CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '9133b82cfaa6f8d0',cH: 'WfQ0cphG57EztwNNMGLNBcfGKe2Wogl_QK_6EmNrk8M-1739773728-1.2.1.1-LmBfBn0J3tUSed31gZ4oS3wTFzAg3qkj1u4PiiMiu.NS7PM_0ps6rF0UjTaOrHoJ',cUPMDTk: "\/10007449\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=eDj9DNHDxGShZJ_OQsg44F3U7NJWDUYuDbUZyK2yYUE-1739773728-1.0.1.1-X5ovGJndom9dJD9Uvt5tKqqIxaVOfvyq0IYtl5FJwYA",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739773728',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/10007449\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=eDj9DNHDxGShZJ_OQsg44F3U7NJWDUYuDbUZyK2yYUE-1739773728-1.0.1.1-X5ovGJndom9dJD9Uvt5tKqqIxaVOfvyq0IYtl5FJwYA",md: "_L9EKLvxm_YsVkoZUacUDw4iTmYhTbP..Kk_ekQFCm4-1739773728-1.2.1.1-XvpI.E.Xrpg4RAV8xXMnhon8ixDJZeH97TC2i3nx9rd58c74EiYLrUGCCKSVulOUwCCSCtv1Sk6attXfZmbJiOTKz_ITWXXJjXcEfbP9bP663NN8V0R1xUacNd_7MCc3sWTfMADNmkxPPF4kL5PzmwfLPF489mnHLXmtTUWQJIceq4uDTRN68aAkqa.qYafY8VPvNMyD6DXSQvbuMqJCnXm0EqYLDns8yOFEs4b.eROK3J0QF828Cr26kpScc.zsvqY0VPZSXvgpv7CyPGvQaRtSSOCXg0RMIGYUu_D0E4WQdQE08jCtbpMomNzjXnzCpe2ZOrzYcXZGxS.uABhUNcTRNL8Yr_mDPvRZgpn_1b0y1tnZtV0v5jxvcHuxkue5DBJF1QNWzPSAlc1KEu9h00MYC0S1b5NeGazjawuRXPjh4d2CnhS5e08hlbgQ4fO9XNeOiUt4jhP_uGr31LoR8plsY1_JLVq.HaqGn_IA9ie8CIO_g_IgqebbEI1wehKEKNlT.vmB7K9cSpxzzAbg9SM89H5VrJl0gB9fASwt2ahYyEzeLodgWyS9yoHB38nd9DS16O2DFLABJaSSBnngmikn7POSHS5Fxvd3QZ8kBCBotsrw8wenX.ptFQidaQVUmWc7U77Ejd_L1EdzZ6RbOHduELXocVyulDjIm9SbizaNG0AYWI79U0LSVnsW5CB6fUhdyLCGnpwN5jiVv8YEJW.1PaGqtDQ3GRLpnHGcDpdnD0AdS76BSh7uHQnoY0l60opycGeoU07ouc._LScUTPASctUI0xvoX8Rmq.2hGGW_Qfd0hZ11bcBXU.wY8ckyhh3.v6N1kUY_3DXB7QLTrqdhFzZeYZQ2bIygP.zBGktY5IlUPc4vy_o8vZXiiKFOLgehfbM23cfVlW5OnEXyA3Co5AbRerDHxGtkMoxXduXo88FbLIgtFv1YOFqQ1esFg5psIAj.J.cRb8pjr3LPdJVb.50wRecATXVrVyrvoPCDUOSyRPH.sXGYTaVqQJGMpPmjS0xR1aHVRPCTp.Acz76A88WK8V.aZ1dSmE8g5x9vATYGooazu2S1n9bu6YYTmC1W_.8Bypq8lo_im_mfdNOIjsLHCKFU2w6oeDN4i_yfRopxwPSD0S7hJTi_UHdrkcjBJFrA6kVdJJeYn21yuu6lbta_I95WMjlyzt7kV79E2anAu8WzhrCksXsHDI.xhj_91qPYvl7LWCT3OoNV2FqXTTRDzSam7dfsOOXpvlwufdhDaEoI9MM_5vT9BsaNsI2v4z14idl.dytLPfcZ09Qwun2IbOk18CrE2AymYN1DDRyK2y3_alrpNcr70HaNOhHw5OqNZcK_BFGstyDEQm_sYxn4CbZWsvs.z9IbJdiiJneMtzmmHGtZz0Z.cG4Wo3.5SF0hfNe4qemFH0a.aI6On4RYYxShyuqB9fopQJKv83xQAiFk06PxzjFM1REgrB9_377Q0g58_MhYu0C75IZeK4lrSkhs3p4OvYWuCRbjYEmw6x7AsRgegyoVqS_t5JQ.Xv0D8IwkfBKZFA_Z28raA2Z.E21h3w1ggkiNUP9Xk9QKMcbbII.VRpNY4675sbrYczzyQ1k12S1bZLspJiDWe_0nBtCOATb3KoIOuJqukzxXVNzeQAUhVXt0jq07cFBUfvKRZxQn.xnw7LKi2rsy9ykwx8hYkjmPFXC1XzHEYFfztJEomQVwrCwDDMK8Y620o.jEky2QlX9EsNKBktOyFhOy6615fsyrlhpcso8Yk2T5Bx0r8Ybi4lh_q4KOHaruMW2RjbwCVkzMF1ps6pfAlp9gMUfBoc3THFVxcpbVF0oKwl_7Vnq08a4RiLRbzfOhkwDJf_Ow94T.JVa4HI8Zn6x_z5lZCIHjNlwpxOU",mdrd: "8ZIRaqFhJwuWvblTregi0IwQgLAOFlq.kL.EPgWUn50-1739773728-1.2.1.1-ghRQw69Rw_HO39gZfFGgZXyJfInpmCSOtVeJmUQ2T8sPCd78PQDm217KqcmQYzfhWNv8QWtcPb4VpsKPM7FTp0fJ8aPaEruNGZY31ACFGU70Bi7NVyRZYdr3qS9wIRbCQEjS0lwX1pRJzpHP58lKeMkXN_k_P_AqS0T5M0mqwHQG.6gIggEaTS1OC9D6uxp_K.h5Fe2lNbn9JKjq4nfCBT9AS369PYcYY73gVptWXn_A2A416438kNWwMDxOL0Hf_jEHTLTgDl2YJumFkadSYvOsz7R5urdB42TQdodzUnXzsYEgJegTrS3TzlBnfK5XMmekmJOSocXpiSMo6R_JMQkYQNysuaanL.QJ0jITzegmNkgrQgrerE2t9KA6abvXouilo1.vrXhVytLm0ADdbDtVfWF9ugS7GiuLByMXl8LWI06zhMnU5OsjxoFPPNzWxnU9wfqP2rvu93g4wlDwQXjDp7R2dEb743A.IXkpAGavF5BpupRUbkYrfGi6DQFPaQbtHDMXpv8R9dXkIbau2piY2APL6q0sfMXBOLpXrV7iIssHY5TOcBZQZqMjSjcdTtA2Q.qno.e4IcbtRG1PAkPz5z0nZgI3VOf0.uXwn2roDkLusWrwv9LchbLGAQjACnoBMFx5HL8Z6pdiUridnxNpyZnHvjH2r2kEpgzbpG0lF7bjHd4gvlgTwvfaiJYDrclyUV65Tn1A1AjxN8QZntrhnB_hBlNWUbZa998.nVTiM4meERaHka7S_4WLWcjoDh1PulIYsppBISoH.c8rlNh_Nl4aaMkOKgECRkpX.gK65CjexIWhrWKI9YAXuuGQx9DycxZ4WUMX3gAhTFRYTksbADQBPiRnLNUCtIIDN18z4pkaCio2_vxfKSRQeA.a9at.mIhwxNsm.UNLJHmee9OpDhgaZQIiDGn9NEyrOIX5L9nXQtAVaflhS0WMs7FBqmdKyibHNi6N8PmYKe5emJDZIPKwRX3SVkVSfRZpNxUqkZ16pfz1KpqllzGF0O6DDiYjomJq9IMnvQijzML5EfZR.9_yKW__ocw_NWjtNGE5KZn4IN1QnibZDVgLRrVijESntb5KG9VVfAG.UBMhiopw5CNnjBMTUHKZAu2WQVO_7lwdXKMjJiJI54MNfU7BxvxLjWJCiIrX6S0SI8Qvq4cUlGBUzQDrhQVGIOpTzCgkTVGkyFE3zZBRNqtvJJQXPoi7kwTHxZeMNNP4Zz7vByedX1uBVMLNFGlaNmZclr.a6JtGXZMwKa2N2pSKAX8LYPcvnFro3LEVUtd3xN1a5S0Zhtjslal9BnAjE4oZ9ilAaP2yDY51L1A64Dlc6DF1nGW70sCm6JroYoRimDpX_S..Gk_sXWRGYJwpZdGoaw3wn39108PubVx5X3GbuvG_jWKiP14AhT6J0efimwJZECe1cP8GfcZLW3Ew1ANhyGtYxuIhhu9XBAWVj6xfBOVXmhCmPRhYPP3wS5IFoPcQe9QHwuz3SUQEorgVAbU4X3.isK8C.vVK3ZJgZEbnGFx2WIec61v3xpIJHrUkyrL8Ag.J1iH16kwMwzgPm1EQIwyMdvdF1yoTrIGSVFw4mDkMtUui5ZaSne47mmDSVSGTEdiY_fqD8laID91ks4TeT89.tJk2gKwsiPEYyWLDk28GklogyDmQEzZsz5pBcv3alHR_N_ldi4KuT7RQSO4thw98qlRjzLWLnDTPSGY2LC89YK.XD4jyR1o4FGoCTvsfXEs7T6_xDaDzZ7HCxczkLjb1NQwJCZgNrwRSXCy7EDCiHSgyQ3.uUrwi00xrIkY.78AiZv9vS64Vg4M1PPd86cQcC4qK2cN.ifbke3.dk3C6ex9v2fQCd7bYDY6pw7meLwYDRXHuweGGIAv2GXyFNBSIKhyQGDb7LhUq1X1JWrrPZ_c13MK1a1Yz5C7KmDzSjIGyLbvYyc6Codf.Mlf82FoLBxQchi6ect8arj.hPpwu"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=9133b82cfaa6f8d0';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/10007449\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=eDj9DNHDxGShZJ_OQsg44F3U7NJWDUYuDbUZyK2yYUE-1739773728-1.0.1.1-X5ovGJndom9dJD9Uvt5tKqqIxaVOfvyq0IYtl5FJwYA" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>