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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:2px; padding-top:2px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; padding-bottom:1px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Campos_Sales" title="Campos Sales"><img alt="Campos Sales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Campos_Sales_retrato_fotogr%C3%A1fico_inteiro.jpg/220px-Campos_Sales_retrato_fotogr%C3%A1fico_inteiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Campos_Sales_retrato_fotogr%C3%A1fico_inteiro.jpg/330px-Campos_Sales_retrato_fotogr%C3%A1fico_inteiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/Campos_Sales_retrato_fotogr%C3%A1fico_inteiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="577" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b><span style="font-size:120%">Presidency of Campos Sales</span></b></span><br />15 November 1898 – 15 November 1902</td></tr><tr><th><div align="left">Vice President</div></th><td><div><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Assis_Rosa_e_Silva" title="Francisco de Assis Rosa e Silva">Rosa e Silva</a></div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party of São Paulo">PRP</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Election</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/1898_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1898 Brazilian presidential election">1898</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catete_Palace" title="Catete Palace">Catete Palace</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:1px;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Prudente_de_Morais" title="Prudente de Morais">Prudente de Morais</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Rodrigues_Alves" title="Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves">Rodrigues Alves</a> →</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <hr class="nomobile" style="background:#eee; height:5px; clear:both; margin:0 0 8px;" /> <div class="center"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:6px 0 2px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg/200px-Flag_of_the_President_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="673" /></a></span></div><br /><div style="line-height:normal; min-height:1px; padding-bottom:2px;">Standard of the President</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>presidency of Campos Sales</b> began on 15 November 1898, after he won the <a href="/wiki/1898_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1898 Brazilian presidential election">1898 Brazilian presidential election</a>, the 3rd presidential election held in Brazil, becoming the country's 4th President; and ended on 15 November 1902, when <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Rodrigues_Alves" title="Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves">Rodrigues Alves</a> took office. </p><p>Campos Sales' government marked an era of transition in Brazil's political history. The Governors' Policy, financial stabilization and international relations are key aspects of this period. While his government was instrumental in stabilizing Brazil's economy with the first Funding Loan, it also consolidated an oligarchic political system that would later generate significant challenges. </p><p>Campos Sales is remembered as a president who, at a critical moment in Brazilian history, sought to balance economic needs with the political demands of regional elites. The young <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a>, which had been <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">proclaimed in 1889</a>, was still consolidating its structure and faced critical periods and challenges. </p><p>During his term, with a strong concern for the country's finances, and with austerity measures, Brazil's GDP grew on average 3.1% per year. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1898_presidential_election">1898 presidential election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1898 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1898_Brazilian_presidential_election" title="1898 Brazilian presidential election">1898 Brazilian presidential election</a></div> <p>On 1 March 1898, Campos Sales was elected President of Brazil, with the support of then president <a href="/wiki/Prudente_de_Morais" title="Prudente de Morais">Prudente de Morais</a>, he received 420,286 votes against 38,929 votes from his main opponent, the positivist Lauro Sodré, a candidate most supported by <a href="/wiki/Floriano_Peixoto" title="Floriano Peixoto">Floriano Peixoto</a>'s followers and the positivists, already having served as governor of <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a> from 1891 to 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His vice-president was <a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Assis_Rosa_e_Silva" title="Francisco de Assis Rosa e Silva">Francisco de Assis Rosa e Silva</a>. Campos Sales took office on 15 November 1898, succeeding Prudente de Morais.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negotiating_the_foreign_debt">Negotiating the foreign debt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Negotiating the foreign debt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1898, after the electoral result, Campos Sales travelled to Europe with the goal of addressing the serious issue of the country's external debt.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For around two months, alongside <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Jos%C3%A9_de_Campos_J%C3%BAnior" title="Bernardino José de Campos Júnior">Bernardino de Campos</a>, then Prudente de Morais' Minister of Finance, negotiations began with representatives of the Rothschild Firm, the main creditor of Brazilian debt, resulting in the approval of a consolidation loan (called Funding Loan).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this negotiation came the final agreement that secured a new loan of £10 million. In exchange, the Brazilian government gave the income from the <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> customs as a guarantee, and committed itself not to resort to new external loans.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also expected that the Brazilian authorities would incinerate a quantity of paper money equivalent to the loan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domestic_policy">Domestic policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Domestic policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revista_Illustrada_1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Revista_Illustrada_1898.jpg/220px-Revista_Illustrada_1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="314" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Revista_Illustrada_1898.jpg/330px-Revista_Illustrada_1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Revista_Illustrada_1898.jpg/440px-Revista_Illustrada_1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption>A caricature of Sales and Prudente de Morais in the <i><a href="/wiki/Revista_Illustrada" title="Revista Illustrada">Revista Illustrada</a></i> magazine</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time, the Brazilian economy, based on the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_coffee_cycle" title="Brazilian coffee cycle">export of coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rubber_cycle" title="Amazon rubber cycle">rubber</a>, was in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">Encilhamento</a> crisis. Campos Sales believed that all of Brazil's problems had a single cause: the devaluation of its currency.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He defined his government as disconnected from party political interests, thus expressing his administrative vision, he sought to choose technicians not linked to party politics for his ministries, and was inspired by the advice of American president <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> to organize his cabinet. In the book <i>Da Propaganda à Presidência</i>, Campos Sales cited Harrison's book called <i>Government and Administration of the United States</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, however, Campos Sales typically represented the political ideals of each state's dominant oligarchies. In return, he received political support from state factions in <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">Congress</a>. With the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a>' Powers Verification Commission, the congressmen themselves legitimized the election of representatives and thus only elected representatives who were appointed by the state governors were sworn in.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of this pact was the weakening of opposition factions, electoral fraud and the exclusion of the majority of the population from any political participation. Oligarchic political control was also ensured by open voting and the recognition of elections not by the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary branch</a>, but by the Legislative branch itself. As Congress was influenced by the president and state governors, this mechanism gave rise to the so-called "beheading" of undesirable candidates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campos Sales remarked:<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I understood that I had to dedicate my government to a purely administrative work, separating it from partisan interests and passions, only to take care of solving the complicated problems that are the legacy of a long past. I understood that it would not be through the incandescent vivacity of political struggles, which were pointless, that I would be able to save the nation's finances, compromised due to a debt with external creditors!</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Governors'_Policy"><span id="Governors.27_Policy"></span>Governors' Policy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Governors' Policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campos Sales devised his States' Policy, better known as the Governors' Policy, through which he removed the military from politics (who had held the presidency since the proclamation of the republic) and established the oligarchic system of Brazil's First Republic, declaring that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In this regime, I said in my last message, the true political force, which in the strict unitarism of the [Brazilian] Empire resided in the central power, moved to the States. The States' Policy, that is, the policy that strengthens the bonds of harmony between the States and the Union, is therefore, in essence, a national policy. It is there, in the sum of these autonomous units, that the true sovereignty of opinion is found. What the States think, the Union thinks.</p></blockquote> <p>Through the States' Policy, Campos Sales obtained the support of Congress through relationships of mutual support and political favor between the central government, represented by the president, and the states, represented by their respective governors, and municipalities, represented by <a href="/wiki/Coronelism" title="Coronelism">local bosses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The autonomy and independence of municipal and state governments was preserved, as long as the municipal governments supported the state governments and these, in turn, supported the federal government. With this way of governing, Campos Sales achieved political stability in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This stability was achieved through the manipulation of results through the Powers Verification Commission, formed by federal deputies.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The president had control over it. From then on, electoral fraud was committed by the commission itself, which only recognized the governor's candidates as elected. This was dubbed the "beheading" of the opposition, which from then on found itself unable to win elections. This policy had previously been initiated and tested when Campos Sales, as governor of São Paulo, guaranteed the power of local bosses as long as they joined the <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican Party of São Paulo">Republican Party of São Paulo</a> and supported the state governor.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milk_coffee_politics">Milk coffee politics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Milk coffee politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Milk_coffee_politics" title="Milk coffee politics">Milk coffee politics</a></div> <p>Campos Sales also managed to establish a balance of power between the states with the alternation of <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> residents in the presidency and vice-presidency, called "milk coffee politics".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economy">Economy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the economy, the Campos Sales administration decided that solving the external debt problem was the first step to be taken. In London, the president and the British established an agreement, known as the Funding Loan.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With this agreement, the payment of interest on the debt was suspended for three years; payment of existing external debt was suspended for thirteen years; the value of interest and unpaid installments would be added to the already existing debt; the Brazilian external debt would begin to be paid in 1911, for a period of 63 years and with interest of 5% per year; and the income from customs in Rio de Janeiro and <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a> would be mortgaged to British bankers as a guarantee.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Then, freed from payment of installments, Campos Sales was able to carry out his policy of economic "sanitation". He fought inflation by no longer issuing money and removing part of the paper money issued by previous governments from circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then he tackled budget deficits, reducing spending and increasing revenue. <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Murtinho" title="Joaquim Murtinho">Joaquim Murtinho</a>, Minister of Finance, reduced the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Federal Government</a>'s budget, raised all existing taxes and created others.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, he achieved a surplus of 38 billion <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real_(old)" title="Brazilian real (old)">réis</a> in the first year of government, while São Paulo's agriculture suffered a loss of 440 billion réis. </p><p>Campos Sales received the nickname "Campos Selos", for having created the so-called "stamp tax" and increased taxes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, he dedicated himself to raise the exchange rate from a 48 thousand-reis per pound to 14 thousand-reis per pound. His policy was accused of being extremely recessive — in more modern terms — and called "forced stagnation", at the time. It was the first time since <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Brazil's independence</a> that the currency had appreciated, however the results proved tragic: the price of foreign products in Brazil decreased, but the country's industry, already weakened, began to face greater competition from imported goods, resulting in the closure of factories while others reduced their production.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Campos Sales and his minister Joaquim Murtinho policies stabilized finances, it profoundly harmed industry and the population's living standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blogcampos_salles1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Blogcampos_salles1.jpg/220px-Blogcampos_salles1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Blogcampos_salles1.jpg/330px-Blogcampos_salles1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Blogcampos_salles1.jpg/440px-Blogcampos_salles1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Campos Sales with president Julio Argentino Roca during his visit to Argentina</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1899, the president of Argentina, <a href="/wiki/Julio_Argentino_Roca" title="Julio Argentino Roca">Julio Argentino Roca</a>, visited Rio de Janeiro. A year later, in 1900, Campos Sales retributed the visit, being received by a large crowd in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, with around 300,000 people from the total 1.2 million inhabitants of the Argentine capital.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campos Sales was the first Brazilian president to travel abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amapá_Question"><span id="Amap.C3.A1_Question"></span>Amapá Question</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Amapá Question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1_Question" title="Amapá Question">Amapá Question</a></div> <p>The Amapá Question was a territorial dispute between France and Brazil over the issue of delimiting the border between French Guiana and the current Brazilian state of <a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Amapá</a>, where the vast territory was claimed by the two countries dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Treaty of Utrecht</a> of 1713, delimiting the areas belonging to France and Portugal. Portugal, and later Brazil, argued that the entire area of the northern basin of the <a href="/wiki/Oyapock" title="Oyapock">Oyapock River</a> belonged to them, while the French claimed the interior of the territory.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After decades of dispute, the <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Paranhos,_Baron_of_Rio_Branco" title="José Paranhos, Baron of Rio Branco">Baron of Rio Branco</a> was entrusted with an arbitration treaty, seeking to put an end to the disagreements regarding territorial delimitation. The Baron had noted that the United Kingdom also had an interest in the area, and did not wish to see France dominating the entire Guiana region through territory claimed by French colonists, threatening its own colony of <a href="/wiki/British_Guiana" title="British Guiana">British Guiana</a> by surrounding it from the south.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The protocol of 1 April 1897, signed between the two governments, more or less precisely determined the limits of the disputed territory. The French Government tried to introduce the possibility of the arbitrator resorting to a transaction, but Brazil insisted that this be restricted to eliminating ambiguities over the territory, in particular the Oyapock River. The facts were definitively resolved with the Swiss arbitration ruling in favor of Brazil, the conclusions of which were announced on 1 December 1900 by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hauser" title="Walter Hauser">Walter Hauser</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_presidency">End of the presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: End of the presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Campos Sales governed until 15 November 1902, and managed to appoint his successor, electing, on 1 March 1902, Rodrigues Alves, from São Paulo, as president of Brazil, and as vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Silviano_Brand%C3%A3o" title="Silviano Brandão">Silviano Brandão</a>, from Minas Gerais, who died before taking office, being replaced by <a href="/wiki/Afonso_Pena" title="Afonso Pena">Afonso Pena</a>. Campos Sales' government was not popular with public opinion. Upon leaving the presidency, he was booed as he walked from the presidential palace to the train station.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ihgb.org.br&rft.atitle=As+origens+da+diplomacia+presidencial+na+rela%C3%A7%C3%A3o+entre+o+Brasil+e+a+Argentina%3A+as+visitas+do+presidente+Julio+Roca+ao+Rio+de+Janeiro+%281899%29+e+do+presidente+Campos+Sales+a+Buenos+Aires+%281900%29+-+IHGB+-+Instituto+Hist%C3%B3rico+Geogr%C3%A1fico+Brasileiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fihgb.org.br%2Fpesquisa%2Fhemeroteca%2Fartigos-de-periodicos%2Fitem%2F78443-as-origens-da-diplomacia-presidencial-na-rela%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o-entre-o-brasil-e-a-argentina-as-visitas-do-presidente-julio-roca-ao-rio-de-janeiro-1899-e-do-presidente-campos-sales-a-buenos-aires-1900.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Campos+Sales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/epoca/declaracoes-de-bolsonaristas-indicam-que-relacoes-entre-brasil-argentina-estao-indo-ladeira-abaixo-23215125">"Declarações de bolsonaristas indicam que relações entre Brasil e Argentina estão indo ladeira abaixo"</a>. <i>Época</i> (in Portuguese). 2018-11-06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%C3%89poca&rft.atitle=Declara%C3%A7%C3%B5es+de+bolsonaristas+indicam+que+rela%C3%A7%C3%B5es+entre+Brasil+e+Argentina+est%C3%A3o+indo+ladeira+abaixo&rft.date=2018-11-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foglobo.globo.com%2Fepoca%2Fdeclaracoes-de-bolsonaristas-indicam-que-relacoes-entre-brasil-argentina-estao-indo-ladeira-abaixo-23215125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APresidency+of+Campos+Sales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artigos.netsaber.com.br/resumo_artigo_3822/artigo_sobre_o-arbitramento-no-amapa">"O Arbitramento No Amapá"</a>. <i>artigos.netsaber.com.br</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="President of Brazil">Presidents of Brazil</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">Old Republic</a><br />(1889–1930)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deodoro_da_Fonseca" title="Deodoro da Fonseca">Deodoro da Fonseca</a> (1889–1891) <b>¤</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriano_Peixoto" title="Floriano Peixoto">Floriano Peixoto</a> (1891–1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudente_de_Morais" title="Prudente de Morais">Prudente de Morais</a> (1894–1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ferraz_de_Campos_Sales" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Ferraz de Campos Sales">Campos Sales</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">1898–1902</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Rodrigues_Alves" title="Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves">Rodrigues Alves</a> (1902–1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afonso_Pena" title="Afonso Pena">Afonso Pena</a> (1906–1909) <b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilo_Pe%C3%A7anha" title="Nilo Peçanha">Nilo Peçanha</a> (1909–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermes_da_Fonseca" title="Hermes da Fonseca">Hermes da Fonseca</a> (1910–1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venceslau_Br%C3%A1s" title="Venceslau Brás">Venceslau Brás</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Rodrigues_Alves" title="Francisco de Paula Rodrigues Alves">Rodrigues Alves</a> (<i>never took office</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delfim_Moreira" title="Delfim Moreira">Delfim Moreira</a> (1918–1919) <b>‡</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epit%C3%A1cio_Pessoa" title="Epitácio Pessoa">Epitácio Pessoa</a> (1919–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Bernardes" title="Artur Bernardes">Artur Bernardes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Artur_Bernardes" title="Presidency of Artur Bernardes">1922–1926</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Washington Luís">Washington Luís</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Washington_Lu%C3%ADs" title="Presidency of Washington Luís">1926–1930</a>) <b><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">×</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Prestes" title="Júlio Prestes">Júlio Prestes</a> (<i>never took office</i>)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Brazilian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Brazilian Republic">Second Republic</a><br />(1930–37)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_military_junta_of_1930" title="Brazilian military junta of 1930">Military Junta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Augusto_Tasso_Fragoso" title="Augusto Tasso Fragoso">Tasso Fragoso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_de_Noronha" title="Isaías de Noronha">Isaías de Noronha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_de_Deus_Mena_Barreto_(1874%E2%80%931933)" class="mw-redirect" title="João de Deus Mena Barreto (1874–1933)">Mena Barreto</a>) (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> (1930–1937) <b><a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">×</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a><br />(1937–46)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> (1937–1945) <b><a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">×</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Linhares" title="José Linhares">José Linhares</a> (1945–1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Populist Republic</a><br />(1946–64)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Eurico Gaspar Dutra">Eurico Gaspar Dutra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Eurico_Gaspar_Dutra" title="Presidency of Eurico Gaspar Dutra">1946–1951</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Second presidency of Getúlio Vargas">1951–1954</a>) <b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Filho" title="Café Filho">Café Filho</a> (1954–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Luz" title="Carlos Luz">Carlos Luz</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nereu_Ramos" title="Nereu Ramos">Nereu Ramos</a> (1955–1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Presidency of Juscelino Kubitschek">1956–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Jânio Quadros</a> (1961) <b>¤</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Ranieri Mazzilli</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a> (1961–1964) <b><a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">×</a></b></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship</a><br />(1964–85)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pascoal_Ranieri_Mazzilli" title="Pascoal Ranieri Mazzilli">Ranieri Mazzilli</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humberto_de_Alencar_Castelo_Branco" title="Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco">Castelo Branco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Castelo_Branco" title="Presidency of Castelo Branco">1964–1967</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artur_da_Costa_e_Silva" title="Artur da Costa e Silva">Costa e Silva</a> (1967–1969) <b>†</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Aleixo" title="Pedro Aleixo">Pedro Aleixo</a> (<i>posthumous</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Military_Junta_of_1969" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Military Junta of 1969">Military Junta</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Em%C3%ADlio_Garrastazu_M%C3%A9dici" title="Emílio Garrastazu Médici">Emílio Garrastazu Médici</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Em%C3%ADlio_M%C3%A9dici" title="Presidency of Emílio Médici">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Geisel" title="Ernesto Geisel">Ernesto Geisel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ernesto_Geisel" title="Presidency of Ernesto Geisel">1974–1979</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Figueiredo" title="João Figueiredo">João Figueiredo</a> (1979–1985)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_since_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil since 1985">New Republic</a><br />(1985–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; white-space:nowrap; padding-top:.3em; padding-bottom:.6em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tancredo_Neves" title="Tancredo Neves">Tancredo Neves</a> (<i>never took office</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="Presidency of José Sarney">1985–1990</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Collor de Mello</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Collor_de_Mello" title="Presidency of Collor de Mello">1990–1992</a>) <b>¤ +</b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Franco" title="Itamar Franco">Itamar Franco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Itamar_Franco" title="Presidency of Itamar Franco">1992–1995</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando H. Cardoso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Presidency of Fernando Henrique Cardoso">1995–2003</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Lula_da_Silva" title="First presidency of Lula da Silva">2003–2011</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Presidency of Dilma Rousseff">2011–2016</a>) <b><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">+</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Michel_Temer" title="Presidency of Michel Temer">2016–2019</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Presidency of Jair Bolsonaro">2019–2023</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula da Silva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Lula_da_Silva" title="Second presidency of Lula da Silva">2023–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div>End of term: <b>¤</b> Resigned; <b>†</b> Died in office; <b>×</b> <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">Coup d'état</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-coup" title="Self-coup">self-coup</a>; <b>‡</b> New elections held; <b>+</b> Impeached <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_Brazil" title="Category:Presidents of Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Brazil" title="List of presidents of Brazil">List</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&oldid=1259505220">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Presidency_of_Campos_Sales&oldid=1259505220</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1898_establishments_in_Brazil" title="Category:1898 establishments in Brazil">1898 establishments in Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890s_in_Brazil" title="Category:1890s in Brazil">1890s in Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1900s_in_Brazil" title="Category:1900s in Brazil">1900s in Brazil</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidencies_of_Brazil" title="Category:Presidencies of Brazil">Presidencies of Brazil</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden category: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 November 2024, at 15:15<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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