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id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agtergrond" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agtergrond"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Agtergrond </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agtergrond-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bewind_en_verbanning_van_Ptolemeus_XII" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bewind_en_verbanning_van_Ptolemeus_XII"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bewind_en_verbanning_van_Ptolemeus_XII-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Troonbestyging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Troonbestyging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Troonbestyging </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Troonbestyging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sluipmoord_op_Pompeius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sluipmoord_op_Pompeius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Sluipmoord op Pompeius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sluipmoord_op_Pompeius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verhouding_met_Julius_Caesar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verhouding_met_Julius_Caesar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Verhouding met Julius Caesar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verhouding_met_Julius_Caesar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleopatra_in_die_Bevrydersoorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleopatra_in_die_Bevrydersoorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleopatra_in_die_Bevrydersoorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verhouding_met_Marcus_Antonius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verhouding_met_Marcus_Antonius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Verhouding met Marcus Antonius </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verhouding_met_Marcus_Antonius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skenkings_van_Alexandrië" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skenkings_van_Alexandrië"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 Skenkings van Alexandrië </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skenkings_van_Alexandrië-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slag_van_Actium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slag_van_Actium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.9 Slag van Actium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slag_van_Actium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ondergang_en_dood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ondergang_en_dood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.10 Ondergang en dood </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ondergang_en_dood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nalatenskap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nalatenskap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Nalatenskap </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nalatenskap-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Nalatenskap subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Nalatenskap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kinders_en_opvolgers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinders_en_opvolgers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Kinders en opvolgers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinders_en_opvolgers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleopatra_in_antieke_letterkunde_en_kuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleopatra_in_antieke_letterkunde_en_kuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cleopatra in antieke letterkunde en kuns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cleopatra_in_antieke_letterkunde_en_kuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Romeinse_kuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romeinse_kuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Romeinse kuns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romeinse_kuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portland-vaas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portland-vaas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Portland-vaas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portland-vaas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egiptiese_kuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egiptiese_kuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Egiptiese kuns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egiptiese_kuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_uitbeeldings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_uitbeeldings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Moderne uitbeeldings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moderne_uitbeeldings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stamboon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stamboon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Stamboon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stamboon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Notas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Verwysings </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Wissel Verwysings subafdeling </button> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bronne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Bronne </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aanlyn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aanlyn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Aanlyn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aanlyn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_druk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_druk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.2 In druk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_druk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nog_leesstof" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nog_leesstof"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Nog leesstof </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nog_leesstof-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Skakels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Wissel die inhoudsopgawe </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cleopatra VII</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 149 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-149" aria-hidden="true" > 149 tale </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII." title="Kleopatra VII. – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Kleopatra VII." data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%8C%E1%8B%AE%E1%8D%93%E1%89%B5%E1%88%AB" title="ክሌዮፓትራ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክሌዮፓትራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Cleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="क्लियोपैत्रा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="क्लियोपैत्रा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كليوباترا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كليوباترا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9%D9%87" title="كليوباترا السابعه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كليوباترا السابعه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="क्लियोपेट्रा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="क्लियोपेट्रा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کلئوپاترا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="کلئوپاترا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII" title="Клеопатра VII – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Клеопатра VII" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A9opatra" title="Kléopatra – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kléopatra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleuopatra_VII" title="Kleuopatra VII – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kleuopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Клеапатра – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Клеапатра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Клеапатра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Клеапатра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII" title="Клеопатра VII – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клеопатра VII" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="क्लियोपेट्रा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="क्लियोपेट्रा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="ক্লিওপেট্রা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ক্লিওপেট্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cle%C3%B2patra" title="Cleòpatra – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cleòpatra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_7-si%C3%A9" title="Kleopatra 7-sié – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Kleopatra 7-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%DB%86%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کلیۆپاترا – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کلیۆپاترا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII." title="Kleopatra VII. – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kleopatra VII." data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Клеопатра – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Клеопатра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_7." title="Kleopatra 7. – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kleopatra 7." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII." title="Kleopatra VII. – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kleopatra VII." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1_%CE%96%CE%84_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B9%CE%B3%CF%8D%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Κλεοπάτρα Ζ΄ της Αιγύπτου – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κλεοπάτρα Ζ΄ της Αιγύπτου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatro" title="Kleopatro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kleopatro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کلئوپاترا – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلئوپاترا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9op%C3%A2tre_VII" title="Cléopâtre VII – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cléopâtre VII" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII." title="Kleopatra VII. – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Kleopatra VII." data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9%C3%B3p%C3%A1tra" title="Cléópátra – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cléópátra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%88%A9%E4%BF%84%E6%8D%8C%E6%8B%BF%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="可利俄捌拿七世 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="可利俄捌拿七世" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%94" title="קלאופטרה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלאופטרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%AD" title="क्लियोपाट्रा ७ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लियोपाट्रा ७" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9op%C3%A2tre_VII" title="Cléopâtre VII – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Cléopâtre VII" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Kleop%C3%A1tra" title="VII. Kleopátra – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="VII. Kleopátra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%BF%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Կլեոպատրա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կլեոպատրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AC%D5%A7%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%A9%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Քլէոփաթրա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Քլէոփաթրա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kle%C3%B3patra_7." title="Kleópatra 7. – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kleópatra 7." data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%91%E3%83%88%E3%83%A97%E4%B8%96" title="クレオパトラ7世 – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="クレオパトラ7世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliopachra_VII" title="Kliopachra VII – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kliopachra VII" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90_VII" title="კლეოპატრა VII – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კლეოპატრა VII" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A9opatre" title="Cléopatre – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cléopatre" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%CC%B1liyopatra" title="Ki̱liyopatra – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Ki̱liyopatra" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII" title="Клеопатра VII – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Клеопатра VII" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ಕ್ಲಿಯೋಪಾತ್ರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕ್ಲಿಯೋಪಾತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%81%B4%EB%A0%88%EC%98%A4%ED%8C%8C%ED%8A%B8%EB%9D%BC" title="클레오파트라 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="클레오파트라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Cleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_(regina_Aegypti)" title="Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti) – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cleopatra VII (regina Aegypti)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_Filopat%C3%B4" title="Cleopatra VII Filopatô – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Cleopatra VII Filopatô" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kle%C3%B4patra_VII" title="Kleôpatra VII – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kleôpatra VII" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Клеопатра – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Клеопатра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="ക്ലിയോപാട്ര – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്ലിയോപാട്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="VII Клеопатра – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="VII Клеопатра" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="क्लिओपात्रा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="क्लिओपात्रा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cle%C3%B3patra" title="Cleópatra – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Cleópatra" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%95%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC" title="ကလီယို ပတ်ထရာ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကလီယို ပတ်ထရာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII." title="Kleopatra VII. – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Kleopatra VII." data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%81" title="क्लियोपेट्रा सातौँ – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="क्लियोपेट्रा सातौँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A5%AD" title="क्लियोप्याट्रा ७ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="क्लियोप्याट्रा ७" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Cleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਕਲੀਓਪੈਟਰਾ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਲੀਓਪੈਟਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="قلوپطرہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="قلوپطرہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کلئوپاترا – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کلئوپاترا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cle%C3%B3patra" title="Cleópatra – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cleópatra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII" title="Kleopatra VII – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Клеопатра – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клеопатра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="क्लियोपैत्रा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्लियोपैत्रा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliupatra" title="Cliupatra – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cliupatra" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="قلوپطرہ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="قلوپطرہ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliyupatra_Tiss_Sa" title="Kliyupatra Tiss Sa – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kliyupatra Tiss Sa" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="ක්ලියෝපැට්රා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ක්ලියෝපැට්රා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII." title="Kleopatra VII. – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kleopatra VII." data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="قلوپطرہ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="قلوپطرہ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII." title="Kleopatra VII. – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kleopatra VII." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII" title="Клеопатра VII – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Клеопатра VII" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_VII." title="Kleopatra VII. – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Kleopatra VII." data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE" title="ஏழாம் கிளியோபாற்றா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏழாம் கிளியோபாற்றா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="క్లియోపాత్రా – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="క్లియోపాత్రా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Клеопатра – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Клеопатра" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="คลีโอพัตรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คลีโอพัตรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII_ng_Ehipto" title="Cleopatra VII ng Ehipto – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Cleopatra VII ng Ehipto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/VII._Kleopatra" title="VII. Kleopatra – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="VII. Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Клеопатра – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Клеопатра" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII" title="Клеопатра VII – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Клеопатра VII" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="قلوپطرہ – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="قلوپطرہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra" title="Kleopatra – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kleopatra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra_VII" title="Cleopatra VII – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Cleopatra VII" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%A8%84%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="克娄巴特拉七世 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="克娄巴特拉七世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კლეოპატრა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="კლეოპატრა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Cleopatra" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E5%A8%84%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="克娄巴特拉七世 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克娄巴特拉七世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kleopatra_7-s%C3%A8" title="Kleopatra 7-sè – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kleopatra 7-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A%E5%A6%96%E5%90%8E" title="埃及妖后 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃及妖后" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q635#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCleopatra_VII">Kry verkorte URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCleopatra_VII">Laai QR-kode af</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Cleopatra+VII">Skep boek</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cleopatra_VII&action=show-download-screen">Laai af as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p">Drukbare weergawe</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q635" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata-item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="toccolours vatop infobox" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; clear:right; width:270px; padding:3px; margin:1px 1px 1em 1em; font-size:85%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="background-color:#CCCCAA; color:#000000; text-align: center;" colspan="3">Cleopatra VII </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="3">Cleopatra VII Thea Filopator </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, Berlyn)."><img alt="Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, Berlyn)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/240px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/360px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg/480px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="3">Borsbeeld van Cleopatra VII (Altes Museum, <a href="/wiki/Berlyn" title="Berlyn">Berlyn</a>). </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#CCCCAA; color:#000000; text-align: center;" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">Farao</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Ptoleme%C3%AFese_Ryk" title="Ptolemeïese Ryk">Ptolemeïese Dinastie</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Periode</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/51_v.C." title="51 v.C.">51 v.C.</a> – <a href="/wiki/10_Augustus" title="10 Augustus">10 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/30_v.C." title="30 v.C.">30 v.C.</a> (21 jaar) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Voorganger</td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemeus XII Auletes">Ptolemeus XII Auletes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Vader</td> <td colspan="2">Ptolemeus XII Auletes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Moeder</td> <td colspan="2">Cleopatra V (vermoedelik) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Gebore</td> <td colspan="2">69 v.C. <a href="/wiki/Alexandri%C3%AB" title="Alexandrië">Alexandrië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-weight:bold;">Oorlede</td> <td colspan="2">10 Augustus 30 v.C. (op 39) Alexandrië </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#CCCCAA; color: var(--color-base); text-align: center;" colspan="3"> <table style="background:transparent; color:var(--color-base); margin: auto;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle">Portaal  <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a>   </td> <td style="text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Antieke_Egipte" title="Portaal:Antieke Egipte">Antieke Egipte</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> Cleopatra VII Filopator (<a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a>: Κλεοπάτρα Φιλοπάτωρ; <a href="/wiki/69_v.C." title="69 v.C.">69 v.C.</a> - 10 Augustus <a href="/wiki/30_v.C." title="30 v.C.">30 v.C.</a>), in die geskiedenis bekend as Cleopatra of Kleopatra, was van 51 tot 30 v.C. <a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">farao</a> van die <a href="/wiki/Ptoleme%C3%AFese_Ryk" title="Ptolemeïese Ryk">Ptolemeïese Ryk</a> van <a href="/wiki/Antieke_Egipte" title="Antieke Egipte">Egipte</a> en sy laaste aktiewe heerser.<a href="#cite_note-Diplomaat-1">[nota 1]</a> As lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie was sy 'n afstammeling van sy stigter, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_I_Soter" title="Ptolemeus I Soter">Ptolemeus I Soter</a>, 'n <a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_Masedoni%C3%AB" title="Koninkryk Masedonië">Masedoniese</a> generaal en vriend van <a href="/wiki/Alexander_die_Grote" title="Alexander die Grote">Alexander die Grote</a>. Ná Cleopatra se dood het Egipte <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_(Romeinse_provinsie)" title="Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)">'n provinsie van die Romeinse Ryk</a> geword, en dit was die einde van die tweede laaste <a href="/wiki/Hellenistiese_tydperk" title="Hellenistiese tydperk">Hellenistiese</a> staat en tydperk wat geduur het vanaf die bewind van Alexander (336-323 v.C.). Haar moedertaal was <a href="/wiki/Koine" title="Koine">Koine</a>, en sy was die enigste Ptolemeïese heerser wat <a href="/wiki/Egipties" title="Egipties">Egipties</a> leer praat het. In 58 v.C. het Cleopatra vermoedelik haar pa, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemeus XII Auletes">Ptolemeus XII Auletes</a>, vergesel tydens sy verbanning na Rome ná 'n opstand in Egipte ('n Romeinse <a href="/wiki/Vasal" title="Vasal">vasalstaat</a>) en dit het sy dogter <a href="/wiki/Berenike_IV" title="Berenike IV">Berenike IV</a> in staat gestel om die troon op te eis. Berenike is in 55 v.C. vermoor toe Ptolemeus met Romeinse militêre hulp na Egipte terugkeer. Toe hy in 51 v.C sterf, het die gesamentlike bewind van Cleopatra en haar broer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemeus XIII">Ptolemeus XIII</a> begin, maar 'n uitval tussen hulle het tot 'n <a href="/wiki/Burgeroorlog" title="Burgeroorlog">burgeroorlog</a> gelei. Nadat die Romeinse staatsman <a href="/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius">Pompeius</a> in 48 v.C. 'n veldslag in <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Griekeland" title="Romeinse Griekeland">Griekeland</a> teen sy teenstander <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> ('n Romeinse dikatator en konsul) in Caesar se burgeroorlog verloor het, het hy na Egipte gevlug. Pompeius was 'n politieke bondgenoot van Ptolemeus XII, maar Ptolemeus XIII het hom op aanbeveling van sy hofeunugs in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor voor Caesar se aankoms en besetting van <a href="/wiki/Alexandri%C3%AB" title="Alexandrië">Alexandrië</a>. <table style="font-size: 88%; border-collapse: collapse; border: 1px solid lightgrey; margin: 0.5em 1em; text-align: center; clear: left; float: left; margin-left: 0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding: 1em; background-color: var(--background-color-base); color:var(--color-base)"><table> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px 10px 10px;background: white;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td height="48px" width="2px" bgcolor="black"></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" bgcolor="black"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="46" style="padding: 0px 5px 0px 5px;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G36.png?39a4f" height="25" title="G36 [wr]" alt="wr" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V30.png?e0ed0" height="12" title="V30 [nb]" alt="nb" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35 [nfr]" alt="nfr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35 [nfr]" alt="nfr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_F35.png?9f378" height="38" title="F35 [nfr]" alt="nfr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_H2.png?00889" height="24" title="H2" alt="H2" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Aa1.png?3a810" height="15" title="Aa1 [x]" alt="x" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O22.png?cfa20" height="30" title="O22" alt="O22" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" bgcolor="black"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Srxtail2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/50px-Srxtail2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/75px-Srxtail2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Srxtail2.svg/100px-Srxtail2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;">serech of Horusnaam</td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px;background: white;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hiero_Ca1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></a></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" bgcolor="black"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E23.png?e613a" height="15" title="E23 [rw]" alt="rw" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Z7.png?fc6fb" height="17" title="Z7 [W]" alt="W" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="11" title="D46 [d]" alt="d" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="10" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="10" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_H8.png?530f1" height="16" title="H8" alt="H8" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R8.png?c3d74" height="38" title="R8 [nTr]" alt="nTr" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_H8.png?530f1" height="18" title="H8" alt="H8" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_R7.png?a356a" height="28" title="R7" alt="R7" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_O34.png?63e15" height="6" title="O34 [z]" alt="z" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N36.png?d5dbf" height="9" title="N36" alt="N36" /></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" bgcolor="black"></td> </tr></tbody></table> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hiero_Ca2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;">praenomen of troonnaam</td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:4px 10px 10px 10px;background: white;"> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hiero_Ca1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/17px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/26px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Hiero_Ca1.svg/34px-Hiero_Ca1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="50" /></a></td> <td> <table border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td height="2px" bgcolor="black"></td> </tr><tr> <td height="45" style="padding: 0px 0px 0px 0px;"><table class="mw-hiero-table mw-hiero-outer" dir="ltr"><tbody><tr><td> <table class="mw-hiero-table"><tbody><tr> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_N29.png?b816c" height="17" title="N29 [q]" alt="q" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_E23.png?e613a" height="15" title="E23 [rw]" alt="rw" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_M17.png?2e70b" height="38" title="M17 [i]" alt="i" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_V4.png?e648c" height="36" title="V4 [wA]" alt="wA" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_Q3.png?42130" height="15" title="Q3 [p]" alt="p" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1 [A]" alt="A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D46.png?1dee4" height="12" title="D46 [d]" alt="d" /> <img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_D21.png?9bfb9" height="11" title="D21 [r]" alt="r" /></td> <td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_X1.png?f2a8c" height="11" title="X1 [t]" alt="t" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_G1.png?4d556" height="38" title="G1 [A]" alt="A" /></td><td><img class="skin-invert" style="margin: 1px;" src="/w/extensions/wikihiero/img/hiero_H8.png?530f1" height="18" title="H8" alt="H8" /></td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr> <td height="2px" bgcolor="black"></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td align="center" valign="middle"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Hiero_Ca2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/21px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/32px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Hiero_Ca2.svg/42px-Hiero_Ca2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="21" data-file-height="50" /></a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td> </tr><tr> <td style="text-align:center;text-valign:middle;padding:5px;background: white;">nomen of geboortenaam</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background: lightgrey; border-bottom: 1px solid lightgrey; padding: 0.5em">Cleopatra in <a href="/wiki/Egiptiese_hi%C3%ABrogliewe" title="Egiptiese hiërogliewe">hiërogliewe</a> </th></tr></tbody></table> Caesar het toe probeer om die mededingende Ptolemeïese sibbes te herenig, maar Ptolemeus se hoofraadgewer het gedink Caesar se voorwaardes bevoordeel Cleopatra, en daarom het Ptolemeus se magte haar en Caesar by die paleis beleër. Kort nadat die beleg deur versterkings opgehef is, is Ptolemeus XIII dood in die Slag van die Nyl. Cleopatra se halfsuster Arsinoe IV is eindelik na <a href="/wiki/Efese" title="Efese">Efese</a> verban vir haar rol in die beleg. Caesar het Cleopatra en haar broer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemeus XIV">Ptolemeus XIV</a> tot medeheersers verklaar, maar het 'n verhouding met Cleopatra begin wat tot die geboorte van 'n seun, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XV_Caesarion" title="Ptolemeus XV Caesarion">Caesarion</a>, gelei het. Cleopatra het in 46 en 44 v.C. as 'n vasalkoningin na Rome gereis, waar sy in Caesar se villa gebly het. Ná die sluipmoord op Caesar en, op haar bevel, Ptolemeus XIV in 44 v.C., het sy Caesarion as Ptolemeus XV se medeheerser aangestel. In die Bevrydersoorlog van 43-42 v.C. het Cleopatra haar aan die kant van die Tweede <a href="/wiki/Triumviraat" title="Triumviraat">Triumviraat</a> geskaar wat gevorm is deur Caesar se nefie en erfgenaam <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Octavianus" title="Augustus Octavianus">Octavianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a> en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus. Nadat hulle in 41 v.C. ontmoet het, het Cleopatra 'n verhouding met Antonius begin. Hy het Arsinoe op haar versoek laat teregstel en al hoe meer op Cleopatra begin steun vir befondsing en militêre hulp tydens sy invalle in die <a href="/wiki/Partiese_Ryk" title="Partiese Ryk">Partiese Ryk</a> en <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Koninkryk Armenië</a>. Die <a href="#Skenkings_van_Alexandrië">Skenkings van Alexandrië</a> het hulle kinders – Alexander Helios, Cleopatra Selene II en Ptolemeus Philadelphus – tot heersers van verskeie eertydse gebiede onder Antonius se gesag verklaar. Dit, tesame met hulle troue en Antonius se egskeiding van Octavianus se suster, het gelei tot die finale oorlog teen die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Republiek" title="Romeinse Republiek">Romeinse Republiek</a>. Octavianus het 'n propagandaoorlog gevoer en Antonius se bondgenote in die Romeinse Senaat gedwing om in 32 v.C. uit Rome te vlug, en hy het oorlog teen Cleopatra verklaar. Nadat hy Antonius en Cleopatra se vloot in 31 v.C. in die <a href="/wiki/Slag_van_Actium" title="Slag van Actium">Slag van Actium</a> verslaan het, het Octavianus se magte Egipte in 30 v.C. binnegeval en Antonius verslaan. Dit het gelei tot Antonius se selfmoord en Cleopatra se dood nadat sy gif gedrink het. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: Etimologie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Etimologie">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">gelatiniseerde</a> vorm Cleopatra kom van die antieke <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Griekse</a> Kleopátra (Κλεοπάτρα), wat beteken "glorie van haar vader",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyster200348-2">[1]</a> van κλέος (kléos, "glorie") en πατήρ (patḗr, "vader").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuellner-3">[2]</a> Die manlike vorm sou geskryf gewees het as óf Kleópatros (Κλεόπατρος) óf Pátroklos (Πάτροκλος).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuellner-3">[2]</a> Cleopatra was die naam van Alexander die Grote se suster sowel as van Cleopatra Alcyone, vrou van die held Meleager in die <a href="/wiki/Griekse_mitologie" title="Griekse mitologie">Griekse mitologie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16-4">[3]</a> Deur die huwelik tussen <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemeus V Epiphanes">Ptolemeus V Epiphanes</a> en Cleopatra I Sira ('n <a href="/wiki/Seleukidiese_Ryk" title="Seleukidiese Ryk">Seleukidiese</a> prinses) het die naam in die Ptolemeïese dinastie beland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16,_39-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200855–57-6">[5]</a> Cleopatra se aangenome titel, Theā́ Philopátōra (Θεᾱ́ Φιλοπάτωρα) beteken "godin wat haar vader liefhet".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200415-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200884,_215-8">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Biografie">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agtergrond">Agtergrond</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Agtergrond" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Agtergrond">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg/220px-Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg/330px-Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg/440px-Diadokhoi240nbc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1505" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>Hellenistiese koninkryke wat ontstaan het ná die dood van Alexander die Grote.</figcaption></figure> Ptolemeïese farao's is deur die hoëpriester van <a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Memphis_(Egipte)" title="Memphis (Egipte)">Memphis</a> gekroon, maar het in die multikulturele en grootliks Griekse stad <a href="/wiki/Alexandri%C3%AB" title="Alexandrië">Alexandrië</a> gewoon wat deur Alexander die Grote van <a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_Masedoni%C3%AB" title="Koninkryk Masedonië">Masedonië</a> gestig is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201032–33-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher20081,_3,_11,_129-10">[9]</a> Hulle het <a href="/wiki/Grieks" title="Grieks">Grieks</a> gepraat en as Hellenistiese monarge oor Egipte regeer. Hulle het geweier om <a href="/wiki/Egipties" title="Egipties">Egipties</a> te leer praat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201029–33-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher20081,_5,_13–14,_88,_105–106-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Egipties-13">[nota 2]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ptolemy_XII_Auletes_Louvre_Ma3449.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes_Louvre_Ma3449.jpg/180px-Ptolemy_XII_Auletes_Louvre_Ma3449.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes_Louvre_Ma3449.jpg/270px-Ptolemy_XII_Auletes_Louvre_Ma3449.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes_Louvre_Ma3449.jpg/360px-Ptolemy_XII_Auletes_Louvre_Ma3449.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3636" /></a><figcaption>'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van Ptolemeus XII Auletes, die vader van Cleopatra (<a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>, Parys).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201018-14">[12]</a></figcaption></figure> In teenstelling hiermee kon Cleopatra baie tale praat en sy was die eerste Ptolemeïese heerser wat Egipties geleer het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiff201135-15">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201046–48-16">[14]</a> Volgens <a href="/wiki/Plutarchus" title="Plutarchus">Plutarchus</a> kon sy ook onder meer <a href="/wiki/Hebreeus" title="Hebreeus">Hebreeus</a> (of <a href="/wiki/Aramees" title="Aramees">Aramees</a>), <a href="/wiki/Arabies" title="Arabies">Arabies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siries" title="Siries">Siries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parties" title="Parties">Parties</a> en dalk selfs <a href="/wiki/Latyn" title="Latyn">Latyn</a> praat.<a href="#cite_note-Tale-17">[nota 3]</a> Van dié tale weerspieël Cleopatra se wens om die <a href="/wiki/Wes-Asi%C3%AB" title="Wes-Asië">Wes-Asiatiese</a> gebiede te herstel wat eens tot die Ptolemeïese Ryk behoort het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201046–48,_100-18">[15]</a> Romeinse inmenging in Egipte kom van voor Cleopatra se bewind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201038–42-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xviii,_10-20">[17]</a> Toe Ptolemeus IX Lathyros laat in 81 v.C. sterf, is hy deur sy dogter Berenike III opgevolg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201017-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197210–11-22">[19]</a> Teenstand teen die bewind van 'n enkele vroulike heerser het haar egter gedwing om met haar neef en stiefseun Ptolemeus XI Alexander II te trou en hom as medeheerser te aanvaar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201017-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197210–11-22">[19]</a> Ptolemeus XI het sy vrou kort ná die huwelik in 80 v.C. vermoor, maar is in die opstand oor die moord daaroor <a href="/wiki/Lynch" title="Lynch">gelynch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201017-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xix-23">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197211-24">[21]</a> Ptolemus XI, of dalk sy oom Ptolemy IX of vader, Ptolemy X Alexander I, het die Ptolemeïese Ryk aan Rome nagelaat as kollateraal vir lenings. Daarom het die Romeine die wetlike reg gehad om Egipte, hulle <a href="/wiki/Vasal" title="Vasal">vasalstaat</a>, oor te neem ná die moord op Ptolemeus XI.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201017-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200412-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200874-26">[23]</a> Die Romeine het egter verkies om die Ptolemeïese Ryk tussen die wettige seuns van Ptolemeus IX te verdeel. Hulle het <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a> aan Ptolemeus van Siprus gegee en Egipte aan Ptolemeus XII Auletes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201017-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xix-23">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bewind_en_verbanning_van_Ptolemeus_XII">Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Bewind en verbanning van Ptolemeus XII">wysig bron</a>]</div> In 65 v.C. het die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_sensor" title="Romeinse sensor">Romeinse sensor</a> voor die Senaat gepleit Rome moet die Ptolemeïese Egipte annekseer, maar dit is verwerp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201020-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xix,_12–13-28">[25]</a> Ptolemeus XII het op die bedreiging van 'n moontlike anneksasie gereageer deur vergoeding en groot geskenke aan magtige Romeinse staatsmanne te bied, soos aan <a href="/wiki/Pompeius" title="Pompeius">Pompeius</a> en eindelik <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> nadat hy in 59 v.C. Romeinse konsul geword het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201020–21-29">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_12–13-30">[27]</a> Ptolemeus se optrede het hom egter bankrot gemaak en hy moes noodgedwonge lenings van 'n Romeinse bankier kry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201021-31">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200876-32">[29]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Retrato_femenino_(26771127162).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Retrato_femenino_%2826771127162%29.jpg/180px-Retrato_femenino_%2826771127162%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Retrato_femenino_%2826771127162%29.jpg/270px-Retrato_femenino_%2826771127162%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Retrato_femenino_%2826771127162%29.jpg/360px-Retrato_femenino_%2826771127162%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3309" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Waarskynlik 'n portret van Cleopatra wat ná haar dood geskilder is, met rooi hare en haar besonderse gelaatstrekke (<a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a>, 1ste eeu n.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2001314–315-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008p._87,_beeldplate_en_byskrifte_tussen_pp._246–247-34">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> In 58 v.C. het die Romeine Siprus geannekseer en Ptolemeus van Siprus, Ptolemeus XII se broer, met aantygings van <a href="/wiki/Seerowery" title="Seerowery">seerowery</a> daartoe gedryf om selfmoord te pleeg eerder as om verban te word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201022-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200876-32">[29]</a> Ptolemeus XII het in die openbaar niks gesê oor sy broer se dood nie, en dié besluit en sy bemaking van tradisioneel Ptolemeïese grondgebied aan die Romeine het sy geloofwaardigheid geknou onder onderdane, wat reeds woedend was oor sy ekonomiese beleide.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413,_75-36">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197214–15-37">[34]</a> Ptolemeus XII is toe uit Egipte verban. Hy het eers na <a href="/wiki/Rhodos" title="Rhodos">Rhodos</a>, toe na <a href="/wiki/Athene" title="Athene">Athene</a> en eindelik na Pompeius se villa naby Praeneste, Italië, gevlug.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201022-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_13,_75-38">[35]</a> Hy het byna 'n jaar daar aan die buitewyke van Rome deurgebring, blykbaar vergesel van sy dogter Cleopatra, wat toe sowat 11 jaar oud was.<a href="#cite_note-Dogter-39">[nota 4]</a> Berenike IV het afgesante na Rome gestuur om voorspraak te maak vir haar bewind en die herinstelling van haar pa op die troon teen te staan, maar Ptolemeus het sluipmoordenaars gestuur om die leiers van die afgesante te vermoor, 'n voorval wat deur sy magtige Romeinse ondersteuners toegesmeer is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200877–78-41">[37]</a> Toe die Romeinse Senaat weier om aan Ptolemeus XII 'n gewapende eskort te verskaf om na Egipte terug te keer, het hy besluit om Rome laat in 57 v.C. te verlaat en het hy in <a href="/wiki/Efese" title="Efese">Efese</a> gaan bly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201023–24-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197216-43">[39]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Roman_Republic_in_40bC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Roman_Republic_in_40bC.svg/220px-Roman_Republic_in_40bC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Roman_Republic_in_40bC.svg/330px-Roman_Republic_in_40bC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Roman_Republic_in_40bC.svg/440px-Roman_Republic_in_40bC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a><figcaption>Die Romeinse Republiek (groen) en Ptolemeïese Egipte (geel) in 40 v.C.</figcaption></figure> Ptolemeus XII se Romeinse finansiers was vasbeslote om sy bewind te herstel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201024-44">[40]</a> Pompeius het Aulus Gabinius, die Romeinse goewerneur van <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Romeinse_provinsie)" title="Syria (Romeinse provinsie)">Syria</a>, omgekoop om Egipte binne te val en Ptolemeus op die troon terug te plaas. Gabinius het dit in die lente van 55 v.C. gedoen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201024-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413,_76-45">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a> was as jong offisier onder Gabinius se bevel. Hy het hom onderskei deur Ptolemeus XII te keer om die inwoners van Pelousion te vermoor en deur die lyk van Archelaos, Berenike IV se man, te red nadat hy in 'n veldslag gesneuwel het om te verseker hy kry 'n koninklike begrafnis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201024–25-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200476-47">[43]</a> Cleopatra, wat toe 14 jaar oud was, sou saam met die Romeinse ekspedisie na Egipte gereis het; jare later het Antonius erken hy het in dié tyd op haar verlief geraak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201024–25-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200423,_73-48">[44]</a> Gabinius is in Rome verhoor omdat hy sy gesag oorskry het. Hy is onskuldig bevind, maar in sy tweede verhoor, vir die aanvaarding van omkoopgeld, is hy skuldig bevind en verban. Caesar sou dit sewe jaar later, in 48 v.C., herroep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201025-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197218-50">[46]</a> Ptolemeus XII het Berenike IV en haar ryk ondersteuners laat teregstel en beslag op hulle eiendom gelê.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201025–26-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413–14,_76-52">[48]</a> Ptolemeus het 'n testament laat opstel waarin hy Cleopatra en sy seun Ptolemeus XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys en hy het die ekonomie gestabiliseer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200414-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200880,_85-54">[50]</a> Op 31 Mei 52 v.C. is Cleopatra 'n regent van Ptolemeus gemaak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201027-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200884–85-56">[52]</a> Ptolemeus het nie al sy skuld afbetaal teen die tyd dat hy dood is nie, en die skuld is oorgedra aan sy opvolgers, Cleopatra en Ptolemeus XIII.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201026-57">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197218-50">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Troonbestyging">Troonbestyging</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Troonbestyging" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Troonbestyging">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width: 301px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 122px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cleopatra_Isis_Louvre_E27113.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cleopatra_Isis_Louvre_E27113.jpg/120px-Cleopatra_Isis_Louvre_E27113.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cleopatra_Isis_Louvre_E27113.jpg/180px-Cleopatra_Isis_Louvre_E27113.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cleopatra_Isis_Louvre_E27113.jpg/240px-Cleopatra_Isis_Louvre_E27113.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="2580" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 167px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Limestone_stela_of_a_high_priest_of_god_Ptah._It_bears_the_cartouches_of_Cleopatra_and_Caesarion._From_Egypt._Ptolemaic_Period._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology,_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Limestone_stela_of_a_high_priest_of_god_Ptah._It_bears_the_cartouches_of_Cleopatra_and_Caesarion._From_Egypt._Ptolemaic_Period._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/165px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Limestone_stela_of_a_high_priest_of_god_Ptah._It_bears_the_cartouches_of_Cleopatra_and_Caesarion._From_Egypt._Ptolemaic_Period._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/248px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Limestone_stela_of_a_high_priest_of_god_Ptah._It_bears_the_cartouches_of_Cleopatra_and_Caesarion._From_Egypt._Ptolemaic_Period._The_Petrie_Museum_of_Egyptian_Archaeology%2C_London.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3922" data-file-height="5023" /></a> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">Links: Cleopatra, aangetrek as 'n farao, bied offerandes aan die godin <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>. Op 'n <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> van kalksteen uit 51 v.C. (Louvre, Parys).<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Regs: Die <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouches</a> van Cleopatra en Caesarion op 'n stele uit die Ptolemeïese tydperk. (Petrie-museum van Egiptiese Argeologie, Londen). </div> </div> </div> Ptolemeus XII is die een of ander tyd voor 22 Maart 51 v.C. oorlede. Verskeie dringende noodgevalle het Cleopatra kort ná haar troonbestyging in die gesig gestaar, soos <a href="/wiki/Hongersnood" title="Hongersnood">hongersnood</a> wat deur 'n droogte en 'n lae vloedvlak van die Nyl veroorsaak is en wetteloosheid wat aangehits is deur die Gabiniani, die nou werklose Romeinse soldate wat deur Gabinius in Egipte agtergelaat is om die land te beset.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201053–54-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200416–17-59">[55]</a> Sy het ook haar pa se skuld geërf en die Romeinse Republiek baie geskuld.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201053-60">[56]</a> Teen 29 Augustus 51 v.C. het amptelike dokumente Cleopatra die enigste heerser begin noem. Dit is 'n bewys dat sy haar broer Ptolemeus XIII as medeheerser verwerp het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200416-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200891–92-62">[58]</a> Sy het waarskynlik met hom getrou,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx-63">[59]</a> hoewel daar geen rekord daarvan is nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001231-64">[60]</a> Die Ptolemeïese gebruik van huwelike tussen sibbes is deur <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemeus II Philadelphus">Ptolemeus II</a> en sy suster Arsinoe II begin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201036–37-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein20045-66">[62]</a> Dit was lank reeds die gebruik in Egipte, maar het die Grieke gewalg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197226–27-67">[63]</a> Teen die tyd van Cleopatra se bewind is dit egter as 'n normale reëling vir Ptolemeïese heersers beskou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein20045-66">[62]</a> Ondanks Cleopatra se verwerping het Ptolemeus XIII steeds magtige bondgenote gehad, veral die <a href="/wiki/Eunug" title="Eunug">eunug</a> Potheinos, sy kindertydse onderwyser en regent en die administrateur van sy eiendom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201056–57-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200416–17-59">[55]</a> Daar was ook ander wat Cleopatra teengestaan het en dit lyk of sy 'n kort bondgenootskap met 'n ander broer, Ptolemeus XIV, gesluit het. Teen die herfs van 50 v.C. het Ptolemeus XIII egter die oorhand in hulle konflik gekry en het hy begin om dokumente te teken met sy naam voor dié van sy suster.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001231-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201057-69">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sluipmoord_op_Pompeius">Sluipmoord op Pompeius</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Sluipmoord op Pompeius" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Sluipmoord op Pompeius">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:(Venice)_Pompey_the_Great,_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg/180px-%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg/270px-%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg/360px-%28Venice%29_Pompey_the_Great%2C_Museo_Archeologico_Nazionale.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7531" data-file-height="11424" /></a><figcaption>'n Romeinse beeld van die gesig van Pompeius uit 27 v.C. - 14 n.C. ('n kopie van die oorspronklike beeld uit 70-60 v.C.</figcaption></figure> In die somer van 49 v.C. was Cleopatra en haar magte steeds in gevegte teen dié van Ptolemeus XIII in Alexandrië betrokke toe Pompeius se seun, Gnaius Pompeius, militêre hulp namens sy pa kom vra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201057-69">[65]</a> Nadat Pompeius in Januarie 49 v.C. van die Galliese Oorloë na Italië teruggekeer het, het Caesar hom en sy ondersteuners gedwing om na <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a> te vlug.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201058-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200894–95-71">[67]</a> In dalk hulle laaste gesamentlike dekreet het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus ingestem om 60 skepe en 500 soldate, insluitende die Gabiniani, te stuur om Pompeius te help. Dit het waarskynlik gehelp om 'n deel van hulle skuld aan Rome terug te betaal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201058-70">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200895-72">[68]</a> Cleopatra het intussen die geveg teen haar broer verloor en het na <a href="/wiki/Thebe,_Egipte" title="Thebe, Egipte">Thebe</a> gevlug.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201058–59-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200895–96-74">[70]</a> Teen die lente van 48 v.C. het Cleopatra saam met haar jonger suster, Arsinoe IV, na Syria gereis om 'n mag op die been te bring wat Egipte kon inval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201059-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_17-76">[72]</a> Sy het met 'n leër teruggekeer, maar haar optog na Alexandrië is gestuit deur haar broer se magte, en sy het buite Pelousion in die oostelike <a href="/wiki/Nyldelta" title="Nyldelta">Nyldelta</a> uitgekamp.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201059–60-77">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_17-76">[72]</a> In Griekeland is Pompeius se magte op 9 Augustus 48 v.C. deur Caesar s'n verwoes en hy het na <a href="/wiki/Tirus" title="Tirus">Tirus</a> gevlug.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007259-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_17-79">[75]</a> Vanweë sy noue bande met die Ptolemeuse het Pompeius besluit om in Egipte te gaan skuil en sy magte daar aan te vul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201060-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_17-79">[75]</a> Ptolemeus XIII se raadgewers was egter bang dat hy Egipte sou gebruik in 'n uitgerekte Romeinse burgeroorlog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201060-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200898-81">[77]</a> Pompeius het Egipte eindelik naby Pelousion binnegekom nadat hy in 'n geskrewe brief genooi is, maar hy is op 28 September 48 v.C. in 'n lokval gelei en vermoor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201060-80">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007259-78">[74]</a> Ptolemeus XIII het geglo hy het sy mag gedemonstreer en terselfdertyd die situasie ontlont deur Pompeius se afgesnyde kop na Caesar te stuur wat teen vroeg Oktober in Alexandrië aangekom en in die koninklike paleis gaan bly het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201060–61-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_18-83">[79]</a> Caesar was egter woedend oor Pompeius se dood en het 'n beroep op Ptolemeus en Cleopatra gedoen om hulle troepe te ontbind en vrede te maak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201060–61-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007260-84">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verhouding_met_Julius_Caesar">Verhouding met Julius Caesar</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Verhouding met Julius Caesar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Verhouding met Julius Caesar">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Retrato_de_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_(26724093101).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retrato_de_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_%2826724093101%29.jpg/180px-Retrato_de_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_%2826724093101%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retrato_de_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_%2826724093101%29.jpg/270px-Retrato_de_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_%2826724093101%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retrato_de_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_%2826724093101%29.jpg/360px-Retrato_de_Julio_C%C3%A9sar_%2826724093101%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="3500" /></a><figcaption>'n Romeinse beeld van Caesar uit sy tyd. Argeologiese Museum van Turyn, Italië.</figcaption></figure> Ptolemeus XIII het aan die voorpunt van sy leër in Alexandrië aangekom, in duidelike uittarting van Caesar se opdrag om sy troepe te ontbind en sy leër te verlaat voor hy terugkom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201061-85">[81]</a> Cleopatra het aanvanklik gesante na Caesar gestuur, maar toe sy hoor hy is geneig om affairs met koninklike vroue te hê, het sy na Alexandrië gegaan om hom persoonlik te spreek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201061-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200418-86">[82]</a> Die historikus <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a> vertel sy het dit gedoen sonder om haar broer te verwittig, dat sy uitlokkend aangetrek was en Caesar met haar spitsvondigheid bekoor het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201061-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001234–235-87">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plutarchus" title="Plutarchus">Plutarchus</a> gee 'n heel ander, en dalk mitiese, prentjie oor hoe sy in die paleis ingesmokkel is om Caesar te ontmoet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201061-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001234-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200657–58-89">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII.jpg/160px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="460" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII.jpg/240px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII.jpg/320px-%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0_VII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>'n Egiptiese standbeeld, waarskynlik van Cleopatra, in swart basalt uit die tweede helfte van die 1ste eeu v.C. (<a href="/wiki/Hermitage" title="Hermitage">Hermitage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sint_Petersburg" title="Sint Petersburg">Sint Petersburg</a>).</figcaption></figure> Toe Ptolemeus besef sy suster is in die paleis en praat persoonlik met Caesar, het hy die bevolking van Alexandrië probeer opsweep om in opstand te kom, maar Caesar het hom laat arresteer en die skare kalmeer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201061–62-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008112–113-91">[87]</a> Caesar het Cleopatra en Ptolemeus toe voor die raad van Alexandrië geroep en die testament van Ptolemeus XII, wat voorheen in Pompeius se besit was, voorgelees waarin hy Cleopatra en Ptolemeus XIII as sy gesamentlike erfgename aanwys.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001235-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200418-86">[82]</a> Caesar het toe probeer om te reël dat die twee ander sibbes, Arsinoe IV en Ptolemeus XIV, saam oor Siprus regeer om so enige mededingende aanspraakmakers op die Egiptiese troon uit te skakel en sommer ook die Ptolemeïese onderdane te paai wat steeds bitter was omdat Siprus in 58 v.C. aan die Romeine afgestaan is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201062-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001235-92">[88]</a> Omdat die eunug Potheinos gedink het Cleopatra word bo Ptolemeus XIII bevoordeel en dat laasgenoemde se leër van 20 000 Caesar se 4 000 troepe sonder steun maklik sou kon oorrompel, het hy besluit Ptolemeus se leër moet na Alexandrië opruk en beide Caesar en Cleopatra aanval.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201062-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001235-92">[88]</a> Nadat Caesar vir Potheinos laat teregstel het, het Arsinoe IV by die leëraanvoerder Achillas aangesluit en is sy tot koningin verklaar, maar sy het kort daarna haar onderwyser Ganumedes vir Achillas laat vermoor om sy posisie as die aanvoerder van haar leër oor te neem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001236-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008118–119-95">[91]</a> Ganumedes het Caesar daarna om die bos gelei deur die teenwoordigheid van Ptolemeus XIII as onderhandelaar te versoek, sodat Ptolemeus by Arsinoe IV se leër kon aansluit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201063-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008119-97">[93]</a> Die daaropvolgende beleg van die paleis, met Caesar en Cleopatra binne-in vasgekeer, het tot in die volgende jaar, 47 v.C., geduur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007260-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001235–236-98">[94]</a> In Januarie of Maart 47 v.C. het Caesar se versterkings opgedaag. Ptolemeus XIII en Arsinoe IV het hulle magte na die Nyl teruggetrek, waar Caesar hulle aangeval het. Ptolemeus het per boot probeer vlug, maar dit het omgeslaan en hy het verdrink.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201063–64-99">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007260-84">[80]</a> Arsinoe is na die Tempel van <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> in Efese verban.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201064-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008172-101">[97]</a> Cleopatra was afwesig tydens dié gebeure, moontlik omdat sy sedert September 48 v.C. swanger was met Caesar se kind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201064,_69-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_19–20-103">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008120-104">[100]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cleopatra_and_Caesar_by_Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cleopatra_and_Caesar_by_Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg/180px-Cleopatra_and_Caesar_by_Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cleopatra_and_Caesar_by_Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg/270px-Cleopatra_and_Caesar_by_Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cleopatra_and_Caesar_by_Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg/360px-Cleopatra_and_Caesar_by_Jean-Leon-Gerome.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="1321" /></a><figcaption>Cleopatra en Caesar (1866), 'n skildery deur Jean-Léon Gérôme.</figcaption></figure> Caesar se termyn as konsul het aan die einde van 48 v.C. geëindig.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201064-100">[96]</a> Antonius, 'n offisier van hom, het egter Caesar se aanstelling as diktator help verseker. Dit het 'n jaar geduur, tot Oktober 47 v.C., en aan Caesar die wetlike mag gegee om die dinastiese dispuut in Egipte op te klaar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201064-100">[96]</a> Omdat hy versigtig was om Cleopatra se ouer suster, Berenike IV, wat alleen as vrou wou regeer, se fout te herhaal het Caesar die 22-jarige Cleopatra en haar 12-jarige broer, Ptolemeus XIV, as gesamentlike heersers aangewys deur die twee in naam te laat trou. Cleopatra het egter steeds saam met Caesar gewoon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201064–65-105">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200419-106">[102]</a> Caesar het omstreeks April 47 v.C. uit Egipte vertrek, na bewering om na probleme in <a href="/wiki/Anatoli%C3%AB" title="Anatolië">Anatolië</a> om te sien. Dit kan ook wees dat Caesar, wat met die prominente Romeinse vrou Calpurnia getroud was, nie saam met Cleopatra gesien wou word terwyl sy die lewe aan hulle seun skenk nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201067-107">[103]</a> Hy het drie legioene in Egipte agtergelaat, wat later tot vier vermeerder is, om Cleopatra se posisie te beskerm, maar ook dalk om 'n ogie oor haar te hou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200420-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008153-109">[105]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XV_Caesarion" title="Ptolemeus XV Caesarion">Caesarion</a>, wat na bewering Cleopatra se seun by Caesar was, is op 23 Junie 47 v.C. gebore en is oorspronklik "Pharaoh Caesar" genoem, soos in 'n <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> van Memphis staan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007260-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_20-110">[106]</a> Hoewel hy steeds nie kinders by Calpurnia gehad het nie, het Caesar in die openbaar oor Caesarion geswyg (maar sy vaderskap dalk in privaatheid aanvaar).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201070-111">[107]</a> Cleopatra het aan die ander kant herhaalde amptelike verklarings oor Caesarion se herkoms gemaak en genoem dat Caesar sy vader is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201070-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008162–163-112">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ptolemaic_Queen_(Cleopatra_VII%3F),_50-30_B.C.E.,_71.12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ptolemaic_Queen_%28Cleopatra_VII%3F%29%2C_50-30_B.C.E.%2C_71.12.jpg/160px-Ptolemaic_Queen_%28Cleopatra_VII%3F%29%2C_50-30_B.C.E.%2C_71.12.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ptolemaic_Queen_%28Cleopatra_VII%3F%29%2C_50-30_B.C.E.%2C_71.12.jpg/240px-Ptolemaic_Queen_%28Cleopatra_VII%3F%29%2C_50-30_B.C.E.%2C_71.12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Ptolemaic_Queen_%28Cleopatra_VII%3F%29%2C_50-30_B.C.E.%2C_71.12.jpg/320px-Ptolemaic_Queen_%28Cleopatra_VII%3F%29%2C_50-30_B.C.E.%2C_71.12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>'n Egiptiese portret van 'n Ptolemeïese koningin, moontlik Cleopatra, omstreeks 51-30 v.C.</figcaption></figure> Cleopatra en haar medeheerser in naam, Ptolemeus XIV, het Rome iewers laat in 46 v.C. besoek, na veronderstelling sonder Caesarion, en het in 'n villa van Caesar oorgebly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201071-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_20-110">[106]</a> Soos met hulle pa, Ptolemeus XII, het Caesar aan beide Cleopatra en Ptolemeus XIV die wetlike status "vriend en bondgenoot van die Romeinse volk" gegee (socius et amicus populi Romani, eintlik "vasalheersers lojaal aan Rome").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_20,_64-114">[110]</a> Cleopatra se besoekers in die villa sluit die senator <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a> in wat gedink het sy is arrogant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201072-115">[111]</a> Sosigenes van Alexandrië, een van die lede van Cleopatra se hof, het Caesar gehelp in die berekenings vir die nuwe <a href="/wiki/Juliaanse_kalender" title="Juliaanse kalender">Juliaanse kalender</a>, wat op 1 Januarie 45 v.C. in werking getree het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201072,_126-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200421-117">[113]</a> Die Tempel van Venus Genetrix, wat op 25 September 46 v.C. in die Forum van Caesar opgerig is, het 'n goue standbeeld van Cleopatra bevat (wat minstens tot in die 3de eeu n.C. daar gestaan het), wat die moeder van Caesar se kind regstreeks verbind het met die godin <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mitologie)" title="Venus (mitologie)">Venus</a>, moeder van die Romeine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201072,_175-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200421-117">[113]</a> Die beeld het ook die Egiptiese godin <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> op 'n subtiele manier met die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_mitologie" title="Romeinse mitologie">Romeinse godsdiens</a> verbind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201072-115">[111]</a> Caesar is op 15 Maart 44 v.C. in 'n sluipmoordaanval dood, maar Cleopatra het tot omstreeks middel April in Rome gebly, met die vae hoop dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam erken sou word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201074-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_21-120">[116]</a> In Caesar se testament is sy nefie <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Octavianus" title="Augustus Octavianus">Octavianus</a> egter as sy hooferfgenaam aangewys, en dié het in Italië aangekom min of meer die tyd toe Cleopatra terug is na Egipte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201074-119">[115]</a> 'n Paar maande later het Cleopatra Ptolemeus XIV laat vergiftig en haar seun Caesarion as haar medeheerser aangestel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201074–75-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_22-122">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleopatra_in_die_Bevrydersoorlog">Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Cleopatra in die Bevrydersoorlog">wysig bron</a>]</div> Octavianus, Antonius en Marcus Aemilius Lepidus het die Tweede <a href="/wiki/Triumviraat" title="Triumviraat">Triumviraat</a> in 43 v.C. gestig om orde in die Romeinse Republiek te herstel en Caesar se sluipmoordenaars (die sogenaamde Bevryders) te laat boet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201075-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_21–22-124">[120]</a> Cleopatra het boodskappe van beide Gaius Cassius Longinus, een van die sluipmoordenaars, en Publius Cornelius Dolabella, prokonsul van Syria en lojaal aan Caesar, gekry waarin hulle militêre hulp vra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201075-123">[119]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cleopatra_Gate_in_Tarsus.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cleopatra_Gate_in_Tarsus.JPG/220px-Cleopatra_Gate_in_Tarsus.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cleopatra_Gate_in_Tarsus.JPG/330px-Cleopatra_Gate_in_Tarsus.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Cleopatra_Gate_in_Tarsus.JPG/440px-Cleopatra_Gate_in_Tarsus.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2686" data-file-height="1666" /></a><figcaption>Cleopatra se Poort in Tarsos (nou Tarsus, <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a>), waar sy Marcus Antonius in 41 v.C. ontmoet het.</figcaption></figure> Sy het aan Cassius geskryf met die verskoning dat Egipte te veel probleme het om te help, terwyl sy die vier legioene wat Caesar in Egipte agtergelaat het, na Dolabella gestuur het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201075-123">[119]</a> Dié troepe is egter in <a href="/wiki/Palestina" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestina">Palestina</a> deur Cassius gevange geneem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201075-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200422-125">[121]</a> Cleopatra het haar eie vloot na Griekeland geneem om Octavianus en Antonius persoonlik te help, maar haar skepe is erg beskadig in 'n <a href="/wiki/Mediterreense" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterreense">Mediterreense</a> storm en sy het te laat opgedaag.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201075-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200422–23-126">[122]</a> Teen die herfs van 42 v.C. het Antonius die magte van Caesar se sluipmoordenaars in Griekeland verslaan, wat gelei het tot die selfmoord van Cassius en Marcus Junius Brutus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201075-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_22–23-127">[123]</a> Teen einde 42 v.C. het Octavianus beheer oor 'n groot deel van die westelike helfte van die Romeinse Republiek gekry en Antonius oor die oostelike helfte, met Lepidus grootliks uitgeskakel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201076-128">[124]</a> In die somer van 41 v.C. het Antonius sy hoofkwartier in Tarsos in Anatolië gevestig en Cleopatra in verskeie briewe gevra om hom daar te besoek, maar sy het dit geïgnoreer todat Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius haar oorreed het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201076–77-129">[125]</a> Die ontmoeting sou Cleopatra die kans gee om die misverstand uit die weg te ruim dat sy Cassius ondersteun het, maar Antonius wou ongetwyfeld 'n persoonlike, romantiese verhouding met die koningin hê.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201077-130">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_23-131">[127]</a> Cleopatra het na Taros geseil en Antonius en sy offisiere twee nagte lank op oorvloedige bankette aan boord van haar skip onthaal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201077–79-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200423-133">[129]</a> Cleopatra het haar naam gesuiwer en Antonius oortuig om haar verbanne suster, Arsinoe IV, in Efese te laat teregstel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201079-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_24,_76-135">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verhouding_met_Marcus_Antonius">Verhouding met Marcus Antonius</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Verhouding met Marcus Antonius" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Verhouding met Marcus Antonius">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Marcus_Antonius_marble_bust_in_the_Vatican_Museums.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marcus_Antonius_marble_bust_in_the_Vatican_Museums.jpg/180px-Marcus_Antonius_marble_bust_in_the_Vatican_Museums.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marcus_Antonius_marble_bust_in_the_Vatican_Museums.jpg/270px-Marcus_Antonius_marble_bust_in_the_Vatican_Museums.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Marcus_Antonius_marble_bust_in_the_Vatican_Museums.jpg/360px-Marcus_Antonius_marble_bust_in_the_Vatican_Museums.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>'n Romeinse marmerborsbeeld van die Romeinse konsul en <a href="/wiki/Triumvir" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvir">triumvir</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a>, laat 1ste eeu n.C. (Vatikaanmuseums).</figcaption></figure> Cleopatra het Antonius genooi om na Egipte te kom voordat hy Tarsos verlaat, en hy het Alexandrië teen November 41 v.C. besoek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201079-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_24-136">[132]</a> Alexandrië het Antonius goed ontvang, beide vanweë sy heldhaftige optrede om Ptolemeus XII terug te plaas op die troon en omdat hy na Egipte gekom het sonder 'n besettingsmag soos Caesar s'n.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201079–80-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200425-138">[134]</a> Cleopatra het hom versigtig gekies om die pa van nog erfgename te wees, want hy is beskou as die magtigste Romeinse figuur ná Caesar se dood.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201081–82-139">[135]</a> Met sy mag as <a href="/wiki/Triumvir" class="mw-redirect" title="Triumvir">triumvir</a> het Antonius ook die outoriteit gehad om vorige Ptolemeïese gebiede aan Egipte terug te gee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201082–83-140">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301-141">[137]</a> Teen die lente van 40 v.C. het Antonius Egipte verlaat weens probleme in Syria. Teen einde 40 v.C. het Cleopatra die lewe aan 'n tweeling geskenk: 'n seun met die naam Alexander Helios en 'n dogter met die naam Cleopatra Selene II, wat Antonius albei as sy kinders erken het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201083–84-142">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25-143">[139]</a> <a href="/wiki/Son" title="Son">Helios</a> (die son) en <a href="/wiki/Maan" title="Maan">Selene</a> (die maan) was simbolies van 'n nuwe tydperk van gemeenskapsverjonging,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201084-144">[140]</a> sowel as 'n aanduiding dat Cleopatra gehoop het Antonius sou in die voetspore van <a href="/wiki/Alexander_die_Grote" title="Alexander die Grote">Alexander die Grote</a> volg en die <a href="/wiki/Partiese_Ryk" title="Partiese Ryk">Partiese Ryk</a> verower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200425-138">[134]</a> Marcus Antonius se Partiese veldtog in die ooste is onderbreek deur 'n burgeroorlog (41-40 v.C.) wat deur sy ambisieuse vrou, Fulvia, teen Octavianus begin is in die hoop dat haar man die onbetwiste leier van Rome sou word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201084-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200473-145">[141]</a> Daar is al voorgestel Fulvia wou Antonius by Cleopatra wegkry, maar die konflik het in Italië begin voor sy en Cleopatra se ontmoeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201084–85-146">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg/250px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg/375px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg/500px-Sir_Lawrence_Alma-Tadema_-_The_Meeting_of_Antony_and_Cleopatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2838" /></a><figcaption>Die Ontmoeting tussen Antonius en Cleopatra (1885), deur Lawrence Alma-Tadema.</figcaption></figure> Fulvia en Antonius se broer Lucius Antonius is eindelik deur Octavianus beleër by Perusia en toe uit Italië verban. Fulvia is in Griekeland dood toe sy by Antonius probeer uitkom het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201085-147">[143]</a> Haar skielike dood het gelei tot 'n versoening tussen Octavianus en Antonius in September 40 v.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201085-147">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200425-138">[134]</a> Die ooreenkoms wat tussen hulle bereik is, sluit in dat Antonius beheer oor die Romeinse Republiek se gebiede oos van die <a href="/wiki/Ioniese_See" title="Ioniese See">Ioniese See</a> behou, maar dat hy sekere ander dele afstaan, asook dat hy met Octavianus se suster Octavia die Jongere trou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201085–86-148">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25,_73-149">[145]</a> Die verhouding tussen Antonius en Cleopatra het dalk versuur toe hy nie net met Octavia trou nie, maar ook twee kinders, Antonia die Ouere in 39 v.C. en Antonia die Jongere in 36 v.C., by haar het en sy hoofkwartier na Athene skuif.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201089-150">[146]</a> Met soldate wat Octavianus en Octavia gereël het, is Antonius na <a href="/wiki/Antiogi%C3%AB" title="Antiogië">Antiogië</a>, waar hy hom voorberei het op sy oorlog teen die Parte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201090-151">[147]</a> Antonius het Cleopatra na Antiogië ontbied om ernstige sake met haar te bespreek, soos finansiële steun van haar vir sy Partiese veldtog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201090-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25–26-152">[148]</a> Cleopatra het haar tweeling, wat nou drie jaar oud was, na Antiogië gebring waar Antonius hulle die eerste keer gesien het en waar hulle waarskynlik hulle vanne, Helios en Selene, gekry het as deel van Antonius en Cleopatra se ambisieuse planne vir die toekoms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201090–91-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200477-154">[150]</a> Om die ooste te stabiliseer het Antonius nie net Cleopatra se gebied vergroot nie,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25–26-152">[148]</a> maar ook nuwe heersersdinastieë en vasalheersers geskep wat lojaal teenoor hom sou wees, maar hom eindelik oorleef het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201091–92-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301-141">[137]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg/240px-Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg/360px-Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Antony_with_Octavian_aureus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="194" /></a><figcaption>Romeinse muntstukke met afbeedlings van Marcus Antonius (links) en Octavianus wat in 41 v.C. uitgereik is om die skepping van die Tweede Triumviraat in 43 v.C. te vier.</figcaption></figure> Cleopatra het groot voormalige Ptolemeïese gebiede in die <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> teruggekry, insluitende feitlik die hele <a href="/wiki/Fenisi%C3%AB" title="Fenisië">Fenisië</a> (<a href="/wiki/Libanon" title="Libanon">Libanon</a>) minus <a href="/wiki/Tirus" title="Tirus">Tirus</a> en <a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a>, wat in Romeinse hande gebly het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201092-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301-141">[137]</a> In die lig van haar familiebande met die <a href="/wiki/Seleukidiese_Ryk" title="Seleukidiese Ryk">Seleukiede</a> het sy 'n deel van <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Romeinse_provinsie)" title="Syria (Romeinse provinsie)">Syria</a> aan die Bo-<a href="/wiki/Orontes" title="Orontes">Orontesrivier</a> gekry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201092–93-157">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25–26-152">[148]</a> Onder die heelwat ander gebiede wat sy ontvang het, tel ook <a href="/wiki/Jerigo" title="Jerigo">Jerigo</a> in Palestina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201094,_142-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200426-159">[155]</a> Antonius se uitbreiding van die Ptolemeïese Ryk deur grondgebied af te staan wat onder direkte Romeinse beheer was, is deur sy teenstander Octavianus uitgebuit. Dié het op die gevoel van die Romeinse burgers gespeel deur die aandag te vestig op die bemagtiging van 'n buitelandse koningin ten koste van hulle republiek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201094–95-160">[156]</a> Octavianus het ook vertel Antonius verwaarloos sy vrou, Octavia. Hy het aan haar en sy eie vrou, Livia, die buitengewone voorreg van hoogheiligheid gegee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201094–95-160">[156]</a> Die eerste standbeeld is 50 jaar tevore aan 'n lewende Romeinse vrou opgedra,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201095-161">[157]</a> en Octavia en Livia het nou in haar voetspore gevolg. Hulle standbeelde is waarskynlik in Caesar se Forum opgerig om mee te ding met dié van Cleopatra wat deur Caesar opgerig is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201095-161">[157]</a> In 36 v.C. het Cleopatra Antonius na die <a href="/wiki/Eufraat" title="Eufraat">Eufraat</a> vergesel op pad om die Partiese Ryk in te val.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201095–96-162">[158]</a> Sy het daarna na Egipte teruggekeer, moontlik omdat sy hoog swanger was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201096-163">[159]</a> Teen die somer van 36 v.C. het sy die lewe geskenk aan Ptolemeus Filadelfus, haar tweede seun by Antonius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201096-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25–26-152">[148]</a> Antonius se Partiese veldtog in 36 v.C. het om verskeie redes klaaglik misluk. Een rede was die verraad van Artavasdes II van Armenië, wat na die Partiese kant oorgeloop het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201097-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301-141">[137]</a> Nadat hy sowat 30 000 soldate verloor het, het Antonius eindelik in Desember by Leukokome naby die hedendaagse <a href="/wiki/Beiroet" title="Beiroet">Beiroet</a> aangekom en kwaai begin drink voordat Cleopatara opgedaag het met geld en klere vir sy manne.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201097-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200427-165">[161]</a> Hy wou nie teruggaan huis toe nie en is saam met Cleopatra terug na Alexandrië om sy pasgebore seun te sien.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201097-164">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skenkings_van_Alexandrië">Skenkings van Alexandrië</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Skenkings van Alexandrië" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Skenkings van Alexandrië">wysig bron</a>]</div> Terwyl Antonius in 35 v.C. vir nog 'n Partiese ekspedisie voorberei het, dié keer teen hulle bondgenoot Armenië, het Octavia met 2 000 soldate na Athene gereis om na bewering vir Antonius te help, maar waarskynliker in 'n plan wat deur Octavianus uitgedink is om Antonius in die verleentheid te stel oor sy militêre verliese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201097–98-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200427–28-167">[163]</a> Antonius het die soldate in ontvangs geneem, maar vir Octavia gesê om nie oos van Athene te kom nie omdat hy en Cleopatra saam na Antiogië sou reis. Hy het egter skielik en onverwags die militêre veldtog laat vaar en is terug na Alexandrië.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201097–98-166">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200427–28-167">[163]</a> Toe Octavia na Rome terugkeer, het Octavianus haar uitgebeeld as 'n slagoffer wat verkeerd behandel is deur Antonius, hoewel sy geweier het om Antonius se huis te verlaat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201098-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301-141">[137]</a> Octavianus het al hoe meer selfvertoue gekry namate hy sy teenstanders in die weste uit die weg geruim het: selfs Lepidus, die derde lid van die triumviraat, wat in huisarres geplaas is nadat hy in Sisilië teen Octavianus in opstand gekom het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201098-168">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301-141">[137]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Papyrus_document_containing_signature_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Papyrus_document_containing_signature_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt.jpg/240px-Papyrus_document_containing_signature_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Papyrus_document_containing_signature_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt.jpg/360px-Papyrus_document_containing_signature_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Papyrus_document_containing_signature_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt.jpg/480px-Papyrus_document_containing_signature_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>'n Papirusdokument van Februarie 33 v.C. wat belastingskwytskelding aan iemand in Egipte verleen. Cleopatra se handtekening is deur 'n amptenaar aangebring, maar die woorde "γινέσθωι" (ginésthōi, "laat dit gebeur")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200433-169">[165]</a> wat in Grieks bygevoeg is, is moontlik in Cleopatra se eie handskrif.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010133–134-170">[166]</a></figcaption></figure> Antonius se gesant Quintus Dellius is in 34 v.C. na Artavasdes II gestuur om 'n huwelik te reël tussen die Armeense koning se dogter en Alexander Helios, die seun van Antonius en Cleopatra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201099-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200428-172">[168]</a> Toe dit van die hand gewys word, het Antonius en sy leër Armenië binnegeval, hulle magte verslaan en die koning en sy familie gevange geneem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201099-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_28-173">[169]</a> Antonius het toe 'n militêre parade in Alexandrië gehou in die vorm van 'n Romeinse oorwinning. Hy was aangetrek soos <a href="/wiki/Dionusos" title="Dionusos">Dionusos</a> en het die stad op 'n strydwa binnegery om die koninklike gevangenes aan Cleopatra te wys. Sy het op 'n goue troon gesit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201099-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200428–29-174">[170]</a> Nuus oor die voorval is kwaai in Rome gekritiseer as 'n verdraaiing van geëerde Romeinse rites en rituele vir 'n Egiptiese koningin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201099-171">[167]</a> Op 'n geleentheid wat kort daarna gehou is, het Cleopatra soos <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a> aangetrek en verklaar sy is die koningin van konings en haar seun Caesarion die koning van konings, terwyl Alexander Helios verklaar is tot koning van Armenië, <a href="/wiki/Medi%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Medië">Medië</a> en Partië, en die tweejarige Ptolemeus Filadelfos tot koning van Sirië en Silisië.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201099–100-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301–302-176">[172]</a> Cleopatra Selene II is die koningin van Kreta en Sirene gemaak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010100-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429-178">[174]</a> Antonius en Cleopatra kon tydens dié seremonie getrou het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010100-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_29-179">[175]</a> Antonius het 'n verslag na Rome gestuur vir die bekragtiging van dié grondeise, wat nou bekend is as die Skenkings van Alexandrië. Octavianus wou dit vir propaganda laat publiseer, maar die twee konsuls, albei ondersteuners van Antonius, het dit uit die openbare oog gehou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010100–101-180">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429-178">[174]</a> Laat in 34 v.C. het Antonius en Octavianus in 'n hete propagandaoorlog betrokke geraak wat jare geduur het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010129–130-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429-178">[174]</a> Antonius het beweer sy teenstander het Lepidus onwettig uit hulle triumviraat geskop en hom verhinder om troepe in Italië bymekaar te maak. Octavianus het Antonius weer daarvan beskuldig dat hy die koning van Armenië onwettig aangehou het, met Cleopatra getrou het al was hy nog met sy suster Octavia getroud, en Caesarion in plaas van Octavianus as Caesar se erfgenaam verklaar het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010129–130-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429-178">[174]</a> Die beskuldigings en skinderstories van dié propagandaoorlog het baie gewilde persepsies van Cleopatra geskep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010130-182">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200465–66-183">[179]</a> Sy sou Marcus Antonius glo gebreinspoel het met heksery en towery en was so gevaarlik soos <a href="/wiki/Homeros" title="Homeros">Homeros</a> se <a href="/wiki/Helena_van_Troje" title="Helena van Troje">Helena van Troje</a> om die beskawing te verwoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010130–131-184">[180]</a> <a href="/wiki/Plinius_die_ouere" title="Plinius die ouere">Plinius die ouere</a> het beweer Cleopatra het eenkeer 'n pêrel wat tienmiljoene <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sestersie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sestersie (bladsy bestaan nie)">sestersies</a> werd was, in asyn opgelos net om 'n weddenskap op 'n partytjie te wen.<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010132-186">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slag_van_Actium">Slag van Actium</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Slag van Actium" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Slag van Actium">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Augustus_Statue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Augustus_Statue.JPG/180px-Augustus_Statue.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Augustus_Statue.JPG/270px-Augustus_Statue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Augustus_Statue.JPG/360px-Augustus_Statue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>'n Gerekonstrueerde standbeeld van <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Octavianus" title="Augustus Octavianus">Augustus</a> as 'n jonger Octavianus, 30 v.C.</figcaption></figure> In 'n toespraak voor die Romeinse Senaat op sy eerste dag as konsul op 1 Januarie 33 v.C., het Octavianus Antonius daarvan beskuldig dat hy probeer om Romeinse vryhede en territoriale integriteit te ondermyn as 'n slaaf van sy Oosterse koningin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007302-187">[183]</a> Voordat Antonius en Octavianus se gesamentlike imperium op 31 Desember 33 v.C. verval het, het Antonius vir Caesarion tot Caesar se ware erfgenaam verklaar in 'n poging om Octavianus te ondermyn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007302-187">[183]</a> In 32 v.C. het twee ondersteuners van Antonius, Gaius Sosius en Gnaeus Domitius Ahenobarbus, konsuls geword. Eersgenoemde het 'n vurige toespraak gelewer waarin hy Octavianus, wat nou 'n privaat burger sonder 'n openbare amp was, veroordeel het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010134-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007302–303-189">[185]</a> Tydens die volgende senaatsessie het Octavianus die Senaatshuis met gewapende wagte binngegaan en sy eie beskuldigings teen die konsuls geopper.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010134-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303-190">[186]</a> Die konsuls en meer as 200 senatore wat Antonius steeds ondersteun het, was hierdeur geïntimideer en het die volgende dag uit Rome gevlug om by Antonius aan te sluit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010134-188">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303-190">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg/291px-Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg" decoding="async" width="291" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg/437px-Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg/582px-Castro_Battle_of_Actium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Slag_van_Actium" title="Slag van Actium">Slag van Actium</a>, 1672, deur Lorenzo A. Castro.</figcaption></figure> Antonius en Cleopatra het in 32 v.C. na Efese gereis, waar sy 200 van die 800 skepe wat hy bymekaar kon maak, aan hom verskaf het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010134-188">[184]</a> Ahenobarbus, wat bang was dat Octavianus se propaganda aan die publiek sou uitlek, het Antonius probeer oorreed om Cleopatra uit te sluit uit die veldtog teen Octavianus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010135-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430-192">[188]</a> Publius Canidius Crassus het weer gemeen Cleopatra befonds die oorlog en was 'n bevoegde monarg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010135-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430-192">[188]</a> Cleopatra het geweier om na Egipte terug te keer en het gedink sy kan Egipte makliker verdedig as sy Octavianus in Griekeland afkeer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010135-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430-192">[188]</a> Haar besluit het daartoe gelei dat prominente Romeine soos Ahenobarbus en Lucius Munatius Plancus die groep verlaat het. In die lente van 32 v.C. het Antonius en Cleopatra na Athene gereis, waar sy Antonius oorreed het om 'n amptelike egskeidingsbrief aan Octavia te stuur.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303-190">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_29-179">[175]</a> Plancus het Octavianus aangeraai om beslag te lê op Antonius se testament, wat deur die <a href="/wiki/Vestaalse_maagd" title="Vestaalse maagd">Vestaalse maagde</a> gehou is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010135-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303-190">[186]</a> Hoewel dit 'n verbreking van heilige en wetlike regte was, het Octavianus die dokument met geweld by die Tempel van Vesta gekry, en dit het 'n nuttige wapen geword in die propagandaoorlog teen Antonius en Cleopatra.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010135-191">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429-178">[174]</a> Octavianus het dele van die testament uitgelig, soos dat Caesarion as Caesar se erfgenaam genoem word, dat die Skenkings van Alexandrië wettig was, dat Antonius langs Cleopatra in Egipte begrawe moet word in plaas van in Rome, en dat Alexandrië die nuwe hoofstad van die Romeinse Republiek sal word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010136-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303-190">[186]</a> As 'n bewys van lojaliteit aan Rome het Octavianus besluit om sy eie <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a> by die Marsveld te bou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303-190">[186]</a> Octavianus se regsposisie is ook verbeter deurdat hy in 31 v.C. tot konsul verkies is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303-190">[186]</a> Met die inhoud van Antonius se testament wat bekend gemaak is, het Octavianus 'n wetlike rede gehad om oorlog teen Cleopatra te verklaar<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010136-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_30-194">[190]</a> (nie teen Antonius nie).<a href="#cite_note-Oorlog-195">[nota 5]</a> Die wetlike rede vir oorlog was nie soseer Cleopatra se territoriale uitbreiding en voormalige Romeinse gebiede wat deur haar kinders saam met Antonius regeer word nie, maar eerder dat sy militêre steun aan 'n privaat burger verskaf het nadat Antonius se mag as triumvir verval het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010136–137-196">[191]</a> <div class="thumb tleft" style="width: 307px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 145px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Syria_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Syria_mint.jpg/143px-Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Syria_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Syria_mint.jpg/215px-Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Syria_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Syria_mint.jpg/286px-Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Syria_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1319" data-file-height="1327" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 150px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Ascalon_mint.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Ascalon_mint.jpg/148px-Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Ascalon_mint.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Ascalon_mint.jpg/222px-Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Ascalon_mint.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Ascalon_mint.jpg/296px-Cleopatra_VII_tetradrachm_Ascalon_mint.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1335" data-file-height="1282" /></a> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">Silwermunte met Cleopatra se kop op uit Sirië (links) en uit Israel. </div> </div> </div> Antonius en Cleopatra het 'n groter vloot as Octavianus gehad, maar hulle bemanning was nie almal goed opgelei nie en was dalk soms van handelskepe, terwyl Octavianus 'n ten volle professionale mag gehad het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010137,_139-197">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430-192">[188]</a> Antonius wou die <a href="/wiki/Adriatiese_See" title="Adriatiese See">Adriatiese See</a> oorsteek en Octavianus by óf Tarentum óf Brundisium voorkeer,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303–304-198">[193]</a> maar Cleopatra, wat hoofsaaklik die verdediging van Egipte in gedagte gehad het, wou Italië nie direk aanval nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010137-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430-192">[188]</a> Antonius en Cleopatra het by Patrai in Griekeland oorwinter en het teen die lente van 31 v.C. na Actium, een die suidekant van die Golf van Actium, beweeg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010137-199">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303–304-198">[193]</a> Cleopatra en Antonius het in die somer verskeie gevegte om Actium teen Octavianus verloor, en soldate het na Octavianus se kamp oorgeloop, insluitende Antonius se jare lange vriend Dellius<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010138-200">[195]</a> en verskeie konings.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010138-200">[195]</a> Terwyl sommige in Antonius se kamp aanbeveel het dat hulle die seekonflik beëindig en in die binneland veg, het Cleopatra 'n seestryd verkies om Octavianus se vloot van Egipte af weg te hou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010139-201">[196]</a> Op 2 September 31 v.C. het Octavianus se magte, onder leiding van <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa</a>, in die <a href="/wiki/Slag_van_Actium" title="Slag van Actium">Slag van Actium</a> teen die magte van Antonius en Cleopatra te staan gekom.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010139-201">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303–304-198">[193]</a> Antonius se swaar skepe het probeer om naby die meer mobiele vaartuie van Octavianus te bly om hulle te verpletter met swaar artillerie. Octavianus se ligter skepe het hulle egter suksesvol bly ontwyk. Cleopatra se skepe het skielik uit die seeslag onttrek en Antonius het op een van haar skepe geklim. Saam het hulle na Tainaron gevlug.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010139–140-202">[197]</a> Die Slag van Actium het voortgeduur sonder Antonius en Cleopatra tot op die oggend van 3 September, en dit is gevolg deur 'n groot oorlopery van offisiere en ander soldate na Octavianus se kant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010140-203">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304-204">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ondergang_en_dood">Ondergang en dood</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Ondergang en dood" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ondergang en dood">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Roman_Wall_painting_from_the_House_of_Giuseppe_II,_Pompeii,_1st_century_AD,_death_of_Sophonisba,_but_more_likely_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt_consuming_poison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Wall_painting_from_the_House_of_Giuseppe_II%2C_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_death_of_Sophonisba%2C_but_more_likely_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt_consuming_poison.jpg/240px-Roman_Wall_painting_from_the_House_of_Giuseppe_II%2C_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_death_of_Sophonisba%2C_but_more_likely_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt_consuming_poison.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Wall_painting_from_the_House_of_Giuseppe_II%2C_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_death_of_Sophonisba%2C_but_more_likely_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt_consuming_poison.jpg/360px-Roman_Wall_painting_from_the_House_of_Giuseppe_II%2C_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_death_of_Sophonisba%2C_but_more_likely_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt_consuming_poison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Wall_painting_from_the_House_of_Giuseppe_II%2C_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_death_of_Sophonisba%2C_but_more_likely_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt_consuming_poison.jpg/480px-Roman_Wall_painting_from_the_House_of_Giuseppe_II%2C_Pompeii%2C_1st_century_AD%2C_death_of_Sophonisba%2C_but_more_likely_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt_consuming_poison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>'n Romeinse skildery uit die huis van Giuseppe II in <a href="/wiki/Pompeji" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeji">Pompeji</a>, vroeg 1ste eeu n.C., wat heel waarskynlik Cleopatra uitbeeld wat gif drink, terwyl haar seun Caesarion agter haar staan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010178–179-205">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElia19563–7-206">[201]</a></figcaption></figure> Terwyl Octavianus Athene verower het, het Antonius en Cleopatra by Paraitonion in Egipte geland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010140-203">[198]</a> Die paartjie het toe uiteengegaan: Antonius na Cirene om nog troepe bymekaar te maak en Cleopatra na die hawe van Alexandrië in 'n poging om die opposisie te mislei en die gebeure in Griekeland as 'n oorwinning voor te stel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010140-203">[198]</a> Sy was bang nuus oor die uitslag van die geveg by Actium sou tot 'n rebellie lei.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrambach1996312-207">[202]</a> Lucius Pinarius, Antonio se goewerneur van Cirene, het nuus ontvang dat Octavianus die Slag van Actium gewen het voordat Antonius se boodskappers sy hof kon bereik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010141-208">[203]</a> Pinarius het dié boodskappers laat teregstel en toe oorgeloop na Octavianus se kant. Hy het ook die vier legioene wat Antonius wou hê, aan Octavianus gegee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010141-208">[203]</a> Antonius het byna selfmoord gepleeg nadat hy dié nuus gehoor het, maar is deur sy offisiere gekeer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010141-208">[203]</a> Teen die laat somer van 31 v.C. het Cleopatra dalk Antonius as 'n verantwoordelikheid begin beskou terwyl sy voorberei het om Egipte aan haar seun Caesarion te bemaak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010142-209">[204]</a> Sy het beplan om die troon aan hom oor te gee, haar vloot uit die <a href="/wiki/Middellandse_See" title="Middellandse See">Middellandse See</a> na die <a href="/wiki/Rooisee" title="Rooisee">Rooisee</a> te neem en na 'n buitelandse hawe te vaar, miskien <a href="/wiki/Indi%C3%AB" title="Indië">Indië</a>, waar sy tyd wou bestee om te herstel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010142-209">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200431-210">[205]</a> Malichus I het egter haar vloot afgebrand en sy het geen ander opsie gehad as om in Egipte te bly en met Octavianus te onderhandel nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010142-209">[204]</a> Cleopatra het nou haar seun voorberei om die alleenheerser van Egipte te word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010142–143-211">[206]</a> Sy het Octavianus gevra of haar kinders Egipte kon erf en of Antonius in bannelingskap in Egipte kon bly. Sy het vir hom uitspattige geskenke gestuur en geld in die toekoms belowe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010143-212">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200431-210">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:The_Death_of_Cleopatra_arthur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Death_of_Cleopatra_arthur.jpg/250px-The_Death_of_Cleopatra_arthur.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Death_of_Cleopatra_arthur.jpg/375px-The_Death_of_Cleopatra_arthur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/The_Death_of_Cleopatra_arthur.jpg/500px-The_Death_of_Cleopatra_arthur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption>Die dood van Cleopatra (1892), deur Reginald Arthur.</figcaption></figure> Ná lang onderhandelings sonder enige resultate het Octavianus in die lente van 30 v.C. na Egipte vertrek om dit in te val.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxiii,_31-213">[208]</a> Hy het Pelousion oorgeneem terwyl Cornelius Gallus die magte van Antonius naby Paraitonion verslaan het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010145-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2009153-215">[210]</a> Octavianus het vinnig na Alexandrië beweeg, waar Antonius se vloot op 1 Augustus 30 v.C. aan hom oorgegee het, gevolg deur sy kavallerie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010145-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304-204">[199]</a> Cleopatra het in haar graftombe gaan wegkruip en 'n boodskap aan Antonius laat stuur dat sy selfmoord gepleeg het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010145-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006184-216">[211]</a> In desperaatheid het Antonius homself in die maag gesteek en so op 53-jarige ouderdom selfmoord gepleeg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010145-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200431-210">[205]</a> Intussen het Proculeius Cleopatra se graftombe met 'n leer binnegegaan, haar aangehou en gekeer dat sy haarself saam met haar skatte verbrand.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010146-217">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006185–186-218">[213]</a> Sy is toegelaat om Antonius se lyk te balsem en in haar graftombe te begrawe voordat sy na die paleis begelei is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010146-217">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200431-210">[205]</a> Octavianus het Alexandrië binnegegaan, die paleis beset en Cleopatra se jongste drie kinders gevange geneem.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010146-217">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2009155-219">[214]</a> Toe 'n spioen vir Cleopatra sê Octavianus beplan om haar en haar kinders drie dae later na Rome te neem, het sy haar selfmoord begin beplan omdat sy nie in Rome as deel van Octavianus se oorwinning geparadeer wou word soos haar suster Arsinoe IV nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010147-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304-204">[199]</a> Dit is onduidelik of sy in haar paleis of in haar graftombe selfmoord gepleeg het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010147–148-221">[216]</a> Dit is ook onseker hoe sy dit gedoen het: haar deur 'n slang laat pik of die gif met 'n naald ingepuit het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010148-222">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200356-223">[218]</a> Ná haar dood sou Caesarion, nou Ptolemeus XV, net 18 dae lank regeer voordat hy op bevel van Octavianus op 29 Augustus 30 v.C. tereggestel is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010149–150-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeat195399–100-225">[220]</a> Met die val van die Ptolemeïese Ryk het Egipte die Romeinse provinsie <a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_(Romeinse_provinsie)" title="Aegyptus (Romeinse provinsie)">Aegyptus</a> geword,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010150–151-226">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304-204">[199]</a> en dit was die einde van die Hellenistiese tydperk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxiii,_1-227">[222]</a> In Januarie 27 v.C. is Octavianus hernoem tot Augustus ("die geëerde") en het hy die eerste Romeinse keiser geword. Dit was die begin van die <a href="/wiki/Romeinse_Ryk" title="Romeinse Ryk">Romeinse Ryk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304–307-228">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nalatenskap">Nalatenskap</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Nalatenskap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Nalatenskap">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinders_en_opvolgers">Kinders en opvolgers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Kinders en opvolgers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kinders en opvolgers">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tleft" style="width: 348px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 214px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cleopatra_Selene_II_bust,_Cherchell,_Algeria_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cleopatra_Selene_II_bust%2C_Cherchell%2C_Algeria_4.jpg/212px-Cleopatra_Selene_II_bust%2C_Cherchell%2C_Algeria_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="212" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cleopatra_Selene_II_bust%2C_Cherchell%2C_Algeria_4.jpg/318px-Cleopatra_Selene_II_bust%2C_Cherchell%2C_Algeria_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Cleopatra_Selene_II_bust%2C_Cherchell%2C_Algeria_4.jpg/424px-Cleopatra_Selene_II_bust%2C_Cherchell%2C_Algeria_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 122px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:All%C3%A9gorie_de_la_province_romaine_d%27Afrique_-_Grand_Palais,_Paris_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/All%C3%A9gorie_de_la_province_romaine_d%27Afrique_-_Grand_Palais%2C_Paris_2014.jpg/120px-All%C3%A9gorie_de_la_province_romaine_d%27Afrique_-_Grand_Palais%2C_Paris_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/All%C3%A9gorie_de_la_province_romaine_d%27Afrique_-_Grand_Palais%2C_Paris_2014.jpg/180px-All%C3%A9gorie_de_la_province_romaine_d%27Afrique_-_Grand_Palais%2C_Paris_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/All%C3%A9gorie_de_la_province_romaine_d%27Afrique_-_Grand_Palais%2C_Paris_2014.jpg/240px-All%C3%A9gorie_de_la_province_romaine_d%27Afrique_-_Grand_Palais%2C_Paris_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">Links: 'n Romeinse kopbeeld van óf Cleopatra óf haar dogter Cleopatra Selene II, koningin van <a href="/wiki/Mauretani%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauretanië">Mauretanië</a>, uit die laat 1ste eeu v.C. (Argeologiemuseum van Cherchell, Algerië.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2003139-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerroukhi2001a219-230">[225]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Regs: 'n Waarskynlike beeld van Cleopatra Selene II, 1ste eeu n.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2003141–142-231">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2001312–313-232">[227]</a> </div> </div> </div> Ná haar selfmoord is Cleopatra se drie oorlewende kinders – Cleopatra Selene II, Alexander Helios en Ptolemeus Filadelfos – na Rome gestuur saam met Octavianus se suster Octavia die Jongere, 'n voormalige vrou van hulle vader, as hulle voog.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010153-233">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200432,_76–77-234">[229]</a> Cleopatra Selene II en Alexander Helios was teenwoordig in die Romeinse triomf van Octavianus in 29 v.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010153-233">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200477-154">[150]</a> Die lot van Alexander Helios en Ptolemeus Filadelfus hierna is onbekend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010153-233">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200477-154">[150]</a> Octavia het gereël dat Cleopatra Selene II met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juba_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juba II (bladsy bestaan nie)">Juba II</a>, seun van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juba_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juba I (bladsy bestaan nie)">Juba I</a> van <a href="/wiki/Numidi%C3%AB" title="Numidië">Numidië</a>, trou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010153–154-235">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200432,_76–77-234">[229]</a> Keiser Augustus het Juba II en Cleopatra Selene II ná hulle troue in 25 v.C. aangestel as die nuwe heersers van <a href="/wiki/Mauretani%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mauretanië">Mauretanië</a>, waar hulle die ou <a href="/wiki/Kartago" title="Kartago">Kartaagse</a> stad Iol hulle nuwe hoofstad gemaak het, met die naam Caesarea Mauretaniae (die moderne Cherchell in <a href="/wiki/Algeri%C3%AB" title="Algerië">Algerië</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010153–154-235">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200477-154">[150]</a> Cleopatra Selene II het baie geleerdes, kunstenaars en raadgewers van haar ma se koninklike hof in Alexandrië ingevoer om haar in Caesarea te dien.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010154–155-236">[231]</a> Sy het ook haar seun, Ptolemeus van Mauritanië, so genoem ter ere van haar Ptolemeïese erfenis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010155-237">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200432,_77-238">[233]</a> Cleopatra Selene II is omstreeks 5 v.C. oorlede en toe Juba II in 23/24 n.C. sterf, is hy deur sy seun Ptolemeus opgevolg.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010155-237">[232]</a> Dié is egter eindelik in 40 n.C. deur die Romeinse keiser <a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a> tereggestel, dalk onder die voorwendsel dat Ptolemeus sy eie koninklike geld onwettig laat munt het en regalia gebruik het wat vir die Romeinse keiser alleen bedoel was.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010155–156-239">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxiii,_32,_77–78-240">[235]</a> Ptolemeus was die laaste bekende monarg van die Ptolemeïese dinastie. 'n Kultus wat aan Cleopatra gewy is, het tot minstens 373 n.C. bestaan toe Petesenufe, 'n Egiptiese <a href="/wiki/Skriba" title="Skriba">skriba</a> van die boek Isis, verduidelik het dat hy "die figuur van Cleopatra in goud bedek het".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010151-241">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cleopatra_in_antieke_letterkunde_en_kuns">Cleopatra in antieke letterkunde en kuns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Cleopatra in antieke letterkunde en kuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Cleopatra in antieke letterkunde en kuns">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romeinse_kuns">Romeinse kuns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Romeinse kuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Romeinse kuns">wysig bron</a>]</div> Hoewel amper 50 antieke werke van Romeinse geskiedenis Cleopatra noem, bevat hulle dikwels net kort weergawes van die Slag van Actium, haar selfmoord of Romeinse propaganda oor haar persoonlike tekortkominge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20107-242">[237]</a> Hoewel dit nie 'n biografie van Cleopatra is nie, skets die Lewe van Antonius, wat in die 1ste eeu n.C. deur <a href="/wiki/Plutarchus" title="Plutarchus">Plutarchus</a> geskryf is, die beste prentjie van Cleopatra se lewe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20107–8-243">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200467,_93-244">[239]</a> Die Romeinse Geskiedenis, wat in die 3de eeu n.C. deur die historikus <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> gepubliseer is, verskaf 'n aaneenlopende geskiedenis van die tydperk van Cleopatra se bewind.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20108-245">[240]</a> Die skryfwerk van Marcus Tullius Cicero, wat haar persoonlik geken het, skep 'n onvleiende beeld van haar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9-246">[241]</a> Die skrywers uit die Augustynse tyd <a href="/wiki/Vergilius" title="Vergilius">Vergilius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horatius" title="Horatius">Horatius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ovidius" title="Ovidius">Ovidius</a> herhaal net die negatiewe sienings wat die regerende Romeinse regime van die tyd goedgekeur het,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9-246">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200467-247">[242]</a> hoewel Vergilius die idee van Cleopatra as 'n figuur van romanse en epiese melodrama skilder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurval201166–70-248">[243]</a> Die historici <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valerius_Maximus" title="Valerius Maximus">Valerius Maximus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plinius_die_ouere" title="Plinius die ouere">Plinius die ouere</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Appianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Appianus (bladsy bestaan nie)">Appianus</a> skryf nie so volledig oor haar nie, maar sommige verskaf besonderhede van haar lewe wat nie in ander historiese rekords bewaar gebly het nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9-246">[241]</a> Inskripsies wat haar mening weergee, is baie skaars.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9-246">[241]</a> Die fragmente van Libyka, wat deur Cleopatra se skoonseun Juba II laat skryf is, verskaf 'n kykie in 'n moontlike historiese werk wat dalk Cleopatra se perspektief verduidelik.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9-246">[241]</a> Cleopatra is in talle kunswerke uitgebeeld, in sowel Egiptiese as Griekse en Romeinse style.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabinoGross-Diaz2016-249">[244]</a> Werk wat bewaar gebly het, sluit in standbeelde, borsbeelde, reliëfs en muntstukke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESabinoGross-Diaz2016-249">[244]</a> Beelde van haar uit haar tyd is beide in en buite die Ptolemeïese Ryk geskep. Plutarchus beweer die openbare beelde van Antonius is deur Augustus laat vernietig, maar dié van Cleopatra is ná haar dood bewaar danksy haar vriend Archibius wat die keiser betaal het om dit nie te verwoes nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2017a-250">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010151-241">[236]</a> Van die Grieks-Romeinse kopbeelde van Cleopatra wat bewaar gebly het, het die "Berlynse Cleopatra", in die Altes Museum, haar hele neus, terwyl die neus van die "Vatikaanse Cleopatra", in die Vatikaanmuseums, weg is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010174–175-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPina_Polo2013185–186-252">[247]</a> Die twee beelde lyk baie eenders, kom albei uit die 1ste eeu v.C. en is in Romeinse villas in Italië ontdek. Nog 'n moontlike kopbeeld van Cleopatra is in die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Museum" title="Britse Museum">Britse Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Londen" title="Londen">Londen</a>, maar dit kan ook iemand anders in haar geselskap wees tydens 'n besoek aan Rome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaiaSebesta2017-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2017-254">[249]</a> Die vrou het dieselfde gelaatstrekke as op die ander twee beelde, maar het 'n ander haarstyl en geen kroon nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaiaSebesta2017-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2017-254">[249]</a> Dit kon egter gemaak gewees het in 'n ander tydperk van Cleopatra se lewe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2017-254">[249]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 1038px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cleopatra_VII,_Marble,_40-30_BC,_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleopatra, middel 1ste eeu v.C., met 'n Hellenistiese kroon (Vatikaanmuseums).[248][250][246]"><img alt="Cleopatra, middel 1ste eeu v.C., met 'n Hellenistiese kroon (Vatikaanmuseums).[248][250][246]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg/130px-Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg/195px-Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg/260px-Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="932" data-file-height="1323" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cleopatra, middel 1ste eeu v.C., met 'n Hellenistiese kroon (Vatikaanmuseums).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaiaSebesta2017-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2017b-255">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010174–175-251">[246]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cleopatra_VII,_Marble,_40-30_BC,_Vatican_Museums_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Profiel van die "Vatikaanse Cleopatra"."><img alt="Profiel van die "Vatikaanse Cleopatra"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_003.jpg/130px-Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_003.jpg/195px-Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_003.jpg/260px-Cleopatra_VII%2C_Marble%2C_40-30_BC%2C_Vatican_Museums_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1037" data-file-height="1400" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Profiel van die "Vatikaanse Cleopatra".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:-0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleopatra, middel 1ste eeu v.C., met 'n Hellenistiese kroon (Altes Museum).[248][250]"><img alt="Cleopatra, middel 1ste eeu v.C., met 'n Hellenistiese kroon (Altes Museum).[248][250]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/-0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG/113px--0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/-0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG/170px--0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/-0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG/226px--0035_Altes_Museum_Portrait_Kleopatra_VII_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2693" data-file-height="4752" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cleopatra, middel 1ste eeu v.C., met 'n Hellenistiese kroon (Altes Museum).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaiaSebesta2017-253">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2017b-255">[250]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'n Profiel van die "Berlynse Cleopatra"."><img alt="'n Profiel van die "Berlynse Cleopatra"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg/130px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg/195px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg/260px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_-_Altes_Museum_-_Berlin_-_Germany_2017_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">'n Profiel van die "Berlynse Cleopatra".</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'n Antieke Romeinse kopbeeld uit 50-30 v.C., (nou in die Britse Museum, Londen)."><img alt="'n Antieke Romeinse kopbeeld uit 50-30 v.C., (nou in die Britse Museum, Londen)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/130px-Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/195px-Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum.jpg/260px-Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">'n Antieke Romeinse kopbeeld uit 50-30 v.C., (nou in die <a href="/wiki/Britse_Museum" title="Britse Museum">Britse Museum</a>, Londen).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum,_side_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'n Profiel van die Londense beeld."><img alt="'n Profiel van die Londense beeld." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum%2C_side_view.jpg/130px-Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum%2C_side_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum%2C_side_view.jpg/195px-Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum%2C_side_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum%2C_side_view.jpg/260px-Cleopatra_bust_in_the_British_Museum%2C_side_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">'n Profiel van die Londense beeld.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="thumb tright" style="width: 405px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 232px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii,_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%282%29.jpg/230px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%282%29.jpg/345px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%282%29.jpg/460px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="680" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 161px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii,_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_(5).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%285%29.jpg/159px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%285%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%285%29.jpg/239px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%285%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%285%29.jpg/318px-Venus_and_Cupid_from_the_House_of_Marcus_Fabius_Rufus_at_Pompeii%2C_most_likely_a_depiction_of_Cleopatra_VII_%285%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2436" data-file-height="2348" /></a> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">'n Romeinse skildery wat gevind is in die huis van Marcus Fabius Rufus in <a href="/wiki/Pompeji" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeji">Pompeji</a>, Italië, wat Cleopatra as Venus Genetrix en haar seun Caesarion as <a href="/wiki/Kupido" title="Kupido">Kupido</a> uitbeeld (middel 1ste eeu v.C.). </div> </div> </div> 'n Skildery van <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mitologie)" title="Venus (mitologie)">Venus Geneterix</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kupido" title="Kupido">Kupido</a> wat in <a href="/wiki/Pompeji" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeji">Pompeji</a> in die huis van Marcus Fabius Rufus gekry is op 'n muurskildery uit die middel 1ste eeu v.C., is waarskynlik 'n uitbeelding van Cleopatra en haar seun <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XV_Caesarion" title="Ptolemeus XV Caesarion">Caesarion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010175-256">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200835,_42–44-257">[252]</a> Dit is moontlik geskilder in die tyd toe die Tempel van <a href="/wiki/Venus_(mitologie)" title="Venus (mitologie)">Venus Genetrix</a> ("Venus die moeder") in die Forum van Caesar in September 46 v.C. gebou is, waar Caesar 'n vergulde standbeeld van Cleopatra laat oprig het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010175-256">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200835,_42–44-257">[252]</a> Die kamer met die skildery is deur die eienaar afgesper, dalk uit reaksie op die teregstelling van Caesarion in 30 v.C. op bevel van Octavianus. Uitbeeldings van Cleopatra se seun sou toe nie byval gevind het by die nuwe Romeinse regering nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010175-256">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200843–44-258">[253]</a> <div class="thumb tleft" style="width: 317px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 122px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile,_possibly_Cleopatra_VII_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt,_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possibly_Cleopatra_VII_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg/120px-Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possibly_Cleopatra_VII_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possibly_Cleopatra_VII_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg/180px-Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possibly_Cleopatra_VII_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possibly_Cleopatra_VII_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg/240px-Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possibly_Cleopatra_VII_of_Ptolemaic_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 183px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile,_possible_portrait_bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt,_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possible_portrait_bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg/181px-Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possible_portrait_bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possible_portrait_bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg/272px-Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possible_portrait_bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Fresco_of_a_woman_in_profile%2C_possible_portrait_bust_of_Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt%2C_from_the_House_of_the_Orchard_at_Pompeii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="253" /></a> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">'n Antieke Romeinse <a href="/wiki/Fresko" title="Fresko">fresko</a>, moontlik van Cleopatra, uit die Huis van die Boord in Pompeji, Italië, middel 1ste eeu n.C. </div> </div> </div> 'n Romeinse paneelskildery uit <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a>, Italië, wat uit die 8ste eeu n.C. dateer, beeld ook moontlik Cleopatra uit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2001314–315-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008p._87,_image_plates_and_captions_between_pp._246–247-259">[254]</a> Daarin is haar rooibruin hare agteroorgekam in 'n bolla. 'n Baie soortgelyke gevefde borsbeeld van 'n vrou met 'n blou kopband in die Huis van die Boord in Pompeji is in 'n Egiptiese styl, soos 'n <a href="/wiki/Groot_Sfinks_van_Giza" title="Groot Sfinks van Giza">sfinks</a> in 'n Griekse styl, en is dalk deur dieselfde kunstenaar geskep.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2001314–315-33">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portland-vaas">Portland-vaas</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Wysig afdeling: Portland-vaas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Portland-vaas">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n6.jpg/200px-Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n6.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n6.jpg/300px-Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n6.jpg/400px-Portland_Vase_BM_Gem4036_n6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="2750" /></a><figcaption>'n Moontlike uitbeelding op die Portland-vaas van <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a> wat deur Cleopatra gelok word terwyl sy op 'n slang sit. Anton, Antonius se vermeende voorouer, kyk toe en <a href="/wiki/Eros" class="mw-disambig" title="Eros">Eros</a> vlieg daarbo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010178-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaygill2009146-261">[256]</a></figcaption></figure> Die Portlandvaas, 'n Romeinse kameeglasvaas wat uit die tyd van Augustus kom en nou in die Britse Museum is, sluit 'n moontlike uitbeelding in van Cleopatra en Antonius.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010178-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200441–59-262">[257]</a> Cleopatra gryp Antonius se arm en trek hom nader terwyl 'n slang tussen haar bene uitsteek, <a href="/wiki/Eros" class="mw-disambig" title="Eros">Eros</a> vlieg bo die toneel en Anton, die vermeende voorvader van die Antoniusfamilie, kyk in wanhoop toe hoe Antonius na sy ondergang gelei word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010178-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaygill2009146-261">[256]</a> Die ander kant van die vaas beeld moontlik 'n toneel uit met Octavia, wat deur haar man, Antonius, verlaat word. By haar is haar broer, keiser Augustus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010178-260">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaygill2009146-261">[256]</a> Die vaas is dus nie voor 35 v.C. geskep nie toe Antonius sy vrou teruggestuur het na Italië terwyl hy saam met Cleopatra in Alexandrië gebly het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010178-260">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egiptiese_kuns">Egiptiese kuns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Wysig afdeling: Egiptiese kuns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Egiptiese kuns">wysig bron</a>]</div> Die Borsbeeld van Cleopatra in die Koninklike Museum van Ontario is 'n borsbeeld van Cleopatra in die Egiptiese styl.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton200239-263">[258]</a> Dit dateer van die 1ste eeu v.C. en is dalk die vroegste uitbeelding van Cleopatra as beide 'n <a href="/wiki/Godin" title="Godin">godin</a> en 'n regerende <a href="/wiki/Farao" title="Farao">farao</a> van Egipte.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton200239-263">[258]</a> Die Tempel van Dendera in Egipte bevat reliëfbeelde in 'n Egiptiese styl van Cleopatra en haar jong seun Caesarion as 'n volwasse man en regerende farao wat offerandes aan die gode bring.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner200587-264">[259]</a> Augustus het sy naam daarby laat graveer ná Cleopatra se dood. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bust_of_Cleopatra_at_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'n Egiptiese borbeeld van Cleopatra in die Koninklike Museum van Ontario, 1ste eeu v.C."><img alt="'n Egiptiese borbeeld van Cleopatra in die Koninklike Museum van Ontario, 1ste eeu v.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bust_of_Cleopatra_at_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum.jpg/150px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_at_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bust_of_Cleopatra_at_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum.jpg/225px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_at_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Bust_of_Cleopatra_at_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum.jpg/300px-Bust_of_Cleopatra_at_the_Royal_Ontario_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">'n Egiptiese borbeeld van Cleopatra in die Koninklike Museum van Ontario, 1ste eeu v.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cleopatra en haar seun Caesarion in die Tempel van Dendera."><img alt="Cleopatra en haar seun Caesarion in die Tempel van Dendera." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg/161px-Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg/241px-Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg/321px-Denderah3_Cleopatra_Cesarion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="510" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cleopatra en haar seun Caesarion in die Tempel van Dendera.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Statue_of_a_Ptolemaic_Queen,_perhaps_Cleopatra_VII_MET_89.2.660_EGDP013678.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="'n Marmerbeeld van Cleopatra met haar cartouche op haar regterboarm en 'n kroon op haar kop, in die Metropolitan-kunsmuseum, New York.[260]"><img alt="'n Marmerbeeld van Cleopatra met haar cartouche op haar regterboarm en 'n kroon op haar kop, in die Metropolitan-kunsmuseum, New York.[260]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statue_of_a_Ptolemaic_Queen%2C_perhaps_Cleopatra_VII_MET_89.2.660_EGDP013678.jpg/133px-Statue_of_a_Ptolemaic_Queen%2C_perhaps_Cleopatra_VII_MET_89.2.660_EGDP013678.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statue_of_a_Ptolemaic_Queen%2C_perhaps_Cleopatra_VII_MET_89.2.660_EGDP013678.jpg/200px-Statue_of_a_Ptolemaic_Queen%2C_perhaps_Cleopatra_VII_MET_89.2.660_EGDP013678.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Statue_of_a_Ptolemaic_Queen%2C_perhaps_Cleopatra_VII_MET_89.2.660_EGDP013678.jpg/267px-Statue_of_a_Ptolemaic_Queen%2C_perhaps_Cleopatra_VII_MET_89.2.660_EGDP013678.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2667" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">'n Marmerbeeld van Cleopatra met haar <a href="/wiki/Cartouche" title="Cartouche">cartouche</a> op haar regterboarm en 'n kroon op haar kop, in die Metropolitan-kunsmuseum, <a href="/wiki/New_York" title="New York">New York</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2001b165-265">[260]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moderne_uitbeeldings">Moderne uitbeeldings</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Wysig afdeling: Moderne uitbeeldings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Moderne uitbeeldings">wysig bron</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Taylor_and_Burton_Cleopatra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Taylor_and_Burton_Cleopatra.jpg/200px-Taylor_and_Burton_Cleopatra.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Taylor_and_Burton_Cleopatra.jpg/300px-Taylor_and_Burton_Cleopatra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Taylor_and_Burton_Cleopatra.jpg/400px-Taylor_and_Burton_Cleopatra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burton" title="Richard Burton">Richard Burton</a> as <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius">Mark Antony</a> en <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> as Cleopatra in Cleopatra (1963).</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Victoriaanse_tydperk" title="Victoriaanse tydperk">Victoriaanse Brittanje</a> is Cleopatra verbind met baie aspekte van die Egiptiese kultuur en haar beeld is gebruik op verskeie huishoudelike produkte, soos olielampe, poskaarte en sigarette.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011173–174-266">[261]</a> Romans soos H. Rider Haggard se Cleopatra (1889) en Théophile Gautier se One of Cleopatra's Nights (1838) beeld die koningin uit as 'n sensuele en mistieke Oosterling, terwyl die <a href="/wiki/Egiptoloog" title="Egiptoloog">Egiptoloog</a> Georg Ebers se Cleopatra (1894) meer op historiese feite gegrond is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011173–174-266">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPucci2011201-267">[262]</a> Ander skrywers soos <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> het toneelstukke oor Cleopatra geskryf, terwyl <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a> se Antonius en Cleopatra teen die Victoriaanse tydperk as 'n kanonieke werk beskou is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011173-268">[263]</a> In sy onvoltooide kortverhaal van 1825 Die Egiptese Nagte het <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Poesjkin" title="Aleksander Poesjkin">Aleksander Poesjkin</a> die 4de-eeuse Romeinse historikus Aurelius Victor se bewerings, wat voorheen grootliks geïgnoreer is, gewild gemaak dat Cleopatra haar as <a href="/wiki/Prostituut" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostituut">prostituut</a> aan mans aangebied het in ruil vir hulle lewens.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006260–263-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPucci2011198,_201-270">[265]</a> Georges Méliès se Robbing Cleopatra's Tomb, 'n Franse stilrolprent en riller van 1899, was die eerste <a href="/wiki/Rolprent" title="Rolprent">rolprent</a> wat Cleopatra uitgebeeld het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006325-271">[266]</a> Talle aktrise het Cleopatara daarna in prente uitgebeeld, soos <a href="/wiki/Theda_Bara" title="Theda Bara">Theda Bara</a> in 1917, <a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colbert" title="Claudette Colbert">Claudette Colbert</a> in 1934 en <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011172–173,_178-272">[267]</a> Voordat Taylor in die prent Cleopatra verskyn het, het <a href="/wiki/Tydskrif" title="Tydskrif">vrouetydskrifte</a> van die vroeë 1960's geadverteer hoe om grimering, klere, juweliersware en haarstyle te gebruik om die "Egiptiese" voorkoms te kry soos dié van Cleopatra en <a href="/wiki/Nefertiti" title="Nefertiti">Nefertiti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011172–173-273">[268]</a> Teen die einde van die 20ste eeu was daar 43 rolprente, 200 toneelstukke en romans, 45 operas en 5 ballette wat met Cleopatra verbind is.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPucci2011195-274">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stamboon">Stamboon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Wysig afdeling: Stamboon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Stamboon">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width: 237px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 110px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ptolemy_I_Soter_Louvre_Ma849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ptolemy_I_Soter_Louvre_Ma849.jpg/108px-Ptolemy_I_Soter_Louvre_Ma849.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ptolemy_I_Soter_Louvre_Ma849.jpg/162px-Ptolemy_I_Soter_Louvre_Ma849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Ptolemy_I_Soter_Louvre_Ma849.jpg/216px-Ptolemy_I_Soter_Louvre_Ma849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="4050" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 115px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Seleuco_I_2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Seleuco_I_2.JPG/113px-Seleuco_I_2.JPG" decoding="async" width="113" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Seleuco_I_2.JPG/170px-Seleuco_I_2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Seleuco_I_2.JPG/226px-Seleuco_I_2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="4930" /></a> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">Links: 'n Hellenistiese borsbeeld van <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_I_Soter" title="Ptolemeus I Soter">Ptolemeus I Soter</a>, nou in die <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>Regs: 'n Borsbeeld van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleukos_I_Nikator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleukos I Nikator (bladsy bestaan nie)">Seleukos I Nikator</a>, nou in die Nasionale Argeologiese Museum, <a href="/wiki/Napels" title="Napels">Napels</a>. </div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tright" style="width: 238px;"> <div class="thumbinner"> <div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 114px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:MSR-Ra80-c-MSR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MSR-Ra80-c-MSR.jpg/112px-MSR-Ra80-c-MSR.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MSR-Ra80-c-MSR.jpg/168px-MSR-Ra80-c-MSR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/MSR-Ra80-c-MSR.jpg/224px-MSR-Ra80-c-MSR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1271" data-file-height="1907" /></a> </div> </div><div style="float: left; margin: 1px; width: 112px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:MSR-Ra80-b-MSR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MSR-Ra80-b-MSR.jpg/110px-MSR-Ra80-b-MSR.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MSR-Ra80-b-MSR.jpg/165px-MSR-Ra80-b-MSR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/MSR-Ra80-b-MSR.jpg/220px-MSR-Ra80-b-MSR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1312" data-file-height="2000" /></a> </div> </div><div class="thumbcaption" style="clear: left; text-align: left; background: transparent; color:inherit">'n Waarskynlike beeld van Cleopatra V Trifaina, 1ste eeu v.C., van Benede-Egipte. </div> </div> </div> Cleopatra het tot die Masedoniese Ptolemeïese dinastie behoort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006xiii,_3,_279-275">[270]</a> Deur haar vader, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemeus XII Auletes">Ptolemeus XII Auletes</a>, was sy 'n afstammeling van twee prominente vriende van <a href="/wiki/Alexander_die_Grote" title="Alexander die Grote">Alexander die Grote</a> van <a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_Masedoni%C3%AB" title="Koninkryk Masedonië">Masedonië</a>: die generaal <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_I_Soter" title="Ptolemeus I Soter">Ptolemeus I Soter</a>, die stigter van die Ptolemeïese Ryk van Egipte, en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seleukos_I_Nikator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seleukos I Nikator (bladsy bestaan nie)">Seleukos I Nikator</a>, die Masedoniese Griekse stigter van die <a href="/wiki/Seleukidiese_Ryk" title="Seleukidiese Ryk">Seleukidiese Ryk</a> van <a href="/wiki/Wes-Asi%C3%AB" title="Wes-Asië">Wes-Asië</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein20043,_34,_36,_51-276">[271]</a> Terwyl Cleopatra se vaderlike lyn teruggespeur kan word, is haar moederlike lyn onbekend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16,_164–166-277">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006xiii-278">[273]</a> Sy was vermoedelik die dogter van Cleopatra VI Trifaina (ook bekend as Cleopatra V Trifaina). Cleopatra I Sira was die enigste lid van die Ptolemeïese dinastie wat vir seker 'n nie-Griekse afstamming gehad het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant19725-279">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200856,_73-280">[275]</a> Haar moeder was die dogter van 'n koning van die Mitridatiese dinastie en sy vrou, wat 'n gemengde Grieks-Persiese herkoms gehad het.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGing2016-281">[276]</a> Cleopatra I Sira se pa was Antiogus III die Grote, 'n afstammeling van koningin Apama, die Sogdiese Irannese vrou van Seleukos I Nikator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant19725-279">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200856,_73-280">[275]</a> Daar word algemeen geglo die Ptolemeuse het nie in die inheemse Egiptenare ingetrou nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200873-282">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200469–70-283">[278]</a> Michael Grant meen daar is net een bekende Egiptiese minnares en geen vrou nie van 'n Ptolemeus. Volgens hom het Cleopatra waarskynlik geen Egiptiese herkoms gehad nie en "sou sy haarself as Grieks beskryf het".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant19725-279">[274]</a> Bewerings dat Cleopatra 'n buite-egtelike kind was, is nooit geopper in Romeinse propaganda teen haar nie.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant19724-284">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010165-285">[280]</a> Cleopatra V (of VI) is verban uit die hof van Ptolemeus XII laat in 69 v.C., 'n paar maande ná die geboorte van Cleopatra, terwyl Ptolemeus XII se drie jonger kinders almal gebore is tydens die afwesigheid van sy vrou.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201018–19-286">[281]</a> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" border="0" style="" summary="Boxes and lines diagram"> <tbody><tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Egypte_icon_pharaon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Egypte_icon_pharaon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemeus XII">Ptolemeus XII</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Egiptiese of Masedoniese houvrou</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Cleopatra VI Trifaina</td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"> </div></td></tr><tr align="center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Egypte_icon_pharaon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Egypte_icon_pharaon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemeus XIII">Ptolemeus XIII</a></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Egypte_icon_pharaon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Egypte_icon_pharaon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> Cleopatra VII</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Egypte_icon_pharaon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Egypte_icon_pharaon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemeus XIV">Ptolemeus XIV</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Arsinoe IV</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Berenike IV</td></tr><tr align="center"><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Antonius" title="Marcus Antonius">Marcus Antonius</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black;border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Egypte_icon_pharaon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Egypte_icon_pharaon.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ptolemeus_XV_Caesarion" title="Ptolemeus XV Caesarion">Ptolemeus XV</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Alexander Helios</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Cleopatra Selene II</td><td colspan="2" style="border-bottom:1px solid black"><div style="width:2em;height:1em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Juba II van Mauritanië</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Ptolemeus Filadelfus</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td></tr><tr align="center"><td style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td><td><div style="width:1em;height:1em"> </div></td></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid black"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2"><div style="width:1em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"></td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> <tr align="center"><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="2"><div style="width:2em;height:2em"> </div></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border: 2px solid black; padding: 0.2em; ;">Ptolemeus van Mauritanië</td></tr><tr align="center"></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notas">Notas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Wysig afdeling: Notas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Notas">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Diplomaat-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Diplomaat_1-0">↑</a> Sy was ook 'n diplomaat, vlootaanvoerder, linguis en mediese skrywer; sien (<a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller 2010</a>, p. 1) en (<a href="#CITEREFBradford2000">Bradford 2000</a>, p. 13). </li> <li id="cite_note-Egipties-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Egipties_13-0">↑</a> Die weiering van Ptolemeïese heersers om Egipties te leer praat, is die rede hoekom antieke Grieks (<a href="/wiki/Koine" title="Koine">Koine</a>) saam met Egipties op amptelike hofdokumente soos die <a href="/wiki/Rosettasteen" title="Rosettasteen">Rosettasteen</a> gebruik is (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3">"Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone"</a>. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100523105204/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 23 Mei 2010. Besoek op 7 Junie 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Radio+4+Programmes+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+the+World+in+100+Objects%2C+Empire+Builders+%28300+BC+%E2%80%93+1+AD%29%2C+Rosetta+Stone&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00sbrz3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988">). </li> <li id="cite_note-Tale-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Tale_17-0">↑</a> Vir die baie tale wat Cleopatra gepraat het, sien (<a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller 2010</a>, pp. 46–48) en (<a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein 2004</a>, pp. 11–12). </li> <li id="cite_note-Dogter-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Dogter_39-0">↑</a> Fletcher (<a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher 2008</a>, pp. 76–77) het min twyfel hieroor: "Auletes is in die somer van 58 v.C. van die troon gesit en omdat hy vir sy lewe gevrees het, het hy uit beide sy paleis en sy koninkryk gevlug, hoewel hy nie heeltemal alleen was nie. Een Griekse bron onthul hy is "deur een van sy dogters" vergesel. Aangesien die oudste, Berenike IV, monarg was en die jongste, Arisone, nie veel ouer as 'n baba nie, word algemeen aanvaar dit moes sy middelste en gunstelingdogter, die 11-jarige Cleopatra, gewees het." </li> <li id="cite_note-Oorlog-195"><a href="#cite_ref-Oorlog_195-0">↑</a> Soos Jones (<a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones 2006</a>, p. 147) verduidelik, moes Octavianus twee keer dink voordat hy teen Antonius optree. Hy moes versigtig wees om 'n verbintenis met burgeroorlog te vermy, want die Romeine was moeg vir oorlog en Octavianus kon steun verloor as hy teen 'n mede-Romein oorlog verklaar. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Wysig afdeling: Verwysings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Verwysings">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyster200348-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyster200348_2-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoyster2003">Royster (2003)</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuellner-3">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuellner_3-0">2,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMuellner_3-1">2,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFMuellner">Muellner ()</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16_4-0">3,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16_4-1">3,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16_4-2">3,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16,_39-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16,_39_5-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 15–16, 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200855–57-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200855–57_6-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 55–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200415-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200415_7-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200884,_215-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200884,_215_8-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 84, 215. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201032–33-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201032–33_9-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher20081,_3,_11,_129-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher20081,_3,_11,_129_10-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 1, 3, 11, 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201029–33-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201029–33_11-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 29–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher20081,_5,_13–14,_88,_105–106-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher20081,_5,_13–14,_88,_105–106_12-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 1, 5, 13–14, 88, 105–106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201018-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201018_14-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchiff201135-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchiff201135_15-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchiff2011">Schiff (2011)</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201046–48-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201046–48_16-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 46–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201046–48,_100-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201046–48,_100_18-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 46–48, 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201038–42-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201038–42_19-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 38–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xviii,_10-20"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xviii,_10_20-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xviii, 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201017-21">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201017_21-0">18,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201017_21-1">18,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201017_21-2">18,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201017_21-3">18,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201017_21-4">18,4</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197210–11-22">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197210–11_22-0">19,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197210–11_22-1">19,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1972">Grant (1972)</a>, pp. 10–11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xix-23">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xix_23-0">20,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xix_23-1">20,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. xix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197211-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197211_24-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1972">Grant (1972)</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200412-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200412_25-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200874-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200874_26-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201020-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201020_27-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xix,_12–13-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xix,_12–13_28-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xix, 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201020–21-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201020–21_29-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_12–13-30"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_12–13_30-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xx, 12–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201021-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201021_31-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200876-32">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200876_32-0">29,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200876_32-1">29,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2001314–315-33">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2001314–315_33-0">30,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2001314–315_33-1">30,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2001314–315_33-2">30,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalkerHiggs2001">Walker & Higgs (2001)</a>, pp. 314–315. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008p._87,_beeldplate_en_byskrifte_tussen_pp._246–247-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008p._87,_beeldplate_en_byskrifte_tussen_pp._246–247_34-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 87, beeldplate en byskrifte tussen pp. 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201022-35">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201022_35-0">32,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201022_35-1">32,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413,_75-36"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413,_75_36-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 13, 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197214–15-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197214–15_37-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1972">Grant (1972)</a>, pp. 14–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_13,_75-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_13,_75_38-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xx, 13, 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413_40-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200877–78-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200877–78_41-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201023–24-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201023–24_42-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197216-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197216_43-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1972">Grant (1972)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201024-44">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201024_44-0">40,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201024_44-1">40,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413,_76-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413,_76_45-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 13, 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201024–25-46">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201024–25_46-0">42,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201024–25_46-1">42,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 24–25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200476-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200476_47-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200423,_73-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200423,_73_48-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 23, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201025-49"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201025_49-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197218-50">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197218_50-0">46,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197218_50-1">46,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1972">Grant (1972)</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201025–26-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201025–26_51-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413–14,_76-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200413–14,_76_52-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 13–14, 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200414-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200414_53-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200880,_85-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200880,_85_54-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 80, 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201027-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201027_55-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200884–85-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200884–85_56-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201026-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201026_57-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201053–54-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201053–54_58-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 53–54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200416–17-59">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200416–17_59-0">55,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200416–17_59-1">55,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 16–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201053-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201053_60-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200416-61"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200416_61-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200891–92-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200891–92_62-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx_63-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. xx. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001231-64">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001231_64-0">60,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001231_64-1">60,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl (2001)</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201036–37-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201036–37_65-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 36–37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein20045-66">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein20045_66-0">62,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein20045_66-1">62,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant197226–27-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant197226–27_67-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1972">Grant (1972)</a>, pp. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201056–57-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201056–57_68-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201057-69">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201057_69-0">65,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201057_69-1">65,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201058-70">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201058_70-0">66,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201058_70-1">66,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200894–95-71"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200894–95_71-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200895-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200895_72-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201058–59-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201058–59_73-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 58–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200895–96-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200895–96_74-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201059-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201059_75-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_17-76">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_17_76-0">72,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xx,_17_76-1">72,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xx, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201059–60-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201059–60_77-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 59–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007259-78">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007259_78-0">74,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007259_78-1">74,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann (2007)</a>, p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_17-79">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_17_79-0">75,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_17_79-1">75,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201060-80">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201060_80-0">76,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201060_80-1">76,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201060_80-2">76,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200898-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200898_81-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201060–61-82">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201060–61_82-0">78,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201060–61_82-1">78,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 60–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_18-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_18_83-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007260-84">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007260_84-0">80,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007260_84-1">80,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007260_84-2">80,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007260_84-3">80,3</a> <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann (2007)</a>, p. 260. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201061-85">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201061_85-0">81,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201061_85-1">81,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201061_85-2">81,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201061_85-3">81,3</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200418-86">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200418_86-0">82,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200418_86-1">82,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001234–235-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001234–235_87-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl (2001)</a>, pp. 234–235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001234-88"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001234_88-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl (2001)</a>, p. 234. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200657–58-89"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200657–58_89-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones (2006)</a>, pp. 57–58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201061–62-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201061–62_90-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008112–113-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008112–113_91-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 112–113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001235-92">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001235_92-0">88,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001235_92-1">88,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001235_92-2">88,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl (2001)</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201062-93">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201062_93-0">89,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201062_93-1">89,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001236-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001236_94-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl (2001)</a>, p. 236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008118–119-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008118–119_95-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 118–119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201063-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201063_96-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008119-97"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008119_97-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001235–236-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHölbl2001235–236_98-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFHölbl2001">Hölbl (2001)</a>, pp. 235–236. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201063–64-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201063–64_99-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201064-100">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201064_100-0">96,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201064_100-1">96,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201064_100-2">96,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008172-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008172_101-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201064,_69-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201064,_69_102-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 64, 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_19–20-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_19–20_103-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008120-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008120_104-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201064–65-105"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201064–65_105-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200419-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200419_106-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201067-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201067_107-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200420-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200420_108-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008153-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008153_109-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_20-110">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_20_110-0">106,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_20_110-1">106,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201070-111">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201070_111-0">107,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201070_111-1">107,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008162–163-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008162–163_112-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201071-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201071_113-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_20,_64-114"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_20,_64_114-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 20, 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201072-115">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201072_115-0">111,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201072_115-1">111,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201072,_126-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201072,_126_116-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 72, 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200421-117">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200421_117-0">113,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200421_117-1">113,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201072,_175-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201072,_175_118-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 72, 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201074-119">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201074_119-0">115,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201074_119-1">115,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_21-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_21_120-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201074–75-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201074–75_121-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_22-122"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_22_122-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201075-123">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201075_123-0">119,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201075_123-1">119,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201075_123-2">119,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201075_123-3">119,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201075_123-4">119,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201075_123-5">119,5</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 75. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_21–22-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_21–22_124-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200422-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200422_125-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200422–23-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200422–23_126-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_22–23-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_22–23_127-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 22–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201076-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201076_128-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201076–77-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201076–77_129-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201077-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201077_130-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_23-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_23_131-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201077–79-132"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201077–79_132-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 77–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200423-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200423_133-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201079-134">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201079_134-0">130,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201079_134-1">130,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_24,_76-135"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxi,_24,_76_135-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxi, 24, 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_24-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_24_136-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxii, 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201079–80-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201079–80_137-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 79–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200425-138">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200425_138-0">134,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200425_138-1">134,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200425_138-2">134,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201081–82-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201081–82_139-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 81–82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201082–83-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201082–83_140-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301-141">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301_141-0">137,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301_141-1">137,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301_141-2">137,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301_141-3">137,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301_141-4">137,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301_141-5">137,5</a> <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann (2007)</a>, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201083–84-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201083–84_142-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25_143-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxii, 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201084-144">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201084_144-0">140,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201084_144-1">140,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200473-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200473_145-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201084–85-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201084–85_146-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 84–85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201085-147">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201085_147-0">143,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201085_147-1">143,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201085–86-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201085–86_148-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 85–86. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25,_73-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25,_73_149-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxii, 25, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201089-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201089_150-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201090-151">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201090_151-0">147,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201090_151-1">147,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25–26-152">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25–26_152-0">148,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25–26_152-1">148,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25–26_152-2">148,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_25–26_152-3">148,3</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxii, 25–26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201090–91-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201090–91_153-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 90–91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200477-154">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200477_154-0">150,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200477_154-1">150,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200477_154-2">150,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200477_154-3">150,3</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201091–92-155"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201091–92_155-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201092-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201092_156-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201092–93-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201092–93_157-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 92–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201094,_142-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201094,_142_158-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 94, 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200426-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200426_159-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201094–95-160">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201094–95_160-0">156,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201094–95_160-1">156,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 94–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201095-161">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201095_161-0">157,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201095_161-1">157,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201095–96-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201095–96_162-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 95–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201096-163">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201096_163-0">159,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201096_163-1">159,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201097-164">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201097_164-0">160,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201097_164-1">160,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201097_164-2">160,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 97. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200427-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200427_165-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201097–98-166">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201097–98_166-0">162,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201097–98_166-1">162,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 97–98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200427–28-167">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200427–28_167-0">163,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200427–28_167-1">163,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 27–28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201098-168">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201098_168-0">164,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201098_168-1">164,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200433-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200433_169-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010133–134-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010133–134_170-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 133–134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201099-171">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201099_171-0">167,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201099_171-1">167,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201099_171-2">167,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201099_171-3">167,3</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200428-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200428_172-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_28-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_28_173-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxii, 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200428–29-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200428–29_174-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201099–100-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201099–100_175-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301–302-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007301–302_176-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann (2007)</a>, pp. 301–302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010100-177">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010100_177-0">173,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010100_177-1">173,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429-178">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429_178-0">174,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429_178-1">174,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429_178-2">174,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429_178-3">174,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200429_178-4">174,4</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_29-179">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_29_179-0">175,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_29_179-1">175,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxii, 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010100–101-180"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010100–101_180-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010129–130-181">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010129–130_181-0">177,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010129–130_181-1">177,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010130-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010130_182-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200465–66-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200465–66_183-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 65–66. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010130–131-184"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010130–131_184-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 130–131. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">↑</a> Plinius die ouere, Natural History <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D58">9.58</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200620043122/http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.02.0137%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D58">Geargiveer</a> 20 Junie 2020 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010132-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010132_186-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007302-187">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007302_187-0">183,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007302_187-1">183,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann (2007)</a>, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010134-188">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010134_188-0">184,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010134_188-1">184,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010134_188-2">184,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010134_188-3">184,3</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007302–303-189"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007302–303_189-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann (2007)</a>, pp. 302–303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303-190">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303_190-0">186,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303_190-1">186,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303_190-2">186,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303_190-3">186,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303_190-4">186,4</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303_190-5">186,5</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303_190-6">186,6</a> <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann (2007)</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010135-191">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010135_191-0">187,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010135_191-1">187,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010135_191-2">187,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010135_191-3">187,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010135_191-4">187,4</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430-192">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430_192-0">188,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430_192-1">188,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430_192-2">188,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430_192-3">188,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200430_192-4">188,4</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010136-193">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010136_193-0">189,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010136_193-1">189,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_30-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxii,_30_194-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxii, 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010136–137-196"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010136–137_196-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 136–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010137,_139-197"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010137,_139_197-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 137, 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303–304-198">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303–304_198-0">193,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303–304_198-1">193,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007303–304_198-2">193,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann (2007)</a>, pp. 303–304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010137-199">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010137_199-0">194,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010137_199-1">194,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010138-200">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010138_200-0">195,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010138_200-1">195,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010139-201">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010139_201-0">196,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010139_201-1">196,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010139–140-202"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010139–140_202-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 139–140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010140-203">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010140_203-0">198,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010140_203-1">198,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010140_203-2">198,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304-204">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304_204-0">199,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304_204-1">199,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304_204-2">199,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304_204-3">199,3</a> <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann (2007)</a>, p. 304. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010178–179-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010178–179_205-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 178–179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElia19563–7-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElia19563–7_206-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFElia1956">Elia (1956)</a>, pp. 3–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrambach1996312-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrambach1996312_207-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrambach1996">Brambach (1996)</a>, p. 312. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010141-208">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010141_208-0">203,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010141_208-1">203,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010141_208-2">203,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010142-209">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010142_209-0">204,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010142_209-1">204,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010142_209-2">204,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200431-210">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200431_210-0">205,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200431_210-1">205,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200431_210-2">205,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200431_210-3">205,3</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010142–143-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010142–143_211-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 142–143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010143-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010143_212-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxiii,_31-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxiii,_31_213-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxiii, 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010145-214">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010145_214-0">209,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010145_214-1">209,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010145_214-2">209,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010145_214-3">209,3</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2009153-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern2009153_215-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern2009">Southern (2009)</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006184-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006184_216-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones (2006)</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010146-217">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010146_217-0">212,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010146_217-1">212,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010146_217-2">212,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006185–186-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006185–186_218-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones (2006)</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2009155-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthern2009155_219-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthern2009">Southern (2009)</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010147-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010147_220-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 147. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010147–148-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010147–148_221-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 147–148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010148-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010148_222-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 148. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson200356-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAnderson200356_223-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnderson2003">Anderson (2003)</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010149–150-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010149–150_224-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESkeat195399–100-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESkeat195399–100_225-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFSkeat1953">Skeat (1953)</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010150–151-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010150–151_226-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 150–151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxiii,_1-227"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxiii,_1_227-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxiii, 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304–307-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBringmann2007304–307_228-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBringmann2007">Bringmann (2007)</a>, pp. 304–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2003139-229"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2003139_229-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2003">Roller (2003)</a>, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFerroukhi2001a219-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFerroukhi2001a219_230-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFerroukhi2001a">Ferroukhi (2001a)</a>, p. 219. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2003141–142-231"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2003141–142_231-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2003">Roller (2003)</a>, pp. 141–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker2001312–313-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker2001312–313_232-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2001">Walker (2001)</a>, pp. 312–313. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010153-233">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010153_233-0">228,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010153_233-1">228,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010153_233-2">228,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200432,_76–77-234">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200432,_76–77_234-0">229,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200432,_76–77_234-1">229,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 32, 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010153–154-235">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010153–154_235-0">230,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010153–154_235-1">230,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 153–154. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010154–155-236"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010154–155_236-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 154–155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010155-237">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010155_237-0">232,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010155_237-1">232,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200432,_77-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200432,_77_238-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 32, 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010155–156-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010155–156_239-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxiii,_32,_77–78-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein2004xxiii,_32,_77–78_240-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. xxiii, 32, 77–78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010151-241">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010151_241-0">236,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010151_241-1">236,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 151. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20107-242"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller20107_242-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20107–8-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller20107–8_243-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 7–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200467,_93-244"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200467,_93_244-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 67, 93. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20108-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller20108_245-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9-246">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9_246-0">241,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9_246-1">241,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9_246-2">241,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9_246-3">241,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller20108–9_246-4">241,4</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 8–9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200467-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200467_247-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGurval201166–70-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGurval201166–70_248-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGurval2011">Gurval (2011)</a>, pp. 66–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESabinoGross-Diaz2016-249">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabinoGross-Diaz2016_249-0">244,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESabinoGross-Diaz2016_249-1">244,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFSabinoGross-Diaz2016">Sabino & Gross-Diaz (2016)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2017a-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrout2017a_250-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrout2017a">Grout (2017a)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010174–175-251">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010174–175_251-0">246,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010174–175_251-1">246,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 174–175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPina_Polo2013185–186-252"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPina_Polo2013185–186_252-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFPina_Polo2013">Pina Polo (2013)</a>, pp. 185–186. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaiaSebesta2017-253">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaiaSebesta2017_253-0">248,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaiaSebesta2017_253-1">248,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaiaSebesta2017_253-2">248,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaiaSebesta2017_253-3">248,3</a> <a href="#CITEREFRaiaSebesta2017">Raia & Sebesta (2017)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2017-254">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2017_254-0">249,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2017_254-1">249,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalkerHiggs2017_254-2">249,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalkerHiggs2017">Walker & Higgs (2017)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrout2017b-255">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrout2017b_255-0">250,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrout2017b_255-1">250,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrout2017b">Grout (2017b)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010175-256">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010175_256-0">251,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010175_256-1">251,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010175_256-2">251,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 175. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200835,_42–44-257">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200835,_42–44_257-0">252,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200835,_42–44_257-1">252,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2008">Walker (2008)</a>, pp. 35, 42–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200843–44-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200843–44_258-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2008">Walker (2008)</a>, pp. 43–44. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008p._87,_image_plates_and_captions_between_pp._246–247-259"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher2008p._87,_image_plates_and_captions_between_pp._246–247_259-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 87, image plates and captions between pp. 246–247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010178-260">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010178_260-0">255,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010178_260-1">255,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010178_260-2">255,2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010178_260-3">255,3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010178_260-4">255,4</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaygill2009146-261">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaygill2009146_261-0">256,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaygill2009146_261-1">256,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaygill2009146_261-2">256,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaygill2009">Caygill (2009)</a>, p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200441–59-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200441–59_262-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2004">Walker (2004)</a>, pp. 41–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton200239-263">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton200239_263-0">258,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton200239_263-1">258,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshton2002">Ashton (2002)</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleiner200587-264"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleiner200587_264-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleiner2005">Kleiner (2005)</a>, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshton2001b165-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshton2001b165_265-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshton2001b">Ashton (2001b)</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011173–174-266">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011173–174_266-0">261,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011173–174_266-1">261,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFWykeMontserrat2011">Wyke & Montserrat (2011)</a>, pp. 173–174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPucci2011201-267"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPucci2011201_267-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFPucci2011">Pucci (2011)</a>, p. 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011173-268"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011173_268-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWykeMontserrat2011">Wyke & Montserrat (2011)</a>, p. 173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006260–263-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006260–263_269-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones (2006)</a>, pp. 260–263. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPucci2011198,_201-270"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPucci2011198,_201_270-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFPucci2011">Pucci (2011)</a>, pp. 198, 201. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006325-271"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006325_271-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones (2006)</a>, p. 325. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011172–173,_178-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011172–173,_178_272-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWykeMontserrat2011">Wyke & Montserrat (2011)</a>, pp. 172–173, 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011172–173-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWykeMontserrat2011172–173_273-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFWykeMontserrat2011">Wyke & Montserrat (2011)</a>, pp. 172–173. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPucci2011195-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPucci2011195_274-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFPucci2011">Pucci (2011)</a>, p. 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006xiii,_3,_279-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006xiii,_3,_279_275-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones (2006)</a>, pp. xiii, 3, 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein20043,_34,_36,_51-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein20043,_34,_36,_51_276-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 3, 34, 36, 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16,_164–166-277"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201015–16,_164–166_277-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 15–16, 164–166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones2006xiii-278"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones2006xiii_278-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFJones2006">Jones (2006)</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant19725-279">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant19725_279-0">274,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant19725_279-1">274,1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant19725_279-2">274,2</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1972">Grant (1972)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200856,_73-280">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200856,_73_280-0">275,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200856,_73_280-1">275,1</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, pp. 56, 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGing2016-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGing2016_281-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcGing2016">McGing (2016)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcher200873-282"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFletcher200873_282-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFFletcher2008">Fletcher (2008)</a>, p. 73. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurstein200469–70-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBurstein200469–70_283-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFBurstein2004">Burstein (2004)</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant19724-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrant19724_284-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrant1972">Grant (1972)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller2010165-285"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller2010165_285-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoller201018–19-286"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoller201018–19_286-0">↑</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoller2010">Roller (2010)</a>, pp. 18–19. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronne">Bronne</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Wysig afdeling: Bronne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Bronne">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aanlyn">Aanlyn</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Wysig afdeling: Aanlyn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Aanlyn">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li>Brown, Chip (July 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/07/Cleopatra/">"The Search for Cleopatra"</a>, National Geographic, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/07/Cleopatra/">https://www.nationalgeographic.com/magazine/2011/07/Cleopatra/</a>, besoek op 27 December 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Search+for+Cleopatra&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Chip&rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BChip&rft.date=July+2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fmagazine%2F2011%2F07%2FCleopatra%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Grout, James (1 April 2017a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/basalt.html">Basalt Statue of Cleopatra</a>, University of Chicago, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/basalt.html">http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/basalt.html</a>, besoek op 7 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basalt+Statue+of+Cleopatra&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Grout%2C%26%2332%3BJames&rft.date=1+April+2017a&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F%7Egrout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fmiscellanea%2Fcleopatra%2Fbasalt.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Grout, James (1 April 2017b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/bust.html">Was Cleopatra Beautiful?</a>, University of Chicago, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/bust.html">http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/cleopatra/bust.html</a>, besoek op 6 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Was+Cleopatra+Beautiful%3F&rft.aulast=Grout&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Grout%2C%26%2332%3BJames&rft.date=1+April+2017b&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F%7Egrout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fmiscellanea%2Fcleopatra%2Fbust.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Lendering, Jona (10 August 2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/apame-i/">Apame I</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/person/apame-i/">https://www.livius.org/articles/person/apame-i/</a>, besoek op 25 September 2020<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apame+I&rft.aulast=Lendering&rft.aufirst=Jona&rft.au=Lendering%2C%26%2332%3BJona&rft.date=10+August+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Fperson%2Fapame-i%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>McGing, Brian (20 September 2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pontus">PONTUS</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pontus">https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/pontus</a>, besoek op 21 October 2020<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=PONTUS&rft.aulast=McGing&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=McGing%2C%26%2332%3BBrian&rft.date=20+September+2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fpontus&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Muellner, Leonard, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171543/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/4817">A Poetic Etymology of Pietas in the Aeneid</a>, Center for Hellenic Studies, Harvard University, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/4817">the original</a> on 9 April 2018, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171543/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/4817">https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171543/https://chs.harvard.edu/CHS/article/display/4817</a>, besoek op 9 April 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Poetic+Etymology+of+Pietas+in+the+Aeneid&rft.aulast=Muellner&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft.au=Muellner%2C%26%2332%3BLeonard&rft.pub=Center+for+Hellenic+Studies%2C+Harvard+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180409171543%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fchs.harvard.edu%2FCHS%2Farticle%2Fdisplay%2F4817&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Plutarch (1920), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg058.perseus-eng1:54">Plutarch's Lives</a>, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press (Perseus Digital Library, Tufts University), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg058.perseus-eng1:54">https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg058.perseus-eng1:54</a>, besoek op 8 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plutarch%27s+Lives&rft.aulast=Plutarch&rft.au=Plutarch&rft.date=1920&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press+%28Perseus+Digital+Library%2C+Tufts+University%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.perseus.tufts.edu%2Fhopper%2Ftext%3Fdoc%3Durn%3Acts%3AgreekLit%3Atlg0007.tlg058.perseus-eng1%3A54&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920032651/http://www.saintraymond.toulouse.fr/Portrait-feminin-mere-de-Cleopatre_a629.html">Portrait féminin (mère de Cléopâtre ?)</a>, Musée Saint-Raymond, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://saintraymond.toulouse.fr/Portrait-feminin-mere-de-Cleopatre_a629.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920032651/http://www.saintraymond.toulouse.fr/Portrait-feminin-mere-de-Cleopatre_a629.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20150920032651/http://www.saintraymond.toulouse.fr/Portrait-feminin-mere-de-Cleopatre_a629.html</a>, besoek op 29 July 2021<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+f%C3%A9minin+%28m%C3%A8re+de+Cl%C3%A9op%C3%A2tre+%3F%29&rft.pub=Mus%C3%A9e+Saint-Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150920032651%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.saintraymond.toulouse.fr%2FPortrait-feminin-mere-de-Cleopatre_a629.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3">Radio 4 Programmes – A History of the World in 100 Objects, Empire Builders (300 BC – 1 AD), Rosetta Stone</a>, BBC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3">https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00sbrz3</a>, besoek op 7 June 2010.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+4+Programmes+%E2%80%93+A+History+of+the+World+in+100+Objects%2C+Empire+Builders+%28300+BC+%E2%80%93+1+AD%29%2C+Rosetta+Stone&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb00sbrz3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Raia, Ann R.; Sebesta, Judith Lynn (September 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.cnr.edu/home/sas/araia/state.html">The World of State</a>, College of New Rochelle, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www2.cnr.edu/home/sas/araia/state.html">https://www2.cnr.edu/home/sas/araia/state.html</a>, besoek op 6 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+State&rft.aulast=Raia&rft.aufirst=Ann+R.&rft.au=Raia%2C%26%2332%3BAnn+R.&rft.au=Sebesta%2C%26%2332%3BJudith+Lynn&rft.date=September+2017&rft.pub=College+of+New+Rochelle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.cnr.edu%2Fhome%2Fsas%2Faraia%2Fstate.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Groton, Anne Harmar, ed. (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/32565047">"Cleopatra Couldn't Spell (And Neither Can We!)"</a>, Ab Omni Parte Beatus: Classical Essays in Honor of James M. May, Mundelein, IL: Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers, pp. 201–220, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-86516-843-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-86516-843-5">978-0-86516-843-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/969973660">969973660</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.academia.edu/32565047">https://www.academia.edu/32565047</a>, besoek op 2 September 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Cleopatra+Couldn%27t+Spell+%28And+Neither+Can+We%21%29&rft.atitle=Ab+Omni+Parte+Beatus%3A+Classical+Essays+in+Honor+of+James+M.+May&rft.date=2017&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B201%E2%80%93220&rft.place=Mundelein%2C+IL&rft.pub=Bolchazy-Carducci+Publishers&rft_id=info:oclcnum/969973660&rft.isbn=978-0-86516-843-5&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Sabino, Rachel; Gross-Diaz, Theresa (2016), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.artic.edu/roman/api/epub/480/510/print_view">Cat. 22 Tetradrachm Portraying Queen Cleopatra VII</a>, Art Institute of Chicago, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.23475.22560">10.13140/RG.2.2.23475.22560</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://publications.artic.edu/roman/api/epub/480/510/print_view">https://publications.artic.edu/roman/api/epub/480/510/print_view</a>, besoek op 6 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cat.+22+Tetradrachm+Portraying+Queen+Cleopatra+VII&rft.aulast=Sabino&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Sabino%2C%26%2332%3BRachel&rft.au=Gross-Diaz%2C%26%2332%3BTheresa&rft.date=2016&rft.pub=Art+Institute+of+Chicago&rft_id=info:doi/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.23475.22560&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.artic.edu%2Froman%2Fapi%2Fepub%2F480%2F510%2Fprint_view&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Tyldesley, Joyce (6 December 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt">Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt">https://www.britannica.com/biography/Cleopatra-queen-of-Egypt</a>, besoek op 18 May 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%2C+Queen+of+Egypt&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft.au=Tyldesley%2C%26%2332%3BJoyce&rft.date=6+December+2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FCleopatra-queen-of-Egypt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=465561&partId=1">Portrait Head</a>, British Museum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=465561&partId=1">http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=465561&partId=1</a>, besoek op 6 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+Head&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Walker%2C%26%2332%3BSusan&rft.au=Higgs%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=2017&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D465561%26partId%3D1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_druk">In druk</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Wysig afdeling: In druk" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: In druk">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li>Anderson, Jaynie (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_zR2mHWPmoC">Tiepolo's Cleopatra</a>, Melbourne: Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-876832-44-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-876832-44-5">978-1-876832-44-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_zR2mHWPmoC">https://books.google.com/books?id=K_zR2mHWPmoC</a>, besoek op 15 November 2015.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tiepolo%27s+Cleopatra&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jaynie&rft.au=Anderson%2C%26%2332%3BJaynie&rft.date=2003&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.isbn=978-1-876832-44-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_zR2mHWPmoC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Ashton, Sally-Ann (2001a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/217">"194 Marble head of a Ptolemaic queen with vulture headdress"</a>, Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/217">217</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8">978-0-691-08835-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/217">https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/217</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=194+Marble+head+of+a+Ptolemaic+queen+with+vulture+headdress&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+of+Egypt%3A+from+History+to+Myth&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Sally-Ann&rft.au=Ashton%2C%26%2332%3BSally-Ann&rft.date=2001a&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatraofegypt0000unse%2Fpage%2F217+217%5D&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press+%28British+Museum+Press%29&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08835-8&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Ashton, Sally-Ann (2001b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/164">"163 Limestone head of Cleopatra VII"</a>, Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/164">164</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8">978-0-691-08835-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/164">https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/164</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=163+Limestone+head+of+Cleopatra+VII&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+of+Egypt%3A+from+History+to+Myth&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Sally-Ann&rft.au=Ashton%2C%26%2332%3BSally-Ann&rft.date=2001b&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatraofegypt0000unse%2Fpage%2F164+164%5D&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press+%28British+Museum+Press%29&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08835-8&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Ashton, Sally-Ann (Spring 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9keAQAAMAAJ">"Identifying the ROM's 'Cleopatra'"</a>, Rotunda: 36–39, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J9keAQAAMAAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=J9keAQAAMAAJ</a>, besoek op 27 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Identifying+the+ROM%27s+%27Cleopatra%27&rft.jtitle=Rotunda&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Sally-Ann&rft.au=Ashton%2C%26%2332%3BSally-Ann&rft.date=Spring+2002&rft.pages=36%E2%80%9339&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ9keAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Ashton, Sally-Ann (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RD5yAAAAMAAJ">Cleopatra and Egypt</a>, Oxford: Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4051-1390-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4051-1390-8">978-1-4051-1390-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RD5yAAAAMAAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=RD5yAAAAMAAJ</a>, besoek op 18 June 2020.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra+and+Egypt&rft.aulast=Ashton&rft.aufirst=Sally-Ann&rft.au=Ashton%2C%26%2332%3BSally-Ann&rft.date=2008&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1390-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRD5yAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Bivar, A.D.H. (1983), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA21">"The Political History of Iran Under the Arsacids"</a>, in Yarshater, Ehsan, Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3(1): The Seleucid, Parthian, and Sasanian periods, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 21–99, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-20092-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-20092-9">978-0-521-20092-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA21">https://books.google.com/books?id=Ko_RafMSGLkC&pg=PA21</a>, besoek op 19 April 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Political+History+of+Iran+Under+the+Arsacids&rft.atitle=Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+3%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian%2C+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.aulast=Bivar&rft.aufirst=A.D.H.&rft.au=Bivar%2C%26%2332%3BA.D.H.&rft.date=1983&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B21%E2%80%9399&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20092-9&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Bradford, Ernle (2000), Cleopatra, Penguin Group, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-14-139014-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-14-139014-7">978-0-14-139014-7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=Ernle&rft.au=Bradford%2C%26%2332%3BErnle&rft.date=2000&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.isbn=978-0-14-139014-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Brambach, Joachim (1996), Kleopatra, Munich: Diederichs, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3-424-01239-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/3-424-01239-4">3-424-01239-4</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kleopatra&rft.aulast=Brambach&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Brambach%2C%26%2332%3BJoachim&rft.date=1996&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Diederichs&rft.isbn=3-424-01239-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Bringmann, Klaus (2007) (in en), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9780745633701">A History of the Roman Republic</a>, Cambridge: Polity Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7456-3371-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7456-3371-8">978-0-7456-3371-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9780745633701">http://politybooks.com/bookdetail/?isbn=9780745633701</a>, besoek op 7 June 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.aulast=Bringmann&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Bringmann%2C%26%2332%3BKlaus&rft.date=2007&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-3371-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitybooks.com%2Fbookdetail%2F%3Fisbn%3D9780745633701&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Brosius, Maria (2006), The Persians: An Introduction, London & New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-32089-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-32089-4">978-0-415-32089-4</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Persians%3A+An+Introduction&rft.aulast=Brosius&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Brosius%2C%26%2332%3BMaria&rft.date=2006&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32089-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Burstein, Stanley M. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ReignOfCleopatra/Reign%20of%20cleopatra_djvu.txt">The Reign of Cleopatra</a>, Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-313-32527-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-313-32527-4">978-0-313-32527-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/ReignOfCleopatra/Reign%20of%20cleopatra_djvu.txt">https://archive.org/stream/ReignOfCleopatra/Reign%20of%20cleopatra_djvu.txt</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reign+of+Cleopatra&rft.aulast=Burstein&rft.aufirst=Stanley+M.&rft.au=Burstein%2C%26%2332%3BStanley+M.&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-313-32527-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FReignOfCleopatra%2FReign%2520of%2520cleopatra_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Caygill, Marjorie (2009), Treasures of the British Museum, London: British Museum Press (Trustees of the British Museum), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7141-5062-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7141-5062-8">978-0-7141-5062-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+the+British+Museum&rft.aulast=Caygill&rft.aufirst=Marjorie&rft.au=Caygill%2C%26%2332%3BMarjorie&rft.date=2009&rft.place=London&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press+%28Trustees+of+the+British+Museum%29&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-5062-8&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Chauveau, Michel (2000) (in en), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5U-8b-fVNgC">Egypt in the Age of Cleopatra: History and Society Under the Ptolemies</a>, Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8014-8576-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8014-8576-3">978-0-8014-8576-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5U-8b-fVNgC">https://books.google.com/books?id=a5U-8b-fVNgC</a>, besoek op 12 April 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Egypt+in+the+Age+of+Cleopatra%3A+History+and+Society+Under+the+Ptolemies&rft.aulast=Chauveau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.au=Chauveau%2C%26%2332%3BMichel&rft.date=2000&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8576-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5U-8b-fVNgC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Crawford, Michael (1974), The Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-07492-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-521-07492-6">978-0-521-07492-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Republican+Coinage&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Crawford%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.date=1974&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-521-07492-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Curtius, Ludwig (1933), "Ikonographische Beitrage zum Portrar der romischen Republik und der Julisch-Claudischen Familie" (in de), RM 48: 182–243, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/633408511">633408511</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ikonographische+Beitrage+zum+Portrar+der+romischen+Republik+und+der+Julisch-Claudischen+Familie&rft.jtitle=RM&rft.aulast=Curtius&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft.au=Curtius%2C%26%2332%3BLudwig&rft.date=1933&rft.volume=48&rft.pages=182%E2%80%93243&rft_id=info:oclcnum/633408511&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>DeMaria Smith, Margaret Mary (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC">"HRH Cleopatra: the Last of the Ptolemies and the Egyptian Paintings of Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema"</a>, Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 150–171, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24367-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24367-5">978-0-520-24367-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC">https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=HRH+Cleopatra%3A+the+Last+of+the+Ptolemies+and+the+Egyptian+Paintings+of+Sir+Lawrence+Alma-Tadema&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+%3A+a+sphinx+revisited&rft.aulast=DeMaria+Smith&rft.aufirst=Margaret+Mary&rft.au=DeMaria+Smith%2C%26%2332%3BMargaret+Mary&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B150%E2%80%93171&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24367-5&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Dodson, Aidan; Hilton, Dyan (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/AidanDodsonTheCompleteRoyalFamiliesOfAncientEgypt/">The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt</a>, London: Thames & Hudson, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-500-05128-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-500-05128-3">978-0-500-05128-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/AidanDodsonTheCompleteRoyalFamiliesOfAncientEgypt/">https://archive.org/stream/AidanDodsonTheCompleteRoyalFamiliesOfAncientEgypt/</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Royal+Families+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Dodson&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft.au=Dodson%2C%26%2332%3BAidan&rft.au=Hilton%2C%26%2332%3BDyan&rft.date=2004&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.isbn=978-0-500-05128-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FAidanDodsonTheCompleteRoyalFamiliesOfAncientEgypt%2F&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Dudley, Donald (1960), The Civilization of Rome, New York: New American Library, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-258-45054-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-258-45054-0">978-1-258-45054-0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+Rome&rft.aulast=Dudley&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Dudley%2C%26%2332%3BDonald&rft.date=1960&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+American+Library&rft.isbn=978-1-258-45054-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Elia, Olga (1956), "La tradizione della morte di Cleopatra nella pittura pompeiana" (in it), Rendiconti dell'Accademia di Archeologia, Lettere e Belle Arti 30: 3–7, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/848857115">848857115</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=La+tradizione+della+morte+di+Cleopatra+nella+pittura+pompeiana&rft.jtitle=Rendiconti+dell%27Accademia+di+Archeologia%2C+Lettere+e+Belle+Arti&rft.aulast=Elia&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft.au=Elia%2C%26%2332%3BOlga&rft.date=1956&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=3%E2%80%937&rft_id=info:oclcnum/848857115&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Ferroukhi, Mafoud (2001a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/219">"197 Marble portrait, perhaps of Cleopatra VII's daughter, Cleopatra Selene, Queen of Mauretania"</a>, Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/219">219</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8">978-0-691-08835-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/219">https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/219</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=197+Marble+portrait%2C+perhaps+of+Cleopatra+VII%27s+daughter%2C+Cleopatra+Selene%2C+Queen+of+Mauretania&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+of+Egypt%3A+from+History+to+Myth&rft.aulast=Ferroukhi&rft.aufirst=Mafoud&rft.au=Ferroukhi%2C%26%2332%3BMafoud&rft.date=2001a&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatraofegypt0000unse%2Fpage%2F219+219%5D&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press+%28British+Museum+Press%29&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08835-8&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Ferroukhi, Mafoud (2001b), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/242">"262 Veiled head from a marble portrait statue"</a>, Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/242">242</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8">978-0-691-08835-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/242">https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/242</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=262+Veiled+head+from+a+marble+portrait+statue&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+of+Egypt%3A+from+History+to+Myth&rft.aulast=Ferroukhi&rft.aufirst=Mafoud&rft.au=Ferroukhi%2C%26%2332%3BMafoud&rft.date=2001b&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatraofegypt0000unse%2Fpage%2F242+242%5D&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press+%28British+Museum+Press%29&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08835-8&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Fletcher, Joann (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatragreatwo00flet">Cleopatra the Great: The Woman Behind the Legend</a>, New York: Harper, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-06-058558-7" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-06-058558-7">978-0-06-058558-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatragreatwo00flet">https://archive.org/details/cleopatragreatwo00flet</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra+the+Great%3A+The+Woman+Behind+the+Legend&rft.aulast=Fletcher&rft.aufirst=Joann&rft.au=Fletcher%2C%26%2332%3BJoann&rft.date=2008&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper&rft.isbn=978-0-06-058558-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatragreatwo00flet&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Goldsworthy, Adrian Keith (2010), Antony and Cleopatra, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-300-16534-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-300-16534-0">978-0-300-16534-0</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antony+and+Cleopatra&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian+Keith&rft.au=Goldsworthy%2C%26%2332%3BAdrian+Keith&rft.date=2010&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16534-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> .</li> <li>Grant, Michael (1972), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.524570/2015.524570.Cleopatra#page/n1/mode/2up">Cleopatra</a>, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson; Richard Clay (the Chaucer Press), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-297-99502-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-297-99502-9">978-0-297-99502-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.524570/2015.524570.Cleopatra#page/n1/mode/2up">https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.524570/2015.524570.Cleopatra#page/n1/mode/2up</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Grant%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.date=1972&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+and+Nicolson%3B+Richard+Clay+%28the+Chaucer+Press%29&rft.isbn=978-0-297-99502-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.524570%2F2015.524570.Cleopatra%23page%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Gurval, Robert A. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC">"Dying Like a Queen: the Story of Cleopatra and the Asp(s) in Antiquity"</a>, Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 54–77, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24367-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24367-5">978-0-520-24367-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC">https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Dying+Like+a+Queen%3A+the+Story+of+Cleopatra+and+the+Asp%28s%29+in+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+%3A+a+sphinx+revisited&rft.aulast=Gurval&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft.au=Gurval%2C%26%2332%3BRobert+A.&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B54%E2%80%9377&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24367-5&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Higgs, Peter (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/200">"Searching for Cleopatra's image: classical portraits in stone"</a>, Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/200">200–209</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8">978-0-691-08835-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/200">https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/200</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Searching+for+Cleopatra%27s+image%3A+classical+portraits+in+stone&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+of+Egypt%3A+from+History+to+Myth&rft.aulast=Higgs&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Higgs%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatraofegypt0000unse%2Fpage%2F200+200%E2%80%93209%5D&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press+%28British+Museum+Press%29&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08835-8&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Holt, Frank L. (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSA4AAAAIAAJ">Alexander the Great and Bactria: the Formation of a Greek Frontier in Central Asia</a>, Leiden: E.J. Brill, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-04-08612-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-04-08612-8">978-90-04-08612-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VSA4AAAAIAAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=VSA4AAAAIAAJ</a>, besoek op 30 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alexander+the+Great+and+Bactria%3A+the+Formation+of+a+Greek+Frontier+in+Central+Asia&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Frank+L.&rft.au=Holt%2C%26%2332%3BFrank+L.&rft.date=1989&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08612-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVSA4AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Hölbl, Günther (2001), A History of the Ptolemaic Empire, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-20145-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-20145-2">978-0-415-20145-2</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Ptolemaic+Empire&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6lbl&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rft.au=H%C3%B6lbl%2C%26%2332%3BG%C3%BCnther&rft.date=2001&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-20145-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Hsia, Chih-tsing (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5skzCgAAQBAJ">C.T. Hsia on Chinese Literature</a>, New York: Columbia University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-231-12990-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-231-12990-9">978-0-231-12990-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5skzCgAAQBAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=5skzCgAAQBAJ</a>, besoek op 29 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C.T.+Hsia+on+Chinese+Literature&rft.aulast=Hsia&rft.aufirst=Chih-tsing&rft.au=Hsia%2C%26%2332%3BChih-tsing&rft.date=2004&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12990-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5skzCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Jeffreys, David (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWSGAgAAQBAJ">"Memphis"</a>, in Bard, Kathryn A., Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, London: Routledge, pp. 488–490, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-18589-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-18589-9">978-0-415-18589-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWSGAgAAQBAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=AWSGAgAAQBAJ</a>, besoek op 2 November 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Memphis&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Jeffreys&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Jeffreys%2C%26%2332%3BDavid&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B488%E2%80%93490&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18589-9&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Johnson, Janet H. (1999), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWSGAgAAQBAJ">"Late and Ptolemaic periods, overview"</a>, in Bard, Kathryn A., Encyclopedia of the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt, London: Routledge, pp. 66–72, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-18589-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-18589-9">978-0-415-18589-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AWSGAgAAQBAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=AWSGAgAAQBAJ</a>, besoek op 2 November 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Late+and+Ptolemaic+periods%2C+overview&rft.atitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Archaeology+of+Ancient+Egypt&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Janet+H.&rft.au=Johnson%2C%26%2332%3BJanet+H.&rft.date=1999&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B66%E2%80%9372&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18589-9&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Jones, Prudence J. (2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQZB28EegT4C">Cleopatra: a sourcebook</a>, Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8061-3741-4" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8061-3741-4">978-0-8061-3741-4</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GQZB28EegT4C">https://books.google.com/books?id=GQZB28EegT4C</a>, besoek op 27 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+a+sourcebook&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Prudence+J.&rft.au=Jones%2C%26%2332%3BPrudence+J.&rft.date=2006&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3741-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGQZB28EegT4C&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Kennedy, David L. (1996), "Parthia and Rome: eastern perspectives", The Roman Army in the East, Ann Arbor: Cushing Malloy Inc., Journal of Roman Archaeology: Supplementary Series Number Eighteen, pp. 67–90, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-887829-18-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-887829-18-2">978-1-887829-18-2</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Parthia+and+Rome%3A+eastern+perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Roman+Army+in+the+East&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.au=Kennedy%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+L.&rft.date=1996&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B67%E2%80%9390&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=Cushing+Malloy+Inc.%2C+Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology%3A+Supplementary+Series+Number+Eighteen&rft.isbn=978-1-887829-18-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Kleiner, Diana E. E. (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkwEQAyx3_4C">Cleopatra and Rome</a>, Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-674-01905-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-674-01905-8">978-0-674-01905-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NkwEQAyx3_4C">https://books.google.com/books?id=NkwEQAyx3_4C</a>, besoek op 6 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra+and+Rome&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Diana+E.+E.&rft.au=Kleiner%2C%26%2332%3BDiana+E.+E.&rft.date=2005&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01905-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNkwEQAyx3_4C&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Lippold, Georg (1936) (in de), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arachne.uni-koeln.de/item/buch/975">Die Skulpturen des Vaticanischen Museums</a>, 3, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/803204281">803204281</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://arachne.uni-koeln.de/item/buch/975">http://arachne.uni-koeln.de/item/buch/975</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Skulpturen+des+Vaticanischen+Museums&rft.aulast=Lippold&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft.au=Lippold%2C%26%2332%3BGeorg&rft.date=1936&rft.volume=3&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+%26+Co.&rft_id=info:oclcnum/803204281&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farachne.uni-koeln.de%2Fitem%2Fbuch%2F975&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Meadows, Andrew; Ashton, Sally-Ann (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/178">"186 Bronze coin of Cleopatra VII"</a>, Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/178">178</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8">978-0-691-08835-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/178">https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/178</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=186+Bronze+coin+of+Cleopatra+VII&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+of+Egypt%3A+from+History+to+Myth&rft.aulast=Meadows&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Meadows%2C%26%2332%3BAndrew&rft.au=Ashton%2C%26%2332%3BSally-Ann&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=p.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatraofegypt0000unse%2Fpage%2F178+178%5D&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press+%28British+Museum+Press%29&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08835-8&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Newman, Robert (1990), "A Dialogue of Power in the Coinage of Antony and Octavian (44–30 B.C.)", American Journal of Numismatics 2: 37–63.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Dialogue+of+Power+in+the+Coinage+of+Antony+and+Octavian+%2844%E2%80%9330+B.C.%29&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Numismatics&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Newman%2C%26%2332%3BRobert&rft.date=1990&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=37%E2%80%9363&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Pfrommer, Michael; Towne-Markus, Elana (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/0892366338.html">Greek Gold from Hellenistic Egypt</a>, Getty Museum Studies on Art, Los Angeles: Getty Publications (J. Paul Getty Trust), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-89236-633-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-89236-633-0">978-0-89236-633-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/0892366338.html">http://www.getty.edu/publications/virtuallibrary/0892366338.html</a>, besoek op 22 June 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greek+Gold+from+Hellenistic+Egypt&rft.aulast=Pfrommer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Pfrommer%2C%26%2332%3BMichael&rft.au=Towne-Markus%2C%26%2332%3BElana&rft.date=2001&rft.series=Getty+Museum+Studies+on+Art&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pub=Getty+Publications+%28J.+Paul+Getty+Trust%29&rft.isbn=978-0-89236-633-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.getty.edu%2Fpublications%2Fvirtuallibrary%2F0892366338.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Pina Polo, Francisco (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uaIdAAAAQBAJ">"The Great Seducer: Cleopatra, Queen and Sex Symbol"</a>, Seduction and Power: Antiquity in the Visual and Performing Arts, London: Bloomsbury Academic, pp. 183–197, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4411-9065-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4411-9065-9">978-1-4411-9065-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uaIdAAAAQBAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=uaIdAAAAQBAJ</a>, besoek op 9 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Great+Seducer%3A+Cleopatra%2C+Queen+and+Sex+Symbol&rft.atitle=Seduction+and+Power%3A+Antiquity+in+the+Visual+and+Performing+Arts&rft.aulast=Pina+Polo&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rft.au=Pina+Polo%2C%26%2332%3BFrancisco&rft.date=2013&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B183%E2%80%93197&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-9065-9&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Plant, Ian Michael (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJpGIrUUPPMC&dq=%22cleopatra+the+physician%22&pg=PA135">"39. Cleopatra (fl. after AD 64)"</a> (in en), Women Writers of Ancient Greece and Rome: An Anthology, Equinox, pp. 135–144, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-904768-02-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-904768-02-9">978-1-904768-02-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJpGIrUUPPMC&dq=%22cleopatra+the+physician%22&pg=PA135">https://books.google.com/books?id=rJpGIrUUPPMC&dq=%22cleopatra+the+physician%22&pg=PA135</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=39.+Cleopatra+%28fl.+after+AD+64%29&rft.atitle=Women+Writers+of+Ancient+Greece+and+Rome%3A+An+Anthology&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=Ian+Michael&rft.au=Plant%2C%26%2332%3BIan+Michael&rft.date=2004&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B135%E2%80%93144&rft.pub=Equinox&rft.isbn=978-1-904768-02-9&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Pratt, Frances; Fizel, Becca (1949), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020374446;view=1up;seq=23;size=125">Encaustic Materials and Methods</a>, New York: Lear Publishers, <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/560769">560769</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020374446;view=1up;seq=23;size=125">https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015020374446;view=1up;seq=23;size=125</a>, besoek op 7 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encaustic+Materials+and+Methods&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft.au=Pratt%2C%26%2332%3BFrances&rft.au=Fizel%2C%26%2332%3BBecca&rft.date=1949&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lear+Publishers&rft_id=info:oclcnum/560769&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015020374446%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D23%3Bsize%3D125&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Preston, Diana (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WZQ27r3TUQC">Cleopatra and Antony: Power, Love, and Politics in the Ancient World</a>, New York: Walker and Company, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8027-1738-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8027-1738-2">978-0-8027-1738-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0WZQ27r3TUQC">https://books.google.com/books?id=0WZQ27r3TUQC</a>, besoek op 18 June 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra+and+Antony%3A+Power%2C+Love%2C+and+Politics+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft.au=Preston%2C%26%2332%3BDiana&rft.date=2009&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Walker+and+Company&rft.isbn=978-0-8027-1738-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0WZQ27r3TUQC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Pucci, Giuseppe (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC">"Every Man's Cleopatra"</a>, Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 195–207, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24367-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24367-5">978-0-520-24367-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC">https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Every+Man%27s+Cleopatra&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+%3A+a+sphinx+revisited&rft.aulast=Pucci&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft.au=Pucci%2C%26%2332%3BGiuseppe&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B195%E2%80%93207&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24367-5&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Roller, Duane W. (2003), The World of Juba II and Kleopatra Selene: Royal Scholarship on Rome's African Frontier, New York: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-30596-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-30596-9">978-0-415-30596-9</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Juba+II+and+Kleopatra+Selene%3A+Royal+Scholarship+on+Rome%27s+African+Frontier&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rft.au=Roller%2C%26%2332%3BDuane+W.&rft.date=2003&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-30596-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Roller, Duane W. (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatrabiograp00roll_0">Cleopatra: a biography</a>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-536553-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-536553-5">978-0-19-536553-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatrabiograp00roll_0">https://archive.org/details/cleopatrabiograp00roll_0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+a+biography&rft.aulast=Roller&rft.aufirst=Duane+W.&rft.au=Roller%2C%26%2332%3BDuane+W.&rft.date=2010&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-19-536553-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatrabiograp00roll_0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Rowland, Ingrid D. (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC">"The Amazing Afterlife of Cleopatra's Love Potions"</a>, Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 132–149, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24367-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24367-5">978-0-520-24367-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC">https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=The+Amazing+Afterlife+of+Cleopatra%27s+Love+Potions&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+%3A+a+sphinx+revisited&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Ingrid+D.&rft.au=Rowland%2C%26%2332%3BIngrid+D.&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B132%E2%80%93149&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24367-5&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Royster, Francesca T. (2003), Becoming Cleopatra: The Shifting Image of an Icon, New York: Palgrave MacMillan, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4039-6109-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-4039-6109-9">978-1-4039-6109-9</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+Cleopatra%3A+The+Shifting+Image+of+an+Icon&rft.aulast=Royster&rft.aufirst=Francesca+T.&rft.au=Royster%2C%26%2332%3BFrancesca+T.&rft.date=2003&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6109-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Sartain, John (1885), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924008637112#page/n7/mode/1up">On the Antique Painting in Encaustic of Cleopatra: Discovered in 1818</a>, Philadelphia: George Gebbie & Co., <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3806143">3806143</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924008637112#page/n7/mode/1up">https://archive.org/stream/cu31924008637112#page/n7/mode/1up</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Antique+Painting+in+Encaustic+of+Cleopatra%3A+Discovered+in+1818&rft.aulast=Sartain&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sartain%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=1885&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=George+Gebbie+%26+Co.&rft_id=info:oclcnum/3806143&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924008637112%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Schiff, Stacy (2011), Cleopatra: A Life, UK: Random House, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7535-3956-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7535-3956-9">978-0-7535-3956-9</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+A+Life&rft.aulast=Schiff&rft.aufirst=Stacy&rft.au=Schiff%2C%26%2332%3BStacy&rft.date=2011&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.isbn=978-0-7535-3956-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Skeat, T. C. (1953), "The Last Days of Cleopatra: A Chronological Problem", The Journal of Roman Studies 43 (1–2): 98–100, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2307%2F297786">10.2307/297786</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Last+Days+of+Cleopatra%3A+A+Chronological+Problem&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.aulast=Skeat&rft.aufirst=T.+C.&rft.au=Skeat%2C%26%2332%3BT.+C.&rft.date=1953&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=98%E2%80%93100&rft_id=info:doi/10.2307%2F297786&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Southern, Patricia (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QsiAQAAQBAJ">Augustus</a> (2nd ed.), London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-62838-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-62838-9">978-0-415-62838-9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QsiAQAAQBAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=9QsiAQAAQBAJ</a>, besoek op 19 April 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augustus&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Southern%2C%26%2332%3BPatricia&rft.date=2014&rft.edition=2nd&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-62838-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9QsiAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Southern, Patricia (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQaLPAAIzzkC">Antony and Cleopatra: The Doomed Love Affair That United Ancient Rome and Egypt</a>, Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-84868-324-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-84868-324-2">978-1-84868-324-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aQaLPAAIzzkC">https://books.google.com/books?id=aQaLPAAIzzkC</a>, besoek op 22 April 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antony+and+Cleopatra%3A+The+Doomed+Love+Affair+That+United+Ancient+Rome+and+Egypt&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Southern%2C%26%2332%3BPatricia&rft.date=2009&rft.place=Stroud%2C+Gloucestershire&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-1-84868-324-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaQaLPAAIzzkC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Varner, Eric R. (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5IpPhTqnDJkC">Mutilation and Transformation: Damnatio Memoriae and Roman Imperial Portraiture</a>, Leiden: Brill, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-04-13577-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-90-04-13577-2">978-90-04-13577-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5IpPhTqnDJkC">https://books.google.com/books?id=5IpPhTqnDJkC</a>, besoek op 6 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutilation+and+Transformation%3A+Damnatio+Memoriae+and+Roman+Imperial+Portraiture&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft.au=Varner%2C%26%2332%3BEric+R.&rft.date=2004&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13577-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5IpPhTqnDJkC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Walker, Susan (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jrrAAAAMAAJ">The Portland Vase</a>, British Museum Objects in Focus, British Museum Press, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7141-5022-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7141-5022-2">978-0-7141-5022-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jrrAAAAMAAJ">https://books.google.com/books?id=8jrrAAAAMAAJ</a>, besoek op 27 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Portland+Vase&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Walker%2C%26%2332%3BSusan&rft.date=2004&rft.series=British+Museum+Objects+in+Focus&rft.pub=British+Museum+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-5022-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jrrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Walker, Susan (2008), "Cleopatra in Pompeii?", Papers of the British School at Rome 76: 35–46, 345–348, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068246200000404">10.1017/S0068246200000404</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+in+Pompeii%3F&rft.jtitle=Papers+of+the+British+School+at+Rome&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Walker%2C%26%2332%3BSusan&rft.date=2008&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=35%E2%80%9346%2C+345%E2%80%93348&rft_id=info:doi/10.1017%2FS0068246200000404&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Walker, Susan (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/312">"324 Gilded silver dish, decorated with a bust perhaps representing Cleopatra Selene"</a>, Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/312">312–313</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8">978-0-691-08835-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/312">https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/312</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=324+Gilded+silver+dish%2C+decorated+with+a+bust+perhaps+representing+Cleopatra+Selene&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+of+Egypt%3A+from+History+to+Myth&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Walker%2C%26%2332%3BSusan&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatraofegypt0000unse%2Fpage%2F312+312%E2%80%93313%5D&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press+%28British+Museum+Press%29&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08835-8&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Walker, Susan; Higgs, Peter (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/314">"325 Painting with a portrait of a woman in profile"</a>, Cleopatra of Egypt: from History to Myth, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press (British Museum Press), pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/314">314–315</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-691-08835-8">978-0-691-08835-8</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/314">https://archive.org/details/cleopatraofegypt0000unse/page/314</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=325+Painting+with+a+portrait+of+a+woman+in+profile&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+of+Egypt%3A+from+History+to+Myth&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft.au=Walker%2C%26%2332%3BSusan&rft.au=Higgs%2C%26%2332%3BPeter&rft.date=2001&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatraofegypt0000unse%2Fpage%2F314+314%E2%80%93315%5D&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press+%28British+Museum+Press%29&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08835-8&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Whitehorne, John (1994), Cleopatras, London: Routledge, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-05806-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-415-05806-3">978-0-415-05806-3</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatras&rft.aulast=Whitehorne&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Whitehorne%2C%26%2332%3BJohn&rft.date=1994&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05806-3&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Woodstra, Chris; Brennan, Gerald; Schrott, Allen (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlDOICBmhbkC">All Music Guide to Classical Music: The Definitive Guide to Classical Music</a>, Ann Arbor, MI: All Media Guide (Backbeat Books), <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-87930-865-0" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-87930-865-0">978-0-87930-865-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nlDOICBmhbkC">https://books.google.com/books?id=nlDOICBmhbkC</a>, besoek op 27 March 2018.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Music+Guide+to+Classical+Music%3A+The+Definitive+Guide+to+Classical+Music&rft.aulast=Woodstra&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Woodstra%2C%26%2332%3BChris&rft.au=Brennan%2C%26%2332%3BGerald&rft.au=Schrott%2C%26%2332%3BAllen&rft.date=2005&rft.place=Ann+Arbor%2C+MI&rft.pub=All+Media+Guide+%28Backbeat+Books%29&rft.isbn=978-0-87930-865-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnlDOICBmhbkC&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li> <li>Wyke, Maria; Montserrat, Dominic (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC">"Glamour Girls: Cleomania in Mass Culture"</a>, Cleopatra : a sphinx revisited, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 172–194, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24367-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-520-24367-5">978-0-520-24367-5</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC">https://books.google.com/books?id=ND9DQF2mOnkC</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Glamour+Girls%3A+Cleomania+in+Mass+Culture&rft.atitle=Cleopatra+%3A+a+sphinx+revisited&rft.aulast=Wyke&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Wyke%2C%26%2332%3BMaria&rft.au=Montserrat%2C%26%2332%3BDominic&rft.date=2011&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B172%E2%80%93194&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24367-5&rft_id=&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Cleopatra_VII"> </li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nog_leesstof">Nog leesstof</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Wysig afdeling: Nog leesstof" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Nog leesstof">wysig bron</a>]</div> <div style="font-size:90%; -moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;margin-left:1.5em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFChauveau2004" class="citation book cs1">Chauveau, Michel (2004). Cleopatra: Beyond the Myth. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8014-8953-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8014-8953-2"><bdi>978-0-8014-8953-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+Beyond+the+Myth&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8953-2&rft.aulast=Chauveau&rft.aufirst=Michel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFlamarion1997" class="citation book cs1">Flamarion, Edith (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatralifedea00flam">Cleopatra: The Life and Death of a Pharaoh</a>. "Abrams Discoveries" series. Vertaal deur Bonfante-Warren, Alexandra. New York: Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8109-2805-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8109-2805-3"><bdi>978-0-8109-2805-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+a+Pharaoh&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=%22Abrams+Discoveries%22+series&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-2805-3&rft.aulast=Flamarion&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatralifedea00flam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFoss1999" class="citation book cs1">Foss, Michael (1999). The Search for Cleopatra. Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-55970-503-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-55970-503-5"><bdi>978-1-55970-503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+Cleopatra&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-503-5&rft.aulast=Foss&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFFraser1985" class="citation book cs1">Fraser, P.M. (1985). Ptolemaic Alexandria. Vol. 1–3 (reprint uitg.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-814278-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-19-814278-2"><bdi>978-0-19-814278-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ptolemaic+Alexandria&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814278-2&rft.aulast=Fraser&rft.aufirst=P.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFLindsay1972" class="citation book cs1">Lindsay, Jack (1972). Cleopatra. New York: Coward-McCann. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/671705946">671705946</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Coward-McCann&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F671705946&rft.aulast=Lindsay&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFHughes-Hallett1991" class="citation book cs1">Hughes-Hallett, Lucy (1991). Cleopatra: Histories, Dreams and Distortions. HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0060920937" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0060920937"><bdi>978-0060920937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+Histories%2C+Dreams+and+Distortions&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0060920937&rft.aulast=Hughes-Hallett&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFNardo1994" class="citation book cs1">Nardo, Don (1994). Cleopatra. Lucent Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-56006-023-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-56006-023-9"><bdi>978-1-56006-023-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra&rft.pub=Lucent+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56006-023-9&rft.aulast=Nardo&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFPomeroy1984" class="citation book cs1">Pomeroy, Sarah B. (1984). Women in Hellenistic Egypt: from Alexander to Cleopatra. New York: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8052-3911-9" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-8052-3911-9"><bdi>978-0-8052-3911-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Hellenistic+Egypt%3A+from+Alexander+to+Cleopatra&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-3911-9&rft.aulast=Pomeroy&rft.aufirst=Sarah+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSamson1990" class="citation book cs1">Samson, Julia (1990). Nefertiti & Cleopatra. Stacey International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-948695-18-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-948695-18-6"><bdi>978-0-948695-18-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nefertiti+%26+Cleopatra&rft.pub=Stacey+International&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-948695-18-6&rft.aulast=Samson&rft.aufirst=Julia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2000" class="citation book cs1">Southern, Pat (2000). Cleopatra. Tempus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7524-1494-2" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-7524-1494-2"><bdi>978-0-7524-1494-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra&rft.pub=Tempus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-1494-2&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1962" class="citation book cs1">Syme, Ronald (1962) [1939]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/romanrevolution0000syme">The Roman Revolution</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/404094">404094</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Revolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F404094&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fromanrevolution0000syme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFTyldesley2008" class="citation book cs1">Tyldesley, Joyce (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cleopatralastque00joyc">Cleopatra: Last Queen of Egypt</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-465-01892-5" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-0-465-01892-5"><bdi>978-0-465-01892-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+Last+Queen+of+Egypt&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-465-01892-5&rft.aulast=Tyldesley&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcleopatralastque00joyc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFVolkmann1958" class="citation book cs1">Volkmann, Hans (1958). Cleopatra: a Study in Politics and Propaganda. T.J. Cadoux, trans. New York: Sagamore Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/899077769">899077769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+a+Study+in+Politics+and+Propaganda&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sagamore+Press&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F899077769&rft.aulast=Volkmann&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWatterson2020" class="citation book cs1">Watterson, Barbara (2020). Cleopatra: Fact and Fiction. Amberley Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-445-66965-6" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-1-445-66965-6"><bdi>978-1-445-66965-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleopatra%3A+Fact+and+Fiction&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-445-66965-6&rft.aulast=Watterson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFWeigall1914" class="citation book cs1">Weigall, Arthur E. P. Brome (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ajl1424.0001.001.umich.edu">The Life and Times of Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt</a>. Edinburgh: Blackwood. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/316294139">316294139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Cleopatra%2C+Queen+of+Egypt&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Blackwood&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F316294139&rft.aulast=Weigall&rft.aufirst=Arthur+E.+P.+Brome&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fajl1424.0001.001.umich.edu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3ACleopatra+VII" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skakels">Skakels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Wysig afdeling: Skakels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">wysig</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cleopatra_VII&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Skakels">wysig bron</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=boQOXk9ZEoc">Antieke Romeinse uitbeeldings van Cleopatra VII</a>, op <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/10992">Cleopatra</a> (1852), 'n Victoriaanse kinderboek deur Jacob Abbott, Project Gutenberg-uitgawe</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060811000057/http://www.discoverychannelasia.com/ontv_egyptweek/death_cleopatra/index.shtml">"Geheimdinnige dood van Cleopatra"</a> op die Discovery-kanaal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030208021301/http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/cleopatra_vii.shtml">Cleopatra VII</a> by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/">BBC History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/Cleopatra_VII/">Cleopatra VII</a> in World History Encyclopedia</li> <li>Jarus, Owen (13 Maart 2014). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/44071-cleopatra-biography.html">Cleopatra: feite en biografir</a>". Live Science.</li> <li>Watkins, Thayer. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cleopatra.htm">Die tydlyn van Cleopatra se lewe</a>." San Jose State University.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikimedia Commons logo"><img alt="Wikimedia Commons logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> het meer media in die kategorie <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cleopatra_VII_of_Egypt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cleopatra VII of Egypt">Cleopatra VII</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Crystal_txt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img 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