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Full Grammar specification" accesskey="P">previous</a> |</li> <li><img src="../_static/py.svg" alt="Python logo" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-top: -1px"/></li> <li><a href="https://www.python.org/">Python</a> »</li> <li class="switchers"> <div class="language_switcher_placeholder"></div> <div class="version_switcher_placeholder"></div> </li> <li> </li> <li id="cpython-language-and-version"> <a href="../index.html">3.13.0 Documentation</a> » </li> <li class="nav-item nav-item-this"><a href="">The Python Standard Library</a></li> <li class="right"> <div class="inline-search" role="search"> <form class="inline-search" action="../search.html" method="get"> <input placeholder="Quick search" aria-label="Quick search" type="search" name="q" id="search-box" /> <input type="submit" value="Go" /> </form> </div> | </li> <li class="right"> <label class="theme-selector-label"> Theme <select class="theme-selector" oninput="activateTheme(this.value)"> <option value="auto" selected>Auto</option> <option value="light">Light</option> <option value="dark">Dark</option> </select> </label> |</li> </ul> </div> <div class="document"> <div class="documentwrapper"> <div class="bodywrapper"> <div class="body" role="main"> <section id="the-python-standard-library"> <h1>The Python Standard Library<a class="headerlink" href="#the-python-standard-library" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1> While <a class="reference internal" href="../reference/index.html#reference-index">The Python Language Reference</a> describes the exact syntax and semantics of the Python language, this library reference manual describes the standard library that is distributed with Python. It also describes some of the optional components that are commonly included in Python distributions. Python’s standard library is very extensive, offering a wide range of facilities as indicated by the long table of contents listed below. The library contains built-in modules (written in C) that provide access to system functionality such as file I/O that would otherwise be inaccessible to Python programmers, as well as modules written in Python that provide standardized solutions for many problems that occur in everyday programming. Some of these modules are explicitly designed to encourage and enhance the portability of Python programs by abstracting away platform-specifics into platform-neutral APIs. The Python installers for the Windows platform usually include the entire standard library and often also include many additional components. For Unix-like operating systems Python is normally provided as a collection of packages, so it may be necessary to use the packaging tools provided with the operating system to obtain some or all of the optional components. In addition to the standard library, there is an active collection of hundreds of thousands of components (from individual programs and modules to packages and entire application development frameworks), available from the <a class="reference external" href="https://pypi.org">Python Package Index</a>. <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html">Introduction</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="intro.html#notes-on-availability">Notes on availability</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html">Built-in Functions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#abs"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">abs()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#aiter"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">aiter()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#all"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">all()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#anext"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">anext()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#any"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">any()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#ascii"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">ascii()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bin"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">bin()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#bool"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">bool</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#breakpoint"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">breakpoint()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#callable"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">callable()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#chr"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">chr()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#classmethod"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">classmethod()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#compile"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">compile()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#complex"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">complex</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#delattr"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">delattr()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#dir"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">dir()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#divmod"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">divmod()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#enumerate"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">enumerate()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#eval"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">eval()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#exec"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">exec()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#filter"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">filter()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#float"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">float</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#format"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">format()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#getattr"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">getattr()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#globals"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">globals()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#hasattr"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">hasattr()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#hash"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">hash()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#help"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">help()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#hex"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">hex()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#id"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">id()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#input"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">input()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#int"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">int</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#isinstance"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">isinstance()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#issubclass"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">issubclass()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#iter"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">iter()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#len"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">len()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#locals"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">locals()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#map"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">map()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#max"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">max()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#min"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">min()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#next"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">next()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#object"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">object</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#oct"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">oct()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#open"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">open()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#ord"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">ord()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#pow"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">pow()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#print"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">print()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#property"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">property</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#repr"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">repr()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#reversed"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">reversed()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#round"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">round()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#setattr"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">setattr()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#slice"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">slice</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sorted"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">sorted()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#staticmethod"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">staticmethod()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#sum"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">sum()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#super"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">super</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#type"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">type</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#vars"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">vars()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#zip"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">zip()</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functions.html#import__"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">__import__()</code></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html">Built-in Constants</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#False"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">False</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#True"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">True</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#None"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">None</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#NotImplemented"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">NotImplemented</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#Ellipsis"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">Ellipsis</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#debug__"><code class="docutils literal notranslate">__debug__</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="constants.html#constants-added-by-the-site-module">Constants added by the <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">site</code> module</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html">Built-in Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#truth-value-testing">Truth Value Testing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#boolean-operations-and-or-not">Boolean Operations — <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">and</code>, <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">or</code>, <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">not</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#comparisons">Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#numeric-types-int-float-complex">Numeric Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">int</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">float</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">complex</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#boolean-type-bool">Boolean Type - <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bool</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#iterator-types">Iterator Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#sequence-types-list-tuple-range">Sequence Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">list</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">tuple</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">range</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#text-sequence-type-str">Text Sequence Type — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">str</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#binary-sequence-types-bytes-bytearray-memoryview">Binary Sequence Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytes</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">bytearray</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">memoryview</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#set-types-set-frozenset">Set Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">set</code>, <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">frozenset</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#mapping-types-dict">Mapping Types — <code class="xref py py-class docutils literal notranslate">dict</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#context-manager-types">Context Manager Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#type-annotation-types-generic-alias-union">Type Annotation Types — Generic Alias, Union</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#other-built-in-types">Other Built-in Types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#special-attributes">Special Attributes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stdtypes.html#integer-string-conversion-length-limitation">Integer string conversion length limitation</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html">Built-in Exceptions</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exception-context">Exception context</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#inheriting-from-built-in-exceptions">Inheriting from built-in exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#base-classes">Base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#concrete-exceptions">Concrete exceptions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#warnings">Warnings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exception-groups">Exception groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="exceptions.html#exception-hierarchy">Exception hierarchy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="text.html">Text Processing Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="string.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">string</code> — Common string operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="re.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">re</code> — Regular expression operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="difflib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">difflib</code> — Helpers for computing deltas</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="textwrap.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">textwrap</code> — Text wrapping and filling</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unicodedata.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">unicodedata</code> — Unicode Database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stringprep.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">stringprep</code> — Internet String Preparation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="readline.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">readline</code> — GNU readline interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="rlcompleter.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">rlcompleter</code> — Completion function for GNU readline</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="binary.html">Binary Data Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="struct.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">struct</code> — Interpret bytes as packed binary data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codecs.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">codecs</code> — Codec registry and base classes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="datatypes.html">Data Types</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="datetime.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">datetime</code> — Basic date and time types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zoneinfo.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zoneinfo</code> — IANA time zone support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="calendar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">calendar</code> — General calendar-related functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">collections</code> — Container datatypes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="collections.abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">collections.abc</code> — Abstract Base Classes for Containers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="heapq.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">heapq</code> — Heap queue algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bisect.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">bisect</code> — Array bisection algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="array.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">array</code> — Efficient arrays of numeric values</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="weakref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">weakref</code> — Weak references</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="types.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">types</code> — Dynamic type creation and names for built-in types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">copy</code> — Shallow and deep copy operations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pprint.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pprint</code> — Data pretty printer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reprlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">reprlib</code> — Alternate <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">repr()</code> implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="enum.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">enum</code> — Support for enumerations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="graphlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">graphlib</code> — Functionality to operate with graph-like structures</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="numeric.html">Numeric and Mathematical Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="numbers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">numbers</code> — Numeric abstract base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="math.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">math</code> — Mathematical functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmath.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">cmath</code> — Mathematical functions for complex numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="decimal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">decimal</code> — Decimal fixed-point and floating-point arithmetic</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fractions.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">fractions</code> — Rational numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="random.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">random</code> — Generate pseudo-random numbers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="statistics.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">statistics</code> — Mathematical statistics functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="functional.html">Functional Programming Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="itertools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">itertools</code> — Functions creating iterators for efficient looping</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="functools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">functools</code> — Higher-order functions and operations on callable objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="operator.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">operator</code> — Standard operators as functions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="filesys.html">File and Directory Access</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pathlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pathlib</code> — Object-oriented filesystem paths</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.path.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os.path</code> — Common pathname manipulations</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fileinput.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">fileinput</code> — Iterate over lines from multiple input streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="stat.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">stat</code> — Interpreting <code class="xref py py-func docutils literal notranslate">stat()</code> results</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="filecmp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">filecmp</code> — File and Directory Comparisons</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tempfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tempfile</code> — Generate temporary files and directories</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="glob.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">glob</code> — Unix style pathname pattern expansion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fnmatch.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">fnmatch</code> — Unix filename pattern matching</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="linecache.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">linecache</code> — Random access to text lines</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shutil.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">shutil</code> — High-level file operations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="persistence.html">Data Persistence</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickle.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pickle</code> — Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="copyreg.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">copyreg</code> — Register <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pickle</code> support functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shelve.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">shelve</code> — Python object persistence</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="marshal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">marshal</code> — Internal Python object serialization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dbm.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dbm</code> — Interfaces to Unix “databases”</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sqlite3.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sqlite3</code> — DB-API 2.0 interface for SQLite databases</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="archiving.html">Data Compression and Archiving</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zlib</code> — Compression compatible with gzip</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gzip.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gzip</code> — Support for gzip files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bz2.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">bz2</code> — Support for bzip2 compression</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="lzma.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">lzma</code> — Compression using the LZMA algorithm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zipfile</code> — Work with ZIP archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tarfile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tarfile</code> — Read and write tar archive files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="fileformats.html">File Formats</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="csv.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">csv</code> — CSV File Reading and Writing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="configparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">configparser</code> — Configuration file parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tomllib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tomllib</code> — Parse TOML files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="netrc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">netrc</code> — netrc file processing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="plistlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">plistlib</code> — Generate and parse Apple <code class="docutils literal notranslate">.plist</code> files</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="crypto.html">Cryptographic Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hashlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">hashlib</code> — Secure hashes and message digests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="hmac.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">hmac</code> — Keyed-Hashing for Message Authentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="secrets.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">secrets</code> — Generate secure random numbers for managing secrets</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="allos.html">Generic Operating System Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="os.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">os</code> — Miscellaneous operating system interfaces</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="io.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">io</code> — Core tools for working with streams</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="time.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">time</code> — Time access and conversions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="argparse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">argparse</code> — Parser for command-line options, arguments and subcommands</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">logging</code> — Logging facility for Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.config.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">logging.config</code> — Logging configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="logging.handlers.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">logging.handlers</code> — Logging handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getpass.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">getpass</code> — Portable password input</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">curses</code> — Terminal handling for character-cell displays</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.html#module-curses.textpad"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">curses.textpad</code> — Text input widget for curses programs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.ascii.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">curses.ascii</code> — Utilities for ASCII characters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="curses.panel.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">curses.panel</code> — A panel stack extension for curses</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="platform.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">platform</code> — Access to underlying platform’s identifying data</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="errno.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">errno</code> — Standard errno system symbols</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ctypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ctypes</code> — A foreign function library for Python</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrency.html">Concurrent Execution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="threading.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">threading</code> — Thread-based parallelism</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">multiprocessing</code> — Process-based parallelism</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="multiprocessing.shared_memory.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">multiprocessing.shared_memory</code> — Shared memory for direct access across processes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.html">The <code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">concurrent</code> package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="concurrent.futures.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">concurrent.futures</code> — Launching parallel tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="subprocess.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">subprocess</code> — Subprocess management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sched.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sched</code> — Event scheduler</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="queue.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">queue</code> — A synchronized queue class</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextvars.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">contextvars</code> — Context Variables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="_thread.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">_thread</code> — Low-level threading API</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="ipc.html">Networking and Interprocess Communication</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="asyncio.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">asyncio</code> — Asynchronous I/O</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socket.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">socket</code> — Low-level networking interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ssl.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ssl</code> — TLS/SSL wrapper for socket objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="select.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">select</code> — Waiting for I/O completion</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="selectors.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">selectors</code> — High-level I/O multiplexing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="signal.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">signal</code> — Set handlers for asynchronous events</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mmap.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">mmap</code> — Memory-mapped file support</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="netdata.html">Internet Data Handling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="email.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">email</code> — An email and MIME handling package</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="json.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">json</code> — JSON encoder and decoder</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mailbox.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">mailbox</code> — Manipulate mailboxes in various formats</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="mimetypes.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">mimetypes</code> — Map filenames to MIME types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="base64.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">base64</code> — Base16, Base32, Base64, Base85 Data Encodings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="binascii.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">binascii</code> — Convert between binary and ASCII</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="quopri.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">quopri</code> — Encode and decode MIME quoted-printable data</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="markup.html">Structured Markup Processing Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">html</code> — HyperText Markup Language support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.parser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">html.parser</code> — Simple HTML and XHTML parser</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="html.entities.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">html.entities</code> — Definitions of HTML general entities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.html">XML Processing Modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.etree.elementtree.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.etree.ElementTree</code> — The ElementTree XML API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom</code> — The Document Object Model API</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.minidom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.minidom</code> — Minimal DOM implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.dom.pulldom.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.dom.pulldom</code> — Support for building partial DOM trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.sax</code> — Support for SAX2 parsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.handler.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.sax.handler</code> — Base classes for SAX handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.utils.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.sax.saxutils</code> — SAX Utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xml.sax.reader.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.sax.xmlreader</code> — Interface for XML parsers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyexpat.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xml.parsers.expat</code> — Fast XML parsing using Expat</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="internet.html">Internet Protocols and Support</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="webbrowser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">webbrowser</code> — Convenient web-browser controller</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wsgiref.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">wsgiref</code> — WSGI Utilities and Reference Implementation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib</code> — URL handling modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.request</code> — Extensible library for opening URLs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.request.html#module-urllib.response"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.response</code> — Response classes used by urllib</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.parse.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.parse</code> — Parse URLs into components</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.error.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.error</code> — Exception classes raised by urllib.request</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="urllib.robotparser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">urllib.robotparser</code> — Parser for robots.txt</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http</code> — HTTP modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http.client</code> — HTTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ftplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ftplib</code> — FTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="poplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">poplib</code> — POP3 protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="imaplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">imaplib</code> — IMAP4 protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="smtplib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">smtplib</code> — SMTP protocol client</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="uuid.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">uuid</code> — UUID objects according to RFC 4122</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="socketserver.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">socketserver</code> — A framework for network servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http.server</code> — HTTP servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookies.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http.cookies</code> — HTTP state management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="http.cookiejar.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">http.cookiejar</code> — Cookie handling for HTTP clients</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xmlrpc</code> — XMLRPC server and client modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.client.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xmlrpc.client</code> — XML-RPC client access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="xmlrpc.server.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">xmlrpc.server</code> — Basic XML-RPC servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ipaddress.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ipaddress</code> — IPv4/IPv6 manipulation library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="mm.html">Multimedia Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="wave.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">wave</code> — Read and write WAV files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="colorsys.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">colorsys</code> — Conversions between color systems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="i18n.html">Internationalization</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gettext.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gettext</code> — Multilingual internationalization services</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="locale.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">locale</code> — Internationalization services</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="frameworks.html">Program Frameworks</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="turtle.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">turtle</code> — Turtle graphics</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="cmd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">cmd</code> — Support for line-oriented command interpreters</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="shlex.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">shlex</code> — Simple lexical analysis</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="tk.html">Graphical User Interfaces with Tk</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter</code> — Python interface to Tcl/Tk</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.colorchooser.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.colorchooser</code> — Color choosing dialog</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.font.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.font</code> — Tkinter font wrapper</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dialog.html">Tkinter Dialogs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.messagebox.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.messagebox</code> — Tkinter message prompts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.scrolledtext.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.scrolledtext</code> — Scrolled Text Widget</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.dnd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.dnd</code> — Drag and drop support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tkinter.ttk.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tkinter.ttk</code> — Tk themed widgets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="idle.html">IDLE</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="development.html">Development Tools</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="typing.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">typing</code> — Support for type hints</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pydoc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pydoc</code> — Documentation generator and online help system</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="devmode.html">Python Development Mode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="doctest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">doctest</code> — Test interactive Python examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">unittest</code> — Unit testing framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">unittest.mock</code> — mock object library</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="unittest.mock-examples.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">unittest.mock</code> — getting started</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">test</code> — Regression tests package for Python</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">test.support</code> — Utilities for the Python test suite</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.socket_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">test.support.socket_helper</code> — Utilities for socket tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.script_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">test.support.script_helper</code> — Utilities for the Python execution tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.bytecode_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">test.support.bytecode_helper</code> — Support tools for testing correct bytecode generation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.threading_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">test.support.threading_helper</code> — Utilities for threading tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.os_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">test.support.os_helper</code> — Utilities for os tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.import_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">test.support.import_helper</code> — Utilities for import tests</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="test.html#module-test.support.warnings_helper"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">test.support.warnings_helper</code> — Utilities for warnings tests</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="debug.html">Debugging and Profiling</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="audit_events.html">Audit events table</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="bdb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">bdb</code> — Debugger framework</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="faulthandler.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">faulthandler</code> — Dump the Python traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pdb.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pdb</code> — The Python Debugger</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="profile.html">The Python Profilers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="timeit.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">timeit</code> — Measure execution time of small code snippets</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="trace.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">trace</code> — Trace or track Python statement execution</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tracemalloc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tracemalloc</code> — Trace memory allocations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="distribution.html">Software Packaging and Distribution</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ensurepip.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ensurepip</code> — Bootstrapping the <code class="docutils literal notranslate">pip</code> installer</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="venv.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">venv</code> — Creation of virtual environments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipapp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zipapp</code> — Manage executable Python zip archives</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="python.html">Python Runtime Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sys</code> — System-specific parameters and functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys.monitoring.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sys.monitoring</code> — Execution event monitoring</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sysconfig.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">sysconfig</code> — Provide access to Python’s configuration information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="builtins.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">builtins</code> — Built-in objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__main__.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">__main__</code> — Top-level code environment</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="warnings.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">warnings</code> — Warning control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dataclasses.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dataclasses</code> — Data Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contextlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">contextlib</code> — Utilities for <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">with</code>-statement contexts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">abc</code> — Abstract Base Classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="atexit.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">atexit</code> — Exit handlers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="traceback.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">traceback</code> — Print or retrieve a stack traceback</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="__future__.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">__future__</code> — Future statement definitions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="gc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">gc</code> — Garbage Collector interface</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="inspect.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">inspect</code> — Inspect live objects</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="site.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">site</code> — Site-specific configuration hook</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="custominterp.html">Custom Python Interpreters</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="code.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">code</code> — Interpreter base classes</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="codeop.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">codeop</code> — Compile Python code</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="modules.html">Importing Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="zipimport.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">zipimport</code> — Import modules from Zip archives</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pkgutil.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pkgutil</code> — Package extension utility</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="modulefinder.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">modulefinder</code> — Find modules used by a script</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="runpy.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">runpy</code> — Locating and executing Python modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib</code> — The implementation of <code class="xref std std-keyword docutils literal notranslate">import</code></a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.resources.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib.resources</code> – Package resource reading, opening and access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.resources.abc.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib.resources.abc</code> – Abstract base classes for resources</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="importlib.metadata.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">importlib.metadata</code> – Accessing package metadata</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="sys_path_init.html">The initialization of the <code class="xref py py-data docutils literal notranslate">sys.path</code> module search path</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="language.html">Python Language Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="ast.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">ast</code> — Abstract Syntax Trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="symtable.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">symtable</code> — Access to the compiler’s symbol tables</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="token.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">token</code> — Constants used with Python parse trees</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="keyword.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">keyword</code> — Testing for Python keywords</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tokenize.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tokenize</code> — Tokenizer for Python source</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tabnanny.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tabnanny</code> — Detection of ambiguous indentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pyclbr.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pyclbr</code> — Python module browser support</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="py_compile.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">py_compile</code> — Compile Python source files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="compileall.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">compileall</code> — Byte-compile Python libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="dis.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">dis</code> — Disassembler for Python bytecode</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pickletools.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pickletools</code> — Tools for pickle developers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="windows.html">MS Windows Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="msvcrt.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">msvcrt</code> — Useful routines from the MS VC++ runtime</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="winreg.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">winreg</code> — Windows registry access</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="winsound.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">winsound</code> — Sound-playing interface for Windows</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="unix.html">Unix Specific Services</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="posix.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">posix</code> — The most common POSIX system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pwd.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pwd</code> — The password database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="grp.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">grp</code> — The group database</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="termios.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">termios</code> — POSIX style tty control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tty.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">tty</code> — Terminal control functions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="pty.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">pty</code> — Pseudo-terminal utilities</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="fcntl.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">fcntl</code> — The <code class="docutils literal notranslate">fcntl</code> and <code class="docutils literal notranslate">ioctl</code> system calls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="resource.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">resource</code> — Resource usage information</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="syslog.html"><code class="xref py py-mod docutils literal notranslate">syslog</code> — Unix syslog library routines</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="cmdline.html">Modules command-line interface (CLI)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="superseded.html">Superseded Modules</a><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="getopt.html"><code class="xref 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