bc-00144feab7de.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Super+Bowl+most+watched+television+show+in+US+history&rft.date=2015-02-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2Fcbc8df2a-aafd-11e4-81bc-00144feab7de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanfootballinternational.com/super-bowl-sunday-worldwide-american-football-holiday/">"Super Bowl Sunday is a Worldwide American Football Holiday"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Super+Bowl+Sunday+is+a+Worldwide+American+Football+Holiday&rft.pub=American+Football+International+Review&rft.date=2015-02-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanfootballinternational.com%2Fsuper-bowl-sunday-worldwide-american-football-holiday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkovitsRensmann2010" class="citation book cs1">Markovits, Andrei; Rensmann, Lars (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2QpA0fGyiIC&q=super+bowl+de+facto+holiday&pg=PA94"><i>Gaming the World: How Sports Are Reshaping Global Politics and Culture</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1400834662" title="Special:BookSources/978-1400834662"><bdi>978-1400834662</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073541/https://books.google.com/books?id=o2QpA0fGyiIC&q=super+bowl+de+facto+holiday&pg=PA94">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+changed+the+Olympics+forever&rft.pub=CNN&rft.date=2012-07-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2012%2F07%2F22%2Fopinion%2Fgreene-olympics-amateurs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren-">"Olympic boxing must remain amateur despite moves to turn it professional states Warren"</a>. Inside the Games. 13 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150615044539/http://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/13894/olympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren-">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympic+boxing+must+remain+amateur+despite+moves+to+turn+it+professional+states+Warren&rft.pub=Inside+the+Games&rft.date=2011-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.insidethegames.biz%2Farticles%2F13894%2Folympic-boxing-must-remain-amateur-despite-moves-to-turn-it-professional-states-warren-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrasso2013" class="citation book cs1">Grasso, John (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&pg=PA400"><i>Historical Dictionary of Boxing</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810878679" title="Special:BookSources/978-0810878679"><bdi>978-0810878679</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417060735/https://books.google.com/books?id=njefAgAAQBAJ&q=only+amateur+boxers+at+olympics&pg=PA400">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Boxing&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0810878679&rft.aulast=Grasso&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnjefAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Donly%2Bamateur%2Bboxers%2Bat%2Bolympics%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans">"Olympic Wrestling Is Important for Pro Wrestling and Its Fans"</a>. Bleacher Report. 14 February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150616155635/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans">Archived</a> from the original on 16 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Olympic+Wrestling+Is+Important+for+Pro+Wrestling+and+Its+Fans&rft.pub=Bleacher+Report&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbleacherreport.com%2Farticles%2F1529280-olympic-wrestling-is-important-for-pro-wrestlers-and-its-fans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&pg=PA24"><i>Boys' Life</i></a>. Boy Scouts of America, Inc. August 1988. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417073533/https://books.google.com/books?id=2WYEAAAAMBAJ&q=only+amateur+wrestlers+at+olympics&pg=PA24">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boys%27+Life&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Boy+Scouts+of+America%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1988-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2WYEAAAAMBAJ%26q%3Donly%2Bamateur%2Bwrestlers%2Bat%2Bolympics%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaining_Steam_in_Sports_Technology-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaining_Steam_in_Sports_Technology_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Slice_of_MIT" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714150052/https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/">"Gaining Steam in Sports Technology"</a>. <i>Slice of MIT</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alum.mit.edu/pages/sliceofmit/2014/06/17/mit-steam-sports-technology/">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slice+of+MIT&rft.atitle=Gaining+Steam+in+Sports+Technology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falum.mit.edu%2Fpages%2Fsliceofmit%2F2014%2F06%2F17%2Fmit-steam-sports-technology%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm">"Hi-tech suits banned from January"</a>. BBC Sport. 31 July 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908051335/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/swimming/8161867.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hi-tech+suits+banned+from+January&rft.pub=BBC+Sport&rft.date=2009-07-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Fother_sports%2Fswimming%2F8161867.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2010" class="citation web cs1">Wong, Kristina (4 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780">"Full Body Swimsuit Now Banned for Professional Swimmers"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150607200059/http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/full-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers/story?id=9437780">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Full+Body+Swimsuit+Now+Banned+for+Professional+Swimmers&rft.date=2010-01-04&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Kristina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FPolitics%2Ffull-body-swimsuit-now-banned-professional-swimmers%2Fstory%3Fid%3D9437780&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFIFA2012" class="citation journal cs1">FIFA (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030143223/http://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt%5Ftesting%5Fmanual%5F2012.pdf">"Testing Manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FIFA Quality Programme for Goal Line Technology</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/mm/document/fifaqualityprogramme/goal-linetechnology/01/66/02/89/glt_testing_manual_2012.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FIFA+Quality+Programme+for+Goal+Line+Technology&rft.atitle=Testing+Manual&rft.date=2012&rft.au=FIFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fmm%2Fdocument%2Ffifaqualityprogramme%2Fgoal-linetechnology%2F01%2F66%2F02%2F89%2Fglt_testing_manual_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFABofficial-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IFABofficial_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507234418/http://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html">"IFAB makes three unanimous historic decisions"</a>. FIFA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/about-fifa/news/y=2012/m=7/news=ifab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html">the original</a> on 7 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IFAB+makes+three+unanimous+historic+decisions&rft.pub=FIFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fabout-fifa%2Fnews%2Fy%3D2012%2Fm%3D7%2Fnews%3Difab-makes-three-unanimous-historic-decisions-1660541.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140511001351/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html">"Goal-line technology set up ahead of FIFA World Cup"</a>. FIFA. 1 April 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=4/news=goal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html">the original</a> on 11 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Goal-line+technology+set+up+ahead+of+FIFA+World+Cup&rft.pub=FIFA&rft.date=2014-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldcup%2Fnews%2Fy%3D2014%2Fm%3D4%2Fnews%3Dgoal-line-technology-set-ahead-fifa-world-cup-2311481.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150331170115/http://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html">"Hawk-Eye confirmed as goal-line technology provider for Canada 2015"</a>. <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a>. 31 March 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/womensworldcup/news/y=2015/m=3/news=hawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html">the original</a> on 31 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawk-Eye+confirmed+as+goal-line+technology+provider+for+Canada+2015&rft.pub=FIFA&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fwomensworldcup%2Fnews%2Fy%3D2015%2Fm%3D3%2Fnews%3Dhawk-eye-confirmed-as-goal-line-technology-provider-for-canada-2015-2580727.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Premier-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Premier_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409">"Goal-line technology: Premier League votes in favour for 2013–14"</a>. BBC. 11 April 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130411143514/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/22107409">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Goal-line+technology%3A+Premier+League+votes+in+favour+for+2013%E2%80%9314&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport%2F0%2Ffootball%2F22107409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074">"Bundesliga approves Hawk-Eye goal-line technology for new season"</a>. <i>Carlyle Observer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201029003339/https://www.carlyleobserver.com/sports/bundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Carlyle+Observer&rft.atitle=Bundesliga+approves+Hawk-Eye+goal-line+technology+for+new+season&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.carlyleobserver.com%2Fsports%2Fbundesliga-approves-hawk-eye-goal-line-technology-for-new-season-1.1650074&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfl.com/news/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662">"NFL approves rule to change replay process"</a>. Business Insider. 20 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608173617/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap2000000336662/article/nfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NFL+approves+rule+to+change+replay+process&rft.pub=Business+Insider&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfl.com%2Fnews%2Fnfl-approves-rule-to-change-replay-process-0ap2000000336662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818">"Television Match Official – when can they rule"</a>. Rugby World. 20 August 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222853/http://www.rugbyworld.com/news/blogs/television-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Television+Match+Official+%E2%80%93+when+can+they+rule&rft.pub=Rugby+World&rft.date=2011-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rugbyworld.com%2Fnews%2Fblogs%2Ftelevision-match-official-when-can-they-rule-14818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleary2012" class="citation news cs1">Cleary, Mick (20 August 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html">"New rules for Television Match Officials will not make game boring to watch, insist rugby chiefs"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/club/9488451/New-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=New+rules+for+Television+Match+Officials+will+not+make+game+boring+to+watch%2C+insist+rugby+chiefs&rft.date=2012-08-20&rft.aulast=Cleary&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fsport%2Frugbyunion%2Fclub%2F9488451%2FNew-rules-for-Television-Match-Officials-will-not-make-game-boring-to-watch-insist-rugby-chiefs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_Umpire-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Umpire_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_Umpire_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm">"The role of cricket umpires"</a>. BBC Sport. 26 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070302114814/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/cricket/rules_and_equipment/4183398.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+role+of+cricket+umpires&rft.date=2005-08-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Fcricket%2Frules_and_equipment%2F4183398.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Top_End-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Top_End_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm">"Cricket Technology"</a>. Top End Sports. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608175247/http://www.topendsports.com/sport/cricket/technology.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cricket+Technology&rft.pub=Top+End+Sports&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.topendsports.com%2Fsport%2Fcricket%2Ftechnology.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html">"Controversial DRS to be used in 2015 ICC World Cup"</a>. Zee News. 29 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608222859/http://zeenews.india.com/sports/cricket/controversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Controversial+DRS+to+be+used+in+2015+ICC+World+Cup&rft.pub=Zee+News&rft.date=2015-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzeenews.india.com%2Fsports%2Fcricket%2Fcontroversial-drs-to-be-used-in-2015-icc-world-cup_1538054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html">"Hawkeye, Realtime Snicko for World Cup"</a>. ESPNcricinfo. 7 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610075356/http://www.espncricinfo.com/icc-cricket-world-cup-2015/content/story/827213.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hawkeye%2C+Realtime+Snicko+for+World+Cup&rft.pub=ESPNcricinfo&rft.date=2015-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Ficc-cricket-world-cup-2015%2Fcontent%2Fstory%2F827213.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm">"3 Top reasons why ICC did not use 'Hotspot' as part of DRS"</a>. <i>Rediff</i>. Rediff cricket. 13 February 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150608195717/http://www.rediff.com/cricket/report/icc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs/20150213.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rediff&rft.atitle=3+Top+reasons+why+ICC+did+not+use+%27Hotspot%27+as+part+of+DRS&rft.date=2015-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rediff.com%2Fcricket%2Freport%2Ficc-world-cup-3-top-reasons-why-did-not-use-hotspot-as-part-of-drs%2F20150213.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tind1-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tind1_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2007" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Paul (23 June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20110818091248/http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/hawkeye-makes-history-thanks-to-rare-british-success-story-at-wimbledon-454677.html">"Hawk-Eye makes history thanks to rare British success story at Wimbledon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/tennis/hawkeye-makes-history-thanks-to-rare-british-success-story-at-wimbledon-454677.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Hawk-Eye+makes+history+thanks+to+rare+British+success+story+at+Wimbledon&rft.date=2007-06-23&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fsport%2Ftennis%2Fhawkeye-makes-history-thanks-to-rare-british-success-story-at-wimbledon-454677.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm">"Hawk-Eye challenge rules unified"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 19 March 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080323085536/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/tennis/7305404.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Hawk-Eye+challenge+rules+unified&rft.date=2008-03-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Ftennis%2F7305404.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fraser-Thomas, J.L., Cote, J., Deakin, J. (2005). "Youth sport programs: an avenue to foster positive youth development". <i>Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy</i>, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 19–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUNESCO2019" class="citation book cs1">UNESCO (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771"><i>Strengthening the rule of law through education: a guide for policymakers</i></a>. UNESCO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-100308-0"><bdi>978-92-3-100308-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200225195201/https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000366771">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strengthening+the+rule+of+law+through+education%3A+a+guide+for+policymakers&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-92-3-100308-0&rft.au=UNESCO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funesdoc.unesco.org%2Fark%3A%2F48223%2Fpf0000366771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriestArmstrongDoyleWaters2008" class="citation journal cs1">Priest, N; Armstrong, R; Doyle, J; Waters, E (16 July 2008). "Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Increasing Participation in Sport". <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i> (3): CD004812. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004812.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD004812.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F285237">1885/285237</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1464-780X">1464-780X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18646112">18646112</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Interventions+Implemented+Through+Sporting+Organisations+for+Increasing+Participation+in+Sport&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD004812&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F285237&rft.issn=1464-780X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18646112&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004812.pub3&rft.aulast=Priest&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+R&rft.au=Doyle%2C+J&rft.au=Waters%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNRJE2008" class="citation journal cs1">N, Priest; R, Armstrong; J, Doyle; E, Water (16 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464902">"Policy Interventions Implemented Through Sporting Organisations for Promoting Healthy Behaviour Change"</a>. <i>Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews</i>. <b>2008</b> (3): CD004809. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004809.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD004809.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6464902">6464902</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18646111">18646111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Policy+Interventions+Implemented+Through+Sporting+Organisations+for+Promoting+Healthy+Behaviour+Change&rft.volume=2008&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD004809&rft.date=2008-07-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6464902%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18646111&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004809.pub3&rft.aulast=N&rft.aufirst=Priest&rft.au=R%2C+Armstrong&rft.au=J%2C+Doyle&rft.au=E%2C+Water&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6464902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2011" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Gabriel (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>Soccer Vs. the State: Tackling Football and Radical Politics</i></a>. PM Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1604860535" title="Special:BookSources/978-1604860535"><bdi>978-1604860535</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216073648/https://books.google.com/books?id=HWj7BgAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">Archived</a> from the original on 16 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soccer+Vs.+the+State%3A+Tackling+Football+and+Radical+Politics&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=PM+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1604860535&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHWj7BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Fascism-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Fascism_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Fascism_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlamires2006" class="citation book cs1">Blamires, Cyprian (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA630"><i>World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 630–632. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576079409" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576079409"><bdi>978-1576079409</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191213050912/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&pg=PA630">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Fascism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=630-632&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1576079409&rft.aulast=Blamires&rft.aufirst=Cyprian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvD2rZSVau4C%26pg%3DPA630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sociology_Sport-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sociology_Sport_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaxena2001" class="citation book cs1">Saxena, Anurag (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uKarC6oX3P8C&q=hitler+used+1936+olympics+to+promote+ideology&pg=PT32"><i>The Sociology of Sport and Physical Education</i></a>. Pinnacle Technology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1618204684" title="Special:BookSources/978-1618204684"><bdi>978-1618204684</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Sport+and+Physical+Education&rft.pub=Pinnacle+Technology&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1618204684&rft.aulast=Saxena&rft.aufirst=Anurag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuKarC6oX3P8C%26q%3Dhitler%2Bused%2B1936%2Bolympics%2Bto%2Bpromote%2Bideology%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged April 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Kulttuurivihkot" title="Kulttuurivihkot">Kulttuurivihkot</a></i> 1 2009 Berliinin olympialaiset 1936 Poliittisen viattomuuden menetys Jouko Jokisalo 28–29<span class="languageicon">(in Finnish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrett2005" class="citation journal cs1">Merrett, Christopher (2005). "Sport and apartheid". <i>History Compass</i>. <b>3</b>: **. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2005.00165.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2005.00165.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=Sport+and+apartheid&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%2A%2A&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2005.00165.x&rft.aulast=Merrett&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFultonBairner2007" class="citation journal cs1">Fulton, Gareth; Bairner, Alan (2007). "Sport, Space and National Identity in Ireland: The GAA, Croke Park and Rule 42". <i>Space & Policy</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 55–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13562570701406592">10.1080/13562570701406592</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143213001">143213001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Space+%26+Policy&rft.atitle=Sport%2C+Space+and+National+Identity+in+Ireland%3A+The+GAA%2C+Croke+Park+and+Rule+42.&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=55-74&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13562570701406592&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143213001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fulton&rft.aufirst=Gareth&rft.au=Bairner%2C+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gaa.ie/news/50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective/">"50th anniversary of abolition of 'The Ban' offers pause for perspective"</a>. <i>www.gaa.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gaa.ie&rft.atitle=50th+anniversary+of+abolition+of+%27The+Ban%27+offers+pause+for+perspective&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaa.ie%2Fnews%2F50th-anniversary-of-abolition-of-the-ban-offers-pause-for-perspective%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler_CowenKevin_Grier2012" class="citation news cs1">Tyler Cowen; Kevin Grier (24 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html">"Will Ohio State's Football Team Decide Who Wins the White House?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Slate_(magazine)" title="Slate (magazine)">Slate</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230233509/http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2012/10/how_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slate&rft.atitle=Will+Ohio+State%27s+Football+Team+Decide+Who+Wins+the+White+House%3F&rft.date=2012-10-24&rft.au=Tyler+Cowen&rft.au=Kevin+Grier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slate.com%2Farticles%2Fnews_and_politics%2Fpolitics%2F2012%2F10%2Fhow_the_presidential_race_between_barack_obama_and_mitt_romney_could_be.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Jones2012" class="citation news cs1">Mike Jones (3 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/">"Will Redskins Rule again determine outcome of presidential election?"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141107110626/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/football-insider/wp/2012/11/03/will-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Will+Redskins+Rule+again+determine+outcome+of+presidential+election%3F&rft.date=2012-11-03&rft.au=Mike+Jones&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fblogs%2Ffootball-insider%2Fwp%2F2012%2F11%2F03%2Fwill-redskins-rule-again-determine-outcome-of-presidential-election%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Redskins Rule': MNF's Hirdt on intersection of football & politics"</a>. <i>ESPN Front Row</i>. 30 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2012/10/redskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN+Front+Row&rft.atitle=%27Redskins+Rule%27%3A+MNF%27s+Hirdt+on+intersection+of+football+%26+politics&rft.date=2012-10-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espnfrontrow.com%2F2012%2F10%2Fredskins-rule-mnfs-hirdt-on-intersection-of-football-politics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Étienne de La Boétie</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Voluntary_Servitude" title="Discourse on Voluntary Servitude">Discourse on Voluntary Servitude</a></i> (1549), Part 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168">Disappearance of Traditional games by the imitation of Colonial Culture through the Historical parameters of Cultural Colonialism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221126161837/https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/904168">Archived</a> 26 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/">Md Abu Nasim</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190801043229/https://dergipark.org.tr/">Archived</a> 1 August 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gardinier, Norman E., 'The Olympic Festival' in <i>Greek Athletic Sports and Festivals</i>, London: MacMillan, 1910, p.195</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson1-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson1_79-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson1_79-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sports and Christianity: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives</i>, Nick J. Watson, ed. (Routledge: 2013), p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/De_spectaculis" title="De spectaculis">De spectaculis</a></i>, Chapter 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/De_spectaculis" title="De spectaculis">De spectaculis</a></i> Chapter 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Handel2020-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Handel2020_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHandel2020" class="citation book cs1">Handel, Paul S. (2020). <i>Reasons Why Organized Sports Are Not Pleasing to God</i>. Immanuel Missionary Church. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reasons+Why+Organized+Sports+Are+Not+Pleasing+to+God&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Immanuel+Missionary+Church&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Handel&rft.aufirst=Paul+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASport" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources_2">Sources</h3></div> <ul><li>European Commission (2007), <i>The White Paper on Sport</i>.</li> <li>Council of Europe (2001), <i>The European sport charter</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Sports</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sports" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Sports">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sport" class="extiw" title="c:Sport">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" 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/></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Sports" class="extiw" title="q:Sports">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sports" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Sports">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sports" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Sports">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Sports" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Sports">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Sport" class="extiw" title="voy:Sport">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><i>The Meaning of Sports</i> by Michael Mandel (PublicAffairs, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-252-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-58648-252-1">1-58648-252-1</a>).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/journals/rjps20"><i>Journal of the Philosophy of Sport</i></a></li> <li>Sullivan, George. <i>The Complete Sports Dictionary</i>. New York: Scholastic Book Services, 1979. p. 199. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-590-05731-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-590-05731-6">0-590-05731-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sport" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sport" title="Template:Sport"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sport" title="Template talk:Sport"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sport" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sport"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sport" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sport</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individual_sport" title="Individual sport">Individual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_sport" title="Team sport">Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_sports" title="Military sports">Military sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_sports" title="Professional sports">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-professional_sports" title="Semi-professional sports">Semi-professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_sports" title="Amateur sports">Amateur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_science" title="Sports science">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Exercise" title="Exercise">Exercise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_biomechanics" title="Sports biomechanics">Biomechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_(learning_method)" title="Practice (learning method)">Practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_periodization" title="Sports periodization">Periodization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_physiology" title="Exercise physiology">Physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_training" title="Strength training">Strength training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_sport" title="Doping in sport">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletic_training" title="Athletic training">Athletic training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_chiropractic" title="Sports chiropractic">Chriopractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_injury" title="Sports injury">Injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_physician" title="Team physician">Physicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_psychology" title="Sport psychology">Psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_nutrition" title="Sports nutrition">Nutrition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">Bodybuilding supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_drink" title="Sports drink">Sports drink</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_pedagogy" title="Sport pedagogy">Pedagogy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_education" title="Physical education">Physical education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_activity" title="Physical activity">Physical activity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_rating_system" title="Sports rating system">Rating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_sport" title="Sociology of sport">Sociology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">Governing bodies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_league" title="Sports league">Leagues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Season_(sports)" title="Season (sports)">Season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playoffs" title="Playoffs">Postseason</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_school" title="Sports school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_team" title="Sports team">Teams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_sports_federations" title="List of international sports federations">International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_management" title="Sport management">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_of_sports_events" title="Broadcasting of sports events">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_economics" title="Sports economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_marketing" title="Sports marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">Sponsorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_(sports)" title="Trade (sports)">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport communication">Communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_manager" title="General manager">General managers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_journalism" title="Sports journalism">Journalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_magazine" title="Sports magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_podcast" title="Sports podcast">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_radio" title="Sports radio">Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promoter_(entertainment)" title="Promoter (entertainment)">Promoters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_betting" title="Sports betting">Betting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cheerleaders" title="List of cheerleaders">Cheerleaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports entertainment">Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_sport" title="History of sport">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_memorabilia" title="Sports memorabilia">Memorabilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_(sports)" title="Name (sports)">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sportspeople_with_nicknames" title="List of sportspeople with nicknames">Nicknames</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Number_(sports)" title="Number (sports)">Numbering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympism" title="Olympism">Olympic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_sport" title="Philosophy of sport">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sports_rivalries" title="List of sports rivalries">Rivalries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">Sports mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportsmanship" title="Sportsmanship">Sportsmanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_in_sports" title="Violence in sports">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sports_equipment" title="Sports equipment">Equipment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">Artificial turf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball" title="Ball">Balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caving_equipment" title="Caving equipment">Caving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_equipment" title="Exercise equipment">Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisbee" title="Frisbee">Flying disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sportswear" title="Sportswear">Sportswear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_and_sports" title="Politics and sports">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sports law in the United States">Sports law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_sports" title="Ministry of sports">Ministries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">National sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_sport" title="Regulation of sport">Regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport by region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Africa" title="Sport in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Asia" title="Sports in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Asia" title="Sport in South Asia">South Asia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Europe" title="Sport in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_North_America" title="Sports in North America">North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Oceania" title="Sport in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_America" title="Sport in South America">South America</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_sports" title="Western sports">Western world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/16px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/24px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/32px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sports" title="Category:Sports">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sports" title="Outline of sports">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1130432/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4056366-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85126887">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133188907">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb133188907">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00571722">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sport"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116248&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="sporty"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph943757&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Deportes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524968">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007529432705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10642049">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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