CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9176f14e2ef83fdc',cH: 'OBQgMVQEs.1C7qZInsdqEPYoA5JjGPcyjlr7gMPa3IA-1740478614-1.2.1.1-aVfVoyKpvs6PBH_a0xQ2huktMvY8EeEe4rWg_j1Hxb4k04AQWAKPOKecO2nLpX23',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=dual-mode&__cf_chl_tk=UXNjbYS48guE6Qq62ThE.8L_kGFz1wG4BCjetrVmoUg-1740478614-1.0.1.1-8gc9F_tqoDT0UNeKucRhzaaLf2IVG7JlAdb9cBmf9CE",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740478614',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=dual-mode&__cf_chl_f_tk=UXNjbYS48guE6Qq62ThE.8L_kGFz1wG4BCjetrVmoUg-1740478614-1.0.1.1-8gc9F_tqoDT0UNeKucRhzaaLf2IVG7JlAdb9cBmf9CE",md: "Ywo6_pXsicnRplLiDnIdtK0WFh8jDPe6Pv8JzcAqFEU-1740478614-1.2.1.1-h7AYVJQYBlqVX4wLurWuLSoWylJ_kDFnzhgaT0SAm_mdhK43YywUSdzbEbLXvDvMpJjTxn6lScRaB7h7UnnFKCvbCvyRJWV3uloXGXVo03aqWSaZRzdhs0Fa_wsIh1_5tLjeKv1fxfUni1W_hHV_jukk73sqBs0CnQsHHO3SbziLISMP5CIzYUF1urdj4w4fwfsPWYos6nsEeqHOD4yaSmEBtxyKk3WzdJ_BoVk1jlogmbzCPkJKCzhLE2AMt5CF7GR0jZJn6RYqOCeXGMVX2iRHpaS92C6Ca.KOgsWQLsleRuezq5KDzKjJ93me2JFdZusojG0BYlx_AsAYOwWIx7uSCZjar7NoP6rcrB30_b44Hp165fe5OU_fM6aawgQJsDkQXTnLQ_hb5zsBzpBVeMOC08PQ1E0C3mOk_8u8gjfvATaDcrDUNzTvIdAhP03VsLnenoMfNJnzeDYKT8nvC5N7HxHc8hlMC0n6..IQutVMJq6AMZtCUwvEjHe904wgUD40CxfaiVDzzsn6GKF2AJh.TV5WDXNOlKrwZVYYSaQ7q4K838yZYywlcOVRLbfQ6yphxg6B8obVBCljrVm_.wVvftjlAh0R4Jyx93GbZNWj2KP5BHGaV264l_dTzcS47IOsKgMtDcApkGtw4QbW0cw3aZ_sXqtxCA_dNqVI3cmyKZzL80X7neQoPHaiuyc1O75Gg1tx.0QxaCDgvUSCFngzTYYLaPJi6IbeUkHv.KzY9ExP0DK4yvegy.AY1q78MrhOdlOm8VyQiXsqdYfGS4PnAHa45YzWqVnQTbY5xSgNYXdB8rSCCu0uKR_ksfAdVeIs0Rl2zfXfx_MhmKN_lKq0ETXSEC.WD5cZX6ZWrHQUrGmp9K8_FwyeZvANdiPWgA.NSdsOW139pwPpBoTFHQ7D94kyG8JJT8Y0Oq5915YsoYlXhFSIeYxZ8fhagePLV8EiTap9QxNprNU_5x_RYaAdfhmu9yiURipGR6V3..SKLlW9CXXyPqR3Ose6V6muBQKCjOk0UFniIj6dFwdwtpbnBsckRRH6pI2hn6gPBWbc9Ylvn7WTeOWBu3hJSwINrhYZ6L86vclcUk0G8wk.VP8oawN3bdK8Dxn2Bdr3.K4D_8Wd766hZas45I3OhXG9fDejv561njqEb1oKFR_5Pcp8Gffxiiza0h.XX0t_zUyo_KM2SpauWedcW5lSBPSK5DGFVCAkV5LxtWMNwX2QuLSNqJLZODMMuCkgudyt92W_P9UQnTHKE9sdiSiylBNonTAOOWGW_Sc7TaR2oC52U0W7YDA4p9Zi_aM2kozUOzZfm2n_Z8ydxuci5e4wryIT_8Pkq0DX9JVOcNRK875.avy59s5hK2cPnUPMdhsZR9gFfusFQgtJZU1ChBMkuAuExXKpACj2hDhoMYts.sB1VFKLDn48ibHvTKVZddFrHALbU5P1OSCoqUYge0ozOxqyx.x_43e16l1XGMUe1naWVjluLEZovmWQ5j45SWNsZiocuR2_1bo36jpBFM1xTbUll_wOB8zgaCsRtuCeCg_LKE29aUekuNfLZc3FeMo8Dp4bqTZycp_npBKxs52VxfGib0rlKgk1tUsDihtG2Yocf42L0Ky5glD7L5bF1QKpVQrDLBGWZmpQ_0SZZ5rAeZyRvAnZuzDxh8XRKmK28eaNeH15_gZgwkuQmp48Bfa8A_R78GvLyKeQqelMGrJI30FzMLHX29FinlDdoxf6paZwcrbgQTJ89rHKbhMcf4tIxqLP7PL1sLLzYu9LU_S1odPU9Pg2Ew1WYXvJGBzpv_6nricx.Dnzx3sh_fRKB4figkipXmC2KrZRot4PVl0H7gjIU3NT5gmbf6m3bMtNEvnKudyNgI0c8L0IVvU3wPyhvbaBP3DJbUvplS51gUu_qvQJ3ukOeQz37FkyyvQ0bWMQqg",mdrd: "02gT2cBG398SulFp2VxkAut8VxZMDOuaofMpu1pnc78-1740478614-1.2.1.1-vslB2bRCK3Ypxz.7.WXE0Om_s9Nc_0vl4qXxNAzGwnTpSdjJs7G9SCgAgsOysmnaW_fQblwJTXOVzkrXjOQb_drnau2O.lIkJsC75PjEM6bT5H7jqlev68Xt5gTK7.z1EyECZzX6Pp5ijGyP5ekwJxXvIKRyhINKlaKuDTLe2m9jtOq6qIMmANpErvlOdeRfMrfBjRJeEt56kSPSU6LgPiyNPVifBHPVZcufIQAFoJZ3x.u8iVYtaVIuRREMaKrSUT5B9AVUjZaD.pxZNbG3_XpCbsn6gi4b93qF.1ykX0ESkXW7bPYzGjwKK0zKDlTTCDoAh_ualKP6eqtDWt06pXS3g7ev2y.XFW9wWwdFE_zs.sJzASzcQylTpseYRxI2yoBiKmoLVMXutxltWwENGh3FQfxIDA4RZsMovcj5QAMEql4etqgeWluYOLGzvyJfZRXBPZOZBczv.PEJdsuakAhOsmgkRBWvCYa_rurWnF604apFsA5MGwZ1PY3u1jOCmSWy9hya64eTNjYELGblnL58jv6wQ1j6sfIqptCKpzM1l_JtZeZwNWZWH0CcdHO_jhqxCY81SvrYIyj5DyuNxwCgVnGdMxmoYduIExwYI2rI.eyHkRPG_OWqbV9Gyp72e1fPtgIZVb89vzHsBOJRBfzAVGrT8Dv.q2eOFlr3uImMuGINUD80L4ZHUE9pFe1uAkHDHCdBptaBDgb8o8W1nRDARk_R91ux8CSBFNCMDIvZsj3E69J_XupcP6K8KbR_MMRSnwgy48LM2.PorrN4_e_9WnlMzQ.NjdfDEDgRtAHGHRs7pD8HPcnW2m1pHk.q__RzHL1oPm9ICWdZx8ct_XKeHRCYx3wbFHn6Mq6NfOEgEVirUy.HFABZs1yY_1Nk97pplvGeVJpSucAOECB_Psw2O5myM3x_1YkzRgBBvTw4EZjBN793uDGXa6.hgbwgL3Av1HPDxWY.BboAeKE.7JHAck1C_x5EGM4DKIAznpXng6LEFREU9Gts1ez.ITXVza3uUJtX28rtcwD8V.eBCvHX27b4K0aSLcXGbTXvgr9d678HJr7xyjtCCHIO.pUkAGA2WPArQnhWkplka_TELAXjePK8ZDTzB4qNW62YbWBato9.wGwKd3sES8kez7occb_yIMSK89Ygqw.Ivsl5.zv3pNZ8K8FcpAytXi09xLvjXPlaebBrspMQPHGVWY27o8MDX8aoeXB.N_7vOiT9UwIjXMpTVUpNF99KvZIqG2Z.HKyariHopjTr7Ids4nitNTB5VhJMIveAutnj5H.rYmTDlbCZ7owPbaDVOgDfj3x4X1NRgYISslMxTR3UNuN1B596Uwwhth1gUmfbqkbAsn5BygltCfWJBD9.ec6q_ak6GKAWbBCOBGYZmAN8qqMNz7V6G_XY6zMWwvmjTaojyJWKoXKTMOT.xpP.uOjbUKKG2aaKELLkWN_o4zMhAygZMVaQ0Wxkhe_HoO8BFPLIc3z_8x0yRRtVA9JZBagMgRJ9Raf.9q2dFyMCLmEFLgZDsH0bWo4PzHEFmUT9zjhO6foY9vDPudpcyzA_gPlOHFl_pn6w_KIQXO52M8kvCiDDLItykJIyUBPaDyXeUyMxe3n_FJdb5HjXPXxdbDkNr3sY8KXm3RyEY7Gu0a2OJVSff05gd14B7wpZrDDmSLa1S4h.UnWmxBisrFApCKU8QP8y9C1cT3mhYRPq9ip9900Z9YsvnK5UYMjPoyg2Rh4s37AJiRIP4na16RnS6q_otpWbZznkPNIQkxWGtVpUVhuOuqrfgLb9rzA4y_Pm_tG28QGJuU2FF29FuYVtG7YoDw3.G0BHf1hkZqFcbmyukUoNWg2JNXYTAbf9m06bsNvHXKdJE8C_Nxg4f2zjjvL3P1WmuUUnVO.IwXOFv.1SheDXRZXVbeQDCLbCxHEaAF.gLZ9NKHIIRmvdcgKbllSqX1iAHLqjuaD7hkj4bhelG1RniOJlEb3vDW4lbfUyBcRW2w"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9176f14e2ef83fdc';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=dual-mode&__cf_chl_rt_tk=UXNjbYS48guE6Qq62ThE.8L_kGFz1wG4BCjetrVmoUg-1740478614-1.0.1.1-8gc9F_tqoDT0UNeKucRhzaaLf2IVG7JlAdb9cBmf9CE" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>