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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conceptual models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conceptual_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conceptual models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conceptual_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Theory_of_Dimensional_Accrual_and_Dissociation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_of_Dimensional_Accrual_and_Dissociation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Theory of Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_of_Dimensional_Accrual_and_Dissociation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fourfold_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fourfold_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Fourfold models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fourfold_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Predictors_of_acculturation_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Predictors_of_acculturation_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Predictors of acculturation strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Predictors_of_acculturation_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acculturative_stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acculturative_stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Acculturative stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acculturative_stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_outcomes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_outcomes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other outcomes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_outcomes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other outcomes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_outcomes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Food</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_and_debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_and_debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Controversies and debate</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies_and_debate-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies and debate subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies_and_debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recommended_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recommended_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Recommended models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recommended_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typological_approach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typological_approach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Typological approach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typological_approach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Acculturation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%81" title="تثاقف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تثاقف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%A3" title="সংস্কৃতি গ্ৰহণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="সংস্কৃতি গ্ৰহণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkulturasiya" title="Akkulturasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Akkulturasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="সাংস্কৃতায়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাংস্কৃতায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Акультурацыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Акультурацыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aculturaci%C3%B3" title="Aculturació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aculturació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulturace" title="Akulturace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akulturace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ymddiwylliannu" title="Ymddiwylliannu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ymddiwylliannu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkulturation" title="Akkulturation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Akkulturation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkulturation" title="Akkulturation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Akkulturation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aculturaci%C3%B3n" title="Aculturación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aculturación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkulturigo" title="Alkulturigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Alkulturigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulturazio" title="Akulturazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Akulturazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="فرهنگ‌پذیری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ‌پذیری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acculturation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aculturaci%C3%B3n" title="Aculturación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aculturación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94_%EB%B3%80%EC%9A%A9" title="문화 변용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="문화 변용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="उत्संस्करण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उत्संस्करण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulturacija" title="Akulturacija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Akulturacija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulturasi" title="Akulturasi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Akulturasi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturazione" title="Acculturazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acculturazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_(%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%94)" title="תירבות (חברה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תירבות (חברה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulturasi" title="Akulturasi – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Akulturasi" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аккультурация – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Аккультурация" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87and%C3%AEb%C3%BBn" title="Çandîbûn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çandîbûn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аккультурация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аккультурация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akult%C5%ABracija" title="Akultūracija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Akultūracija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturatie" title="Acculturatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Acculturatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="アカルチュレーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アカルチュレーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkulturasjon" title="Akkulturasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Akkulturasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95" title="ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ ਸੰਪਰਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ ਸੰਪਰਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulturacja" title="Akulturacja – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Akulturacja" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acultura%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Aculturação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aculturação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acultura%C8%9Bie" title="Aculturație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aculturație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аккультурация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аккультурация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulturimi" title="Akulturimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Akulturimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Acculturation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akultur%C3%A1cia" title="Akulturácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Akulturácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Акултурација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Акултурација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulturacija" title="Akulturacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Akulturacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akulturasi" title="Akulturasi – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Akulturasi" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akkulturaatio" title="Akkulturaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Akkulturaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ackulturation" title="Ackulturation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ackulturation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аккултуратсия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аккултуратсия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BClt%C3%BCrle%C5%9Fme" title="Kültürleşme – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kültürleşme" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Акультурація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Акультурація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturated&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Acculturated">Acculturated</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Adjusting to a new cultural environment</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Immigration" title="Category:Immigration">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;background:transparent;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Airport_Immigration.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Immigration"><img alt="Immigration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Airport_Immigration.svg/90px-Airport_Immigration.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Airport_Immigration.svg/135px-Airport_Immigration.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Airport_Immigration.svg/180px-Airport_Immigration.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="404" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> General</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_by_country" title="Immigration by country">Immigration by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration policy">Immigration policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration" title="Illegal immigration">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_migration" title="Internal migration">Internal migration</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> History and law</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Border_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Border security">Border security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation" title="Repatriation">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externalization_(migration)" title="Externalization (migration)">Externalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indefinite_leave_to_remain" title="Indefinite leave to remain">Indefinite leave to remain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_diplomacy" title="Migration diplomacy">Migration diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-refoulement" title="Non-refoulement">Non-refoulement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_asylum" title="Right of asylum">Right of asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">Refugee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Visa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voluntary_return" title="Voluntary return">Voluntary return</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Social processes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation#Immigrant_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Immigrant assimilation</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acculturation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acculturation_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Acculturation Gap">Acculturation Gap</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Political theories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_nationalism" title="Civic nationalism">Civic nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replacement_migration" title="Replacement migration">Replacement migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cohesion" class="mw-redirect" title="Social cohesion">Social cohesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plurinationalism" title="Plurinationalism">Plurinationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentricism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocentricism">Ethnocentricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_voting" title="Foot voting">Foot voting</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Opposition and reform</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Criticism of multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reform" title="Immigration reform">Immigration reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Causes </th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_migrant" title="Economic migrant">Economic migrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War#Effects" title="War">War</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration" title="Template:Immigration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration" title="Template talk:Immigration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Acculturation</b> is a process of social, psychological, and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural change">cultural change</a> that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new <a href="/wiki/Social_environment" title="Social environment">cultural environment</a> as a result of being placed into a new culture, or when another culture is brought to someone.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals of a differing culture try to incorporate themselves into the new more prevalent culture by participating in aspects of the more prevalent culture, such as their traditions, but still hold onto their original cultural values and traditions. The effects of acculturation can be seen at multiple levels in both the devotee of the prevailing culture and those who are assimilating into the culture.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At this group level, acculturation often results in changes to culture, religious practices, health care, and other social institutions. There are also significant ramifications on the food, clothing, and language of those becoming introduced to the overarching culture. </p><p>At the individual level, the process of acculturation refers to the socialization process by which foreign-born individuals blend the values, customs, norms, cultural attitudes, and behaviors of the overarching host culture. This process has been linked to changes in daily <a href="/wiki/Behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviour">behaviour</a>, as well as numerous changes in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychological</a> and physical well-being. As <a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">enculturation</a> is used to describe the process of first-culture learning, acculturation can be thought of as second-culture <a href="/wiki/Learning" title="Learning">learning</a>. </p><p>Under normal circumstances that are seen commonly in today's society, the process of acculturation normally occurs over a large span of time throughout a few generations. Physical force can be seen in some instances of acculturation, which can cause it to occur more rapidly, but it is not a main component of the process. More commonly, the process occurs through <a href="/wiki/Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">social pressure</a> or constant exposure to the more prevalent host culture. </p><p>Scholars in different disciplines have developed more than 100 different theories of acculturation,<sup id="cite_ref-Rudmin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudmin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the concept of acculturation has only been studied scientifically since 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-Rudmin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudmin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it has been approached at different times from the fields of <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>, numerous theories and definitions have emerged to describe elements of the acculturative process. Despite definitions and evidence that acculturation entails a two-way process of change, research and theory have primarily focused on the adjustments and adaptations made by minorities such as <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refugees" class="mw-redirect" title="Refugees">refugees</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people">indigenous people</a> in response to their contact with the dominant majority. Contemporary research has primarily focused on different strategies of acculturation, how variations in acculturation affect individuals, and interventions to make this process easier. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_approaches">Historical approaches</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western civilization</a>, and in particular the histories of Europe and the United States, are largely defined by patterns of acculturation. </p><p>One of the most notable forms of acculturation is <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>, the most common progenitor of direct cultural change. Although these cultural changes may seem simple, the combined results are both robust and complex, impacting both groups and individuals from the original culture and the host culture. Anthropologists, historians, and sociologists have studied acculturation with dominance almost exclusively, primarily in the context of colonialism, as a result of the expansion of western European peoples throughout the world during the past five centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first psychological theory of acculturation was proposed in <a href="/wiki/W.I._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="W.I. Thomas">W.I. Thomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florian_Znaniecki" title="Florian Znaniecki">Florian Znaniecki</a>'s 1918 study, <i><a href="/wiki/W.I._Thomas#The_Polish_Peasant_in_Europe_and_America" class="mw-redirect" title="W.I. Thomas">The Polish Peasant in Europe and America</a></i>. From studying Polish immigrants in Chicago, they illustrated three forms of acculturation corresponding to three personality types: Bohemian (adopting the host culture and abandoning their culture of origin), Philistine (failing to adopt the host culture but preserving their culture of origin), and creative-type (able to adapt to the host culture while preserving their culture of origin).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936, Redfield, Linton, and Herskovits provided the first widely used definition of acculturation as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Those phenomena which result when groups of individuals having different cultures come into continuous first-hand contact, with subsequent changes in the original cultural patterns of either or both groups...under this definition acculturation is to be distinguished from...<a href="/wiki/Assimilation_(sociology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assimilation (sociology)">assimilation</a>, which is at times a phase of acculturation.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Long before efforts toward racial and cultural integration in the United States arose, the common process was <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">assimilation</a>. In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Milton_Gordon" title="Milton Gordon">Milton Gordon</a>'s book <i>Assimilation in American Life</i> outlined seven stages of the assimilative process, setting the stage for literature on this topic. Later, Young Yun Kim authored a reiteration of Gordon's work, but argued cross-cultural adaptation as a multi-staged process. Kim's theory focused on the unitary nature of psychological and social processes and the reciprocal functional personal environment interdependence.<sup id="cite_ref-kim2005_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kim2005-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this view was the earliest to fuse micro-psychological and macro-social factors into an integrated theory, it is clearly focused on assimilation rather than racial or ethnic integration. In Kim's approach, assimilation is unilinear and the sojourner must conform to the majority group culture in order to be "communicatively competent." According to Gudykunst and Kim (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "cross-cultural adaptation process involves a continuous interplay of deculturation and acculturation that brings about change in strangers in the direction of assimilation, the highest degree of adaptation theoretically conceivable." This view has been heavily criticized, since the biological science definition of <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adaptation</a> refers to the random mutation of new forms of life, not the convergence of a monoculture (Kramer, 2003). </p><p>In contradistinction from Gudykunst and Kim's version of adaptive evolution, Eric M. Kramer developed his theory of Cultural Fusion (2011,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000a,<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1997a,<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer5_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kramer3_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer3-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000a,<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kramer4_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer4-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2012<sup id="cite_ref-DAD_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DAD-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) maintaining clear, conceptual distinctions between assimilation, adaptation, and integration. According to Kramer, assimilation involves <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> to a pre-existing form. Kramer's (2000a, 2000b, 2000c, 2003, 2009, 2011) theory of Cultural Fusion, which is based on systems theory and <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a>, argues that it is impossible for a person to unlearn themselves and that by definition, "growth" is not a zero-sum process that requires the disillusion of one form for another to come into being but rather a process of learning new languages and cultural repertoires (ways of thinking, cooking, playing, working, worshiping, and so forth). In other words, Kramer argues that one need not unlearn a language to learn a new one, nor does one have to unlearn who one is to learn new ways of dancing, cooking, talking, and so forth. Unlike Gudykunst and Kim (2003), Kramer argues that this blending of language and culture results in cognitive complexity, or the ability to switch between cultural repertoires. To put Kramer's ideas simply, learning is growth rather than unlearning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conceptual_models">Conceptual models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Conceptual models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory_of_Dimensional_Accrual_and_Dissociation">Theory of Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Theory of Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although numerous models of acculturation exist, the most complete models take into consideration the changes occurring at the group and individual levels of both interacting groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Berry2003_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To understand acculturation at the group level, one must first look at the nature of both cultures before coming into contact with one another. A useful approach is Eric Kramer's<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1988Kramer1992Kramer1997aKramer2003Kramer2011Kramer2012_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1988Kramer1992Kramer1997aKramer2003Kramer2011Kramer2012-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> theory of Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation (DAD). Two fundamental premises in Kramer's DAD theory are the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">hermeneutics</a> and semiotics, which infer that identity, meaning, communication, and learning all depend on differences or variance. According to this view, total assimilation would result in a monoculture void of personal identity, meaning, and communication.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1992Kramer1997aKramer2003_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1992Kramer1997aKramer2003-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kramer's DAD theory also utilizes concepts from several scholars, most notably <a href="/wiki/Jean_Gebser" title="Jean Gebser">Jean Gebser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Mumford" title="Lewis Mumford">Lewis Mumford</a>, to synthesize explanations of widely observed cultural expressions and differences. </p><p>Kramer's theory identifies three communication styles (<i>idolic</i>, <i>symbolic</i>, or <i>signalic</i>) in order to explain <a href="/wiki/Cultural_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural differences">cultural differences</a>. It is important to note that in this theory, no single mode of communication is inherently superior, and no final solution to intercultural conflict is suggested. Instead, Kramer puts forth three integrated theories: the theory Dimensional Accrual and Dissociation, the Cultural Fusion Theory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1997aKramer2010Kramer2000aKramer2003Kramer2011Kramer2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1997aKramer2010Kramer2000aKramer2003Kramer2011Kramer2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Cultural Churning Theory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1997aKramer2003Kramer2011Kramer2012_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1997aKramer2003Kramer2011Kramer2012-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For instance, according to Kramer's DAD theory, a statue of a god in an <i>idolic</i> community is god, and stealing it is a highly punishable offense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer1992Kramer1997aKramer2003Kramer2011Kramer2012_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer1992Kramer1997aKramer2003Kramer2011Kramer2012-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, many people in India believe that statues of the god <a href="/wiki/Ganesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganesh">Ganesh</a> – to take such a statue/god from its temple is more than theft, it is blasphemy. <i>Idolic</i> reality involves strong emotional identification, where a holy relic does not simply symbolize the sacred, <i>it is</i> sacred. By contrast, a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Christian crucifix</a> follows a <i>symbolic</i> nature, where it represents a symbol of God. Lastly, the <i>signalic</i> modality is far less emotional and increasingly dissociated. </p><p>Kramer refers to changes in each culture due to acculturation as <i>co-evolution</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer2009_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer2009-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kramer also addresses what he calls the <i>qualities of out vectors</i> which address the nature in which the former and new cultures make contact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKramer2010_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramer2010-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kramer uses the phrase "interaction potential" to refer to differences in individual or group acculturative processes. For example, the process of acculturation is markedly different if one is entering the host as an immigrant or as a refugee. Moreover, this idea encapsulates the importance of how receptive a host culture is to the newcomer, how easy is it for the newcomer to interact with and get to know the host, and how this interaction affects both the newcomer <i>and</i> the host. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fourfold_models">Fourfold models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fourfold models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akkulturationsformen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Akkulturationsformen.jpg/220px-Akkulturationsformen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="495" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Akkulturationsformen.jpg/330px-Akkulturationsformen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Akkulturationsformen.jpg/440px-Akkulturationsformen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The four essential (paradigm) forms of acculturation</figcaption></figure> <p>The fourfold model is a bilinear model that categorizes acculturation strategies along two dimensions. The first dimension concerns the retention or rejection of an individual's minority or native culture (i.e. "Is it considered to be of value to maintain one's identity and characteristics?"), whereas the second dimension concerns the adoption or rejection of the dominant group or host culture. ("Is it considered to be of value to maintain relationships with the larger society?") From this, four acculturation strategies emerge.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Assimilation</a></b> occurs when individuals adopt the cultural norms of a dominant or host culture, over their original culture. Sometimes it is <a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">forced</a> by governments.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Racial_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial separation">Separation</a></b> occurs when individuals reject the dominant or host culture in favor of preserving their culture of origin. Separation is often facilitated by immigration to <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_enclaves" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic enclaves">ethnic enclaves</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Integration</a></b> occurs when individuals can adopt the cultural norms of the dominant or host culture while maintaining their culture of origin. Integration leads to, and is often synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">biculturalism</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">Marginalization</a></b> occurs when individuals reject both their culture of origin and the dominant host culture.</li></ul> <p>Studies suggest that individuals' respective acculturation strategy can differ between their private and public life spheres.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, an individual may reject the values and norms of the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">dominant culture</a> in their private life (separation), whereas they might adapt to the <a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">dominant culture</a> in public parts of their life (i.e., integration or assimilation). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Predictors_of_acculturation_strategies">Predictors of acculturation strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Predictors of acculturation strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourfold models used to describe individual attitudes of immigrants parallel models used to describe group expectations of the larger society and how groups should acculturate.<sup id="cite_ref-SamBerry_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SamBerry-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a> society, in which a harmonious and homogenous culture is promoted, assimilation is the endorsed acculturation strategy. In <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregationist</a> societies, in which humans are separated into racial, ethnic and/or religious groups in daily life, a separation acculturation strategy is endorsed. In a <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalist</a> society, in which multiple cultures are accepted and appreciated, individuals are encouraged to adopt an integrationist approach to acculturation. In societies where cultural exclusion is promoted, individuals often adopt <a href="/wiki/Marginalization" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalization">marginalization</a> strategies of acculturation. </p><p>Attitudes towards acculturation, and thus the range of acculturation strategies available, have not been consistent over time. For example, for most of American history, policies and attitudes have been based around established ethnic hierarchies with an expectation of one-way assimilation for predominantly White <a href="/wiki/European_immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="European immigrants">European immigrants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the notion of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">cultural pluralism</a> has existed since the early 20th century, the recognition and promotion of <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multiculturalism</a> did not become prominent in America until the 1980s. Separatism can still be seen today in autonomous religious communities such as the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a>. Immediate environment also impacts the availability, advantage, and selection of different acculturation strategies. As individuals immigrate to unequal segments of society, immigrants to areas lower on economic and ethnic hierarchies may encounter limited social mobility and membership to a disadvantaged community.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be explained by the theory of Segmented Assimilation, which is used to describe the situation when immigrants individuals or groups assimilate to the culture of different segments of the society of the host country. The outcome of whether entering the upper class, middle class, or lower class is largely determined by the socioeconomic status of the last generation.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On a broad scale study, involving immigrants in 13 immigration-receiving countries, the experience of discrimination was positively related to the maintenance of the immigrants' ethnic culture.<sup id="cite_ref-berry2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berry2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, immigrants that maintain their cultural practices and values are more likely to be discriminated against than those whom abandon their culture. Further research has also identified that the acculturation strategies and experiences of immigrants can be significantly influenced by the acculturation preferences of the members of the host society.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree of intergroup and interethnic contact has also been shown to influence acculturation preferences between groups,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> support for multilingual and multicultural maintenance of minority groups,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and openness towards multiculturalism.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enhancing understanding of out-groups, nurturing empathy, fostering community, minimizing social distance and prejudice, and shaping positive intentions and behaviors contribute to improved interethnic and intercultural relations through intergroup contact. </p><p>Most individuals show variation in both their ideal and chosen acculturation strategies across different domains of their lives. For example, among immigrants, it is often easier and more desired to acculturate to their host society's attitudes towards politics and government, than it is to acculturate to new attitudes about religion, principles, values, and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acculturative_stress">Acculturative stress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Acculturative stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The large flux of migrants around the world has sparked scholarly interest in acculturation, and how it can specifically affect health by altering levels of stress, access to health resources, and attitudes towards health.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effects of acculturation on physical health is thought to be a major factor in the <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant paradox">immigrant paradox</a>, which argues that first generation immigrants tend to have better health outcomes than non-immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this term has been popularized, most of the academic literature supports the opposite conclusion, or that immigrants have poorer health outcomes than their host culture counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One prominent explanation for the negative health behaviors and outcomes (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">substance use</a>, <a href="/wiki/Low_birth_weight" title="Low birth weight">low birth weight</a>) associated with the acculturation process is the <i>acculturative stress theory</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Acculturative_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Acculturative stress">Acculturative stress</a> refers to the stress response of immigrants in response to their experiences of acculturation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berry2006_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berry2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stressors can include but are not limited to the pressures of learning a new language, maintaining one's native language, balancing differing cultural values, and brokering between native and host differences in acceptable social behaviors. Acculturative stress can manifest in many ways, including but not limited to anxiety,<sup id="cite_ref-Da_Silva_213–236_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Da_Silva_213–236-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depression, substance abuse, and other forms of mental and physical maladaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stress caused by acculturation has been heavily documented in phenomenological research on the acculturation of a large variety of immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This research has shown that acculturation is a "fatiguing experience requiring a constant stream of bodily energy," and is both an "individual and familial endeavor" involving "enduring loneliness caused by seemingly insurmountable language barriers".<sup id="cite_ref-Da_Silva_213–236_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Da_Silva_213–236-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One important distinction when it comes to risk for acculturative stress is degree of willingness, or migration status, which can differ greatly if one enters a country as a voluntary immigrant, refugee, asylum seeker, or sojourner. According to several studies,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Berry2003_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berry2003-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SamBerry_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SamBerry-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> voluntary migrants experience roughly 50% less acculturative stress than refugees, making this an important distinction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Schwartz (2010), there are four main categories of migrants: </p> <ol><li><i>Voluntary immigrants:</i> those that leave their country of origin to find employment, economic opportunity, advanced education, marriage, or to reunite with family members that have already immigrated.</li> <li><i>Refugees:</i> those who have been involuntarily displaced by persecution, war, or natural disasters.</li> <li><i>Asylum seekers:</i> those who willingly leave their native country to flee persecution or violence.</li> <li><i>Sojourners:</i> those who relocate to a new country on a time-limited basis and for a specific purpose. It is important to note that this group fully intends to return to their native country.</li></ol> <p>This type of entry distinction is important, but acculturative stress can also vary significantly within and between ethnic groups. Much of the scholarly work on this topic has focused on Asian and Latino/a immigrants, however, more research is needed on the effects of acculturative stress on other ethnic immigrant groups. Among <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">U.S. Latinos</a>, higher levels of adoption of the American host culture has been associated with negative effects on health behaviors and outcomes, such as increased risk for depression and discrimination, and increased risk for low self-esteem.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other studies have found greater levels of acculturation are associated with greater sleep problems.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some individuals also report "finding relief and protection in relationships" and "feeling worse and then feeling better about oneself with increased competencies" during the acculturative process. Again, these differences can be attributed to the age of the immigrant, the manner in which an immigrant exited their home country, and how the immigrant is received by both the original and host cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent research has compared the acculturative processes of documented Mexican-American immigrants and <a href="/wiki/Undocumented_immigrants_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Undocumented immigrants in the United States">undocumented</a> Mexican-American immigrants and found significant differences in their experiences and levels of acculturative stress.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both groups of Mexican-American immigrants faced similar risks for depression and discrimination from the host (Americans), but the undocumented group of Mexican-American immigrants also faced discrimination, hostility, and exclusion by their own ethnic group (Mexicans) because of their unauthorized legal status. These studies highlight the complexities of acculturative stress, the degree of variability in health outcomes, and the need for specificity over generalizations when discussing potential or actual health outcomes. </p><p>Researchers recently uncovered another layer of complications in this field, where survey data has either combined several ethnic groups together or has labeled an ethnic group incorrectly. When these generalizations occur, nuances and subtleties about a person or group's experience of acculturation or acculturative stress can be diluted or lost. For example, much of the scholarly literature on this topic uses <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Census">U.S. Census</a> data. The Census incorrectly labels <a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab-Americans</a> as Caucasian or "White".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By doing so, this data set omits many factors about the Muslim Arab-American migrant experience, including but not limited to acculturation and acculturative stress. This is of particular importance after the events of <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a>, since Muslim Arab-Americans have faced increased prejudice and discrimination, leaving this religious ethnic community with an increased risk of acculturative stress.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research focusing on the adolescent Muslim Arab American experience of acculturation has also found that youth who experience acculturative stress during the identity formation process are at a higher risk for low self-esteem, anxiety, and depression.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_37-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers argue that education, social support, hopefulness about employment opportunities, financial resources, family cohesion, maintenance of traditional cultural values, and high <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic_status" title="Socioeconomic status">socioeconomic status</a> (SES) serve as protections or mediators against acculturative stress. Previous work shows that limited education, low SES, and underemployment all increase acculturative stress.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rudmin_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudmin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SamBerry_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SamBerry-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since this field of research is rapidly growing, more research is needed to better understand how certain subgroups are differentially impacted, how stereotypes and biases have influenced former research questions about acculturative stress, and the ways in which acculturative stress can be effectively mediated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_outcomes">Other outcomes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Other outcomes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture">Culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When individuals of a certain culture are exposed to another culture (host) that is primarily more present in the area that they live, some aspects of the host culture will likely be taken and blended within aspects of the original culture of the individuals. In situations of continuous contact, cultures have exchanged and blended foods, music, dances, clothing, tools, and technologies. This kind of cultural exchange can be related to selective <i>acculturation</i> that refers to the process of maintaining cultural content by researching those individuals' language use, religious belief, and family norms.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural exchange can either occur naturally through extended contact, or more quickly though <a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">cultural appropriation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>. </p><p>Cultural appropriation is the adoption of some specific elements of one culture by members a different cultural group. It can include the introduction of forms of dress or personal adornment, music and art, religion, language, or behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These elements are typically imported into the existing culture, and may have wildly different meanings or lack the subtleties of their original cultural context. Because of this, cultural appropriation for monetary gain is typically viewed negatively, and has sometimes been called "cultural theft". </p><p>Cultural imperialism is the practice of promoting the culture or language of one nation in another, usually occurring in situations in which assimilation is the dominant strategy of acculturation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural imperialism can take the form of an active, formal policy or a general attitude regarding cultural superiority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></div> <p>In some instances, acculturation results in the adoption of another country's language, which is then modified over time to become a new, distinct, language. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hanzi#Reform" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanzi">Hanzi</a>, the written language of Chinese language, has been adapted and modified by other nearby cultures, including: <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">kanji</a>), <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">hanja</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (as <a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_H%C3%A1n" title="Chữ Hán">chữ Hán</a>). <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, often living as ethnic minorities, developed distinct languages derived from the common languages of the countries in which they lived (for example, <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> from <a href="/wiki/High_German_languages" title="High German languages">High German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a> from <a href="/wiki/Old_Spanish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Spanish language">Old Spanish</a>). Another common effect of acculturation on language is the formation of pidgin languages. <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a> is a mixed language that has developed to help communication between members of different cultures in contact, usually occurring in situations of trade or colonialism.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <a href="/wiki/Pidgin_English" class="mw-redirect" title="Pidgin English">Pidgin English</a> is a simplified form of English mixed with some of the language of another culture. Some pidgin languages can develop into <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole languages</a>, which are spoken as a first language. </p><p>Language plays a pivotal role in cultural heritage, serving as both a foundation for group identity and a means for transmitting culture in situations of contact between languages.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Language acculturation strategies, attitudes and identities can also influence the sociolinguistic development of languages in bi/multilingual contexts.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food">Food</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Food"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Food habits and food consumption are affected by acculturation on different levels. Research has indicated that food habits are discreet and practiced privately, and change occurs slowly. Consumption of new food items is affected by the availability of native ingredients, convenience, and cost; therefore, an immediate change is likely to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspects of food acculturation include the preparation, presentation, and consumption of food. Different cultures have different ways in which they prepare, serve, and eat their food. When exposed to another culture for an extended period of time, individuals tend to take aspects of the "host" culture's food customs and implement them with their own. In cases such as these, acculturation is heavily influenced by general food knowledge, or knowing the unique kinds of food different cultures traditionally have, the media, and social interaction. It allows for different cultures to be exposed to one another, causing some aspects to intertwine and also become more acceptable to the individuals of each of the respective cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_and_debate">Controversies and debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversies and debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anthropologists have made a semantic distinction between group and individual levels of acculturation. In such instances, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">transculturation</a></i> is used to define individual foreign-origin acculturation, and occurs on a smaller scale with less visible impact. Scholars making this distinction use the term "acculturation" only to address large-scale cultural transactions. Acculturation, then, is the process by which migrants gain new information and insight about the norms and values of their culture and adapt their behaviors to the host culture.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recommended_models">Recommended models</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Recommended models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Research has largely indicated that the integrationist model of acculturation leads to the most favorable psychological outcomes<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and marginalization to the least favorable.<sup id="cite_ref-berry2006_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berry2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While an initial <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of the acculturation literature found these results to be unclear,<sup id="cite_ref-Rudmin_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudmin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a more thorough meta-analysis of 40 studies showed that integration was indeed found to have a "significant, weak, and positive relationship with psychological and sociocultural adjustment".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study was done by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Berry_(psychologist)" title="John W. Berry (psychologist)">John W. Berry</a> (2006) that included 7,997 immigrant adolescents from 13 countries found that immigrant boys tend to have slightly better psychological adaptation than immigrant girls. Overall, immigrants in the integration profile were found to be more well-adapted than those in other profiles. Perceived discrimination was also negatively linked to both psychological and sociocultural adaptation.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various factors can explain the differences in these findings, including how different the two interacting cultures are, and degree of integration difficulty (<a href="/wiki/Bicultural_identity_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicultural identity integration">bicultural identity integration</a>). These types of factors partially explain why general statements about approaches to acculturation are not sufficient in predicting successful adaptation. As research in this area has expanded, one study has identified marginalization as being a maladaptive acculturation strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunst_2013_225–241_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunst_2013_225–241-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typological_approach">Typological approach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Typological approach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several theorists have stated that the fourfold models of acculturation are too simplistic to have predictive validity.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some common criticisms of such models include the fact that individuals don't often fall neatly into any of the four categories, and that there is very little evidence for the applied existence of the marginalization acculturation strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-Kunst_2013_225–241_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kunst_2013_225–241-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the bi-directionality of acculturation means that whenever two groups are engaged in cultural exchange, there are 16 permutations of acculturation strategies possible (e.g. an integrationist individual within an assimilationist host culture).<sup id="cite_ref-Rudmin_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rudmin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the research, another critic of the fourfold of acculturation is that the people are less likely to cultivate a self-perception but either not assimilate other cultures or continuing the heritage cultures.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3700543/">Rethinking the Concept of Acculturation - PMC</a> The <a href="/wiki/Interactive_acculturation" title="Interactive acculturation">interactive acculturation model</a> represents one proposed alternative to the typological approach by attempting to explain the acculturation process within a framework of state policies and the dynamic interplay of host community and immigrant acculturation orientations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">Naturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acclimatization" title="Acclimatization">Acclimatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acculturation_gap" title="Acculturation gap">Acculturation gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_anthropology" title="Educational anthropology">Educational anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocentrism" title="Ethnocentrism">Ethnocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">Language shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">Linguistic imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Fusion music">Fusion music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion cuisine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-3"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob, L. 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Acculturation. <i>Salem Press Encyclopedia</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFColeColejournalistCalifornia" class="citation web cs1">Cole, Nicki Lisa; Cole, Ph D. 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Unger, Jennifer B.; Zamboanga, Byron L.; Szapocznik, José (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3700543">"Rethinking the concept of acculturation: Implications for theory and research"</a>. <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>65</b> (4): 237–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0019330">10.1037/a0019330</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3700543">3700543</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20455618">20455618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+concept+of+acculturation%3A+Implications+for+theory+and+research&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=237-251&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3700543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20455618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0019330&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Seth+J.&rft.au=Unger%2C+Jennifer+B.&rft.au=Zamboanga%2C+Byron+L.&rft.au=Szapocznik%2C+Jos%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3700543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Acculturation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/acculturation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:acculturation">acculturation</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGudykunstKim2003" class="citation book cs1">Gudykunst, William B.; Kim, Young Yun (2003). <i>Communicating with Strangers: An Approach to Intercultural Communication</i> (4th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780071195379" title="Special:BookSources/9780071195379"><bdi>9780071195379</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communicating+with+Strangers%3A+An+Approach+to+Intercultural+Communication&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Education&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780071195379&rft.aulast=Gudykunst&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.au=Kim%2C+Young+Yun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1988" class="citation thesis cs1">Kramer, Eric Mark (1988). <i>Television criticism and the problem of ground interpretation after deconstruction</i> (Thesis). Ann Arbor: University of Michigan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Television+criticism+and+the+problem+of+ground+interpretation+after+deconstruction&rft.inst=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1992" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Eric Mark (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062118/http://erickramer.net/download/papers/gebser1992-culture.pdf"><i>Consciousness and culture: an introduction to the thought of Jean Gebser</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Contributions in sociology. Westport, Conn: Greenwood Press. pp. 1–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313278600" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313278600"><bdi>978-0313278600</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erickramer.net/download/papers/gebser1992-culture.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Consciousness+and+culture%3A+an+introduction+to+the+thought+of+Jean+Gebser&rft.place=Westport%2C+Conn&rft.series=Contributions+in+sociology&rft.pages=1-60&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0313278600&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferickramer.net%2Fdownload%2Fpapers%2Fgebser1992-culture.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1997a" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Eric Mark (1997a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KVrFXryPLfcC"><i>Modern/postmodern: Off the Beaten Path of Antimodernism</i></a>. Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275957582" title="Special:BookSources/9780275957582"><bdi>9780275957582</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern%2Fpostmodern%3A+Off+the+Beaten+Path+of+Antimodernism&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780275957582&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKVrFXryPLfcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer1997b" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Eric Mark (1997b). <i>Postmodernism and Race</i>. Westport, CT: Praeger.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodernism+and+Race&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2000a" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Eric Mark (2000a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062234/http://erickramer.net/download/papers/Kramer2000-cultural%20fusion-proof.pdf">"Cultural fusion and the defense of difference"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Asante, M. K.; Min, J. E. (eds.). <i>Socio-cultural Conflict between African and Korean Americans</i>. New York: University Press of America. pp. 182–223. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erickramer.net/download/papers/Kramer2000-cultural%20fusion-proof.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cultural+fusion+and+the+defense+of+difference&rft.btitle=Socio-cultural+Conflict+between+African+and+Korean+Americans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=182-223&rft.pub=University+Press+of+America&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferickramer.net%2Fdownload%2Fpapers%2FKramer2000-cultural%2520fusion-proof.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2000b" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Eric Mark (2000b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304170110/http://erickramer.net/download/papers/mundi2000.pdf">"Contemptus mundi: Reality as disease"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In issues, V.; Murphy, J. W. (eds.). <i>Computers, human interaction, and organizations: Critical issues</i>. Westport, CT: Praeger. pp. 31–54. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erickramer.net/download/papers/mundi2000.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2016-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contemptus+mundi%3A+Reality+as+disease&rft.btitle=Computers%2C+human+interaction%2C+and+organizations%3A+Critical+issues&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=31-54&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferickramer.net%2Fdownload%2Fpapers%2Fmundi2000.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2003" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Eric Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x9-yOGSyKrYC"><i>The Emerging Monoculture: Assimilation and the "Model Minority"</i></a>. Westport, CT: Praeger. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275973124" title="Special:BookSources/9780275973124"><bdi>9780275973124</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emerging+Monoculture%3A+Assimilation+and+the+%22Model+Minority%22&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Praeger&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780275973124&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx9-yOGSyKrYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2009" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Eric Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091012/http://erickramer.net/download/papers/preface2008-Croucher.pdf">"Theoretical reflections on intercultural studies: Preface"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Immigration&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Identity&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pages=384-389&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferickramer.net%2Fdownload%2Fpapers%2FKramer2010-immigration.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2011" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Eric Mark (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426062147/http://erickramer.net/download/papers/Kramer2011-Praface%20for%20Religious%20Misperceptions.pdf">"Preface"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Croucher, S. (ed.). <i>Religious Misperceptions: The case of Muslims and Christians in France and Britain</i>. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton. pp. vii–xxxii. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erickramer.net/download/papers/Kramer2011-Praface%20for%20Religious%20Misperceptions.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-04-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Preface&rft.btitle=Religious+Misperceptions%3A+The+case+of+Muslims+and+Christians+in+France+and+Britain&rft.place=Cresskill%2C+NJ&rft.pages=vii-xxxii&rft.pub=Hampton&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ferickramer.net%2Fdownload%2Fpapers%2FKramer2011-Praface%2520for%2520Religious%2520Misperceptions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramer2012" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Eric Mark (2012). "Dimensional accrual and dissociation: An introduction". In Grace, J. (ed.). <i>Comparative Cultures and Civilizations</i>. Vol. 3. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dimensional+accrual+and+dissociation%3A+An+introduction&rft.btitle=Comparative+Cultures+and+Civilizations&rft.place=Cresskill%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Hampton&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Eric+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAcculturation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ward, C. (2001). The A, B, Cs of acculturation. In D. Matsumoto (Ed.) "The handbook of culture and psychology" (pp. 411–445). Oxford, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Outline_of_culture" title="Outline of culture">Outline</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Sciences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_astronomy" title="Cultural astronomy">Cultural astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_ecology" title="Cultural ecology">Cultural ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_geography" title="Cultural geography">Cultural geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_neuroscience" title="Cultural neuroscience">Cultural neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">Cultural studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturology" title="Culturology">Culturology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_theory" title="Culture theory">Culture theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioculture" title="Bioculture">Bioculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_studies" title="Cross-cultural studies">Cross-cultural studies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_leadership" title="Cross-cultural leadership">Cross-cultural leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychiatry" title="Cross-cultural psychiatry">Cross-cultural psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_analytics" title="Cultural analytics">Cultural analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_economics" title="Cultural economics">Cultural economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insects_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Insects in culture">Cultural entomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mediation" title="Cultural mediation">Cultural mediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_psychology" title="Cultural psychology">Cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Value (ethics)">Cultural values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturomics" title="Culturomics">Culturomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_learning" title="Intercultural learning">Intercultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_relations" title="Intercultural relations">Intercultural relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_culture" title="Internet culture">Internet culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_culture" title="Philosophy of culture">Philosophy of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture_studies" title="Popular culture studies">Popular culture studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcritique" title="Postcritique">Postcritique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics_of_culture" title="Semiotics of culture">Semiotics of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_culture" title="Sociology of culture">Sociology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound culture">Sound culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_culture" title="Theology of culture">Theology of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcultural_nursing" title="Transcultural nursing">Transcultural nursing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed culture">Constructed culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant_culture" title="Dominant culture">Dominant culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk culture">Folk culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">High culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualistic_culture" title="Individualistic culture">Individualistic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_culture" title="Legal culture">Legal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_culture" title="Low culture">Low culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microculture" title="Microculture">Microculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_culture" title="Official culture">Official culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture" title="Political culture">Political culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_political_culture" title="Civic political culture">Civic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">Popular culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_pop_culture" title="Urban pop culture">Urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive culture">Primitive culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_through_culture" title="Resistance through culture">Resistance through culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subculture" title="Subculture">Subculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_culture" title="Alternative culture">Alternative culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_subcultures" title="Far-right subcultures">Far-right subcultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_subculture" title="Youth subculture">Youth subculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_subcultures" title="List of subcultures">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_culture" title="Super culture">Super culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernacular_culture" title="Vernacular culture">Vernacular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_by_location" title="Category:Culture by location">Culture by location</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Acculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appreciation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural appreciation">Cultural appreciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_appropriation" title="Cultural appropriation">Cultural appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_area" title="Cultural area">Cultural area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_baggage" title="Cultural baggage">Cultural baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_behavior" title="Cultural behavior">Cultural behavior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_bias" title="Cultural bias">Cultural bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_capital" title="Cultural capital">Cultural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_capital" title="Cross-cultural capital">Cross-cultural</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_communication" title="Cultural communication">Cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conflict" title="Cultural conflict">Cultural conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_cringe" title="Cultural cringe">Cultural cringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_dissonance" title="Cultural dissonance">Cultural dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_emphasis" title="Cultural emphasis">Cultural emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_framework" title="Cultural framework">Cultural framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyed_heritage" title="List of destroyed heritage">Destroyed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_icon" title="Cultural icon">Cultural icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">Cultural identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural industry">Cultural industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_invention" title="Cultural invention">Cultural invention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_landscape" title="Cultural landscape">Cultural landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_learning" title="Cultural learning">Cultural learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_leveling" title="Cultural leveling">Cultural leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_memory" title="Cultural memory">Cultural memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_practice" title="Cultural practice">Cultural practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_reproduction" title="Cultural reproduction">Cultural reproduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_system" title="Cultural system">Cultural system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_technology" title="Cultural technology">Cultural technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Cultural universal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultureme" title="Cultureme">Cultureme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enculturation" title="Enculturation">Enculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-_and_low-context_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="High- and low-context cultures">High- and low-context cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturality" class="mw-redirect" title="Interculturality">Interculturality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuscript_culture" title="Manuscript culture">Manuscript culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">Material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-material_culture" title="Non-material culture">Non-material culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">Organizational culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protoculture" title="Protoculture">Protoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_mobility" title="Relational mobility">Relational mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_culture" title="Safety culture">Safety culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technoculture" title="Technoculture">Technoculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">Trans-cultural diffusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturation" title="Transculturation">Transculturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_mentality" title="Colonial mentality">Colonial mentality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_capitalism" title="Consumer capitalism">Consumer capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_cultural_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross cultural sensitivity">Cross cultural sensitivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_attach%C3%A9" title="Cultural attaché">Cultural attaché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_backwardness" title="Cultural backwardness">Cultural backwardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_contracts" title="Cultural contracts">Cultural contracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_deprivation" title="Cultural deprivation">Cultural deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diplomacy" title="Cultural diplomacy">Cultural diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_environmentalism" title="Cultural environmentalism">Cultural environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_exception" title="Cultural exception">Cultural exception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">Cultural hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_intelligence" title="Cultural intelligence">Cultural intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_liberalism" title="Cultural liberalism">Cultural liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_nationalism" title="Cultural nationalism">Cultural nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pessimism" title="Cultural pessimism">Cultural pessimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_racism" title="Cultural racism">Cultural racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_radicalism" title="Cultural radicalism">Cultural radicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_retention" title="Cultural retention">Cultural retention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_rights" title="Cultural rights">Cultural rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_safety" title="Cultural safety">Cultural safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_silence" title="Cultural silence">Cultural silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_subsidy" title="Cultural subsidy">Cultural subsidy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Zionism" title="Cultural Zionism">Cultural Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_change" title="Culture change">Culture change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_minister" title="Culture minister">Culture minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_fear" title="Culture of fear">Culture of fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deculturalization" title="Deculturalization">Deculturalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominator_culture" title="Dominator culture">Dominator culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interculturalism" title="Interculturalism">Interculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculturalism" title="Monoculturalism">Monoculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biculturalism" title="Biculturalism">Biculturalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_democracy" title="Multiracial democracy">Multiracial democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">Pluriculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transculturism" class="mw-redirect" title="Transculturism">Transculturism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_culture" title="Protestant culture">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role of Christianity in civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox Culture">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Hindus" title="Cultural Hindus">Cultural Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Muslims" title="Cultural Muslims">Cultural Muslims</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_art_and_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh art and culture">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;list;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_culture" title="Animal culture">Animal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Archaeological culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_scale" title="Bennett scale">Bennett scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_culture" title="Cannabis culture">Cannabis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_of_culture" title="Circuit of culture">Circuit of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_culture" title="Coffee culture">Coffee culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural" title="Cross-cultural">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_center" title="Cultural center">Cultural center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_competence" title="Cultural competence">Cultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_critic" title="Cultural critic">Cultural critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_diversity" title="Cultural diversity">Cultural diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolutionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural evolutionism">Cultural evolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_homogenization" title="Cultural homogenization">Cultural homogenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_institution" title="Cultural institution">Cultural institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_jet_lag" title="Cultural jet lag">Cultural jet lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_lag" title="Cultural lag">Cultural lag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_literacy" title="Cultural literacy">Cultural literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mosaic" title="Cultural mosaic">Cultural mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_movement" title="Cultural movement">Cultural movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mulatto" title="Cultural mulatto">Cultural mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_probe" title="Cultural probe">Cultural probe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_relativism" title="Cultural relativism">Cultural relativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">Cultural tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pop-culture_tourism" title="Pop-culture tourism">Pop-culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_translation" title="Cultural translation">Cultural translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_turn" title="Cultural turn">Cultural turn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_sensibility" title="Cultural sensibility">Cultural sensibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_menstruation" title="Culture and menstruation">Culture and menstruation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_positive_psychology" title="Culture and positive psychology">Culture and positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_and_social_cognition" title="Culture and social cognition">Culture and social cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_gap" title="Culture gap">Culture gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_hero" title="Culture hero">Culture hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_shock" title="Culture shock">Culture shock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturgen" title="Culturgen">Culturgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_culture" title="Children's culture">Children's culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culturalism" title="Culturalism">Culturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyberculture">Cyberculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_culture" title="Death and culture">Death and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Disability culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_culture" title="Deaf culture">Deaf culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_culture" title="Drinking culture">Drinking culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_culture" title="Drug culture">Drug culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_culture" title="Eastern culture">Eastern culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_and_culture" title="Emotions and culture">Emotions and culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_competence" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercultural competence">Intercultural competence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languaculture" title="Languaculture">Languaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_things_in_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Living things in culture">Living things in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppositional_culture" title="Oppositional culture">Oppositional culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_culture" title="Participatory culture">Participatory culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permission_culture" title="Permission culture">Permission culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_culture" title="Rape culture">Rape culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remix_culture" title="Remix culture">Remix culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_culture" title="Tea culture">Tea culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation of culture">Transformation of culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_culture" title="Urban culture">Urban culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_culture" title="Welfare culture">Welfare culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_culture" title="Youth culture">Youth culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Culture" title="Category:Culture">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Culture" class="extiw" 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control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192989#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span 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