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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Later history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Performers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_theaters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_theaters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable theaters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_theaters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circus_tent_theater" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circus_tent_theater"> <div 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style="display:none">Summer-only stage productions</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1950 MGM film with Gene Kelly and Judy Garland, see <a href="/wiki/Summer_Stock" title="Summer Stock">Summer Stock</a>. For the Canadian conservatory, see <a href="/wiki/Summerstock_Conservatory" title="Summerstock Conservatory">Summerstock Conservatory</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USA-Santa_Cruz-Cowell_Lime_Works-Barn-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USA-Santa_Cruz-Cowell_Lime_Works-Barn-3.jpg/220px-USA-Santa_Cruz-Cowell_Lime_Works-Barn-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USA-Santa_Cruz-Cowell_Lime_Works-Barn-3.jpg/330px-USA-Santa_Cruz-Cowell_Lime_Works-Barn-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/USA-Santa_Cruz-Cowell_Lime_Works-Barn-3.jpg/440px-USA-Santa_Cruz-Cowell_Lime_Works-Barn-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Barn Theatre of <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">University of California, Santa Cruz</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In American theater, <b>summer stock theater</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Theater_(structure)" title="Theater (structure)">theater</a> that presents stage productions only in the summer. The name combines the season with the tradition of staging shows by a resident company, reusing <a href="/wiki/Repertory" class="mw-redirect" title="Repertory">stock</a> <a href="/wiki/Theatrical_scenery" title="Theatrical scenery">scenery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Costume" title="Costume">costumes</a>. Summer stock theaters frequently take advantage of seasonal weather by having their productions outdoors, under tents set up temporarily for their use, or <a href="/wiki/Barn_theatre" title="Barn theatre">in barns</a>. </p><p>Some smaller theaters still continue this tradition, and a few summer stock theaters have become highly regarded by both patrons as well as performers and designers. Often viewed as a starting point for professional actors, stock casts are typically young, just out of high school or still in college. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elitch_Theatre">Elitch Theatre</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Elitch Theatre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_G_Robinson_at_Historic_Elitch_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Edward_G_Robinson_at_Historic_Elitch_Theatre.jpg/220px-Edward_G_Robinson_at_Historic_Elitch_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Edward_G_Robinson_at_Historic_Elitch_Theatre.jpg/330px-Edward_G_Robinson_at_Historic_Elitch_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Edward_G_Robinson_at_Historic_Elitch_Theatre.jpg/440px-Edward_G_Robinson_at_Historic_Elitch_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="1102" /></a><figcaption>In 1958 <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> returned to the Historic Elitch Theatre where he had performed in the Summer Stock in 1921 & 1922.</figcaption></figure> <p>Summer stock started in Denver, Colorado, at the <a href="/wiki/Elitch_Theatre" title="Elitch Theatre">Elitch Theatre</a> (part of <a href="/wiki/Elitch_Gardens" title="Elitch Gardens">Elitch Gardens</a>). A 1937 article in Time magazine reported: "Elitch's Gardens is the great-grandfather of all U. S. summer stock companies... and nearly every personage in U. S. show business, from General & Mrs. Tom Thumb to Douglas Fairbanks, has at one time or another played Elitch's."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 1948 book <i>Blueprint for Summer Theatre</i>, "The first summer theater opened its doors at <a href="/wiki/Elitch_Gardens" title="Elitch Gardens">Elitch Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a> on May 1, 1890. Plays were presented with a resident company and guest stars, a policy that has been followed with tremendous success for over fifty years."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most sources consider 1893 to be the first year of summer stock. For that summer season, Elitch Gardens employed the Frank Norcross Company. It was the first full-length season of summer stock. The first stock play presented at <a href="/wiki/Elitch_Theatre" title="Elitch Theatre">Elitch Theatre</a> was <i>Nancy and Company</i> by Augustin Daly. It opened on June 10, 1893.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company's roster of actors included: Lilian Dailey, Marion Earle, Alfred Hampton, Jane Kenmark, Hudson Liston, Millie Liston, Charles Lothian, Jeanette Lowrey, <a href="/wiki/James_Neill_(actor)" title="James Neill (actor)">James F. Neill</a> (who had organized the company), Frank E. Norcross, Bernard Reynold, and Weevie Vivian.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1911Sep10_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1911Sep10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, James F. Neill and R.L. Giffen organized a company for the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Beach_(Denver)" title="Manhattan Beach (Denver)">Manhattan Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denver</a>, with a cast list including: Anne Blancke, Kate Blancke, Alfred Burnham, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Corson_Clarke" title="Harry Corson Clarke">Harry Corson Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Crosman" title="Henrietta Crosman">Henrietta Crosman</a>, Josepha Crowell, Zula Hanes, <a href="/wiki/William_Ingersoll_(actor)" title="William Ingersoll (actor)">William Ingersoll</a>, John B. Maher, James F. Neill, and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ryan_(actress)" title="Mary Ryan (actress)">Mary Ryan</a> as players, and with Alfred Fisher as stage director.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1911Sep10_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1911Sep10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1894, Neill and Giffen also organized the first winter stock company at the Lyceum Theatre, Denver.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1911Sep10_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1911Sep10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another company was placed in <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City" title="Salt Lake City">Salt Lake City</a> in December 1894 under the management of T. Daniel Frawley, who later purchased the Neill-Giffen interests and moved the organization to <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1911Sep10_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1911Sep10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The roster of the combined Denver and Salt Lake City company included: <a href="/wiki/Belle_Archer" title="Belle Archer">Belle Archer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bates" title="Blanche Bates">Blanche Bates</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Bell_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Bell (actor) (page does not exist)">Robert E. Bell</a>, H.D. Blakemore, Anne Blancke, Kate Blancke, Fanny Burt, <a href="/wiki/Madge_Carr_Cook" title="Madge Carr Cook">Madge Carr Cook</a>, Harry Corson Clarke, Jean Coyne, Henrietta Crosman, Charles Dade, Lilian Dailey, George W. Denham, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harry_Gibbs_(actor)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harry Gibbs (actor) (page does not exist)">Harry Gibbs</a>, William Ingersoll, Jane Kenmark, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Kyle" title="Howard Kyle">Howard Kyle</a>, George W. Leslie, Phosa McAllister, Cara Morlan, Robert Morris, James F. Neill, <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Rankin" title="Phyllis Rankin">Phyllis Rankin</a>, and Fred Trader, as players, with Walter Clark Bellow as stage director.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT1911Sep10_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT1911Sep10-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1896 was the second stock season and J. H. Huntley was signed to direct the resident stock company, headed by leading actress Jennie Kennark. The season opened with <i>Rosedale</i>, a play by <a href="/wiki/Lester_Wallack" title="Lester Wallack">Lester Wallack</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> However, opinions differ on the official first year of summer stock. In a 1955 article for the Princeton University Library Chronicle, the authors suggest it was 1897:</p><blockquote><p>Devotees of the straw hat circuit are usually under the impression that the summer theater movement originated when certain daft individuals began <a href="/wiki/Barn_theatre" title="Barn theatre">producing plays in barns</a>. The true beginning was in the theater built by John and Mary Elitch on their ranch at Denver, Colorado, in 1891. After several seasons of vaudeville and light opera, the stock company inaugurated the 1897 season with its first dramatic performance. The director was George Edeson, with James O'Neill, father of dramatist Eugene O'Neill, as leading man. An unbroken series of successful seasons followed. This, then, is the oldest summer stock theater. In general, theatrical companies do not enjoy invariable successes, but widespread popularity has made summer theater a major industry, so that there is virtually no section of this country that does not boast at least one such dramatic group.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In his 1964 Ph.D. dissertation on stock theatre companies and James F. Neill (not to be confused with James O'Neill,) William Zucchero: "Denver could boast that It was the only city in the country that could and did support two summer stock companies:"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went on to quote an 1896 article stating:</p><blockquote><p>The summer theatrical season Is now at its height and both Manhattan Beach and Elitch's Gardens are doing splendid business, and deservedly, too, for nowhere in the country are to be found better attractions or better Summer stock than those with which our local public is now being edified… The strength of these companies, as well as the plays presented, are way above the average.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a>, who acted in minor roles in the summer stock cast in 1905, would regularly send congratulatory telegrams to the theater on opening night.  In 1926, more than two decades after his time at the theater, he sent a telegram stating: "It is a long time since I spent a very pleasant summer in stock at the Elitch Gardens. Today in Hollywood I can hardly go anywhere without meeting one or more now rather famous people who either during that summer or at other times played in what all actors and actresses consider one of the greatest cradles of the drama in American history."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_history">Later history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Later history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1920s, summer stock expanded: <a href="/wiki/The_Muny" title="The Muny">The Muny</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a> (1919) is the nation's oldest and largest outdoor musical theater; Manhattan Theatre Colony, first started near <a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_New_Hampshire" title="Peterborough, New Hampshire">Peterborough, New Hampshire</a> (1927) and moved to <a href="/wiki/Ogunquit,_Maine" title="Ogunquit, Maine">Ogunquit, Maine</a>; Gretna Theatre, Mount Gretna, Pennsylvania (1927) as part of the <a href="/wiki/Chautauqua" title="Chautauqua">Chautauqua</a> movement;<sup id="cite_ref-gretna_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gretna-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Cape Playhouse, <a href="/wiki/Dennis,_Massachusetts" title="Dennis, Massachusetts">Dennis, Massachusetts</a> (1927); and the Berkshire Playhouse, <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Stockbridge, Massachusetts">Stockbridge, Massachusetts</a> (1928). Many of the theaters of the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heyday">heyday</a>, the 1920s through the 1960s, were in New England. Part of the "straw hat circuit," theaters also were in New York, Pennsylvania, and Ohio, among other states. (Lakewood Playhouse near Skowhegan, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> (1901 for summer), was an earlier theater, but it was an established stock theater that had then been used as a summer venue.)<sup id="cite_ref-Wilmeth629_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilmeth629-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The structure was to present different plays in weekly or biweekly repertory, performed by a resident company, generally between June and September. The usual fare consisted of light comedies, romances and mysteries. The theaters were located in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilmeth629_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilmeth629-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Touring companies would carry hand props and costumes to each venue, where sound, lights and set would be awaiting them. </p><p>Summer stock provided a training ground for actors and inexpensive entertainment for vacationing East Coast urbanites. Craig Mamrick describes <a href="/wiki/Louis_Edmonds" title="Louis Edmonds">Louis Edmonds</a>' early summer stock experience: "Louis spent the summer of 1949 working as part of the repertory company at the Ogunquit Playhouse in Ogunquit, Maine... The Ogunquit Playhouse was affiliated with the Manhattan Theatre Colony, an apprentice program that hopeful actors could attend (paying $150 for the summer) to learn their craft and observe—and possibly work with—professionals. Such stage luminaries as Maude Adams, Ethel Barrymore, Lillian Gish, and Ruth Gordon had trod the boards here. Students took classes in acting, stagecraft, makeup, and voice, and if they were talented enough, they might be asked to appear in plays with the resident acting company."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, many notable performers spent their summers on the circuit. Plays and musicals that had closed on <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> would play the circuit. By 1950, there were 152 Equity companies, including the Ogunquit Playhouse<sup id="cite_ref-ogunquit_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ogunquit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Skowhegan Playhouse in Maine; the <a href="/wiki/Woodstock_Playhouse" title="Woodstock Playhouse">Woodstock Playhouse</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Forestburgh,_New_York" title="Forestburgh, New York">Forestburgh</a> Playhouse in upstate New York; <a href="/wiki/Falmouth,_Massachusetts" title="Falmouth, Massachusetts">Falmouth</a> Playhouse in Massachusetts (burned down in 1994);<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Priscilla_Beach_Theatre" title="Priscilla Beach Theatre">Priscilla Beach Theatre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Massachusetts" title="Plymouth, Massachusetts">Plymouth, Massachusetts</a>, and the Bucks County Playhouse in <a href="/wiki/New_Hope,_Pennsylvania" title="New Hope, Pennsylvania">New Hope</a> (suburban Philadelphia), Pennsylvania (established in 1939).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Westport_Country_Playhouse" title="Westport Country Playhouse">Westport Country Playhouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, since renovated with the support of <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Woodward" title="Joanne Woodward">Joanne Woodward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a>, was also part of the summer stock circuit. </p><p>The circuit toured in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and the Southeast during the winter. Venues included the <a href="/wiki/Beacham_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="Beacham Theater">Beacham Theater</a> in Orlando and the Royal Poinciana Playhouse in <a href="/wiki/Palm_Beach,_Florida" title="Palm Beach, Florida">Palm Beach, Florida</a> (closed since 2004)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where performers from <a href="/wiki/Bob_Cummings" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Cummings">Bob Cummings</a> in 1958 to <a href="/wiki/Arlene_Francis" title="Arlene Francis">Arlene Francis</a> (1961) and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Chamberlain" title="Richard Chamberlain">Richard Chamberlain</a> (1966) appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performers">Performers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Performers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stars of Broadway, film, and television would regularly spend summers performing in stock. The Council of Stock Theatres (COST) negotiated a special contract with <a href="/wiki/Actors_Equity" class="mw-redirect" title="Actors Equity">Actors Equity</a> to cover the work of actors and stage managers.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Summer Stock at the Historic Elitch Theatre in Denver was the proving-grounds for a number of would-be stars. For the 1905 season, a 20-something <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> was a minor player in the stock cast. Denver-natives, such as <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maude_Fealy" title="Maude Fealy">Maude Fealy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Perry" title="Antoinette Perry">Antoinette Perry</a>, all got their start in summer stock at the Elitch Theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Fredric_March" title="Fredric March">Fredric March</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minnie_Maddern_Fiske" title="Minnie Maddern Fiske">Minnie Maddern Fiske</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beulah_Bondi" title="Beulah Bondi">Beulah Bondi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> (see photo above), and <a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Sidney" title="Sylvia Sidney">Sylvia Sidney</a> were all stock cast members at one time.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1951, a young <a href="/wiki/Grace_Kelly" title="Grace Kelly">Grace Kelly</a> (just 21-years old) was the ingénue for the stock company. While performing at the theater she received a telegram from <a href="/wiki/Fred_Zinnemann" title="Fred Zinnemann">Fred Zinnemann</a> asking her to come to Hollywood to star in his film <i><a href="/wiki/High_Noon" title="High Noon">High Noon</a></i> as <a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a>'s wife. She initially thought she had to decline because of her contract that lasted through the end of the summer, but her director at the theater quickly reminded her that she only had to give two-weeks notice and she could head to Hollywood.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Kenley" title="John Kenley">John Kenley</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>-based producer, ran his own summer stock circuit, <a href="/wiki/Kenley_Players" title="Kenley Players">Kenley Players</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warren,_Ohio" title="Warren, Ohio">Warren</a>, the Carousel Theatre in <a href="/wiki/Akron,_Ohio" title="Akron, Ohio">Akron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Canton,_Ohio" title="Canton, Ohio">Canton, Ohio</a>, and sent many of the shows to an affiliated theater in <a href="/wiki/Flint,_Michigan" title="Flint, Michigan">Flint, Michigan</a>. Starting in 1958 performers such as <a href="/wiki/Dan_Dailey" title="Dan Dailey">Dan Dailey</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Guys_and_Dolls_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guys and Dolls (musical)">Guys and Dolls</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Eden" title="Barbara Eden">Barbara Eden</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Lady_in_the_Dark" title="Lady in the Dark">Lady in the Dark</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Howard_Keel" title="Howard Keel">Howard Keel</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Kismet_(1955_film)" title="Kismet (1955 film)">Kismet</a></i> appeared. Kenley cast "movie stars and television personalities" who were nationally known.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During <a href="/wiki/Gypsy_Rose_Lee" title="Gypsy Rose Lee">Gypsy Rose Lee</a>'s engagement in <i><a href="/wiki/Auntie_Mame" title="Auntie Mame">Auntie Mame</a></i> at the Warren theater, <a href="/wiki/Erik_Preminger" class="mw-redirect" title="Erik Preminger">Erik Preminger</a> wrote: "Working for him [John Kenley] was a joy. Everything about his operation was first-class from the director and supporting cast he had assembled through the scenery, props, and costumes...He was attentive, supportive."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performers such as <a href="/wiki/Paul_Lynde" title="Paul Lynde">Paul Lynde</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bixby" title="Bill Bixby">Bill Bixby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karen_Morrow" title="Karen Morrow">Karen Morrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Diller" title="Phyllis Diller">Phyllis Diller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andy_Devine" title="Andy Devine">Andy Devine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gordon_MacRae" title="Gordon MacRae">Gordon MacRae</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Munsel" title="Patrice Munsel">Patrice Munsel</a> starred in Kenley stock productions. <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Merman" title="Ethel Merman">Ethel Merman</a> performed in <i><a href="/wiki/Call_Me_Madam" title="Call Me Madam">Call Me Madam</a></i> at the Kenley Players in 1968 (as well as appearing at the Parker Playhouse and <a href="/wiki/Coconut_Grove_Playhouse" title="Coconut Grove Playhouse">Coconut Grove Playhouse</a> in Miami earlier that year).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cape Playhouse in <a href="/wiki/Dennis,_Massachusetts" title="Dennis, Massachusetts">Dennis, Massachusetts</a> opened in 1927 with <i>The Guardsman</i>, starring <a href="/wiki/Basil_Rathbone" title="Basil Rathbone">Basil Rathbone</a>, and has continued through the 2009 season with <a href="/wiki/Hunter_Foster" title="Hunter Foster">Hunter Foster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Gets" title="Malcolm Gets">Malcolm Gets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gretna Theatre, opened in 1927 in the Pennsylvania <a href="/wiki/Chautauqua" title="Chautauqua">Chautauqua</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Gretna,_Pennsylvania" title="Mount Gretna, Pennsylvania">Mount Gretna</a>, and has hosted performers such as <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Peters" title="Bernadette Peters">Bernadette Peters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Faith_Prince" title="Faith Prince">Faith Prince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Zimmer" title="Kim Zimmer">Kim Zimmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlton_Heston" title="Charlton Heston">Charlton Heston</a>. </p><p>The Ogunquit Playhouse, begun in 1933, attracted performers such as <a href="/wiki/Maude_Adams" title="Maude Adams">Maude Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Barrymore" title="Ethel Barrymore">Ethel Barrymore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Laurette_Taylor" title="Laurette Taylor">Laurette Taylor</a> in the early years and more recently, <a href="/wiki/Sally_Struthers" title="Sally Struthers">Sally Struthers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucie_Arnaz" title="Lucie Arnaz">Lucie Arnaz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Lamas" title="Lorenzo Lamas">Lorenzo Lamas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ogunquit_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ogunquit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Performers such as <a href="/wiki/Ginger_Rogers" title="Ginger Rogers">Ginger Rogers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks_Jr." title="Douglas Fairbanks Jr.">Douglas Fairbanks Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Franchi" title="Sergio Franchi">Sergio Franchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zero_Mostel" title="Zero Mostel">Zero Mostel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Miller" title="Ann Miller">Ann Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jane_Powell" title="Jane Powell">Jane Powell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debbie_Reynolds" title="Debbie Reynolds">Debbie Reynolds</a> performed at the <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> Music Circus and its sister theater, the South Shore Music Circus.<sup id="cite_ref-melody_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melody-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Colleen_Dewhurst" title="Colleen Dewhurst">Colleen Dewhurst</a> wrote of her experiences in summer stock as a new actress: "My first professional jobs were in summer stock, in small, medium and large companies that presented ten plays in ten weeks from June until Labor Day...At that time, the core of each summer stock company was made up of a stage manager and six resident actors: a leading man and woman, a character man and woman, and an <a href="/wiki/Ing%C3%A9nue" title="Ingénue">ingenue</a> and a juvenile. In some cases, five or six of the summer plays would be 'star vehicles', featuring a familiar actor or actress."<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Shatner" title="William Shatner">William Shatner</a> performed in summer stock after the cancellation of <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_theaters">Notable theaters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable theaters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some summer theaters specialize in a particular type of production, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespearean</a> <a href="/wiki/Play_(theatre)" title="Play (theatre)">plays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musicals</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>. Some notable summer theaters include: the <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_in_the_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Shakespeare in the Park (New York City)">New York Shakespeare Festival</a> (better-known as <i>Shakespeare in the Park</i>, although a number of other summer stock Shakespearean series use this name); the Gretna Theatre, Mount Gretna, Pennsylvania,<sup id="cite_ref-gretna_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gretna-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rocky Mountain Repertory Theatre, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Lake,_Colorado" title="Grand Lake, Colorado">Grand Lake, Colorado</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Summerstock_Conservatory" title="Summerstock Conservatory">Summerstock Conservatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Utah_Shakespearean_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Utah Shakespearean Festival">Utah Shakespearean Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cedar_City,_Utah" title="Cedar City, Utah">Cedar City, Utah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Opera" title="Santa Fe Opera">Santa Fe Opera</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jacob%27s_Pillow_Dance_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival">Jacob's Pillow Dance Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Becket,_Massachusetts" title="Becket, Massachusetts">Becket, Massachusetts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Williamstown_Theatre_Festival" title="Williamstown Theatre Festival">Williamstown Theatre Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts" title="Williamstown, Massachusetts">Williamstown, Massachusetts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_Theatre_Festival" title="Berkshire Theatre Festival">Berkshire Theatre Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stockbridge,_Massachusetts" title="Stockbridge, Massachusetts">Stockbridge, Massachusetts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Glimmerglass_Festival" title="Glimmerglass Festival">Glimmerglass Festival</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cooperstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperstown">Cooperstown</a>, New York,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Barn_Theatre" title="The Barn Theatre">The Barn Theatre</a> in Augusta, Michigan, <a href="/wiki/American_Players_Theatre" title="American Players Theatre">American Players Theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spring_Green,_Wisconsin" title="Spring Green, Wisconsin">Spring Green, Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bard_on_the_Beach" title="Bard on the Beach">Bard on the Beach</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Tent Theatre (John Goodman Amphitheatre) in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Missouri" title="Springfield, Missouri">Springfield, Missouri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Elitch_Theatre" title="Elitch Theatre">Historic Elitch Theatre</a> is still standing today, and after several phases of restoration, the foundation running the theatre hopes to have regular productions again in the next few years.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circus_tent_theater">Circus tent theater</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Circus tent theater"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_Circus_tent_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Music_Circus_tent_front.jpg/180px-Music_Circus_tent_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Music_Circus_tent_front.jpg/270px-Music_Circus_tent_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Music_Circus_tent_front.jpg/360px-Music_Circus_tent_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Sacramento Music Circus tent in 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949, <a href="/w/index.php?title=St._John_Terrell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. John Terrell (page does not exist)">St. John Terrell</a> began a new experience presenting summer stock theater under an arena-type (<a href="/wiki/Circus" title="Circus">circus</a>) tent in <a href="/wiki/Lambertville,_New_Jersey" title="Lambertville, New Jersey">Lambertville, New Jersey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Music_circus" class="mw-redirect" title="Music circus">Music circus</a>. This began a new period of outdoor theater.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1951 this new style of summer stock made its way west with the addition of the <a href="/wiki/California_Musical_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="California Musical Theatre">Sacramento Music Circus</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> Music Circus (now the Melody Tent) in <a href="/wiki/Hyannis,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis, Massachusetts">Hyannis</a>, Massachusetts opened in 1950, the third tent theater to open, and The South Shore Music Circus in <a href="/wiki/Cohasset,_Massachusetts" title="Cohasset, Massachusetts">Cohasset</a>, Massachusetts followed in 1951. A tent theater had opened earlier in Florida.<sup id="cite_ref-melody_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melody-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Music_Circus_Stage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Music_Circus_Stage.jpg/180px-Music_Circus_Stage.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Music_Circus_Stage.jpg/270px-Music_Circus_Stage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Music_Circus_Stage.jpg/360px-Music_Circus_Stage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Sacramento Music Circus stage in 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>Another theater in the round, the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Music_Fair" title="Valley Forge Music Fair">Valley Forge Music Fair</a> (which closed in 1996), in Devon, Pennsylvania, was opened in 1955 by <a href="/wiki/Shelly_Gross" title="Shelly Gross">Shelly Gross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Guber" title="Lee Guber">Lee Guber</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Ford_(broadcaster)" title="Frank Ford (broadcaster)">Frank Ford</a>. They then opened other theaters in the round, including Shady Grove Music Fair in Washington, DC, Painters Mill Music Fair in Maryland (closed in 1991), and the <a href="/wiki/Westbury_Music_Fair" class="mw-redirect" title="Westbury Music Fair">Westbury Music Fair</a> on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, opened in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1957, there were 19 tent theaters, many located in Massachusetts, New York, and New Jersey, and all presenting musicals only. (The musical <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pajama_Game" title="The Pajama Game">The Pajama Game</a></i> was the major show making the tent circuit in the summer of 1957.)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Theatre-in-the-round" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre-in-the-round">theatre-in-the-round</a> concept brought Broadway-style musicals to northern <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> under a big top tent each summer. Original producers Russell Lewis and Howard Young presented their first production, <i><a href="/wiki/Show_Boat" title="Show Boat">Show Boat</a></i>, the same opening production at both the Lambertville and the South Shore Music Circus. The original Lambertville theater closed in 1970, and both the Sacramento and South Shore theaters continue to thrive today. In Sacramento, live musicals in the round are presented in a new permanent complex, The <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo_Pavilion" title="Wells Fargo Pavilion">Wells Fargo Pavilion</a>. The South Shore Music Circus and Cape Cod Melody Tent now serve primarily as intimate settings for musical acts including popular singers, oldies groups, and orchestras. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/vault/issue/1937-07-05/page/36/">"Straw Hat Season"</a>. <i>Time</i>. July 5, 1937. p. 32<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Straw+Hat+Season&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1937-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fvault%2Fissue%2F1937-07-05%2Fpage%2F36%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckhard1948" class="citation book cs1">Beckhard, Richard (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/589457337"><i>Blueprint for summer theatre</i></a>. John Richard Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/589457337">589457337</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blueprint+for+summer+theatre&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=John+Richard+Press&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F589457337&rft.aulast=Beckhard&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F589457337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrillo2012" class="citation book cs1">Borrillo, Theodore A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/823177622"><i>Denver's historic Elitch Theatre : a nostalgic journey (a history of its times)</i></a>. [publisher not identified]. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9744331-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9744331-4-1"><bdi>978-0-9744331-4-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823177622">823177622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denver%27s+historic+Elitch+Theatre+%3A+a+nostalgic+journey+%28a+history+of+its+times%29&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=%5Bpublisher+not+identified%5D&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823177622&rft.isbn=978-0-9744331-4-1&rft.aulast=Borrillo&rft.aufirst=Theodore+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F823177622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT1911Sep10-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1911Sep10_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1911Sep10_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1911Sep10_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1911Sep10_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT1911Sep10_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/new-york-times-sep-10-1911-p-40/">"Developing a National Training School for Actors"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York, New York</a>. September 10, 1911. p. 12; 6th column: "Growth of the System"<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Developing+a+National+Training+School+for+Actors&rft.pages=12%3B+6th+column%3A+%22Growth+of+the+System%22&rft.date=1911-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fnew-york-times-sep-10-1911-p-40%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrillo2012" class="citation book cs1">Borrillo, Theodore A. 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[publisher not identified]. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9744331-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9744331-4-1"><bdi>978-0-9744331-4-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823177622">823177622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denver%27s+historic+Elitch+Theatre+%3A+a+nostalgic+journey+%28a+history+of+its+times%29&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=%5Bpublisher+not+identified%5D&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823177622&rft.isbn=978-0-9744331-4-1&rft.aulast=Borrillo&rft.aufirst=Theodore+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F823177622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26403282">"Summer Theatre U.S.A., 1955"</a>. <i>The Princeton University Library Chronicle</i>. <b>17</b> (1 (AUTUMN 1955)). Princeton University Library: 49–54. 1955. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26403282">26403282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Princeton+University+Library+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Summer+Theatre+U.S.A.%2C+1955&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1+%28AUTUMN+1955%29&rft.pages=49-54&rft.date=1955&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26403282%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26403282&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZucchero1964" class="citation journal cs1">Zucchero, William Henry (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etd.ohiolink.edu/apexprod/rws_etd/send_file/send?accession=osu1486565600564404&disposition=inline">"THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF JAMES F. NEILL TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN AMERICAN THEATRICAL STOCK COMPANY"</a>. <i>Ohio State University, Ph.D. Dissertation</i>: 149–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+State+University%2C+Ph.D.+Dissertation&rft.atitle=THE+CONTRIBUTIONS+OF+JAMES+F.+NEILL+TO+THE+DEVELOPMENT+OF+THE+MODERN+AMERICAN+THEATRICAL+STOCK+COMPANY.&rft.pages=149-150&rft.date=1964&rft.aulast=Zucchero&rft.aufirst=William+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetd.ohiolink.edu%2Fapexprod%2Frws_etd%2Fsend_file%2Fsend%3Faccession%3Dosu1486565600564404%26disposition%3Dinline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarstarphen1896" class="citation news cs1">Carstarphen, F.E. (August 8, 1896). "In Other Cities". <i>The Mirror</i>. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mirror&rft.atitle=In+Other+Cities&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1896-08-08&rft.aulast=Carstarphen&rft.aufirst=F.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrillo2012" class="citation book cs1">Borrillo, Theodore A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/823177622"><i>Denver's historic Elitch Theatre : a nostalgic journey (a history of its times)</i></a>. [publisher not identified]. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9744331-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9744331-4-1"><bdi>978-0-9744331-4-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823177622">823177622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denver%27s+historic+Elitch+Theatre+%3A+a+nostalgic+journey+%28a+history+of+its+times%29&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=%5Bpublisher+not+identified%5D&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823177622&rft.isbn=978-0-9744331-4-1&rft.aulast=Borrillo&rft.aufirst=Theodore+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F823177622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gretna-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gretna_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gretna_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gretnatheatre.org/about-us">"About Us"</a> gretnatheatre.org, retrieved July 13, 2019</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilmeth629-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilmeth629_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilmeth629_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilmeth, p. 629</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hamrick, Craig. <i>Big Lou</i> (2004), iUniverse, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-595-29716-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-595-29716-1">0-595-29716-1</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ogunquit-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ogunquit_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ogunquit_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ogunquitplayhouse.org/">Ogunquit Playhouse official site</a> ogunquitplayhouse.org, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McLaughlin, Jeff.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026073140/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8268530.html">Article summary: "Predawn fire destroys Falmouth Playhouse, a summer tradition", <i>The Boston Globe</i></a> March 1, 1994</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Before the theater fell on hard times in the 1970s...it was part of the straw-hat circuit that showcased stage and screen stars in the summer." D'Alessandro, Gene. "Bucks County Playhouse owner Ralph Miller is celebrating his career and looking ahead to more", <i>The Philadelphia Inquirer</i>, June 18, 2006, p. L03</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelly, William.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/arts/content/news/plaza/2009/04/15/playhouse0416.html">"Town Council willing to allow Royal Poinciana Playhouse demolition,"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718232038/http://www.palmbeachdailynews.com/arts/content/news/plaza/2009/04/15/playhouse0416.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> palmbeachdailynews.com, April 15, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbtheaterguild.org/RoyalPoinciana.pdf">"Royal Poinciana Playhouse-Merged History, research by Tom Clarie", pp.71-73</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008111153/http://www.pbtheaterguild.org/RoyalPoinciana.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> pbtheaterguild.org, April 3, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Armbrust, Roger.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allbusiness.com/services/amusement-recreation-services/4592680-1.html">"Equity-COST Contract Set - Three-year Contract Includes 9-12% Salary Increases,"</a> allbusiness.com, as published in <i>Backstage</i>, March 26, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actorsequity.org/docs/rulebooks/COST_1345_Rulebook_04-08.pdf">Actors Equity Association Agreement and ules Governing Employment in Non-Resident Dramatic Stock, Effective: December 27, 2004</a> actorsequity.org, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFL.1932" class="citation book cs1">L., Dier, Caroline (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/307807"><i>The lady of the Gardens : Mary Elitch Long</i></a>. Hollycrofters, Inc., Ltd. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/307807">307807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lady+of+the+Gardens+%3A+Mary+Elitch+Long&rft.pub=Hollycrofters%2C+Inc.%2C+Ltd&rft.date=1932&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F307807&rft.aulast=L.&rft.aufirst=Dier%2C+Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F307807&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrillo,_Theodore_A.2012" class="citation book cs1">Borrillo, Theodore A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/823177622"><i>Denver's historic Elitch Theatre : a nostalgic journey (a history of its times)</i></a>. [publisher not identified]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9744331-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9744331-4-1"><bdi>978-0-9744331-4-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823177622">823177622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denver%27s+historic+Elitch+Theatre+%3A+a+nostalgic+journey+%28a+history+of+its+times%29&rft.pub=%5Bpublisher+not+identified%5D&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823177622&rft.isbn=978-0-9744331-4-1&rft.au=Borrillo%2C+Theodore+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F823177622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorrillo2012" class="citation book cs1">Borrillo, Theodore A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/823177622"><i>Denver's historic Elitch Theatre : a nostalgic journey (a history of its times)</i></a>. [publisher not identified]. pp. 222–223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9744331-4-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9744331-4-1"><bdi>978-0-9744331-4-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823177622">823177622</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denver%27s+historic+Elitch+Theatre+%3A+a+nostalgic+journey+%28a+history+of+its+times%29&rft.pages=222-223&rft.pub=%5Bpublisher+not+identified%5D&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823177622&rft.isbn=978-0-9744331-4-1&rft.aulast=Borrillo&rft.aufirst=Theodore+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F823177622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vacha, John. <i>The music went 'round and around</i>, (2004), Kent State University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87338-798-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87338-798-8">0-87338-798-8</a>, p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Preminger, Erik Lee. <i>My G-string mother</i> (2004), Frog Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58394-096-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58394-096-0">1-58394-096-0</a>, p. 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Names in the News", <i>The Associated Press</i>, Dateline: Akron, Ohio, July 5, 1979</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>Cincinnati Magazine</i> listing for Kenley Players Summer Theatre, shows <i>Milk and Honey</i> starring Gordon MacRae, week of August 1, 1972, and the remainder of August 1972 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WesCAAAAMBAJ&dq=Kenley+%22Gordon+MacRae%22&pg=PA20">Theatre listings</a><i>Cincinnati Magazine</i>, August 1972</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kellow, Brian. <i>Ethel Merman</i> (2007), Viking, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-01829-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-01829-5">0-670-01829-5</a>, p. 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capeplayhouse.com/">Cape Playhouse official site</a> capeplayhouse.com, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-melody-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-melody_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-melody_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.melodytent.org/history.php">Cape Cod Melody Tent history</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016063029/https://www.melodytent.org/history.php">Archived</a> 2011-10-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> melodytent.org, accessed June 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dewhurst, Colleen. <i>Colleen Dewhurst</i> (2002), Simon and Schuster, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-4270-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-4270-X">0-7432-4270-X</a>, p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Hochman" class="citation web cs1">David Hochman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101110192806/http://www.details.com/celebrities-entertainment/men-of-the-moment/200712/wiseguy-sci-fi-and-star-trek-legend-william-shatner">"Q&A; with William Shatner"</a>. <i>details.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.details.com/celebrities-entertainment/men-of-the-moment/200712/wiseguy-sci-fi-and-star-trek-legend-william-shatner">the original</a> on 2010-11-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=details.com&rft.atitle=Q%26A%3B+with+William+Shatner&rft.au=David+Hochman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.details.com%2Fcelebrities-entertainment%2Fmen-of-the-moment%2F200712%2Fwiseguy-sci-fi-and-star-trek-legend-william-shatner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rockymountainrep.com/">Rocky Mountain Repertory Theatre official site</a> www.rockymountainrep.com, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerstock.ca/">Summerstock Conservatory official site</a> summerstock.ca, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bard.org/">Utah Shakespearean Festival official site</a> bard.org, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.santafeopera.org/">Santa Fe Opera 2009 Festival Season</a> santafeopera.org, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jacobspillow.org/about/pillow-history/">"History"</a> Jacob's Pillow.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wtfestival.org/">Williamstown Theatre Festival official site</a> wtfestival.org, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.berkshiretheatre.org/">Berkshire Theatre Festival official site</a> berkshiretheatre.org, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glimmerglass.org/">Glimmerglass Festival official site</a> glimmerglass.org, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bardonthebeach.org/">Bard on the Beach Shakespeare Festival 2009</a> bardonthebeach.org, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.tenttheatre.missouristate.edu/">[1]</a> tenttheatre.Missouristate.edu, accessed May 9, 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historicelitchtheatre.org/">"Historic Elitch Theatre | Denver, CO"</a>. <i>Historic Elitch Theatre</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Elitch+Theatre&rft.atitle=Historic+Elitch+Theatre+%7C+Denver%2C+CO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicelitchtheatre.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASummer+stock+theater" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lambertville-music-circus.org/">Music Circus archives, history, show/cast lists</a> lambertville-music-circus.org, accessed July 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Simonson,_Robert" class="mw-redirect" title="Simonson, Robert">Simonson, Robert</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120908022435/http://www.playbill.com/news/article/130436">Shelly Gross, Creator of Summer Stock "Music Fairs," Dies at 88,"</a> playbill.com, June 22, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirby, Irwinn.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gCEEAAAAMBAJ&dq=Beverly+%22North+Shore+Music%22&pg=PA79">"Tented Broadway Grows"</a>, <i>The Billboard</i>, June 24, 1957, accessed July 24, 2009</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Wilmeth, Don B., Jacobs, Leonard. <i>The Cambridge Guide to American Theatre</i> (Ed. 2,2007), Cambridge University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-83538-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-83538-0">0-521-83538-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>LoMonaco, Martha Schmoyer. <i>Summer Stock! An American Theatrical Phenomenon</i> (2004), Palgrave Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6542-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6542-0">1-4039-6542-0</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fosters.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080515/GJENTERTAINMENT_01/654560630/-1/FOSNEWS">Fosters.com article on Ogunquit Playhouse, May 15, 2008</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sX1RBCcDD-8C&dq=%22music+circus%22+%22lambertville+new+jersey%22&pg=PA137"><i>Sacramento: Indomitable City</i> by Steven M. Avella, p. 137, Lambertville and Sacramento Music Circus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themusiccircus.org/">South Shore Music Circus site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.summerstock.ca/">The Summerstock Theatre Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtwichita.org/">Music Theatre of Wichita</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&oldid=1253977105">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Summer_stock_theater&oldid=1253977105</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatre" title="Category:Theatre">Theatre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Theatrical_genres" title="Category:Theatrical genres">Theatrical genres</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 October 2024, at 20:53<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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