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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ideas and arguments</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideas_and_arguments-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Ideas and arguments subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ideas_and_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_purpose_of_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_purpose_of_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The purpose of philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_purpose_of_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Philosophy and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaia_and_philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaia_and_philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Gaia and philosophy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaia_and_philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reductionism_and_materialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reductionism_and_materialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Reductionism and materialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reductionism_and_materialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midgley–Dawkins_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midgley–Dawkins_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Midgley–Dawkins debate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midgley–Dawkins_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midgley_in_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midgley_in_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Midgley in art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midgley_in_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ماري ميدغلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماري ميدغلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AC%D9%84%DB%8C" title="مری میجلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مری میجلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%92%27%D7%9C%D7%99" title="מרי מידג'לי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרי מידג'לי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%89_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%89" title="مارى ميدجلى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مارى ميدجلى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A" title="ميري ميجلي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ميري ميجلي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8,_%D0%9C%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Миджли, Мэри – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Миджли, Мэри" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Midgley" title="Mary Midgley – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mary Midgley" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English philosopher (1919–2018)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Mary Midgley</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Mary_Midgley.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mary_Midgley.JPG/220px-Mary_Midgley.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Mary_Midgley.JPG/330px-Mary_Midgley.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c0/Mary_Midgley.JPG 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="516" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Midgley in 2002</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mary Scrutton</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1919-09-13</span>)</span>13 September 1919<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 October 2018<span style="display:none">(2018-10-10)</span> (aged 99)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville College, Oxford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Literae_humaniores" title="Literae humaniores">BA</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Beast and Man</i> (1978)<br /><i>Animals and Why They Matter</i> (1983)<br /><i>Evolution as a Religion</i> (1985)<br /><i>Science as Salvation</i> (1992)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Geoffrey Midgley</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1950)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_philosophy" title="Contemporary philosophy">Contemporary philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Analytic_philosophy" title="Analytic philosophy">Analytic philosophy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Midgley143_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Midgley143-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moral_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral philosophy">Moral philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mary Beatrice Midgley</b> (<i><span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a></span></i> <b>Scrutton</b>; 13 September 1919 – 10 October 2018)<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a British <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a>. A senior lecturer in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>, she was known for her work on science, ethics and <a href="/wiki/Animal_rights" title="Animal rights">animal rights</a>. She wrote her first book, <i>Beast and Man</i> (1978), when she was in her late fifties, and went on to write over 15 more, including <i>Animals and Why They Matter</i> (1983), <i>Wickedness</i> (1984), <i>The Ethical Primate</i> (1994), <i>Evolution as a Religion</i> (1985), and <i>Science as Salvation</i> (1992). She was awarded honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorates</a> by <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham</a> and Newcastle universities. Her autobiography, <i>The Owl of Minerva</i>, was published in 2005. </p><p>Midgley strongly opposed <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientism" title="Scientism">scientism</a>, and argued against any attempt to make science a substitute for the <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>. She wrote extensively about what she thought philosophers can learn from nature, particularly from animals. Midgley insisted that humans ought to be understood as first and foremost, a kind of animal. Several of her books and articles discussed philosophical ideas appearing in <a href="/wiki/Popular_science" title="Popular science">popular science</a>, including those of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>. She also wrote in favour of a moral interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a>. <i>The Guardian</i> described her as a fiercely combative philosopher and the UK's "foremost scourge of 'scientific <a href="/wiki/Pretension" title="Pretension">pretension</a>'".<sup id="cite_ref-brown2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Midgley was born in London to Lesley and Tom Scrutton.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her father, the son of the eminent judge Sir <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Scrutton" title="Thomas Edward Scrutton">Thomas Edward Scrutton</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Curate" title="Curate">curate</a> in Dulwich and later chaplain of <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_Chapel,_Cambridge" title="King's College Chapel, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a>. She was raised in Cambridge, Greenford and Ealing, and educated at <a href="/wiki/Downe_House_School" title="Downe House School">Downe House School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cold_Ash,_Berkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold Ash, Berkshire">Cold Ash, Berkshire</a>, where she developed her interest in classics and philosophy: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg/220px-KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg/330px-KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg/440px-KingsCollegeChapelWest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Midgley's father was a <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College</a> chaplain.</figcaption></figure> <blockquote><p>[A] new and vigorous Classics teacher offered to teach a few of us <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">Greek</a>, and that too was somehow slotted into our timetables. We loved this and worked madly at it, which meant that with considerable efforts on all sides, it was just possible for us to go to college on Classics … I had decided to read Classics rather than English – which was the first choice that occurred to me – because my English teacher, bless her, pointed out that English literature is something that you read in any case, so it is better to study something that you otherwise wouldn't. Someone also told me that, if you did Classics at Oxford, you could do Philosophy as well. I knew very little about this but, as I had just found Plato, I couldn't resist trying it.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somerville_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Somerville_College.jpg/220px-Somerville_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Somerville_College.jpg/330px-Somerville_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Somerville_College.jpg/440px-Somerville_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Midgley studied <a href="/wiki/Literae_Humaniores" class="mw-redirect" title="Literae Humaniores">Greats</a> at Oxford, going up to <a href="/wiki/Somerville_College,_Oxford" title="Somerville College, Oxford">Somerville</a> in 1938.</figcaption></figure> <p>Midgley took the Oxford entrance exam in the autumn of 1937, gaining a place at <a href="/wiki/Somerville_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerville College">Somerville College</a>. During the year before starting university, it was arranged that she would live in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> for three months to learn <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, but she had to leave after a month because of the <a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">worsening political situation</a>. At Somerville she studied <a href="/wiki/Literae_Humaniores" class="mw-redirect" title="Literae Humaniores">Mods and Greats</a> alongside <a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris Murdoch</a>, graduating with a first-class honours degree. </p><p>Several of her lasting friendships that began at Oxford were with scientists, and she credited them with having educated her in a number of scientific disciplines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a split in the Labour club at Oxford over the Soviet Union's actions, she was on the committee of the newly formed Democratic Socialist Club alongside <a href="/wiki/Tony_Crosland" class="mw-redirect" title="Tony Crosland">Tony Crosland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a>. </p><p>During Midgley's time at Oxford, many of the young male undergraduates left to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. This left the women undergraduates in an unlikely positions: for the first time they made up the majority in the student body. Recalling this time, Midgley writes "I think myself that this experience has something to do with the fact that <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anscombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Anscombe">Elizabeth</a> [Anscombe] and I and <a href="/wiki/Iris_Murdoch" title="Iris Murdoch">Iris</a> [Murdoch] and <a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Philippa Foot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Warnock" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Warnock">Mary Warnock</a> have all made our names in philosophy... I do think that in normal times a lot of good female thinking is wasted because it simply doesn't get heard."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in the philosophy of the women philosophers at this time sparked the interest of two philosophers at <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>, who began a project called <i>In Parenthesis]</i> <sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which explores the connections between four women philosophers (<a href="/wiki/Philippa_Foot" title="Philippa Foot">Foot</a>, <a href="/wiki/G._E._M._Anscombe" title="G. E. M. Anscombe">Anscombe</a>, Midgley and Murdoch). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Midgley left Oxford in 1942 and went into the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>, as "the war put graduate work right out of the question". Instead, she "spent the rest of the war doing various kinds of work that were held to be of national importance".<sup id="cite_ref-notdoc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notdoc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time she was also a teacher at Downe School and <a href="/wiki/Bedford_School" title="Bedford School">Bedford School</a>. She returned to Oxford in 1947 to do graduate work with <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Murray" title="Gilbert Murray">Gilbert Murray</a>. She began research on <a href="/wiki/Plotinus" title="Plotinus">Plotinus</a>'s view of the soul, which she has described as "so unfashionable and so vast that I never finished my thesis".<sup id="cite_ref-notdoc_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notdoc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In retrospect Midgley has written of her belief that she is "lucky" to have missed out on having a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctorate</a>. She argues that one of the main flaws in doctoral training is that, while it "shows you how to deal with difficult arguments", it does not "help you to grasp the big questions that provide its context – the background issues out of which the small problems arose."<sup id="cite_ref-notdoc_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notdoc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949 Midgley went to <a href="/wiki/Reading_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Reading University">Reading University</a>, teaching in the philosophy department there for four terms. In 1950 she married <a href="/wiki/G.C.J._Midgley" class="mw-redirect" title="G.C.J. Midgley">Geoffrey Midgley</a> (died 1997),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also a philosopher. They moved to <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a>, where he got a job in the philosophy department of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-observer2014_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Midgley stopped teaching for several years while she had three sons (Tom, David and Martin),<sup id="cite_ref-brown2001_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> before also getting a job in the philosophy department at Newcastle, where she and her husband were both "much loved".<sup id="cite_ref-observer2014_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Midgley taught there between 1962 and 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-fellow_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her time at Newcastle, she began studying <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a> and this led to her first book, <i>Beast and Man</i> (1978), published when she was 59. "I wrote no books until I was a good 50, and I'm jolly glad because I didn't know what I thought before then."<sup id="cite_ref-brown2001_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Midgley was awarded an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Letters" title="Doctor of Letters">D.Litt.</a> by <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> in 1995<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an honorary <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctor of Civil Law</a> by <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a> in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-fellow_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was an honorary fellow of the Policy, Ethics and Life Sciences Research Centre at Newcastle University.<sup id="cite_ref-fellow_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2011 she was the first winner of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_Now" title="Philosophy Now">Philosophy Now</a> Award for Contributions in the Fight Against Stupidity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Midgley died at the age of 99 in <a href="/wiki/Jesmond" title="Jesmond">Jesmond</a> on 10 October 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardianobit_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardianobit-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideas_and_arguments">Ideas and arguments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ideas and arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_purpose_of_philosophy">The purpose of philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The purpose of philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Midgley argued that philosophy is like <a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">plumbing</a>, something that nobody notices until it goes wrong. "Then suddenly we become aware of some bad smells, and we have to take up the floorboards and look at the concepts of even the most ordinary piece of thinking. The great philosophers ... noticed how badly things were going wrong, and made suggestions about how they could be dealt with."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Midgley argued that philosophy was not something that was reserved for intellectuals and academics. In her view, it is something we <i>all</i> do — an activity that is part of the human conditions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy_and_religion">Philosophy and religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Philosophy and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Despite her upbringing, she did not embrace Christianity herself, because, she says, "I couldn't make it work. I would try to pray and it didn't seem to get me anywhere so I stopped after a while. But I think it's a perfectly sensible world view."<sup id="cite_ref-observer2014_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also argues that the world's religions should not simply be ignored: "It turns out that the evils which have infested religion are not confined to it, but are ones that can accompany any successful human institution. Nor is it even clear that religion itself is something that the human race either can or should be cured of."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midgley's book <i>Wickedness</i> (1984) has been described as coming "closest to addressing a theological theme: the problem of evil."<sup id="cite_ref-erasmus_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erasmus-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, Midgley argues that we need to understand the human capacity for wickedness, rather than blaming God for it. Midgley argues that evil arises from aspects of human nature, not from an external force. She further argues that evil is the absence of good, with good being described as the positive virtues such as generosity, courage and kindness. Therefore, evil is the absence of these characteristics, leading to selfishness, cowardice and similar. She therefore criticizes existentialism and other schools of thought which promote the 'Rational Will' as a free agent. She also criticizes the tendency to demonize those deemed 'wicked', by failing to acknowledge that they also display some measure of some of the virtues.<sup id="cite_ref-erasmus_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erasmus-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midgley also expressed her interest in <a href="/wiki/Paul_Davies" title="Paul Davies">Paul Davies</a>' ideas on the inherent improbability of the order found in the universe. She argued that "there's some sort of tendency towards the formation of order", including towards life and "perceptive life".<sup id="cite_ref-observer2014_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The best way, she argued, of talking about this is using the concept of "a life force", although she acknowledged that this is "vague".<sup id="cite_ref-observer2014_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also argued that "gratitude" is an important part of the motivation for <a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">theism</a>. "You go out on a day like this and you're really grateful. I don't know who to."<sup id="cite_ref-observer2014_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This understanding also links with Midgley's argument that the concept of <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia</a> has "both a scientific and a religious aspect."<sup id="cite_ref-demosp21_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demosp21-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argued that people find this hard to grasp because our views on both science and religion have been narrowed so much that the connections between them are now obscured.<sup id="cite_ref-demosp21_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demosp21-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not, however, about belief in a personal God, but instead about responding to the system of life, as revealed by Gaia, with "wonder, awe and gratitude"<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She observes that "practically all the great European philosophers have been bachelors", and argues that this may be responsible for the solipsism, skepticism, and individualism that dominate the tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMac_CumhaillWiseman2022ix_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMac_CumhaillWiseman2022ix-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaia_and_philosophy">Gaia and philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Gaia and philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Midgley was supportive of <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a>. This was part of her "principal passion" of "reviving our reverence for the earth".<sup id="cite_ref-fellow_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fellow-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Midgley also described Gaia as a "breakthrough", as it was "the first time a theory derived from scientific measurements has carried with it an implicit moral imperative – the need to act in the interests of this living system on which we all depend.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001 Midgley founded, along with David Midgley and Tom Wakeford, the Gaia Network, and became its first Chair.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-network_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-network-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their regular meetings on the implications of Gaia led to the 2007 book <i>Earthy realism</i> edited by Midgley, which sought to bring together the scientific and spiritual aspects of Gaia theory.<sup id="cite_ref-network_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-network-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midgley's 2001 pamphlet for <a href="/wiki/Demos_(UK_think_tank)" title="Demos (UK think tank)">Demos</a> <i>Gaia: The next big idea</i> argues for the importance of the idea of Gaia as a "powerful tool" in science, morality, psychology and politics, to gain a more holistic understanding of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-demosp11_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demosp11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, Midgley argued that we "must learn how to value various aspects of our environment, how to structure social relationships and institutions so that we value social and spiritual life, as well as the natural world, alongside commercial and economic aspects.<sup id="cite_ref-demosp11_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-demosp11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her book <i>Science and Poetry</i>, also published in 2001, also includes a discussion on the idea of Gaia, which she argued "is not a gratuitous, semi-mystical fantasy", but instead is "a useful idea, a cure for distortions that spoil our current world-view."<sup id="cite_ref-poetry172_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poetry172-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is useful both in finding practical solutions to environmental problems and also in giving us "a more realistic view of ourselves".<sup id="cite_ref-poetry172_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-poetry172-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaia has, Midgley argued, both scientific and moral importance, which also involves politics.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also a religious angle to Gaia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reductionism_and_materialism">Reductionism and materialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reductionism and materialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Beast and Man</i> was an examination of human nature and a reaction against the <a href="/wiki/Reductionism" title="Reductionism">reductionism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">sociobiology</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Relativism" title="Relativism">relativism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behaviorism</a> she saw as prevalent in much of social science. She argued that human beings are more similar to animals than many social scientists then acknowledged, while animals are in many ways more sophisticated than was often accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-observer2014_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She criticized <a href="/wiki/Existentialists" class="mw-redirect" title="Existentialists">existentialists</a> who argued that there was no such thing as human nature and writers such as <a href="/wiki/Desmond_Morris" title="Desmond Morris">Desmond Morris</a> who she understood as arguing that human nature was "brutal and nasty".<sup id="cite_ref-observer2014_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, she argued that human beings and their relationship with animals could be better understood by using the <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative</a> methods of <a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">ethology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Comparative_psychology" title="Comparative psychology">comparative psychology</a>, and that this approach showed that "we do have a nature and it's much more in the middle."<sup id="cite_ref-observer2014_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing in the 2002 introduction to the reprint of <i>Evolution as a Religion</i> (1985), Midgley reported that she wrote both this book, and the later <i>Science as Salvation</i> (1992) to counter the "quasi-scientific speculation"<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of "certain remarkable <a href="/wiki/Prophesy" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophesy">prophetic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> passages that appeared suddenly in scientific books, often in their last chapters."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Evolution as a Religion</i> dealt with the theories of <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary biologists">evolutionary biologists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Dawkins</a>, while <i>Science as Salvation</i> dealt with the theories of physicists and <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> researchers. Midgley writes that she still believes that these theories, "have nothing to do with any reputable theory of evolution,"<sup id="cite_ref-intropx_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intropx-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and will not solve the real social and moral problems the world is facing, either through <a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">genetic engineering</a> or the use of machines. She concludes: "These schemes still seem to me to be just displacement activities proposed in order to avoid facing our real difficulties."<sup id="cite_ref-intropx_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-intropx-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "[I]n exposing these rhetorical attempts to turn science into a comprehensive ideology," she wrote in <i>The myths we live by</i>, "I am not attacking science but defending it against dangerous misconstructions."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midgley argued against reductionism, or the attempt to impose any one approach to understanding the world. She suggests that there are "many maps, many windows," arguing that "we need <i>scientific pluralism</i>—the recognition that there are many independent forms and sources of knowledge—rather than reductivism, the conviction that one fundamental form underlies them all and settles everything." She writes that it is helpful to think of the world as "a huge aquarium. We cannot see it as a whole from above, so we peer in at it through a number of small windows ... We can eventually make quite a lot of sense of this habitat if we patiently put together the data from different angles. But if we insist that our own window is the only one worth looking through, we shall not get very far."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She argued that, "acknowledging matter as somehow akin to and penetrated by mind is not adding a new ... assumption ... it is becoming aware of something we are doing already." She suggested that "this topic is essentially the one which caused <a href="/wiki/Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein">Einstein</a> often to remark that the really surprising thing about science is that it works at all ... the simple observation that the laws of thought turn out to be the laws of things."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midgley wrote her 2014 book, <i>Are you an illusion?</i> as a response to <a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a>'s argument in his book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astonishing_Hypothesis" title="The Astonishing Hypothesis">The Astonishing Hypothesis</a></i> that a person's sense of personal identity and free will is no more than the behaviour of nerve cells. She attacks the understanding inherent in this argument that everything, including a sense of self, can be understood through its physical properties.<sup id="cite_ref-observer2014_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, she argues that there are different levels of explanation, which need to be studied using different methods. This means that thoughts and memories are an integral part of reality for both humans and animals and need to be studied as such.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midgley–Dawkins_debate"><span id="Midgley.E2.80.93Dawkins_debate"></span>Midgley–Dawkins debate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Midgley–Dawkins debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, <a href="/wiki/J._L._Mackie" title="J. L. Mackie">J. L. Mackie</a> published an article entitled <i>The Law of the Jungle: Moral Alternatives and Principles of Evolution</i>, praising Dawkins's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Selfish_Gene" title="The Selfish Gene">The Selfish Gene</a></i>, and discussing how its ideas might be applied to moral philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Midgley responded in 1979 with "Gene-Juggling", arguing that <i>The Selfish Gene</i> was about <a href="/wiki/Psychological_egoism" title="Psychological egoism">psychological egoism</a>, rather than evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Gene_Juggling_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gene_Juggling-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1981 rebuttal, Dawkins retorted that the comment was "hard to match, in reputable journals, for its patronising condescension toward a fellow academic".<sup id="cite_ref-dawkins81_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dawkins81-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bad feeling between Dawkins and Midgley did not diminish. In a note to page 55 in the 2nd edition of <i>The Selfish Gene</i> (1989), Dawkins refers to her "highly intemperate and vicious paper". Midgley continued to oppose Dawkins' ideas. In her books <i>Evolution as a Religion</i> (2002) and <i>The Myths We Live By</i> (2003), she wrote about what she saw as his confused use of language — using terms such as "selfish" in different ways without alerting the reader to the change in meaning—and some of what she regarded as his <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetoric</a> ("genes exert ultimate power over behaviour"), which she argued is more akin to religion than science. She wrote in a letter to <i>The Guardian</i> in 2005: </p> <blockquote><p>[There is] widespread discontent with the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Darwinist">neo-Darwinist</a>—or Dawkinsist—orthodoxy that claims something which Darwin himself denied, namely that natural selection is the sole and exclusive cause of evolution, making the world therefore, in some important sense, entirely random. This is itself a strange faith which ought not to be taken for granted as part of science.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In an interview with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i> in September 2007, she argued that Dawkins' views on evolution are ideologically driven: "The ideology Dawkins is selling is the worship of competition. It is projecting a <a href="/wiki/Thatcherite" class="mw-redirect" title="Thatcherite">Thatcherite</a> take on economics on to evolution. It's not an impartial scientific view; it's a political drama."<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2009 Midgley reiterated her critical interpretation of <i>The Selfish Gene</i> as part of a series of articles on <a href="/wiki/Hobbes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hobbes">Hobbes</a> in <i>The Guardian</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her 2010 book <i>The Solitary Self: Darwin and the Selfish Gene</i>, she argues that "simple one-sided accounts of human motives, such as the "selfish gene" tendency in recent neo-Darwinian thought, may be illuminating but are always unrealistic".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Midgley_in_art">Midgley in art</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Midgley in art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Midgley is referred to in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a></i> (1999), a work of fiction by the South African novelist <a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a>. The book has been likened to a cross between a short story and a philosophical dialogue, as Coetzee's protagonist, Elizabeth Costello, often speaks at length about philosophical ideas. Many reviewers expressed bafflement at the text, which has an enigmatic and riddling style. As one reviewer noted, "the reader is not quite sure whether he is intended to spot some confusion or contradiction or non-sequitur in [the protagonist's] arguments."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other critics however have noted many affinities between <i>The Lives of Animals</i> and Midgley's philosophy, and have used Midgley's ideas to make sense of Coetzee's work. </p><p>The main character, who also appears in Coetzee's novel <i><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Costello" title="Elizabeth Costello">Elizabeth Costello</a></i>, is concerned with the moral status of animals, a subject Midgley addressed in <i>Animals and Why They Matter</i>, and discusses at length the idea of sympathy as an ethical concept, a subject Midgley wrote about in <i>Beast and Man</i>. Andy Lamey wrote that the result of these and other similarities is that Coetzee's work "evoke[s] a particular conception of ethics, one very similar to that of the philosopher Mary Midgley. Such a view affords a central role to sympathy and is fundamentally opposed to a long-standing rival view, most clearly exemplified by the social contract tradition, which prioritizes an instrumental conception of rationality."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coetzee and Midgley additionally shared a longstanding fascination with <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe" title="Robinson Crusoe">Robinson Crusoe</a>. Coetzee retells the Crusoe story in his novel <i><a href="/wiki/Foe_(Coetzee_novel)" title="Foe (Coetzee novel)">Foe</a></i>, while Midgley wrote about Crusoe in her essay "Duties Concerning Islands." Midgley's essay argued for the idea that human beings can have ethical obligations to non-human entities such as animals and ecosystems, an idea also found in <i>The Lives of Animals</i>, <i>Foe</i> and many other works by Coetzee.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Midgley agreed to sit for sculptor <a href="/wiki/Jon_Edgar" title="Jon Edgar">Jon Edgar</a> in Newcastle during 2006, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Environment_Triptych" title="Environment Triptych">Environment Triptych</a>, along with heads of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mabey" title="Richard Mabey">Richard Mabey</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Lovelock" title="James Lovelock">James Lovelock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was exhibited at <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park" title="Yorkshire Sculpture Park">Yorkshire Sculpture Park</a> in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Beast and Man: The Roots of Human Nature</i>. Routledge, 1978; revised edition 1995. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28987-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28987-4">0-415-28987-4</a></li> <li><i>Heart and Mind: The Varieties of Moral Experience</i>. Routledge, 1981. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-30449-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-30449-0">0-415-30449-0</a></li> <li><i>Animals and Why They Matter: A Journey Around the Species Barrier</i>. University of Georgia Press, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8203-2041-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8203-2041-2">0-8203-2041-2</a></li> <li><i>Wickedness: A Philosophical Essay</i>. Routledge, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-25398-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-25398-5">0-415-25398-5</a></li> <li>with Judith Hughes. <i>Women's Choices: Philosophical Problems Facing Feminism</i>. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1983. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-88791-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-88791-4">0-312-88791-4</a></li> <li><i>Evolution as a Religion: Strange Hopes and Stranger Fears</i>. Routledge, 1985; reprinted with new introduction 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27832-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27832-5">0-415-27832-5</a> This is dedicated "to the memory of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> who never said these things."</li> <li><i>Can't We Make Moral Judgements?</i>. Bristol Press, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85399-166-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85399-166-X">1-85399-166-X</a></li> <li><i>Wisdom, Information and Wonder: What Is Knowledge For?</i>. Routledge, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02830-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02830-2">0-415-02830-2</a></li> <li><i>Science As Salvation: A Modern Myth and Its Meaning</i>. Routledge, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10773-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10773-3">0-415-10773-3</a> (also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927040907/http://www.giffordlectures.org/Browse.asp?PubID=TPSASV&Volume=0&Issue=0&TOC=TRUE">available here</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a> series)</li> <li><i>The Ethical Primate: Humans, Freedom and Morality</i>. Routledge, 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13224-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13224-X">0-415-13224-X</a></li> <li><i>Utopias, Dolphins and Computers: Problems of Philosophical Plumbing</i>. Routledge, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-13378-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-13378-5">0-415-13378-5</a></li> <li><i>Science And Poetry</i>. Routledge, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-27632-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-27632-2">0-415-27632-2</a></li> <li><i>Myths We Live By</i>. Routledge, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34077-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34077-2">0-415-34077-2</a></li> <li><i>The Owl of Minerva: A Memoir</i>. Routledge, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-36788-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-36788-3">0-415-36788-3</a> (Midgley's autobiography)</li> <li>editor. <i>Earthy Realism: The Meaning of Gaia</i>. Imprint Academic, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84540-080-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84540-080-1">1-84540-080-1</a></li> <li><i>The Solitary Self: Darwin and the Selfish Gene</i>. Acumen, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-253-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84465-253-2">978-1-84465-253-2</a></li> <li><i>Are you an Illusion?</i>. Acumen, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844657926" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844657926">978-1844657926</a></li> <li><i>What Is Philosophy For?</i>. Bloomsbury, 2018. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350051072" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350051072">978-1350051072</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Pamphlets</dt></dl> <ul><li><i>Biological and Cultural Evolution</i>, Institute for Cultural Research Monograph Series, No. 20, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904674-08-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-904674-08-8">0-904674-08-8</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050830013608/http://www.demos.co.uk/catalogue/gaia/">Gaia: The Next Big Idea</a></i>, Demos publications, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84180-075-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84180-075-9">1-84180-075-9</a></li> <li><i>Impact Pamphlet 15: Intelligent Design and Other Ideological Problems</i>, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902227-17-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-902227-17-3">0-902227-17-3</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Selected articles</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>The Emancipation of Women (1952) <i>The Twentieth Century</i> <b>CLII</b>, No. 901, pp. 217–25</li> <li>Bishop Butler: A Reply (1952) <i>The Twentieth Century</i> <b>CLII</b>, No. 905</li> <li>Ou Sont les Neiges de ma Tante (1959) <i>The Twentieth Century</i>, pp. 168–79</li> <li>Is "Moral" Dirty Word? (1972) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>47</b>, No 181, pp. 206–228 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3750150">3750150</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/midgley02.htm">The Concept of Beastliness: Philosophy, Ethics and Animal Behaviour</a> (1973) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>48</b>, No. 148, pp. 111–135 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3749836">3749836</a></li> <li>The Neutrality of the Moral Philosopher (1974) <i>Supplementary Volume of the Aristotelian Society</i>, pp. 211–29 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4544857">4544857</a></li> <li>The Game Game (1974) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>49</b>, No. 189, pp. 231–253 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3750115">3750115</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghandchi.com/IONA/newsword.pdf">On Trying Out One's New Sword on a Chance Wayfarer</a> (1977) <i>The Listener</i> (Reprinted in Midgley, Mary <i>Heart and Mind</i> (1981) and MacKinnon, Barbara <i>Ethics, Theory and Contemporary Issues</i> (Third Edition 2001))</li> <li>More about Reason, Commitment and Social Anthropology (1978) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>53</b>, No. 205, pp. 401–403 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3749907">3749907</a></li> <li>The Objection to Systematic Humbug (1978) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>53</b>, No. 204, pp. 147–169 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3749425">3749425</a></li> <li>Freedom and Heredity (1978) <i>The Listener</i> (Reprinted in Midgley, Mary <i>Heart and Mind</i> (1981))</li> <li>Brutality and Sentimentality (1979) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>54</b>, No. 209, pp. 385–389 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3750611">3750611</a></li> <li>The All-Female Number (1979) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>54</b> No. 210, pp. 552–554 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3751049">3751049</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031044810/http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/article.php?id=14">Gene-Juggling</a> (1979) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>54</b>, No. 210, pp. 439–458 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3751039">3751039</a></li> <li>The Absence of a Gap between Facts and Values (with Stephen R. L. Clark) (1980) <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society, Supplementary Volumes</i> <b>54</b>, pp. 207–223+225-240 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4106784">4106784</a></li> <li>Consequentialism and Common Sense (1980) <i>The Hastings Center Report</i> <b>10</b>, No. 5, pp. 43–44 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3561052">10.2307/3561052</a></li> <li>Why Knowledge Matters (1981) <i>Animals in Research: New Perspectives in Animal Experimentation</i> ed. David Sperling</li> <li>Human Ideals and Human Needs (1983) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>58</b>, No. 223, pp. 89–94 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3750521">3750521</a></li> <li>Towards a New Understanding of Human Nature: The Limits of Individualism (1983) <i>How Humans Adapt: A Biocultural Odyssey</i> ed. Donald J. Ortner</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031044834/http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/article.php?id=15">Selfish Genes and Social Darwinism</a> (1983) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>58</b>, No. 225, pp. 365–377 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3750771">3750771</a></li> <li>Duties Concerning Islands (1983) <i>Encounter</i> <b>LX</b> (Reprinted in <i>People, Penguins and Plastic Trees</i> (1986) ed. Donald Vandeveer also in <i>Ethics</i> (1994) ed. Peter Singer and <i>Environmental Ethics</i> (1995) ed. Robert Elliot)</li> <li>De-Dramatizing Darwin (1984) <i>The Monist</i> '<i>67</i>, No. 2</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.animal-rights-library.com/texts-m/midgley01.htm">Persons and Non-Persons</a> (1985) <i>In Defense of Animals</i>, pp. 52–62</li> <li>Can Specialist Damage Your Health? (1987) <i>International Journal of Moral and Social Studies</i> <b>2</b>, No. 1</li> <li>Keeping Species on Ice (1987) <i>Beyond the Bars: the Zoo Dilemma</i> ed.Virginia MacKenna, Will Travers and Jonathan Wray</li> <li>The Flight from Blame (1987) <i>Philosophy</i> <b>62</b>, No. 241, pp. 271–291 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3750837">3750837</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060614222439/http://www.aaas.org/spp/dser/03_Areas/evolution/perspectives/Midgley_1987.shtml">Evolution As A Religion: A Comparison of Prophecies</a> (1987) <i>Zygon</i> <b>22</b>, No. 2, pp. 179–194 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1467-9744.1987.tb00845.x">10.1111/j.1467-9744.1987.tb00845.x</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://trumpeter.athabascau.ca/index.php/trumpet/article/view/629/1246">Embarrassing Relatives: Changing Perceptions of Animals</a> (1987) <i>The Trumpter</i> <b>4</b>, No. 4, pp. 17–19</li> <li>Beasts, Brutes and Monsters (1988) <i>What Is An Animal?</i> ed. Tim Ingold</li> <li>Teleological Theories of Morality (1988) <i>An Encyclopaedia of Philosophy</i> ed. G.H.R. Parkinson</li> <li>On Not Being afraid of Natural Sex Differences (1988) <i>Feminist Perspectives in Philosophy ed. Morwenna Griffiths and Margaret Whitford</i></li> <li>Practical Solutions (1988) <i>The Hastings Center Report</i> <b>19</b>, No. 6, pp. 44–45 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3561992">10.2307/3561992</a></li> <li>Myths of Intellectual Isolation (1988–89) <i>Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society</i> <b>LXXXIX</b>, Part 1</li> <li>The Value of "Useless" Research: Supporting Scholarship for the Long Run (1989) <i>Report by the Council for Science and Society</i></li> <li>Are You an Animal? (1989) <i>Animal Experimentation: The Consensus Changes</i> ed. 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Peter Singer (Available in Spanish <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hayek.org.ar/new/images/fotos/articulos/Iannello%20-%20Singer%20-%20Cap%20I.pdf?PHPSESSID=3da80b1a0737e3e240dc071f16f44e5d">here</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>)</li> <li>Is the Biosphere a Luxury? (1992) <i>The Hastings Center Report</i> <b>22</b>, No. 3, pp. 7–12 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3563291">10.2307/3563291</a></li> <li>Towards a More Humane View of the Beasts? (1992) <i>The Environment in Question</i> ed. David E. Cooper and Joy A. Palmer</li> <li>The Significance of Species (1992) <i>The Moral Life</i> ed. Stephen Luper-Foy and Curtis Brown (Reprinted in <i>The Animal Rights/ Environmental Ethics Debate, The Environmental Perspective</i> (1992) ed. Eugene C. Hargrove)</li> <li>Strange Contest, Science versus Religion (1992) <i>The Gospel and Contemporary Culture</i> ed. Hugh Montefiore</li> <li>Philosophical Plumbing (1992) <i>The Impulse to Philosophise</i> ed. <a href="/wiki/A._Phillips_Griffiths" class="mw-redirect" title="A. Phillips Griffiths">A. Phillips Griffiths</a></li> <li>The idea of Salvation Through Science (1992) <i>New Blackfriars</i> <b>73</b>, No. 860, pp. 257–265 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1741-2005.1992.tb07240.x">10.1111/j.1741-2005.1992.tb07240.x</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg13518324.300-can-science-save-its-soul-some-scientists-have-begun-totalk-confidently-about-understanding-god-and-creation-they-are-creditingscience-with-power-it-doesnt-possess-.html">Can Science Save its Soul</a> (1992) <i>New Scientist</i>, pp. 43–6</li> <li>Beasts versus the Biosphere (1992) <i>Environmental Values</i> <b>1</b>, No. 1, pp. 113–21</li> <li>The Four-Leggeds, The Two-Leggeds and the Wingeds (1993) <i>Society and Animals</i> <b>1</b>, No. 1.</li> <li>Visions, Secular and Sacred (1994) <i>Milltown Studies</i> <b>34</b>, pp. 74–93</li> <li>The End of Anthropocentrism? (1994) <i>Philosophy and the Natural Environment</i> ed. Robin Attfield and Andrew Belsey</li> <li>Darwinism and Ethics (1994) <i>Medicine and Moral Reasoning</i> ed. K.W.M. Fulford, Grant Gillett and Janet Martin Soskice</li> <li>Bridge-Building at Last (1994) <i>Animals and Human Society</i> ed. Aubrey Manning and James Serpell</li> <li>Zombies and the Turing Test (1995) <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> <b>2</b>, No. 4, pp. 351–2</li> <li>Reductive Megalomania (1995) <i>Nature's Imagination; The Frontiers of Scientific Vision</i> ed. John Cornwall</li> <li>Trouble with Families? (1995) <i>Introducing Applied Ethics ed. <a href="/wiki/Brenda_Almond" title="Brenda Almond">Brenda Almond</a> (Joint with Judith Hughes)</i></li> <li>The Challenge of Science, Limited Knowledge, or a New High Priesthood? (1995) <i>True to this Earth</i> ed. Alan Race and Roger Williamson</li> <li>The Mixed Community (1995) <i> Earth Ethics, Environmental Ethics, Animal Rights and Practical Applications</i> ed. James P. Serba</li> <li>Visions, Secular and Sacred (1995) <i>The Hastings Center Report</i> <b>25</b>, No. 5, pp. 20–27 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3562790">10.2307/3562790</a></li> <li>Darwin's Central Problems (1995) <i>Science</i> <b>268</b>, No. 5214, pp. 1196–1198 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.268.5214.1196">10.1126/science.268.5214.1196</a></li> <li>The Ethical Primate. Anthony Freeman in discussion with Mary Midgley (1995) <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> <b>2</b>, No. 1, pp. 67–75(9) (Joint with Anthony Freeman)</li> <li>Sustainability and Moral Pluralism (1996) <i>Ethics and The Environment</i> <b>1</b>, No. 1</li> <li>One World – But a Big One (1996) <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> <b>3</b>, No. 5/6</li> <li>Earth Matters; Thinking about the Environment (1996) <i>The Age of Anxiety</i> ed. Sarah Dunant and Roy Porter</li> <li>The View from Britain: What is Dissolving Families? (1996) <i>American Philosophical Association, Newsletter on Feminism and Philosophy</i> <b>96</b>, No. 1 (Joint with Judith Hughes)</li> <li>Can Education be Moral? (1996) <i>Res Publica</i> <b>II</b>, No. 1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02335711">10.1007/BF02335711</a> (Reprinted in <i>Teaching Right and Wrong, Moral Education in the Balance</i> ed Richard Smith and Paul Standish)</li> <li>Science in the World (1996) <i>Science Studies</i> <b>9</b>, No. 2</li> <li>The Myths We Live By (1996) <i>The Values of Science</i> Oxford Amnesty Lectures ed Wes Williams</li> <li>Visions of Embattled Science (1997) <i>Science Today: Problem or Crisis?</i> ed Ralph Levinson and Jeff Thomas</li> <li>The Soul's Successors: Philosophy and the "Body" (1997) <i>Religion and the Body</i> ed Sarah Coakley</li> <li>Putting Ourselves Together Again (1998) <i>Consciousness and Human Human Identity</i> ed John Cornwall</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831045533/http://www.newstatesman.com/199909060045.htm">Monkey business. The Origin of Species changed man's conception of himself forever. So why, asks Mary Midgley, is Darwinism used to reinforce the arid individualism of our age?</a> (1999) New Statesman</li> <li>The Problem of Humbug (1998) <i>Media Ethics</i> ed Matthew Kieram</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831044606/http://www.newstatesman.com/199905240041">Descartes' prisoners</a> (1999) New Statesman</li> <li>Being Scientific about Our Selves (1999) <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i>, <b>6</b> (Reprinted in <i>Models of the Self</i> (1999) ed Shaun Gallagher and Jonathan Shear)</li> <li>Towards an Ethic of Global Responsibility (1999) <i>Human Rights in Global Politics</i> ed Tim Dunne and Nicholas J. Wheeler</li> <li>The Origins of Don Giovanni (1999–2000) <i>Philosophy Now</i>, p. 32</li> <li>Alchemy Revived (2000) <i>The Hastings Center Report</i> <b>30</b>, No. 2, pp. 41–43 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3528314">10.2307/3528314</a></li> <li>Biotechnology and Monstrosity: Why We Should Pay Attention to the "Yuk Factor" (2000) <i>The Hastings Center Report</i> <b>30</b>, No. 5, pp. 7–15 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3527881">10.2307/3527881</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831043956/http://www.newstatesman.com/200010020049">Earth Song</a> (2000) New Statesman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831044616/http://www.newstatesman.com/200003130051">Both nice and nasty</a> (2000) New Statesman</li> <li>Individualism and the Concept of Gaia (2000) <i>Review of International Studies</i> <b>26</b>, pp. 29–44</li> <li>Consciousness, Fatalism and Science (2000) <i>The Human Person in Science and Theology</i> ed Niels Hendrik Gregerson, Willem B. Drees and Ulf Gorman</li> <li>Human Nature, Human Variety, Human Freedom (2000) <i>Being Humans: Anthropological Universality and Particularity</i> ed Neil Roughley</li> <li>Why Memes? (2000) <i>Alas, Poor Darwin ed Hukary and Steven Rose</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencereligionarticles.org/pdf/ADGFTC000046.pdf">The Need for Wonder</a> (2000) <i>God for the 21st Century</i> ed Russell Stannard</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831045431/http://www.gaiaweb.uk.net/P200025T.htm">What Gaia Means</a> (2001) <i>The Guardian</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/GWeekly/Story/0,,562525,00.html">The bankers' abstract vision of the globe is limited</a> (2001) The Guardian</li> <li>The Problem of Living with Wildness (2001) <i>Wolves and Human Communities: Biology, Politics and Ethics</i> ed Virginia A. Sharpe, Bryan Norton and Strachan Donelley</li> <li>Wickedness (2001) <i>The Philosophers' Magazine</i> pp. 23–5</li> <li>Being Objective (2001) <i>Nature</i> <b>410</b>, p. 753 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35071193">10.1038/35071193</a></li> <li>Heaven and Earth, an Awkward History (2001–2002) <i>Philosophy Now</i> <b>34</b> p. 18</li> <li>Does the Earth Concern Us? (2001–2002) <i>Gaia Circular</i>, p. 4</li> <li>Choosing the Selectors (2002) <i>Proceedings of the British Academy</i> <b>112</b> published as <i>The Evolution of Cultural Entities</i> ed Michael Wheeler, John Ziman and Margaret A. Boden</li> <li>Pluralism: The Many-Maps Model (2002) <i>Philosophy Now</i> <b>35</b></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031044313/http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/think/article.php?num=6">How real are you?</a> (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050730012554/http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/think/index.html"><i>Think. A Periodical of the Royal Institute of Philosophy</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070622215146/http://mit.psy.au.dk/ap/PDF-versions/No11/joap-no11-midgley.pdf">Reply to target article: "Inventing the Subject; the Renewal of 'Psychological' Psychology"</a> (2002) <i>Journal of Anthropological Psychology</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,,849453,00.html">Enough is never enough</a> (2002) The Guardian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,795048,00.html">It's all in the mind</a> (2002) The Guardian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://manghani.free.fr/sa/issue2/midgley.pdf">Science and Poetry</a> (2003) <i>Situation Analysis</i> <b>2</b> (edited extract from Chapters 17 Individualism and the Concept of Gaia and 18 Gods and Goddesses; the Role of Wonder of <i>Science and Poetry</i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170217143146/http://www.newstatesman.com/node/194791">Great Thinkers – James Lovelock</a> (2003) New Statesman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1049723,00.html">Curiouser and curiouser</a> (2003) The Guardian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,904441,00.html">Fate by fluke</a> (2003) The Guardian</li> <li>Criticising the Cosmos (2003) <i>Is Nature Ever Evil? Religion, Science and Value</i> ed Willem B. Drees</li> <li>Zombies (2003–2004) <i>Philosophy Now</i> pp. 13–14</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophynow.org/issue47/47midgley.htm">Souls, Minds, Bodies, Planets pt1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philosophynow.org/issue48/48midgley.htm">pt2</a> (2004) Two-part article on the Mind Body problem <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org"><i>Philosophy Now</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831045750/http://www.newstatesman.com/200409130046">Us and Them</a> (2004) New Statesman</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/review/story/0,,1230720,00.html">Counting the cost of revenge</a> (2004) The Guardian</li> <li>Mind and Body: The End of Apartheid (2004) <i>Science, Consciousness and Ultimate Reality ed David Lorimer</i></li> <li>Why Clones? (2004) <i>Scientific and Medical Network Review</i>, No. 84</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.resurgence.org/2005/midgley228.htm">Visions and Values</a> (2005) <i>Resurgence</i> <b>228</b></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/comment/story/0,,1583654,00.html">Proud not to be a doctor</a> (2005) The Guardian</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/letters/story/0,,1563242,00.html#article_continue">Designs on Darwinism</a> (2005) The Guardian</li> <li>Review: The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins (2006) <i>New Scientist</i> Issue 2572 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0262-4079%2806%2960674-X">10.1016/S0262-4079(06)60674-X</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/hdy/journal/v96/n3/full/6800798a.html">Rethinking sex and the selfish gene: why we do it</a> (2006) <i>Heredity</i> <b>96</b>, No. 3, pp. 271–2 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.hdy.6800798">10.1038/sj.hdy.6800798</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philosophynow.org/issues/64/A_Plague_On_Both_Their_Houses">A Plague On Both Their Houses</a> (2007) <i>Philosophy Now</i> <b>64</b></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amidatrust.typepad.com/interlog/2007/08/mary-midgley-on.html">Mary Midgley on Dawkins</a> (2007) <i>Interlog</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080530143257/http://www.templeton.org/belief/essays/midgley.pdf">Does Science Make God Obsolete?</a> (2008) <i>John Templeton Foundation</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/jan/02/1">The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World by Iain McGilchrist</a> (2010) <i>The Guardian</i></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">List of animal rights advocates</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Midgley143-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Midgley143_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Midgley143_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mary Midgley, <i>The Essential Mary Midgley</i>, Routledge, 2005, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytobit-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotyka2018" class="citation web cs1">Motyka, John (15 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/15/obituaries/mary-midgley-dead.html">"Mary Midgley, 99, Moral Philosopher for the General Reader, Is Dead"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2018</span>. <q>She was born Mary Scrutton on Sept. 13, 1919, in Dulwich, England, to Lesley (Hay) and Tom Scrutton.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mary+Midgley%2C+99%2C+Moral+Philosopher+for+the+General+Reader%2C+Is+Dead&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft.aulast=Motyka&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F10%2F15%2Fobituaries%2Fmary-midgley-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brown2001_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown2001_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brown2001_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2001" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Andrew (13 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/saturday_review/story/0,3605,421561,00.html">"Mary, Mary, quite contrary"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mary%2C+Mary%2C+quite+contrary&rft.date=2001-01-13&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsaturday_review%2Fstory%2F0%2C3605%2C421561%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2005" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2005). <i>The Owl of Minerva</i>. Routledge. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-36788-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-36788-3"><bdi>0-415-36788-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Owl+of+Minerva&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-415-36788-3&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2005" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2005). <i>The Owl of Minerva</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Proud+not+to+be+a+doctor&rft.date=2005-10-03&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2005%2Foct%2F03%2Fhighereducation.uk2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-geoffrey-midgley-1260317.html">"Obituary: Geoffrey Midgley"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. 7 May 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Geoffrey+Midgley&rft.date=1997-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-geoffrey-midgley-1260317.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-observer2014-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-observer2014_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer2014_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer2014_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer2014_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer2014_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer2014_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer2014_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer2014_10-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer2014_10-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-observer2014_10-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2014" class="citation web cs1">Anthony, Andrew (23 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2014/mar/23/mary-midgley-philosopher-soul-human-consciousness">"Mary Midgley: a late stand for a philosopher with soul"</a>. <i>The Observer</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/peals/people/honorary/midgley.htm">the original</a> on 24 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Fellow+%E2%80%93+Mary+Midgley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncl.ac.uk%2Fpeals%2Fpeople%2Fhonorary%2Fmidgley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dur.ac.uk/university.calendar/volumei/honorary_degrees/">"Honorary Degrees – Durham University"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Mary%2C+Mary+quite+contrary&rft.date=2001-11-03&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft.aulast=Else&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg17223154-800-mary-mary-quite-contrary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2003" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsweliveby00midg"><i>The myths we live by</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsweliveby00midg/page/n50">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415309066" title="Special:BookSources/9780415309066"><bdi>9780415309066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+myths+we+live+by&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415309066&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythsweliveby00midg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erasmus-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erasmus_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erasmus_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEachran2009" class="citation web cs1">McEachran, Alan (May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327223917/http://ptolemy.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/MaryMidgley.pdf">"Mary Midgley"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Erasmus Darwin Society</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ptolemy.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2009/09/MaryMidgley.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Erasmus+Darwin+Society&rft.atitle=Mary+Midgley&rft.date=2009-05&rft.aulast=McEachran&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fptolemy.co.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F09%2FMaryMidgley.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demosp21-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demosp21_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demosp21_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2001" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050830013608/http://www.demos.co.uk/catalogue/gaia/"><i>Gaia: The next big idea</i></a>. Demos publications. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84180-075-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84180-075-9"><bdi>1-84180-075-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demos.co.uk/catalogue/gaia/">the original</a> on 30 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaia%3A+The+next+big+idea&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Demos+publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84180-075-9&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demos.co.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fgaia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2001" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050830013608/http://www.demos.co.uk/catalogue/gaia/"><i>Gaia: The next big idea</i></a>. Demos publications. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84180-075-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84180-075-9"><bdi>1-84180-075-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demos.co.uk/catalogue/gaia/">the original</a> on 30 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaia%3A+The+next+big+idea&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Demos+publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84180-075-9&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demos.co.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fgaia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMac_CumhaillWiseman2022ix-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMac_CumhaillWiseman2022ix_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMac_CumhaillWiseman2022">Mac Cumhaill & Wiseman 2022</a>, p. ix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeford2000" class="citation news cs1">Wakeford, Tom (22 September 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/features/in-a-climate-of-change/153581.article">"In a climate of change"</a>. <i>Times Higher Education</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=In+a+climate+of+change&rft.date=2000-09-22&rft.aulast=Wakeford&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fin-a-climate-of-change%2F153581.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_Midgley2007" class="citation book cs1">Mary Midgley, ed. (2007). "Contributors". <i>Earthly realism</i>. Societas. p. vi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1845400804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1845400804"><bdi>978-1845400804</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contributors&rft.btitle=Earthly+realism&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=Societas&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1845400804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-network-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-network_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-network_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gaiaweb.uk.net/GAIAWEB/Gaboutus.php">"About us – Gaia Network"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+us+%E2%80%93+Gaia+Network&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaiaweb.uk.net%2FGAIAWEB%2FGaboutus.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-demosp11-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demosp11_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-demosp11_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2001" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050830013608/http://www.demos.co.uk/catalogue/gaia/"><i>Gaia: The next big idea</i></a>. Demos publications. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84180-075-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-84180-075-9"><bdi>1-84180-075-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.demos.co.uk/catalogue/gaia/">the original</a> on 30 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaia%3A+The+next+big+idea&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Demos+publications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-84180-075-9&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.demos.co.uk%2Fcatalogue%2Fgaia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-poetry172-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-poetry172_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-poetry172_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2001" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2001). <i>Science and poetry</i>. Routledge. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415378482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415378482"><bdi>978-0415378482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+poetry&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0415378482&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2001" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2001). <i>Science and poetry</i>. Routledge. p. 198. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415378482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415378482"><bdi>978-0415378482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+poetry&rft.pages=198&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0415378482&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2001" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2001). <i>Science and poetry</i>. Routledge. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415378482" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415378482"><bdi>978-0415378482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+poetry&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0415378482&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2002" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2002). "New Introduction". <i>Evolution as a Religion</i>. p. ix.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Introduction&rft.btitle=Evolution+as+a+Religion&rft.pages=ix&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2002" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2002). "New Introduction". <i>Evolution as a Religion</i>. p. iii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Introduction&rft.btitle=Evolution+as+a+Religion&rft.pages=iii&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-intropx-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-intropx_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-intropx_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2002" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2002). "New Introduction". <i>Evolution as a Religion</i>. p. x.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Introduction&rft.btitle=Evolution+as+a+Religion&rft.pages=x&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2003" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsweliveby00midg"><i>The myths we live by</i></a></span>. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsweliveby00midg/page/n40">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415309066" title="Special:BookSources/9780415309066"><bdi>9780415309066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+myths+we+live+by&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415309066&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythsweliveby00midg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2003" class="citation book cs1">Midgley, Mary (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsweliveby00midg"><i>The myths we live by</i></a></span>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mythsweliveby00midg/page/n36">26</a>–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415309066" title="Special:BookSources/9780415309066"><bdi>9780415309066</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+myths+we+live+by&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780415309066&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmythsweliveby00midg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Midgley 1992, p. 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCave2014" class="citation web cs1">Cave, Stephen (21 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/70476606-ae8e-11e3-aaa6-00144feab7de.html">"Review of Are you an illusion?"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Review+of+Are+you+an+illusion%3F&rft.date=2014-03-21&rft.aulast=Cave&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F2%2F70476606-ae8e-11e3-aaa6-00144feab7de.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackie1978" class="citation journal cs1">Mackie, J.L. (1978). "The Law of the Jungle: Moral Alternatives and Principles of Evolution". <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>53</b> (206): 455–464. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100026322">10.1017/S0031819100026322</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159925034">159925034</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+Law+of+the+Jungle%3A+Moral+Alternatives+and+Principles+of+Evolution&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=206&rft.pages=455-464&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100026322&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159925034%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mackie&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gene_Juggling-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gene_Juggling_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley1979" class="citation journal cs1">Midgley, M. (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100063488">"Gene-juggling"</a>. <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>54</b> (210): 439–458. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100063488">10.1017/S0031819100063488</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11661921">11661921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=Gene-juggling&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=210&rft.pages=439-458&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100063488&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11661921&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0031819100063488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dawkins81-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dawkins81_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins1981" class="citation journal cs1">Dawkins, R. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100050580">"In Defence of Selfish Genes"</a>. <i>Philosophy</i>. <b>56</b> (218): 556–573. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0031819100050580">10.1017/S0031819100050580</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy&rft.atitle=In+Defence+of+Selfish+Genes&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=218&rft.pages=556-573&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0031819100050580&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0031819100050580&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2005/sep/06/religion.news">"Letters: Designs on Darwinism"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 5 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Letters%3A+Designs+on+Darwinism&rft.date=2005-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2005%2Fsep%2F06%2Freligion.news&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022042536/http://independent.co.uk/incoming/article2977701.ece">"Jackson, 3 January 2008"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Independent.co.uk" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent.co.uk">Independent.co.uk</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/incoming/article2977701.ece">the original</a> on 22 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent.co.uk&rft.atitle=Jackson%2C+3+January+2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fincoming%2Farticle2977701.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMidgley2009" class="citation web cs1">Midgley, Mary (20 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/apr/20/religion-philosophy-hobbes-dawkins-selfishness">"Mary Midgley: Selfishness: where Dawkins got it wrong"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Mary+Midgley%3A+Selfishness%3A+where+Dawkins+got+it+wrong&rft.date=2009-04-20&rft.aulast=Midgley&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2Fbelief%2F2009%2Fapr%2F20%2Freligion-philosophy-hobbes-dawkins-selfishness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Solitary Self</i>, publisher's description</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge,_David2003" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Lodge_(author)" title="David Lodge (author)">Lodge, David</a> (20 November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2003/11/20/disturbing-the-peace/">"Disturbing the Peace - a review of Elizabeth Costello by J.M. Coetzee"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Disturbing+the+Peace+-+a+review+of+Elizabeth+Costello+by+J.M.+Coetzee&rft.date=2003-11-20&rft.au=Lodge%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2F2003%2F11%2F20%2Fdisturbing-the-peace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1715344">Lamey 2010</a>, p. 172; for similarities between Midley and Coetzee, see pp. 175–181</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1715344">Lamey 2010</a>, p. 175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edgar 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jon Edgar - Sculpture Series Heads: Terracotta Portraits of Contributors to British Sculpture</i> (2013) Scott, M., Hall, P., and Pheby, H. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955867514" title="Special:BookSources/978-0955867514">978-0955867514</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/saturday_review/story/0,3605,421561,00.html">"Mary, Mary, quite contrary"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 13 January 2001.</li> <li>Dawkins, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110301125759/http://cdn.cloudfiles.mosso.com/c114612/documents/2008/Reply_to_Midgley.pdf">"In Defence of Selfish Genes"</a>, <i>Philosophy</i>, vol 56, 1981, pp. 556–573. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3750888">3750888</a></li> <li>Edgar, John. <i>Responses: Carvings and Claywork: Jon Edgar Sculpture 2003–2008</i>. Hesworth Press, 2008.</li> <li>Else, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=mg17223154.800">"Mary, Mary, quite contrary"</a>, <i>New Scientist</i>, 3 November 2001.</li> <li>Jackson, Nick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022042536/http://independent.co.uk/incoming/article2977701.ece">"Against the grain: There are questions that science cannot answer"</a>, <i>The Independent</i>, 3 January 2008.</li> <li>Lamey, Andy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1715344">"Sympathy and Scapegoating in J. M. Coetzee"</a>, in Anton Leist and Peter Singer (eds.). <i>J. M. Coetzee and Ethics: Philosophical Perspectives on Literature</i>. Columbia University Press, 2010.</li> <li>Lodge, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2003/nov/20/disturbing-the-peace/">"Disturbing the Peace,"</a> <i>The New York Review of Books</i>, undated.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMac_CumhaillWiseman2022" class="citation book cs1">Mac Cumhaill, Clare; Wiseman, Rachael (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1289274891"><i>Metaphysical animals : how four women brought philosophy back to life</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-54570-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-54570-9"><bdi>978-0-385-54570-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1289274891">1289274891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Metaphysical+animals+%3A+how+four+women+brought+philosophy+back+to+life&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1289274891&rft.isbn=978-0-385-54570-9&rft.aulast=Mac+Cumhaill&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft.au=Wiseman%2C+Rachael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1289274891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMary+Midgley" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mackie, J. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031044742/http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/article.php?id=11">The Law of the Jungle</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 31 October 2005), <i>Philosophy</i>, vol. 53, 1978, pp. 455–464. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3749875">3749875</a></li> <li>Midgley, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2009/apr/20/religion-philosophy-hobbes-dawkins-selfishness">"Hobbes's Leviathan, Part 3: What is selfishness?"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 20 April 2009.</li> <li>Midgley, Mary. <i>Owl of Minerva: A Memoir</i>. Routledge, 2005.</li> <li>Midgley, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/letters/story/0,,1563242,00.html">"Designs on Darwinism"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 6 September 2005.</li> <li>Midgley, Mary. <i>The Myths We Live By</i>. Routledge, 2003.</li> <li>Midgley, Mary. <i>Science As Salvation: A Modern Myth and Its Meaning</i>. Routledge 1992.</li> <li>Midgley, Mary. <i>Evolution as a Religion: Strange Hopes and Stranger Fears</i>. Routledge, 1985.</li> <li>Midgley, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031044834/http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/article.php?id=15">"Selfish Genes and Social Darwinism"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 31 October 2005), <i>Philosophy</i>, vol 58, 1983, pp. 365–377. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3750771">3750771</a></li> <li>Midgley, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051031044810/http://www.royalinstitutephilosophy.org/articles/article.php?id=14">"Gene Juggling"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 31 October 2005), <i>Philosophy</i>, vol 54, no. 210, 1979, pp. 439–458. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3751039">3751039</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lipscomb, Benjamin J.B. <i>The Women are up to Something: How Elizabeth Anscombe, Philippa Foot, Mary Midgley and Iris Murdoch Revolutionised Ethics</i>. Oxford, 2021. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0197541074" title="Special:BookSources/978-0197541074">978-0197541074</a></li> <li>McElwain, Gregory S. <i>Mary Midgley: An Introduction</i>. Bloomsbury, 2020. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1350047563" title="Special:BookSources/978-1350047563">978-1350047563</a></li> <li>Kidd, Ian James & McKinnell, Liz (eds.). <i>Science And The Self: Animals, Evolution and Ethics: Essays In Honour Of Mary Midgley</i>. Routledge, 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-138-89838-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-138-89838-4">1-138-89838-4</a></li> <li>Midgley, David (ed.). <i>The Essential Mary Midgley</i>. Routledge, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34642-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34642-8">0-415-34642-8</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=223">Biography</a> for her <a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/profile/mary-midgley?">Writings</a> in <i>The Guardian</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofvirus.org/virus.2Q99/1305.html">"Of memes and witchcraft"</a>, contribution to discussion on <i>Journal of Consciousness Studies</i> newsgroup, 1999.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051018193814/http://www.kenanmalik.com/reviews/midgley_poetry.html"><i>Science and Poetry</i> review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenan_Malik" title="Kenan Malik">Kenan Malik</a>, 2 March 2001.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/reviews/politicsphilosophyandsociety/0,6121,1019509,00.html"><i>Myths We Live By</i> review</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 16 August 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=1384"><i>Myths We Live By</i> review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724120134/http://ndpr.nd.edu/review.cfm?id=1384">Archived</a> 24 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, 6 February 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831044012/http://www.newstatesman.com/200307070035"><i>Myths We Live By</i> review</a>, <i>New Statesman</i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/news/story/0,9830,1573651,00.html">"Mary Midgley: Moral missionary"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>, 20 September 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060929212452/http://tls.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,25336-2152831,00.html"><i>The Owl of Minerva</i> review</a>, <i>The Times Literary Supplement</i>, 26 April 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.threemonkeysonline.com/article_mary_midgley_interview.htm">"Books by and an Interview with: Mary Midgley"</a>, <i>Three Monkeys Online</i>, February 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lewisiana.nl/marymidgley">"Mary Midgley on C. S. Lewis"</a>, private letters, published with permission</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bysheilaheti.blogspot.com/2010/06/interview-with-mary-midgley.html">"Interview with Mary Midgley"</a>, by Sheila Heti in <i>The Believer</i>, February 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111105110442/http://www.oxonianreview.org/wp/the-congenial-self/"><i>The Genial Self</i></a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, review in the <i>Oxonian Review</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Midgley&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output 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title="Fur trade">Fur trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_farming" title="Insect farming">Insect farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">Intensive animal farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intensive_pig_farming" title="Intensive pig farming">Intensive pig farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slaughterhouse" title="Slaughterhouse">Slaughterhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_farming" title="Wildlife farming">Wildlife farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_animal" title="Working animal">Working animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feedback_(pork_industry)" title="Feedback (pork industry)">Feedback (pork industry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_depopulation" title="Foam depopulation">Foam depopulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ventilation_shutdown" title="Ventilation 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amphibians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_cephalopods" title="Pain in cephalopods">Pain in cephalopods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_crustaceans" title="Pain in crustaceans">Pain in crustaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_fish" title="Pain in fish">Pain in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_in_invertebrates" title="Pain in invertebrates">Pain in invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pain_and_suffering_in_laboratory_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pain and suffering in laboratory animals">Pain and suffering in laboratory animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_of_farmed_insects" title="Welfare of farmed insects">Welfare of farmed insects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Fishing bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreational fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wild_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild animals">Wild animals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culling_wildlife" class="mw-redirect" title="Culling wildlife">Culling wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hare_coursing" title="Hare coursing">Hare coursing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_primate_trade" title="International primate trade">International primate trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_trade" title="Ivory trade">Ivory trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predation_problem" title="Predation problem">Predation problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_animal_suffering" title="Wild animal suffering">Wild animal suffering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">Wildlife management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandoned_pets" title="Abandoned pets">Abandoned pets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_slaughter" title="Animal slaughter">Animal slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_trial" title="Animal trial">Animal trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animals in sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_food" title="Live food">Live food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_export" title="Live export">Live export</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Dog_affair" title="Brown Dog affair">Brown Dog affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_primates" title="Cambridge University primates">Cambridge University primates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McLibel_case" title="McLibel case">McLibel case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey_selfie_copyright_dispute" title="Monkey selfie copyright dispute">Monkey selfie copyright dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit_of_despair" title="Pit of despair">Pit of despair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Huntingdon_Animal_Cruelty" title="Stop Huntingdon Animal Cruelty">SHAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring_monkeys" title="Silver Spring monkeys">Silver Spring monkeys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Riverside_1985_laboratory_raid" title="University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid">University of California, Riverside 1985 laboratory raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unnecessary_Fuss" title="Unnecessary Fuss">Unnecessary Fuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_currents" title="War of the currents">War of the currents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methodologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_sabotage" title="Hunt sabotage">Hunt sabotage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observances</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Speciesism" title="World Day for the End of Speciesism">World Day for the End of Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_Laboratory_Animals" title="World Day for Laboratory Animals">World Day for Laboratory Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Day_for_the_End_of_Fishing" title="World Day for the End of Fishing">World Day for the End of Fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Advocates_(academics,_writers,_activists)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_animal_rights_advocates" title="List of animal rights advocates">Advocates</a> (academics, writers, activists)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics<br />and writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carol_J._Adams" title="Carol J. Adams">Carol J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aysha_Akhtar" title="Aysha Akhtar">Aysha Akhtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristin_Andrews" title="Kristin Andrews">Kristin Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Beauchamp" title="Tom Beauchamp">Tom Beauchamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Bekoff" title="Marc Bekoff">Marc Bekoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Best" title="Steven Best">Steven Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paola_Cavalieri" title="Paola Cavalieri">Paola Cavalieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._L._Clark" title="Stephen R. L. Clark">Stephen R. L. Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alasdair_Cochrane" title="Alasdair Cochrane">Alasdair Cochrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._M._Coetzee" title="J. M. Coetzee">J. M. Coetzee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Crary" title="Alice Crary">Alice Crary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_DeGrazia" title="David DeGrazia">David DeGrazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dombrowski" title="Daniel Dombrowski">Daniel Dombrowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sue_Donaldson" title="Sue Donaldson">Sue Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Donovan" title="Josephine Donovan">Josephine Donovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Dunayer" title="Joan Dunayer">Joan Dunayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mylan_Engel" title="Mylan Engel">Mylan Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catia_Faria" title="Catia Faria">Catia Faria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Finsen" title="Lawrence Finsen">Lawrence Finsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_L._Francione" title="Gary L. Francione">Gary L. Francione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Garner" title="Robert Garner">Robert Garner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val%C3%A9ry_Giroux" title="Valéry Giroux">Valéry Giroux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lori_Gruen" title="Lori Gruen">Lori Gruen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hadley_(philosopher)" title="John Hadley (philosopher)">John Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_Horta" title="Oscar Horta">Oscar Horta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Jamieson" title="Dale Jamieson">Dale Jamieson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyle_Johannsen" title="Kyle Johannsen">Kyle Johannsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanie_Joy" title="Melanie Joy">Melanie Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kean" title="Hilda Kean">Hilda Kean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Will Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renan_Larue" title="Renan Larue">Renan Larue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lepeltier" title="Thomas Lepeltier">Thomas Lepeltier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Linzey" title="Andrew Linzey">Andrew Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Linzey" title="Clair Linzey">Clair Linzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Lyons" title="Dan Lyons">Dan Lyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nibert" title="David Nibert">David Nibert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Palmer" title="Clare Palmer">Clare Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Patterson_(author)" title="Charles Patterson (author)">Charles Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Pearce_(philosopher)" title="David Pearce (philosopher)">David Pearce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Pierce" title="Jessica Pierce">Jessica Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Pluhar" title="Evelyn Pluhar">Evelyn Pluhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Rowlands" title="Mark Rowlands">Mark Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_D._Ryder" title="Richard D. Ryder">Richard D. Ryder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_F._Sapontzis" title="Steve F. Sapontzis">Steve F. Sapontzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sebo" title="Jeff Sebo">Jeff Sebo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Segal" title="Jérôme Segal">Jérôme Segal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Singer" title="Peter Singer">Peter Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Steiner" title="Gary Steiner">Gary Steiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Cass Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sztybel" title="David Sztybel">David Sztybel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Tye_(philosopher)" title="Michael Tye (philosopher)">Michael Tye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatjana_Vi%C5%A1ak" title="Tatjana Višak">Tatjana Višak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Waldau" title="Paul Waldau">Paul Waldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corey_Lee_Wrenn" title="Corey Lee Wrenn">Corey Lee Wrenn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Jeremy Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Renaud_Boullier" title="David Renaud Boullier">David Renaud Boullier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_St._C._Bostock" title="Stephen St. C. Bostock">Stephen St. C. Bostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigid_Brophy" title="Brigid Brophy">Brigid Brophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Buchan" title="Peter Buchan">Peter Buchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mona_Caird" title="Mona Caird">Mona Caird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Cohn" title="Priscilla Cohn">Priscilla Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Crowe_(vicar)" title="Henry Crowe (vicar)">Henry Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Daggett" title="Herman Daggett">Herman Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dean_(curate)" title="Richard Dean (curate)">Richard Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dietler" title="Wilhelm Dietler">Wilhelm Dietler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hamilton_Drummond" title="William Hamilton Drummond">William Hamilton Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Payson_Evans" title="Edward Payson Evans">Edward Payson Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Forster" title="T. Forster">T. Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Galsworthy" title="John Galsworthy">John Galsworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Gentry" title="Thomas G. Gentry">Thomas G. Gentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Helps" title="Arthur Helps">Arthur Helps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hildrop" title="John Hildrop">John Hildrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Zephaniah_Holwell" title="John Zephaniah Holwell">John Zephaniah Holwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soame_Jenyns" title="Soame Jenyns">Soame Jenyns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Christian_Friedrich_Krause" title="Karl Christian Friedrich Krause">Karl Christian Friedrich Krause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lawrence_(writer)" title="John Lawrence (writer)">John Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R._Magel" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles R. Magel">Charles R. Magel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Jean Meslier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mary Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Howard_Moore" title="J. Howard Moore">J. Howard Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferrater_Mora" title="José Ferrater Mora">José Ferrater Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Nelson" title="Leonard Nelson">Leonard Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicholson_(librarian)" title="Edward Nicholson (librarian)">Edward Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siobhan_O%27Sullivan" title="Siobhan O'Sullivan">Siobhan O'Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Preece" title="Rod Preece">Rod Preece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Primatt" title="Humphrey Primatt">Humphrey Primatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rachels" title="James Rachels">James Rachels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Regan" title="Tom Regan">Tom Regan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Peabody_Rogers" title="Nathaniel Peabody Rogers">Nathaniel Peabody Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Rollin" title="Bernard Rollin">Bernard Rollin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stephens_Salt" title="Henry Stephens Salt">Henry Stephens Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schopenhauer" title="Arthur Schopenhauer">Arthur Schopenhauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurids_Smith" title="Laurids Smith">Laurids Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Styles" title="John Styles">John Styles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Tryon" title="Thomas Tryon">Thomas Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Varner" title="Gary Varner">Gary Varner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Ludwig_Volckmann" title="Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann">Johann Friedrich Ludwig Volckmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anne_Warren" title="Mary Anne Warren">Mary Anne Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlieb_Weigen" title="Adam Gottlieb Weigen">Adam Gottlieb Weigen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Winckler" title="Johann Heinrich Winckler">Johann Heinrich Winckler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Wise" title="Steven M. Wise">Steven M. Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Wynne-Tyson" title="Jon Wynne-Tyson">Jon Wynne-Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Aspey" title="James Aspey">James Aspey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greg_Avery" title="Greg Avery">Greg Avery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Ball" title="Matt Ball">Matt Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Balluch" title="Martin Balluch">Martin Balluch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carole_Baskin" title="Carole Baskin">Carole Baskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbi_Twins" title="Barbi Twins">Barbi Twins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Bardot" title="Brigitte Bardot">Brigitte Bardot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Baur" title="Gene Baur">Gene Baur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yves_Bonnardel" title="Yves Bonnardel">Yves Bonnardel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joey_Carbstrong" title="Joey Carbstrong">Joey Carbstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymeric_Caron" title="Aymeric Caron">Aymeric Caron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jake_Conroy" title="Jake Conroy">Jake Conroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Coronado" title="Rod Coronado">Rod Coronado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawn" title="Karen Dawn">Karen Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_DeRose" title="Chris DeRose">Chris DeRose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Feldmann" title="John Feldmann">John Feldmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Friedrich" title="Bruce Friedrich">Bruce Friedrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliet_Gellatley" title="Juliet Gellatley">Juliet Gellatley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_Gilboa" title="Tal Gilboa">Tal Gilboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Goetschel" title="Antoine Goetschel">Antoine Goetschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Gold_(activist)" title="Mark Gold (activist)">Mark Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gothi%C3%A8re" title="Brigitte Gothière">Brigitte Gothière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Hsiung" title="Wayne Hsiung">Wayne Hsiung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Laws" title="Charlotte Laws">Charlotte Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Lee" title="Ronnie Lee">Ronnie Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Lyman" title="Howard Lyman">Howard Lyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evanna_Lynch" title="Evanna Lynch">Evanna Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Maher" title="Bill Maher">Bill Maher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_Mann" title="Keith Mann">Keith Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Mason_(activist)" title="Jim Mason (activist)">Jim Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Mathews" title="Dan Mathews">Dan Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo-Anne_McArthur" title="Jo-Anne McArthur">Jo-Anne McArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADsa_Mell" class="mw-redirect" title="Luísa Mell">Luísa Mell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_McKenna" title="Virginia McKenna">Virginia McKenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrissey" title="Morrissey">Morrissey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Newkirk" title="Ingrid Newkirk">Ingrid Newkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Nicholson" title="Heather Nicholson">Heather Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Norris_(activist)" title="Jack Norris (activist)">Jack Norris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ric_O%27Barry" title="Ric O'Barry">Ric O'Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olivier" title="David Olivier">David Olivier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Pacheco_(activist)" title="Alex Pacheco (activist)">Alex Pacheco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Rosebraugh" title="Craig Rosebraugh">Craig Rosebraugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Runkle" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Runkle">Nathan Runkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasmin_Singer" title="Jasmin Singer">Jasmin Singer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Stallwood" title="Kim Stallwood">Kim Stallwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynda_Stoner" title="Lynda Stoner">Lynda Stoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Thieme" title="Marianne Thieme">Marianne Thieme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darren_Thurston" title="Darren Thurston">Darren Thurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Townend" title="Christine Townend">Christine Townend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Turner-Webster" title="Wendy Turner-Webster">Wendy Turner-Webster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Vlasak" title="Jerry Vlasak">Jerry Vlasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Wallis" title="Louise Wallis">Louise Wallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Yourofsky" title="Gary Yourofsky">Gary Yourofsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/That_Vegan_Teacher" title="That Vegan Teacher">That Vegan Teacher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Amory" title="Cleveland Amory">Cleveland Amory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Amos" title="Henry B. Amos">Henry B. Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Barker" title="Bob Barker">Bob Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bell_(animal_rights_activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Bell (animal rights activist)">Ernest Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Carrington" title="Edith Carrington">Edith Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Power_Cobbe" title="Frances Power Cobbe">Frances Power Cobbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Court" title="Joan Court">Joan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Davis_(activist)" title="Karen Davis (activist)">Karen Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Dixon" title="Royal Dixon">Royal Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Dowding,_Baroness_Dowding" title="Muriel Dowding, Baroness Dowding">Muriel Dowding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Farians" title="Elizabeth Farians">Elizabeth Farians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emarel_Freshel" title="Emarel Freshel">Emarel Freshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_G%C3%A9raud" title="André Géraud">André Géraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Gompertz" title="Lewis Gompertz">Lewis Gompertz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Granger" title="James Granger">James Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Horne_(activist)" title="Barry Horne (activist)">Barry Horne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Huot" title="Marie Huot">Marie Huot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lizzy_Lind_af_Hageby" title="Lizzy Lind af Hageby">Lizzy Lind af Hageby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_Mackay" title="Jessie Mackay">Jessie Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norm_Phelps" title="Norm Phelps">Norm Phelps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jill_Phipps" title="Death of Jill Phipps">Jill Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maud_Ingersoll_Probasco" title="Maud Ingersoll Probasco">Maud Ingersoll Probasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ruesch" title="Hans Ruesch">Hans Ruesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nell_Shipman" title="Nell Shipman">Nell Shipman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Spira" title="Henry Spira">Henry Spira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Tyler" title="Andrew Tyler">Andrew Tyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretchen_Wyler" title="Gretchen Wyler">Gretchen Wyler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movement_(groups,_parties)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_movement" title="Animal rights movement">Movement</a> (groups, parties)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="American Anti-Vivisection Society">American Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Aid" title="Animal Aid">Animal Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_(organization)" title="Animal Ethics (organization)">Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_(organization)" title="Animal Justice (organization)">Animal Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Project" title="Animal Justice Project">Animal Justice Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Animal Legal Defense Fund">Animal Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(organisation)" title="Animal Liberation (organisation)">Animal Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_Front" title="Animal Liberation Front">Animal Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rising" title="Animal Rising">Animal Rising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AnimaNaturalis" title="AnimaNaturalis">AnimaNaturalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vivisection_Coalition" title="Anti-Vivisection Coalition">Anti-Vivisection Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_for_the_Voiceless" title="Anonymous for the Voiceless">Anonymous for the Voiceless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_Without_Cruelty" title="Beauty Without Cruelty">Beauty Without Cruelty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_Free_Foundation" title="Born Free Foundation">Born Free Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_Animals_and_Social_Justice" title="Centre for Animals and Social Justice">Centre for Animals and Social Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Animal_Protection_Network" title="Chinese Animal Protection Network">Chinese Animal Protection Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruelty_Free_International" title="Cruelty Free International">Cruelty Free International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Everywhere" title="Direct Action Everywhere">Direct Action Everywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors_Against_Animal_Experiments" title="Doctors Against Animal Experiments">Doctors Against Animal Experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equanimal" title="Equanimal">Equanimal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Animal" title="Every Animal">Every Animal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farm_Animal_Rights_Movement" title="Farm Animal Rights Movement">Farm Animal Rights Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faunalytics" title="Faunalytics">Faunalytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Ape_Project" title="Great Ape Project">Great Ape Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunt_Saboteurs_Association" title="Hunt Saboteurs Association">Hunt Saboteurs Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Defense_of_Animals" title="In Defense of Animals">In Defense of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Animal_Rights_Advocates" title="Korea Animal Rights Advocates">Korea Animal Rights Advocates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L214" title="L214">L214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_for_Animals" title="Last Chance for Animals">Last Chance for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Animal_Rights_Coalition" title="Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition">Massachusetts Animal Rights Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_for_Animals" title="Mercy for Animals">Mercy for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics">Oxford Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_for_the_Ethical_Treatment_of_Animals" title="People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals">People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_for_Animals" title="Rise for Animals">Rise for Animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentience_Politics" title="Sentience Politics">Sentience Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncaged_Campaigns" title="Uncaged Campaigns">Uncaged Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Activists_for_Animal_Rights" title="United Activists for Animal Rights">United Activists for Animal Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Poultry_Concerns" title="United Poultry Concerns">United Poultry Concerns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPF-Centre_for_Animal_Ethics" title="UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics">UPF-Centre for Animal Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viva!_(organisation)" title="Viva! (organisation)">Viva!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_for_Animals_Humane_Society" title="Voice for Animals Humane Society">Voice for Animals Humane Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Anti-Vivisection_Society" title="Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society">Canadian Anti-Vivisection Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_League" title="Humanitarian League">Humanitarian League</a> (1891–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Guild" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Guild">Millennium Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Group_(animal_rights)" title="Oxford Group (animal rights)">Oxford Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Parties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party" title="Animal Justice Party">Animal Justice Party</a> (Australia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Politics_EU" title="Animal Politics EU">Animal Politics EU</a> (Europe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Protection_Party_of_Canada" title="Animal Protection Party of Canada">Animal Protection Party of Canada</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Justice_Party_of_Finland" title="Animal Justice Party of Finland">Animal Justice Party of Finland</a> (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Party" title="Animals' Party">Animals' Party</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Movement" title="Animalist Movement">Animalist Movement</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animalist_Party_with_the_Environment" title="Animalist Party with the Environment">Animalist Party with the Environment</a> (Spain)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DierAnimal" title="DierAnimal">DierAnimal</a> (Belgium)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Environment_Animal_Protection_Party" title="Human Environment Animal Protection Party">Human Environment Animal Protection Party</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Animalist_Party" title="Italian Animalist Party">Italian Animalist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_for_the_Animals" title="Party for the Animals">Party for the Animals</a> (Netherlands)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Animals_Nature" title="People Animals Nature">People Animals Nature</a> (Portugal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Partei3" title="V-Partei3">V-Partei³</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_National_Conference" title="Animal Rights National Conference">Animal Rights National Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Media_(books,_films,_periodicals,_albums)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Media (books, films, periodicals, albums)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/On_Abstinence_from_Eating_Animals" title="On Abstinence from Eating Animals">On Abstinence from Eating Animals</a></i> (3rd century)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moral_Inquiries_on_the_Situation_of_Man_and_of_Brutes" title="Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes">Moral Inquiries on the Situation of Man and of Brutes</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Rights_of_Animals" class="mw-redirect" title="The Rights of Animals">The Rights of Animals</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ethics_of_Diet" title="The Ethics of Diet">The Ethics of Diet</a></i> (1883)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals%27_Rights" title="Animals' Rights">Animals' Rights</a></i> (1892)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolutional_Ethics_and_Animal_Psychology" title="Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology">Evolutional Ethics and Animal Psychology</a></i> (1897)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Better-World_Philosophy" title="Better-World Philosophy">Better-World Philosophy</a></i> (1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Universal_Kinship" title="The Universal Kinship">The Universal Kinship</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Ethics" title="The New Ethics">The New Ethics</a></i> (1907)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Men_and_Morals" title="Animals, Men and Morals">Animals, Men and Morals</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(book)" title="Animal Liberation (book)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Case_for_Animal_Rights" title="The Case for Animal Rights">The Case for Animal Rights</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Morals,_Reason,_and_Animals" title="Morals, Reason, and Animals">Morals, Reason, and Animals</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoos_and_Animal_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoos and Animal Rights">Zoos and Animal Rights</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animals,_Property,_and_the_Law" title="Animals, Property, and the Law">Animals, Property, and the Law</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lives_of_Animals" title="The Lives of Animals">The Lives of Animals</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Treblinka" title="Eternal Treblinka">Eternal Treblinka</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Do_Animals_Have_Rights%3F_(book)" title="Do Animals Have Rights? (book)">Do Animals Have Rights?</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Striking_at_the_Roots" title="Striking at the Roots">Striking at the Roots</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_American_Trilogy_(book)" title="An American Trilogy (book)">An American Trilogy</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Introduction_to_Animals_and_Political_Theory" title="An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory">An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Rights_Without_Liberation" title="Animal Rights Without Liberation">Animal Rights Without Liberation</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Political_Animals_and_Animal_Politics" title="Political Animals and Animal Politics">Political Animals and Animal Politics</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_(De)liberation" title="Animal (De)liberation">Animal (De)liberation</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sentientist_Politics" title="Sentientist Politics">Sentientist Politics</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Animal_Ethics" title="Wild Animal Ethics">Wild Animal Ethics</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Ethics_in_the_Wild" title="Animal Ethics in the Wild">Animal Ethics in the Wild</a></i> (2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Making_a_Stand_for_Animals" title="Making a Stand for Animals">Making a Stand for Animals</a></i> (2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals_Film" title="The Animals Film">The Animals Film</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Cow_at_My_Table" title="A Cow at My Table">A Cow at My Table</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shores_of_Silence" title="Shores of Silence">Shores of Silence</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Witness_(2000_film)" title="The Witness (2000 film)">The Witness</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meet_Your_Meat" title="Meet Your Meat">Meet Your Meat</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legally_Blonde_2:_Red,_White_%26_Blonde" title="Legally Blonde 2: Red, White & Blonde">Legally Blonde 2</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Meatrix" title="The Meatrix">The Meatrix</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom_(film)" title="Peaceable Kingdom (film)">Peaceable Kingdom</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Earthlings_(film)" title="Earthlings (film)">Earthlings</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Behind_the_Mask_(2006_film)" title="Behind the Mask (2006 film)">Behind the Mask</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Your_Mommy_Kills_Animals" title="Your Mommy Kills Animals">Your Mommy Kills Animals</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Cove_(film)" title="The Cove (film)">The Cove</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceable_Kingdom:_The_Journey_Home" title="Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home">Peaceable Kingdom: The Journey Home</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forks_Over_Knives" title="Forks Over Knives">Forks Over Knives</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegucated" title="Vegucated">Vegucated</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Apology_to_Elephants" title="An Apology to Elephants">An Apology to Elephants</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Speciesism:_The_Movie" title="Speciesism: The Movie">Speciesism: The Movie</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Ghosts_in_Our_Machine" title="The Ghosts in Our Machine">The Ghosts in Our Machine</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Unlocking_the_Cage" title="Unlocking the Cage">Unlocking the Cage</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominion_(2018_film)" title="Dominion (2018 film)">Dominion</a></i> (2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seaspiracy" title="Seaspiracy">Seaspiracy</a></i> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Sentience_(journal)" title="Animal Sentience (journal)">Animal Sentience</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Species" title="Between the Species">Between the Species</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cahiers_antisp%C3%A9cistes" title="Cahiers antispécistes">Cahiers antispécistes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Etica_%26_Animali" title="Etica & Animali">Etica & Animali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Animal_Ethics" title="Journal of Animal Ethics">Journal of Animal Ethics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Relations._Beyond_Anthropocentrism" title="Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism">Relations. Beyond Anthropocentrism</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Animals%27_Defender" class="mw-redirect" title="The Animals' Defender">The Animals' Defender</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkangel_(magazine)" title="Arkangel (magazine)">Arkangel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bite_Back" title="Bite Back">Bite Back</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muutoksen_kev%C3%A4t" title="Muutoksen kevät">Muutoksen kevät</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/No_Compromise_(magazine)" title="No Compromise (magazine)">No Compromise</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Satya_(magazine)" title="Satya (magazine)">Satya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_songs_about_animal_rights" title="List of songs about animal rights">Albums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Liberation_(album)" title="Animal Liberation (album)">Animal Liberation</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tame_Yourself" title="Tame Yourself">Tame Yourself</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_(Deadlock_album)" title="Manifesto (Deadlock album)">Manifesto</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salvation_of_Innocents" title="Salvation of Innocents">Salvation of Innocents</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onward_to_Freedom" title="Onward to Freedom">Onward to Freedom</a></i> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fairs and exhibitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_on_your_Plate" title="Holocaust on your Plate">Holocaust on your Plate</a></i> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_rights" title="Category:Animal rights">Category</a> <small style="">( 139 )</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2898525#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2898525#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2898525#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/130646105">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n78033904">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120383464">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120383464">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00471619">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Midgley, Mary"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V001765">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35828854">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2007419114&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1097386">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1748574">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069210357">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90232595">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000005020&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC202112537">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq466lmb2s1l1td">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810551832905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007265455905171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527790506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14231731">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01631798?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpeople.org/profiles/mary-midgley">PhilPeople</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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