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data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Innhold</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skjul</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Til toppen)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Integrert_krets-teknologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrert_krets-teknologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Integrert krets-teknologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrert_krets-teknologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utviklingstrinn_for_integrerte_kretser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utviklingstrinn_for_integrerte_kretser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Utviklingstrinn for integrerte kretser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Utviklingstrinn_for_integrerte_kretser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Vis/skjul underseksjonen Utviklingstrinn for integrerte kretser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Utviklingstrinn_for_integrerte_kretser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Konstruksjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konstruksjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Konstruksjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konstruksjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Produksjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Produksjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Produksjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Produksjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASIC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASIC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>ASIC</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASIC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrert_kretskonstruksjon_og_-produksjon_i_Norge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrert_kretskonstruksjon_og_-produksjon_i_Norge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Integrert kretskonstruksjon og -produksjon i Norge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrert_kretskonstruksjon_og_-produksjon_i_Norge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_lenker" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_lenker"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Eksterne lenker</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_lenker-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Integrert krets</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 89 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integreret_kredsl%C3%B8b" title="Integreret kredsløb – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Integreret kredsløb" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrerad_krets" title="Integrerad krets – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Integrerad krets" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samr%C3%A1s" title="Samrás – islandsk" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samrás" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%AFntegreerde_stroombaan" title="Geïntegreerde stroombaan – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geïntegreerde stroombaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrierter_Schaltkreis" title="Integrierter Schaltkreis – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Integrierter Schaltkreis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9" title="دارة متكاملة – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دارة متكاملة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuitu_integr%C3%A1u" title="Circuitu integráu – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Circuitu integráu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0nteqral_sxem" title="İnteqral sxem – aserbajdsjansk" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İnteqral sxem" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="aserbajdsjansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="সমন্বিত বর্তনী – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সমন্বিত বর্তনী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chek-th%C3%A9_ti%C4%81n-l%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Chek-thé tiān-lō͘ – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chek-thé tiān-lō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Інтэгральная схема – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Інтэгральная схема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Інтэгральная схема – belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Інтэгральная схема" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusisk (klassisk ortografi)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегрална схема – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Интегрална схема" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%89%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="ཉིང་ལྷེབ། – tibetansk" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཉིང་ལྷེབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralno_kolo" title="Integralno kolo – bosnisk" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Integralno kolo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_integrat" title="Circuit integrat – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Circuit integrat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегралла схема – tsjuvasjisk" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Интегралла схема" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tsjuvasjisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrovan%C3%BD_obvod" title="Integrovaný obvod – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Integrovaný obvod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylched_gyfannol" title="Cylched gyfannol – walisisk" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cylched gyfannol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%82%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شقفة إليكطرونية – marokkansk-arabisk" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شقفة إليكطرونية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marokkansk-arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrierter_Schaltkreis" title="Integrierter Schaltkreis – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Integrierter Schaltkreis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integraall%C3%BClitus" title="Integraallülitus – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Integraallülitus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ολοκληρωμένο κύκλωμα – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ολοκληρωμένο κύκλωμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Integrated circuit" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_integrado" title="Circuito integrado – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Circuito integrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integra_cirkvito" title="Integra cirkvito – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Integra cirkvito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Txip" title="Txip – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Txip" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="آی‌سی – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آی‌سی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_int%C3%A9gr%C3%A9" title="Circuit intégré – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Circuit intégré" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciorcad_ioml%C3%A1naithe" title="Ciorcad iomlánaithe – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ciorcad iomlánaithe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circu%C3%ADto_integrado" title="Circuíto integrado – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Circuíto integrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E6%88%90%E9%9B%BB%E8%B7%AF" title="集成電路 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="集成電路" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%91%EC%A0%81_%ED%9A%8C%EB%A1%9C" title="집적 회로 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="집적 회로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AC_%D5%BD%D5%AD%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Ինտեգրալ սխեմա – armensk" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ինտեգրալ սխեմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A5" title="एकीकृत परिपथ – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एकीकृत परिपथ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrirani_krug" title="Integrirani krug – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Integrirani krug" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrigita_cirkuito" title="Integrigita cirkuito – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Integrigita cirkuito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkuit_terpadu" title="Sirkuit terpadu – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sirkuit terpadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_integrato" title="Circuito integrato – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Circuito integrato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91" title="מעגל משולב – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעגל משולב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%A1%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇಂಟಿಗ್ರೇಟೆಡ್ ಸರ್ಕ್ಯೂಟ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇಂಟಿಗ್ರೇಟೆಡ್ ಸರ್ಕ್ಯೂಟ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ინტეგრირებული მიკროსქემა – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ინტეგრირებული მიკროსქემა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегралды микросхема – kasakhisk" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Интегралды микросхема" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kasakhisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikui_entegre" title="Sikui entegre – haitisk" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sikui entegre" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuitus_integratus" title="Circuitus integratus – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Circuitus integratus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integr%C4%81l%C4%81_sh%C4%93ma" title="Integrālā shēma – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Integrālā shēma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrinis_grandynas" title="Integrinis grandynas – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Integrinis grandynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integr%C3%A1lt_%C3%A1ramk%C3%B6r" title="Integrált áramkör – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Integrált áramkör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Интегрално коло – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Интегрално коло" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olika_voafintina_anaty" title="Olika voafintina anaty – gassisk" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Olika voafintina anaty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="gassisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇൻ്റഗ്രേറ്റഡ് സർക്യൂട്ട് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇൻ്റഗ്രേറ്റഡ് സർക്യൂട്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litar_bersepadu" title="Litar bersepadu – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Litar bersepadu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirkuit_tapadu" title="Sirkuit tapadu – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sirkuit tapadu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8D%D0%B3%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%8D" title="Нэгдсэн хэлхээ – mongolsk" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нэгдсэн хэлхээ" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="အိုင်စီပတ်လမ်း – burmesisk" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုင်စီပတ်လမ်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ge%C3%AFntegreerde_schakeling" title="Geïntegreerde schakeling – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geïntegreerde schakeling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F" title="इन्टिग्रेटेड सर्किट – nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इन्टिग्रेटेड सर्किट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E7%A9%8D%E5%9B%9E%E8%B7%AF" title="集積回路 – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="集積回路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Интеграл микросхеме – østmarisk" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Интеграл микросхеме" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="østmarisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integral_sxema" title="Integral sxema – usbekisk" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Integral sxema" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="usbekisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%8F%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F" title="ਏਕੀਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਸਰਕਟ – panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਏਕੀਕ੍ਰਿਤ ਸਰਕਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%BA%D9%85_%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%90%D9%BC_(IC)" title="مدغم سرکېټ (IC) – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مدغم سرکېټ (IC)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intigrietid_soerkit" title="Intigrietid soerkit – jamaicansk kreolengelsk" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Intigrietid soerkit" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaicansk kreolengelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uk%C5%82ad_scalony" title="Układ scalony – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Układ scalony" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuito_integrado" title="Circuito integrado – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Circuito integrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_integrat" title="Circuit integrat – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Circuit integrat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Интегральная схема – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Интегральная схема" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarku_i_integruar" title="Qarku i integruar – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qarku i integruar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%98%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%AE" title="සංගෘහිත ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික පරිපථ – singalesisk" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සංගෘහිත ඉලෙක්ට්‍රොනික පරිපථ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit – enkel engelsk" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Integrated circuit" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="enkel engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrovan%C3%BD_obvod" title="Integrovaný obvod – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Integrovaný obvod" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrirano_vezje" title="Integrirano vezje – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Integrirano vezje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DA%95%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88" title="سووڕی یەکگرتوو – sentralkurdisk" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سووڕی یەکگرتوو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sentralkurdisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Интегрисано коло – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Интегрисано коло" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integralno_kolo" title="Integralno kolo – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Integralno kolo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikropiiri" title="Mikropiiri – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mikropiiri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Integrated circuit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="தொகுசுற்று – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தொகுசுற்று" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A1" title="วงจรรวม – thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วงจรรวม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entegre_devre" title="Entegre devre – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Entegre devre" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мікросхема – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мікросхема" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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</nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Utseende"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Utseende</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">flytt til sidefeltet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skjul</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Fra Wikipedia, den frie encyklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nb" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Motorola_68030_32-bit_microprocessor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Motorola_68030_32-bit_microprocessor.jpg/250px-Motorola_68030_32-bit_microprocessor.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Motorola_68030_32-bit_microprocessor.jpg/375px-Motorola_68030_32-bit_microprocessor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Motorola_68030_32-bit_microprocessor.jpg/500px-Motorola_68030_32-bit_microprocessor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="894" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a> '030 er en <a href="/wiki/Mikroprosessor" title="Mikroprosessor">mikroprosessor</a>, altså en <a href="/wiki/CPU" title="CPU">CPU</a> bygget i en integrert krets</figcaption></figure> <p>En <b>integrert krets</b> er en <a href="/wiki/Elektronisk_krets" class="mw-redirect" title="Elektronisk krets">elektronisk krets</a> som består av flere elementer som er plassert på samme <a href="/wiki/Halvleder" title="Halvleder">halvleder</a><a href="/wiki/Krystall" title="Krystall">krystall</a>. Antallet elektroniske elementer kan variere fra noen titalls til flere hundre millioner. Integrerte kretser har vært en forutsetning for utviklingen innen mobilkommunikasjon og trådløs kommunikasjon generelt, PC-er, klokker, implantater etc. Integrerte kretser har en generell anvendelse innen alle produktgrupper som omfatter elektronikk. Man finner integrerte kretser i hvitevarer (kjøleskap, vaskemaskiner, strykejern), brunevarer (TV, stereoanlegg), biler, dimmere, sensorer og alarmer osv. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Jack Kilby</a> som var ansatt i <a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>, utviklet den første integrerte kretsen i 1958. For denne oppfinnelsen ble han tildelt <a href="/wiki/Nobelprisen_i_fysikk" title="Nobelprisen i fysikk">nobelprisen i fysikk</a> i 2000. </p><p>Integrerte kretser kalles også «micro chips» eller «monolittiske» kretser (Monolitt = «(av) én sten»). </p><p>Betegnelsen integrerte kretser står i motsetning til «diskrete komponenter», hvor hvert elektronisk element er bygget inn i en selvstendig fysisk pakke. </p><p>Sammenliknet med diskrete komponenter har integrerte kretser en rekke fordeler: </p> <ul><li>Mindre størrelse</li> <li>Lavere vekt</li> <li>Færre komponenter</li> <li>Enklere logistikk</li> <li>Høyere klokke- og signalfrekvenser</li> <li>Høyere pålitelighet (En vesentlig feilårsak i elektronikk er brudd på kretskortet. Ved kretsintegrasjon reduserer man denne feilkilden)</li> <li>Mer motstandsdyktig og lettere å beskytte i tøffe omgivelser (kjemisk, temperatur, trykk osv.)</li> <li>Lavere effektforbruk (medfører både mindre varme og at modulen kan fungere lenger på den samme energimengden)</li> <li>Mindre følsom for de fleste typer støy</li> <li>Genererer mindre støy</li> <li>Lavere stykkpris i medium og høye volumer (Ved høye volum er produksjonsprisen ca 1 USD).</li> <li>Bedre mulighet for å skjule konstruksjonsløsninger</li> <li>Bedre total systemytelse</li> <li>Økt fleksibilitet (noe funksjonalitet kan bare bli implementert på integrerte kretser)</li> <li>Bedre optimalisering mot sensorer, resulterende i bedre signalkvalitet</li></ul> <p>Integrerte kretser deles gjerne inn i standardkomponenter og ASICs (Application Specific Integrated Circuits). Standardkomponenter er fritt tilgjengelige komponenter som selges av produksjonsbedriftene. ASICs (på norsk: «bruksdefinerte kretser») er integrerte kretser som blir produsert på bestilling for et spesielt formål. </p><p>Norge er og har vært en vesentlig aktør innen utvikling av integrerte kretser og omsetter for flere milliarder årlig.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrert_krets-teknologi">Integrert krets-teknologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Integrert krets-teknologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Integrert krets-teknologi"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Integrerte kretser kan utvikoes i forskjellige halvledermaterialer eller kombinasjoner av halvledermaterialer. Sterkt dominerende er silisium (Si). Eksempler på andre alternativer er f.eks. galliumarsenid (GaAs) og silisiumkarbid (SiC). </p><p>Innen hvert halvledermateriale er det ofte flere alternativer. Innen silisium kan man f.eks. ha <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a>, bipolare transistorer, eller kombinasjonen BiCMOS. Man kan også ha SOI (Silicon on Isolator) hvor det aktive halvlederområdet ligger på toppen av en isolator. Det finnes også teknologier som er spesielt egnet for høye spenninger (opp mot noen tusen volt), høye temperaturer (opp mot 500 grader), som er mer motstandsdyktig mot høy partikkel- eller røntgenstråling, eller har tilpasning for lysfølsomme sensorer (billedpiksler), <a href="/wiki/MEMS" class="mw-redirect" title="MEMS">MEMS</a>-strukturer, frie spoler, frie kondensatorer osv. </p><p>En annen viktig karakteristikk er linjebredden. Linjebredden er egentlig lengden til «gate» (kontrollinngangen til CMOS-transistorer), men alle andre bredder, lengder, tykkelser osv. skaleres forholdsvis lineært med gate-lengden. Typiske linjebredder i dag er 90 nm, 45 nm og 25 nm. Vanligvis er det ren digital elektronikk som bruker de minste linjebreddene, mens analog elektronikk bruker mer konservative størrelser. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utviklingstrinn_for_integrerte_kretser">Utviklingstrinn for integrerte kretser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Utviklingstrinn for integrerte kretser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Utviklingstrinn for integrerte kretser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Utvikling av integrerte kretser består av to trinn: konstruksjon og produksjon. Noen bedrifter tilbyr både konstruksjon og produksjon, mens andre tilbyr bare én av delene. Noen av produksjonsbedriftene («process fabs») tilbyr produksjonslinjen kun for interne konstruksjonsmiljøer, mens det vanligste er å tilby dette fritt. Antallet konstruksjonsbedrifter (uten produksjon = «fabless design houses») er vesentlig større enn antall produksjonsbedrifter. I utgangspunktet er disse uavhengige av produksjonsbedriftene, og kan tilby konstruksjon for flere forskjellige teknologier. Imidlertid er det tids- og arbeidskrevende å skifte teknologi. Derfor vil konstruksjonshusene ofte knytte seg til én eller få produksjonsbedrifter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konstruksjon">Konstruksjon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Konstruksjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Konstruksjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konstruksjon består av to deler: skjema-/nettlisteutvikling og utlegg. Nettlisteutvikling av digitale deler gjøres gjerne i et høynivåspråk som VHDL eller Verilog og verifiseres på <a href="/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA">FPGAer</a>. For å utvikle analoge kretser brukes kretsskjemaverktøy og kretssimulatorer. Konstruktøren vil ta utgangspunkt i et bibliotek av celler (kretsmoduler) og modifisere dem ved behov. Ofte vil det være nødvendig å modifisere cellene nærmest sensorene for å kunne oppnå optimale signalforhold. Utlegg innebærer å bestemme den fysiske plasseringen av elementene. Utleggfasen avsluttes med at det genereres en datafil (GDSII-format) som sendes til prosesshuset (produksjonsfabrikken). Hvis en digital krets er utviklet i et høynivåspråk som VHDL eller Verilog, vil synteseverktøy kunne utvikle utlegget i løpet av noen timer. Ved utlegg av analoge kretser vil verktøy som plasserer og forbinder elementene automatisk kunne gi stor tidsbesparelse. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Produksjon">Produksjon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Produksjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Produksjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Produksjon består at to faser: maskegenerering og prosessering. Maskegenerering kan sammenlignes med (og innebar tidligere) å lage den negative filmen før man starter volumproduksjon. Maskegenerering er en forholdsvis dyr prosess, spesielt i de mest moderne teknologiene med de minste linjebreddene. Produksjonshuset tilbyr derfor forskjellige muligheter hvor det blir satt sammen bidrag fra flere forskjellige aktører for å redusere prisen. Prosesseringen gjøres på «<a href="/wiki/Wafer" title="Wafer">wafere</a>». Wafere er runde skiver med en diameter på mellom fire og 22 tommer som er skåret ut av sylindriske barrer. Waferne er vanligvis under 1,5 mm tykke, typisk rundt 0,8 mm. På et wafer repeteres produksjonsmasken, slik at man vil få et større antall like moduler. Produksjonen innebærer blant annet å deponere mønstrede lag på waferet, slik at gasser av forskjellig sammensetning får tilgang til strukturer bestemt av masken. Dette er prosesser som krever optimale gasskonsentrasjoner, trykk og temperaturer, og som det er vanskelig å akselerere. Produksjonstid er mellom tolv og seksten uker, avhengig av antall maskelag. Dette har nærmest vært uendret i løpet av de siste 30 år. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ASIC">ASIC</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: ASIC" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen ASIC"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tidligere var det vanlig at bedrifter fikk utviklet egne ASICs for sitt spesielle behov. En årsak til at dette ikke lenger er så vanlig er det store utvalget i standardkomponenter som nå er tilgjengelig. Blant annet finnes det nå <a href="/wiki/FPGA" title="FPGA">FPGAer</a> som kan implementere store digitale systemer på en brikke. Selv om markedet for ASICs er redusert, er det fortsatt en del situasjoner hvor ASIC er foretrukket: </p> <ul><li>Når en ønsker å oppnå ytterligere forbedring av de generelle fordelene til integrerte kretser (listet over). Man vil alltid kunne oppnå bedre resultat for alle de listede punktene med en ASIC enn med standardkomponenter. I noen tilfeller vil det være strengt nødvendig (f.eks. ved utvikling av et implantat). I andre tilfeller vil det gi en markedsmessig fordel (lavere pris i store volum, lavere effektforbruk, større robusthet/pålitelighet e.l.)</li> <li>Når kretsen skal operere under andre forhold enn det standardteknologier tilbyr. Eksempel er kretser som skal operere under høye temperaturer (125-450 grader), høye spenninger (5-2000 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">V</a>), eller som skal fungere i spesielt strålingsutsatte miljøer (i satellitter, røntgen- eller måleutstyr for partikkeldeteksjon etc.)</li> <li>Kretser som består av ikke-digitale moduler. Eksempler er analoge moduler, <a href="/wiki/MEMS" class="mw-redirect" title="MEMS">MEMS</a>-strukturer, optiske sensorer, fritthengende spoler og kondensatorer. Det samme gjelder enkeltelementer (I/O) som krever spesielt høy spenning osv.</li> <li>Analoge front end-kretser for sensorutlesning. Optimal tilpasning mellom sensor og front end-elektronikk er essensiell for å få mest mulig informasjon ut av sensorsignalet (Se <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B8y_(elektronikk)" title="Støy (elektronikk)">Støy (elektronikk)</a>). Løsninger med standardkomponenter vil ofte ikke være optimale, og en vil miste noe av signalinformasjonen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Integrert_kretskonstruksjon_og_-produksjon_i_Norge">Integrert kretskonstruksjon og -produksjon i Norge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Integrert kretskonstruksjon og -produksjon i Norge" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Integrert kretskonstruksjon og -produksjon i Norge"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Norge har hatt og har en betydelig aktivitet innen dette området. </p><p>Noen hovedpunkter: </p> <ul><li>Olaf Stavik konstruerte og produserte den første norske integrerte kretsen i 1963 ved SI (Senter for Industriforskning, nå SINTEF)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Den hadde ca ti elementer. SI produserte sensorer og elektronisk integrerte kretser frem til 1975, da produksjonen ble begrenset til sensorer. Med unntak av SI har alle andre norske miljøer og bedrifter vært «fabless», dvs. selve produksjonen har foregått ved bedrifter utenfor Norge. (SINTEFs nåværende ASIC-gruppe er «fabless»).</li> <li>Fra 1970-tallet dukket det opp forskningsmiljøer og bedrifter med aktivitet på digital ASIC-konstruksjon.</li> <li>På begynnelsen av 1980-tallet startet man med undervisning i integrert kretskonstruksjon ved <a href="/wiki/Universitetet_i_Oslo" title="Universitetet i Oslo">Universitetet i Oslo</a> (1979) og NTH (<a href="/wiki/NTNU" class="mw-redirect" title="NTNU">NTNU</a>) i Trondheim (1980).</li> <li>På 1990-tallet skjedde det et skifte i strategi for bedriftene. Med noen få unntak hadde fokuset vært på digital konstruksjon. En del av bedriftene sluttet med integrert kretskonstruksjon og fortsatte i stedet med digital utvikling for FPGAer. Andre bedrifter skiftet fra digital design til analog design. Flere av bedriftene som skiftet til analog design fokuserte på RF/trådløs-kommunikasjon, men det dukket også opp bedrifter innen røntgen- og partikkeldeteksjon og CMOS-kameraer. Bedriftene satset også på å utvikle egne serier med standard kretser for fritt salg og i mindre grad ønsket å utvikle spesiallagde integrerte kretser for én eller noen få kunder.</li></ul> <p>Noen tidligere/nåværende norske bedrifter og miljøer med aktivitet innen integrert kretskonstruksjon: </p> <ul><li>SI/SINTEF: signalkritisk sensorutlesning (innen de fleste områder) og spesielt krevende omgivelser,</li> <li>AE/AME: Trykkmåling</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>/Dolphin/<a href="/wiki/Norsk_Data" title="Norsk Data">Norsk Data</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kongsberg_Defence_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Kongsberg Defence Systems">Kongsberg Defence Systems</a>/<a href="/wiki/Forsvarets_forskningsinstitutt" title="Forsvarets forskningsinstitutt">FFI</a>: Digitale systemer, nettverk og multiprosessering</li> <li>Micrel/Bluechip/Gran-Jansen: RF</li> <li>Gamma Medica/Ideas: Røntgen og partikkeldeteksjon</li> <li>Interon: Røntgen og partikkeldeteksjon</li> <li>Atmel: Laveffekt mikroprosessorer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Semiconductor" title="Nordic Semiconductor">Nordic Semiconductor</a>: RF</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Instruments" title="Texas Instruments">Texas Instruments</a>/Chipcon: RF</li> <li>Omnivision/Micron/Photobit: CMOS-kameraer</li> <li>Novelda: UWB (Ultra-Wide-Band) kortdistanse radar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektrisk_Bureau" title="Elektrisk Bureau">E</a>B/<a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a>: Digitale prosesseringsmoduler</li> <li>Kitron/Norkrets/<a href="/wiki/STK" class="mw-redirect" title="STK">STK</a>: Digitale nettverksmoduler</li> <li>Silicon Labs/EnergyMicro: 32-bit ARM-prosessorer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tu.no/it/2012/09/24/dette-er-norges-ukjente-milliardbutikk"><i>Teknisk ukeblad 24. september 2012:</i>Dette er Norges ukjente milliardbutikk</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Østby,J.M., «Arven etter Stavik», Teknisk Ukeblad, nr 43/44, 12/12-2003, side 44-45</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_lenker">Eksterne lenker</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Eksterne lenker" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Integrert_krets&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Eksterne lenker"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Integrated_circuits" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Integrated circuits">Integrated circuits</a> – kategori av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p373"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831?uselang=nb#P373" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li> <li><span class="bjeller languageicon" style="color: var(--color-subtle, #54595d);cursor:help;" title="engelsk">(en)</span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit" class="extiw" title="commons:Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a> – galleri av bilder, video eller lyd på <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Commons</a> <span class="noprint plainlinks wikidata-linkback wd_p935"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80831?uselang=nb#P935" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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