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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1940s–1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s–1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>1940s–1960s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s–1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>2010s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>2020s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Economics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Retail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Retail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breakaways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakaways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Breakaways</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakaways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Piracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creative_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creative_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Creative control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creative_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Alternatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gaming_conventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gaming_conventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Gaming conventions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gaming_conventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Regional distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>International practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>World trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Largest_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Largest_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Largest markets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Largest_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.3</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.4</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.5</span> <span>Bangladesh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_and_New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Australia and New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_and_New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventions,_trade_shows,_and_conferences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventions,_trade_shows,_and_conferences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Conventions, trade shows, and conferences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conventions,_trade_shows,_and_conferences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage_and_archiving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage_and_archiving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Media coverage and archiving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage_and_archiving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_within_the_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_within_the_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Recognition within the industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_within_the_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Video game industry</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="صناعة ألعاب الفيديو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صناعة ألعاب الفيديو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_dels_videojocs" title="Indústria dels videojocs – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indústria dels videojocs" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videohern%C3%AD_pr%C5%AFmysl" title="Videoherní průmysl – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Videoherní průmysl" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industria_de_los_videojuegos" title="Industria de los videojuegos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Industria de los videojuegos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="صنعت بازی ویدئویی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صنعت بازی ویدئویی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrie_vid%C3%A9oludique" title="Industrie vidéoludique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Industrie vidéoludique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4_%EA%B2%8C%EC%9E%84_%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85" title="비디오 게임 산업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비디오 게임 산업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industri_permainan_video" title="Industri permainan video – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Industri permainan video" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ვიდეო თამაშების ინდუსტრია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვიდეო თამაშების ინდუსტრია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%87_%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A8" title="صناعه ڤيديو لعب – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صناعه ڤيديو لعب" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerspelindustrie" title="Computerspelindustrie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Computerspelindustrie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_gier_komputerowych" title="Przemysł gier komputerowych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przemysł gier komputerowych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria_de_jogos_eletr%C3%B4nicos" title="Indústria de jogos eletrônicos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Indústria de jogos eletrônicos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80" title="Индустрия компьютерных игр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Индустрия компьютерных игр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_industry" title="Video game industry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Video game industry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="پیشەسازیی کایەی ڤیدیۆیی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پیشەسازیی کایەی ڤیدیۆیی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videopeliteollisuus" title="Videopeliteollisuus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Videopeliteollisuus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="நிகழ்பட ஆட்டத் தொழிற்துறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிகழ்பட ஆட்டத் தொழிற்துறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_oyunu_end%C3%BCstrisi" title="Video oyunu endüstrisi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Video oyunu endüstrisi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Індустрія відеоігор – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Індустрія відеоігор" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="وڈیو گیم صنعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وڈیو گیم صنعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4ng_nghi%E1%BB%87p_tr%C3%B2_ch%C6%A1i_%C4%91i%E1%BB%87n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Công nghiệp trò chơi điện tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-industry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-industry.svg/80px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-industry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-industry.svg/120px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-industry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-industry.svg/160px-Video-Game-Controller-Icon-IDV-green-industry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="265" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video game industry</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_development" title="Video game development">Development</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_producer" title="Video game producer">Producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">Developer</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design#Game_designer" title="Video game design">Designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_art_design#Video_game_artist" title="Game art design">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_programmer" title="Video game programmer">Programmer</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_design" title="Video game design">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Level_(video_games)#Level_design" title="Level (video games)">Level design</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_programming" title="Video game programming">Programming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_video_games" title="Artificial intelligence in video games">AI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_creation_system" title="Game creation system">Creation system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_graphics" title="Video game graphics">Graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_testing" title="Game testing">Testing</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Products</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video game</a> <ul><li><i>Specialized / alternative-paradigmatic types</i>: <a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">Casual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_nudity_in_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex and nudity in video games">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_movie" class="mw-redirect" title="Interactive movie">Interactive movie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_video_game" title="Nonviolent video game">Nonviolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serious_game" title="Serious game">Serious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_game" title="Art game">Art game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_video_game" title="Educational video game">Edugame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exergaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Exergaming">Exergame</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-game" title="Non-game">Non-game</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">Arcade cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Console</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_accessory" title="Video game accessory">Accessory</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Video_game_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game publishing">Publishing</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games_markets_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of video games markets by country">Markets</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_China" title="Video games in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">Localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_censorship" title="Video game censorship">Censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_content_rating_system" title="Video game content rating system">Content rating</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_piracy" title="Video game piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_clone" title="Video game clone">Clone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_protection_of_video_games" title="Intellectual property protection of video games">Intellectual property protection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_protection" title="Copy protection">Copy protection</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution_of_video_games" title="Digital distribution of video games">Distribution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_monetization" title="Video game monetization">monetization</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buy-to-play" title="Buy-to-play">Buy-to-play</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAA_(video_game_industry)" title="AAA (video game industry)">AAA game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_pack" title="Expansion pack">Expansion pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episodic_video_game" title="Episodic video game">Episodic video game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_access" title="Early access">Early access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowdfunding_in_video_games" title="Crowdfunding in video games">Crowdfunding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downloadable_content" title="Downloadable content">Downloadable content</a></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Games_as_a_service" title="Games as a service">Games as a service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_gaming" title="Cloud gaming">Cloud gaming</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">Free-to-play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microtransactions" class="mw-redirect" title="Microtransactions">Microtransactions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-game_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="In-game currency">In-game currency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loot_box" title="Loot box">Loot box</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gacha_game" title="Gacha game">gacha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_pass_(video_games)" title="Season pass (video games)">Season pass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_pass" title="Battle pass">Battle pass</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr style="height:0px" /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_in_video_games" title="Advertising in video games">Advertising in video games</a><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-game_advertising" title="In-game advertising">in-game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advergame" title="Advergame">Advergame</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_studies" title="Game studies">Game studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Game journalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_developers" title="List of video game developers">List of video game developers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indie_game_developers" title="List of indie game developers">Indie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_publishers" title="List of video game publishers">List of video game publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_industry_people" title="List of video game industry people">List of video game industry people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_websites" title="List of video game websites">List of video game websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_magazines" title="List of video game magazines">List of video game magazines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_game_industry" title="Template:Video game industry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_game_industry" title="Template talk:Video game industry"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_game_industry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video game industry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>video game industry</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary industry">tertiary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaternary industry">quaternary</a> sectors of the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Entertainment industry">entertainment industry</a> that specialize in the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_development" title="Video game development">development</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">distribution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_monetization" title="Video game monetization">monetization</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Customer_satisfaction_research" title="Customer satisfaction research">consumer feedback</a> of <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video games</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Industry_(economics)" title="Industry (economics)">industry</a> encompasses dozens of job disciplines and thousands of jobs worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The video game industry has grown from niche to mainstream.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of July 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, video games generated <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$134.9 billion</span> annually in global sales.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, the industry earned about <span style="white-space: nowrap">$9.5 billion</span> in 2007, <span style="white-space: nowrap">$11.7 billion</span> in 2008, and <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$25.1 billion</span> in<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association" title="Entertainment Software Association">ESA</a> annual report. Research from Ampere Analysis indicated three points: the sector has consistently grown since at least 2015 and expanded 26% <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">from 2019 to 2021</a>, to a record <span style="white-space: nowrap">$191 billion</span>; the global games and services market is forecast to shrink 1.2% annually to <span style="white-space: nowrap">$188 billion</span> in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industry has influenced the technological advancement of <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> through <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">graphics cards</a> and <a href="/wiki/3D_graphic_accelerator" class="mw-redirect" title="3D graphic accelerator">3D graphic accelerators</a>, <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPUs</a>, and co-processors like <a href="/wiki/PhysX" title="PhysX">PhysX</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sound cards, for example, were originally developed for games and then improved for adoptation by the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_overview">Industry overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Industry overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Size">Size</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2017 in the United States, which represented about a third of the global video game market, the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association" title="Entertainment Software Association">Entertainment Software Association</a> estimated that there were over 2,300 development companies and over 525 publishing companies, including in hardware and software manufacturing, service providers, and distributors. These companies in total have nearly 66,000 direct employees. When including indirect employment, such as a developer using the services of a graphics design package from a different firm, the total number of employees involved in the video game industry rises above 220,000.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Value_chain">Value chain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Value chain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditionally, the video game industry has had six connected layers in its <a href="/wiki/Value_chain" title="Value chain">value chain</a> based on the retail distribution of games: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_development" title="Video game development">Game development</a>, representing programmers, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game designer">designers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">artists</a>, and their leadership, with support of <a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">middleware</a> and other development tools.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">Publishing</a>, which typically includes both the source of funding the development of a video game, as well as providing the marketing and advertising for a game.</li> <li>Distribution, whether through retail or digital channels. Distribution typically includes manufacturing and duplication of game media and packaging for retail games.</li> <li>Retailer, storefront where the game is sold.</li> <li>Consumers, the purchasers and players of video games</li> <li>Hardware platform manufacturers, which can own and place limitations for content on the platform they have made, charging license fees to developers or publishers.</li></ol> <p>As games have transitioned from the retail to more digital market, parts of this value chain have become redundant. For example, the distributor may be redundant as a function of either the publisher or the retailer, or even in some cases as the case of <a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">indie games</a>, the function of the developer themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roles">Roles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Roles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ben Sawyer of Digitalmill observes that the development side of the industry is made up of six connected and distinctive layers: </p> <ol><li>Capital and publishing layer: involved in paying for development of new games and seeking returns through licensing of the properties.</li> <li>Product and talent layer: includes <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">developers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game designer">designers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Game_art_design" title="Game art design">artists</a>, who may be working under individual contracts or as part of in-house development teams.</li> <li>Production and tools layer: generates content <a href="/wiki/Game_tool" class="mw-redirect" title="Game tool">production tools</a>, game development <a href="/wiki/Game_Middleware" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Middleware">middleware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">customizable game engines</a>, and production management tools.</li> <li>Distribution layer: or the "<a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">publishing</a>" industry, involved in generating and marketing catalogs of games for retail and online distribution.</li> <li>Hardware (or Virtual Machine or Software Platform) layer: or the providers of the underlying platform, which may be console-based, accessed through online media, or accessed through mobile devices such as <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>. This layer includes network infrastructure and non-hardware platforms such as virtual machines (such as Java or Flash), or software platforms such as browsers or Facebook.</li> <li>End-users layer: or the players of the games.<sup id="cite_ref-newmedia_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newmedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The game industry employs those experienced in other traditional businesses, but some have experience tailored to the game industry. Some of the disciplines specific to the game industry include: <a href="/wiki/Game_programmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Game programmer">game programmer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Game designer">game designer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Level_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Level designer">level designer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_producer" class="mw-redirect" title="Game producer">game producer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Game_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Game artist">game artist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Game_tester" class="mw-redirect" title="Game tester">game tester</a>. Most of these professionals are employed by <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">video game developers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">video game publishers</a>. However, many <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobbyists</a> also produce computer games and sell them commercially.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Game developers and publishers sometimes employ those with extensive or long-term experience within the <a href="/wiki/Mod_(video_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (video gaming)">modding</a> communities.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Cleanup_rewrite plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/40px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/60px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg/80px-Crystal_Clear_app_kedit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may need to be rewritten</b> to comply with Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">quality standards</a>, as Section should focus on the history of segments of the industry (developers, publishers, etc.) and major events, which may be tied to hardware and software, but this should be less about reiterating the hardware and generations..<span class="hide-when-compact"> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit">You can help</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Talk:Video_game_industry" title="Talk:Video game industry">talk page</a> may contain suggestions.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_games" title="History of video games">History of video games</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_arcade_video_games" title="History of arcade video games">History of arcade video games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles" title="History of video game consoles">History of video game consoles</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1940s–1960s"><span id="1940s.E2.80.931960s"></span>1940s–1960s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1940s–1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_video_games" title="Early history of video games">Early history of video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_mainframe_games" title="Early mainframe games">Early mainframe games</a></div> <p>Prior to the 1970s, there was no significant commercial aspect of the video game industry, but many advances in computing would set the stage for the birth of the industry. </p><p>Many early publicly available interactive computer-based game machines used or other mechanisms to mimic a display; while technically not "video games", they had elements of interactivity between the player and the machine. Some examples of these included the 1940 "Nimatron", an electromagnetic relay-based <a href="/wiki/Nim" title="Nim">Nim</a>-playing device designed by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Condon" title="Edward Condon">Edward Condon</a> and built by <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_(1886)" class="mw-redirect" title="Westinghouse Electric (1886)">Westinghouse Electric</a> for the <a href="/wiki/1939_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1939 New York World's Fair">New York World's Fair</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Priest_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Priest-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Bertie_the_Brain" title="Bertie the Brain">Bertie the Brain</a></i>, an arcade game of <a href="/wiki/Tic-tac-toe" title="Tic-tac-toe">tic-tac-toe</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Josef_Kates" title="Josef Kates">Josef Kates</a> for the 1950 <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition" title="Canadian National Exhibition">Canadian National Exhibition</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CNE_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNE-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nimrod_(computer)" title="Nimrod (computer)">Nimrod</a> created by engineering firm <a href="/wiki/Ferranti" title="Ferranti">Ferranti</a> for the 1951 <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Britain" title="Festival of Britain">Festival of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a>, the core technology inside televisions, created several of the first true video games. In 1947, Thomas T. Goldsmith Jr. and Estle Ray Mann filed a patent for a "cathode ray tube amusement device". Their game, which uses a cathode-ray tube hooked to an oscilloscope display, challenges players to fire a gun at target.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 1950s and 1960s, with mainframe computers becoming available to campus colleges, students and others started to develop games that could be played at terminals that accessed the mainframe. One of the first known examples is <i><a href="/wiki/Spacewar!" title="Spacewar!">Spacewar!</a></i>, developed by Harvard and MIT employees Martin Graetz, <a href="/wiki/Steve_Russell_(computer_scientist)" title="Steve Russell (computer scientist)">Steve Russell</a>, and Wayne Wiitanen.<sup id="cite_ref-Space_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Space-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of easy-to-program languages like <a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a> for mainframes allowed for more simplistic games to be developed. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a> industry grew out of the pre-existing <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a> industry, which was previously dominated by <a href="/wiki/Electro-mechanical_game" title="Electro-mechanical game">electro-mechanical games</a> (EM games). Following the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>'s EM game <i><a href="/wiki/Periscope_(arcade_game)" title="Periscope (arcade game)">Periscope</a></i> (1966), the arcade industry was experiencing a "technological renaissance" driven by "audio-visual" EM novelty games, establishing the arcades as a healthy environment for the introduction of commercial video games in the early 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1960s, a college student named <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Bushnell" title="Nolan Bushnell">Nolan Bushnell</a> had a part-time job at an arcade where he became familiar with EM games such as <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Coin" title="Chicago Coin">Chicago Coin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Racing_game" title="Racing game">racing game</a> <i>Speedway</i> (1969), watching customers play and helping to maintain the machinery, while learning how it worked and developing his understanding of how the game business operates.<sup id="cite_ref-NGen23_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGen23-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1970s">1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/220px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/330px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg/440px-Magnavox-Odyssey-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="2940" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a> was released in 1972 as the first home video game console.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/First_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="First generation of video game consoles">First generation of video game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game crash of 1977">Video game crash of 1977</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_video_arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of video arcade games">Golden age of video arcade games</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">Second generation of video game consoles</a></div> <p>In 1971, the first commercial <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Computer_Space" title="Computer Space">Computer Space</a></i>, was released.<sup id="cite_ref-cleverism.com_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cleverism.com-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year, <a href="/wiki/Atari,_Inc." title="Atari, Inc.">Atari, Inc.</a> released the first commercially successful video game, <i><a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a></i>, and 19,000 <a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">arcade cabinets</a> of the original arcade version were sold.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that year, video games were introduced to the home market with the release of the early <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game console</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>. However, both the arcade and home markets would be dominated by <i>Pong</i> clones, which flooded the market and led to the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game crash of 1977">video game crash of 1977</a>. The crash eventually came to an end with the success of <a href="/wiki/Taito" title="Taito">Taito</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i>, released in 1978, inspiring the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_video_arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of video arcade games">golden age of video arcade games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker-122_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-122-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game's success prompted the prevalence of arcade machines in mainstream locations such as <a href="/wiki/Shopping_mall" title="Shopping mall">shopping malls</a>, traditional storefronts, <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Convenience_store" title="Convenience store">convenience stores</a> during the golden age.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than 360,000 <i>Space Invaders</i> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_arcade_cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game arcade cabinet">arcade cabinets</a> were sold worldwide,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1982, generated a revenue of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$2 billion</span> (equivalent to $6.31 billion in 2023) in <a href="/wiki/Quarter_(United_States_coin)" title="Quarter (United States coin)">quarters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CBC-1982_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBC-1982-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Executive_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Executive-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Space Invaders</i> was soon licensed for the <a href="/wiki/Atari_2600" title="Atari 2600">Atari VCS</a> (later known as Atari 2600), becoming the first "<a href="/wiki/Killer_app" class="mw-redirect" title="Killer app">killer app</a>" and quadrupling the console's sales.<sup id="cite_ref-RG-41_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RG-41-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of the Atari 2600 in turn revived the home video game market during the second generation of consoles, until the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">video game crash of 1983</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computer game">personal computer game</a> industry began forming from a hobby culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1980s">1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NES-Console-Set.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/220px-NES-Console-Set.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/330px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/NES-Console-Set.jpg/440px-NES-Console-Set.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5560" data-file-height="3020" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, released in 1985, revived the American video game industry after the video game crash of 1983.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_video_arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of video arcade games">Golden age of video arcade games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Second generation of video game consoles">Second generation of video game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">Video game crash of 1983</a>, <a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">Third generation of video game consoles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">Fourth generation of video game consoles</a></div> <p>In the early 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_video_arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of video arcade games">golden age of video arcade games</a> reached its zenith. The total sales of <a href="/wiki/Arcade_video_game" title="Arcade video game">arcade video game</a> machines in North America increased significantly during this period, from $50 million in 1978 to $900 million by 1981,<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf-105_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf-105-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the arcade video game industry's revenue in North America tripling to $2.8 billion in 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1981, the arcade video game industry was generating an annual North American revenue of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$5 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-Whittaker-122_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Whittaker-122-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $16.8 billion in 2023). In 1982, the arcade video game industry reached its peak, generating $8 billion in quarters,<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers-Larsen-263_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-Larsen-263-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surpassing the annual gross revenue of both <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> ($4 billion) and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a> films ($3 billion) combined.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers-Larsen-263_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-Larsen-263-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was also nearly twice as much as the $3.8 billion generated by the home video game industry that year; both the arcade and home video game markets combined in 1982 total of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$11.8 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-Rogers-Larsen-263_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-Larsen-263-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $37.3 billion in 2023). The arcade video game industry would continue to generate an annual revenue of $5 billion in quarters through to 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most successful game of this era was <a href="/wiki/Namco" title="Namco">Namco</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Pac-Man" title="Pac-Man">Pac-Man</a></i>, released in 1980, of which more than 350,000 cabinets were eventually sold,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and within a year, collected more than $1 billion in quarters;<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf-73_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf-73-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in total, <i>Pac-Man</i> is estimated to have grossed over 10 billion quarters ($2.5 billion) during the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolf-73_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolf-73-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1980s, <a href="/wiki/8-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="8-bit">8-bit</a> home computing and <a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">home-made games</a> boomed. This was especially in Europe (with the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a>) and in Asia (with the <a href="/wiki/NEC_PC-8801" class="mw-redirect" title="NEC PC-8801">NEC PC-88</a> and <a href="/wiki/MSX" title="MSX">MSX</a>). <a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video game journalism</a> arose at that time, which was later expanded to include <a href="/wiki/Covermount" title="Covermount">covermounted</a> cassettes and CDs. In 1983, the <a href="/wiki/North_American_video_game_crash_of_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="North American video game crash of 1983">North American industry crashed</a> due to the production of too many badly developed games (quantity over quality), resulting in the fall of the North American industry. The industry would eventually be revitalized by the release of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, which resulted in the home console market being dominated by Japanese companies such as <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-newmedia_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newmedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while a professional European video game industry also began taking shape with companies such as <a href="/wiki/Ocean_Software" title="Ocean Software">Ocean Software</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gremlin_Interactive" title="Gremlin Interactive">Gremlin Interactive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1987, Nintendo lost a legal challenge against <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockbuster Entertainment">Blockbuster Entertainment</a>, which continued game rentals in the same way as movies. In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy" title="Game Boy">Game Boy</a> handheld system was launched. </p><p>Video games transitioned from having been showcased at general trade shows like <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a>, to dedicated shows like <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Space_World" title="Nintendo Space World">Nintendo Space World</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Entertainment Expo">Electronic Entertainment Expo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990s">1990s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PlayStation-SCPH-1000-with-Controller.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/PlayStation-SCPH-1000-with-Controller.png/220px-PlayStation-SCPH-1000-with-Controller.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/PlayStation-SCPH-1000-with-Controller.png/330px-PlayStation-SCPH-1000-with-Controller.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/PlayStation-SCPH-1000-with-Controller.png/440px-PlayStation-SCPH-1000-with-Controller.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_(console)" title="PlayStation (console)">PlayStation</a> was the most popular video game console of the fifth generation, with the mass adoption of CD media.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fourth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fourth generation of video game consoles">Fourth generation of video game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fifth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Fifth generation of video game consoles">Fifth generation of video game consoles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">Sixth generation of video game consoles</a></div> <p>Game related technology advances of the 1990s include these: </p> <ul><li>The "3D Revolution" where <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D polygon graphics</a> became the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> standard for video game visual presentation, initially in the arcades during the early 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then on home systems with 3D consoles and PC <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">graphics cards</a> in the mid-1990s.</li> <li>The widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a>-based storage and software distribution</li> <li>Continuing advancement of <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> speed and sophistication</li> <li>Widespread adoption of <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">GUI</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a>, such as the series of <a href="/wiki/Amiga_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiga OS">Amiga OS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS">Mac OS</a></li> <li>Shrinking of hardware, with <a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_consoles" class="mw-redirect" title="Handheld game consoles">handheld game consoles</a> and mobile phones, which enabled <a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">mobile gaming</a></li> <li>The emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, which in the late 1990s enabled online cooperative play and <a href="/wiki/Competitive_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive gaming">competitive gaming</a></li></ul> <p>Aside from technology, in the early part of the decade, <a href="/wiki/Brand_licensing" title="Brand licensing">licensed</a> games became more popular,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did video game sequels.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The arcades experienced a renaissance in the early 1990s following the release of <i><a href="/wiki/Street_Fighter_II" title="Street Fighter II">Street Fighter II</a></i> (1991), which led to a number of other popular fighting games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Fatal_Fury" title="Fatal Fury">Fatal Fury</a></i> (1991) and <i><a href="/wiki/Mortal_Kombat" title="Mortal Kombat">Mortal Kombat</a></i> (1992).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arcade resurgence was further driven by increasing realism,<sup id="cite_ref-GW_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GW-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the "3D Revolution" from <a href="/wiki/2D_graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="2D graphics">2D</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-3D" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-3D">pseudo-3D</a> graphics to true <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computer_graphics" title="Real-time computer graphics">real-time</a> <a href="/wiki/3D_computer_graphics" title="3D computer graphics">3D polygon graphics</a>, following the release of games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Virtua_Racing" title="Virtua Racing">Virtua Racing</a></i> (1992) and <i><a href="/wiki/Virtua_Fighter" title="Virtua Fighter">Virtua Fighter</a></i> (1993).<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tao2_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tao2-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1990s, there was a transition away from arcades to home systems. Until about 1996-1997, arcade video games represented the largest sector of the global video game industry, before arcades declined and the console market surpassed arcade video games for the first time around 1997-1998.<sup id="cite_ref-vgmarket_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vgmarket-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arcade systems such as the <a href="/wiki/Sega_Model_3" class="mw-redirect" title="Sega Model 3">Sega Model 3</a> remained more technologically advanced than home systems in the late 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-VF3_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VF3-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thg_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thg-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the gap between arcade and home systems began narrowing in the late 1990s. </p><p>The video game industry generated worldwide sales of <span style="white-space: nowrap">$19.8 billion</span> in 1993<sup id="cite_ref-yearbook_123a_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yearbook_123a-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $41.8 billion in 2023), <span style="white-space: nowrap">$20.8 billion</span> in 1994<sup id="cite_ref-yearbook_123a_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yearbook_123a-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $42.8 billion in 2023), and an estimated <span style="white-space: nowrap">$30 billion</span> in 1998<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (equivalent to $56.1 billion in 2023). In the United States alone, in 1994, arcades generated <span style="white-space: nowrap">$7 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-business_1994_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business_1994-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in quarters while home console game sales generated <span style="white-space: nowrap">$6 billion</span><sup id="cite_ref-business_1994_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business_1994-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Combined, this was nearly two and a half times the <span style="white-space: nowrap">$5 billion</span> revenue generated by movies in the United States at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-business_1994_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-business_1994-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s">2000s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PS2-Fat-Console-Set.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.png/220px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.png/330px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/PS2-Fat-Console-Set.png/440px-PS2-Fat-Console-Set.png 2x" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="3300" /></a><figcaption>The sixth-generation <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_2" title="PlayStation 2">PlayStation 2</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_game_consoles" title="List of best-selling game consoles">best-selling console of all time</a>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sixth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Sixth generation of video game consoles">Sixth generation of video game consoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seventh_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Seventh generation of video game consoles">Seventh generation of video game consoles</a></div> <p>In 2000s, the video game industry was in heavy development; profit still drove technological advancement used by other industry sectors. Technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">Smartphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">virtual reality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> were major drivers for game hardware and gameplay development. Though maturing, the video game industry was still very volatile, with third-party video game developers quickly cropping up, and just as quickly, going out of business.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nevertheless, many <a href="/wiki/Casual_game" title="Casual game">casual games</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">indie games</a> became successful, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Braid_(video_game)" title="Braid (video game)">Braid</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Limbo_(video_game)" title="Limbo (video game)">Limbo</a></i>. Game development for mobile phones (such as <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> devices) and social networking sites emerged. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> game developer, <a href="/wiki/Zynga" title="Zynga">Zynga</a>, raised more than $300 million.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2010s">2010s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 2010s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">Eighth generation of video game consoles</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Indie_game" title="Indie game">Indie games</a> are not the main driver but significantly impact the industry, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Spelunky" title="Spelunky">Spelunky</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fez_(video_game)" title="Fez (video game)">Fez</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Starve" title="Don't Starve">Don't Starve</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_Crashers" title="Castle Crashers">Castle Crashers</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a></i>, with millions of <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">dollars</a> and users.<sup id="cite_ref-entrepreneurial-insights.com_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrepreneurial-insights.com-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (February 2017)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 2010s, the shift increased to casual and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">mobile gaming</a>, and in 2016, the mobile video game market was estimated at $38 billion in revenues, compared to $6 billion for the console market and $33 billion for personal computing gaming.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augmented_reality" title="Augmented reality">augmented reality</a> games arose during this decade. As of 2014, newer game companies arose that vertically integrate live operations and publishing such as crowdfunding and other direct-to-consumer efforts, rather than relying on a traditional publishers, and some of these grew substantially.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spurred by some initial events in the late 2000s, <a href="/wiki/ESports" class="mw-redirect" title="ESports">eSports</a> centered around professional players in organized competitions and leagues for prize money, grew greatly over this decade, drawing hundreds of millions of viewers and reaching nearly $500 million in revenue by 2016 and expected to break $1 billion by 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s">2020s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 2020s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ninth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Ninth generation of video game consoles">Ninth generation of video game consoles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_video_game_industry" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry">Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the video game industry</a></div> <p>The next generations of <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X/S" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Series X/S">Xbox Series X/S</a> and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> were planned for 2020, but the video game industry was affected by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> that had a worldwide impact starting in March 2020 due to forced stay-at-home orders by governmental regulations. There were similar impacts to the video game industry as with other industries, such as cancellation of in-person trade shows, conventions and esports events, and the delay of many games into late 2020, 2021, or beyond, and the industry was one of the few to actually thrive from a home-bound population using video games to cope. The market had a 20% year-to-year growth from 2019, reaching over <span style="white-space: nowrap">$179 billion</span> in global revenue in both hardware and software for 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Easily learned games with high social interactions were popular, including <i><a href="/wiki/Animal_Crossing:_New_Horizons" title="Animal Crossing: New Horizons">Animal Crossing: New Horizons</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Fall_Guys" title="Fall Guys">Fall Guys</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Among_Us" title="Among Us">Among Us</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-improb_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-improb-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the pandemic wore on from 2020 into 2021, a secondary effect was the impact of the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_global_chip_shortage" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 global chip shortage">global semiconductor chip shortage</a> on hardware manufacturing. The three major console vendors, Nintendo, Microsoft, and Sony, were impacted by availability of supply of core components, and for the latter two, limited the launch of their new consoles. The chip supply shortage also affected personal computer gamers, coupled with demand for computer parts to be used in <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocurrency mining">cryptocurrency mining</a>, which artificially raised prices and made it difficult to purchase newer components.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, after cryptocurrency mining started paying out less during and following the <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrency_bubble" title="Cryptocurrency bubble">2021–2022 cryptocurrency crash</a>, computer parts such as <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPUs</a> have become more affordable as of August 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone" style=""><div class="thumbinner" style="width:-moz-fit-content; width:fit-content;"><div class="thumbimage noresize" style="width:auto;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width:100%;margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;"><div class="mbox-text-span">Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on <a href="https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T334940" class="extiw" title="phab:T334940">Phabricator</a> and on <a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Graph/Plans" class="extiw" title="mw:Extension:Graph/Plans">MediaWiki.org</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="thumbcaption">Global revenue estimates of the video game industry from 1971 to 2018, not adjusted for inflation, according to market research firm Pelham Smithers.<sup id="cite_ref-vgmarket_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vgmarket-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> The chart shows the impacts of the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="Video game crash of 1977">1977 crash</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden age of arcade games">golden age of arcade games</a> (1978–1983), the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_crash_of_1983" title="Video game crash of 1983">video game crash of 1983</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Third_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Third generation of video game consoles">console revival</a> (late 1980s), and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">mobile gaming</a> since 2008.</div></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>Early development costs were minimal, and video games could be quite profitable. Games developed by a single programmer, or by a small team of programmers and artists, could sell hundreds of thousands of copies each. Many of these games only took a few months to create, so developers could release multiple games per year. Thus, publishers could often be generous with benefits, such as <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalties</a> on the games sold. Many early game publishers started from this economic climate, such as <a href="/wiki/Origin_Systems" title="Origin Systems">Origin Systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Entertainment" title="Sierra Entertainment">Sierra Entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>. </p><p>As computing and graphics power increased, so too did the size of development teams, as larger staffs were needed to address the ever-increasing technical and design complexities. The larger teams consist of programmers, artists, game designers, and producers. Their salaries can range anywhere from $50,000 to $120,000 generating large labor costs for firms producing video games<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which can often take between one and three years to develop. Modern budgets typically reach millions of dollars and use <a href="/wiki/Game_Middleware" class="mw-redirect" title="Game Middleware">middleware</a> and pre-built <a href="/wiki/Game_engine" title="Game engine">game engines</a>. In addition to growing development costs, marketing budgets have grown dramatically, sometimes two to three times of the cost of development.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditionally, the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_monetization" title="Video game monetization">video game monetization</a> method is to sell hard copies in retail store. Cheaper production and distribution methods include <a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">online distribution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2010s, the video game industry had a major impact on the economy through the sales of major systems and games such as <i><a href="/wiki/Call_of_Duty:_Black_Ops" title="Call of Duty: Black Ops">Call of Duty: Black Ops</a></i>, which had over $650 million of sales in the game's first five days and which set a five-day global record for a movie, book or video game.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game's income was more than the opening weekend of <i><a href="/wiki/Spider-Man_3" title="Spider-Man 3">Spider-Man 3</a></i> and the previous title holder for a video game <i><a href="/wiki/Halo_3" title="Halo 3">Halo 3</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many individuals have also benefited from the economic success of video games including the former chairman of <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> and Japan's third richest man: <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Yamauchi" title="Hiroshi Yamauchi">Hiroshi Yamauchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2014, the global video game market was valued at over $93 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industry wide adoption of high-definition graphics during the seventh generation of consoles greatly increased development teams' sizes and reduced the number of <a href="/wiki/Triple_A_(gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple A (gaming)">high-budget, high-quality games</a> under development. In 2013 <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hilleman" title="Richard Hilleman">Richard Hilleman</a> of Electronic Arts estimated that only 25 developers were working on such games for the eighth console generation, compared to 125 at the same point in the seventh generation-console cycle seven or eight years earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 2018, the United States video game industry had matched that of the United States film industry on basis of revenue, with both having made around <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$43 billion</span> that year.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 2000, the video game industry was considered <a href="/wiki/Recession" title="Recession">recession</a>-proof, having thrived compared to other industries during the 2008 <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, and as one of the more profitable industries during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> in 2020 and 2021. Video games are seen as a low-cost vice and entertainment for consumers when approaching recession.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in 2022, atop pandemic economic fallout including chip shortages, supply chain disruption, and consumers preferring outdoor activities, the industry started to indicate recession with global revenues falling for the first time in twenty years.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retail">Retail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Retail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isokatu_28_Oulu_20190210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Isokatu_28_Oulu_20190210.jpg/220px-Isokatu_28_Oulu_20190210.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Isokatu_28_Oulu_20190210.jpg/330px-Isokatu_28_Oulu_20190210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Isokatu_28_Oulu_20190210.jpg/440px-Isokatu_28_Oulu_20190210.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/GameStop" title="GameStop">GameStop</a> video game store at the Isokatu street in <a href="/wiki/Oulu" title="Oulu">Oulu</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The industry's shift from <a href="/wiki/Brick_and_mortar" title="Brick and mortar">brick and mortar</a> retail to digital downloads led to a severe sales decline at video game retailers such as <a href="/wiki/GameStop" title="GameStop">GameStop</a>, following other media retailers superseded by Internet delivery, such as <a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_LLC" class="mw-redirect" title="Blockbuster LLC">Blockbuster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tower_Records_(music_retailer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tower Records (music retailer)">Tower Records</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Megastores" title="Virgin Megastores">Virgin Megastores</a>. GameStop diversified its services by purchasing chains that repair wireless devices and expanding its trade-in program through which customers trade used games for credit towards new games.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company began to produce its own merchandise and games. In Britain, the games retailer <a href="/wiki/Game_(retailer)" title="Game (retailer)">Game</a> revamped its stores so customers would spend time playing games there. It built a gaming arena for events and tournaments.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shift to digital marketplaces, especially for smartphones, led to an influx of inexpensive and disposable games,<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lower engagement among gamers who otherwise purchased new games from retail.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Customers also shifted away from the tradition of buying games on their first day of release.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Publishers often funded trade-in deals to encourage consumers to purchase new games. Trade-in customers at the Australian retailer Game would purchase twice the games per year as non-trade-in customers. The sale of pre-owned games kept retailers in business, and composed about a third of Game's revenue. Retailers also saved on the UK's value-added tax, which only taxed the retailer's profit on pre-owned games, rather than the full sale on regular games. The former trade-in retail executives behind the trade-in price comparison site Trade In Detectives estimated that the United Kingdom's trade-in industry was about a third of the size of its new games business.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurogamer:_trade-in_myths_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurogamer:_trade-in_myths-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They figured that sites such as <a href="/wiki/EBay" title="EBay">eBay</a>, which convert used games into cash, compose about a quarter of the UK's trade-in market,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but do not keep the credit within the industry. While consumers might appear to receive better offers on these sites, they also take about 15 percent of the selling price in fees. Alternatively, some retailers will match the trade-in values offered by their competitors. Microsoft's original plan for the Xbox One attempted to translate trade-in deals for the digital marketplace, with a database of product licenses that shops would be able to resell with publisher permission, though the plan was poorly received or poorly sold.<sup id="cite_ref-Eurogamer:_trade-in_myths_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eurogamer:_trade-in_myths-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Practices">Practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video game industry practices are similar to those of other entertainment industries (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Recording_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording industry">music recording industry</a>), but the video game industry in particular has been accused of treating its development talent poorly. This promotes independent development, as developers leave to form new companies and projects. In some notable cases, these new companies grow large and impersonal, having adopted the business practices of their forebears, and ultimately perpetuate the cycle. </p><p>However, unlike the music industry, where modern technology has allowed a fully professional product to be created extremely inexpensively by an independent musician, modern games require increasing amounts of manpower and equipment. This dynamic makes <a href="/wiki/Video_game_publisher" title="Video game publisher">publishers</a>, who fund the <a href="/wiki/Video_game_developer" title="Video game developer">developers</a>, much more important than in the music industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakaways">Breakaways</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Breakaways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the video game industry, it is common for developers to leave their current studio and start their own. A particularly famous case is the "original" independent developer <a href="/wiki/Activision" title="Activision">Activision</a>, founded by former <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> developers. Activision grew to become the world's second largest game publisher.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the meantime, many of the original developers left to work on other projects. For example, founder <a href="/wiki/Alan_Miller_(game_designer)" title="Alan Miller (game designer)">Alan Miller</a> left Activision to start another video game development company, <a href="/wiki/Accolade_(company)" title="Accolade (company)">Accolade</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Atari" title="Atari">Atari</a> née <a href="/wiki/Infogrames" class="mw-redirect" title="Infogrames">Infogrames</a>). </p><p>Activision was popular among developers for giving them credit in the packaging and title screens for their games, while Atari disallowed this practice. As the video game industry took off in the mid-1980s, many developers faced the more distressing problem of working with fly-by-night or unscrupulous publishers that would either fold unexpectedly or run off with the game profits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piracy">Piracy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Piracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The industry claims <a href="/wiki/Software_piracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Software piracy">software piracy</a> to be a big problem, and takes measures to counter this.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">Digital rights management</a> have proved to be the most unpopular with gamers, as a measure to counter piracy.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most popular and effective strategy to counter piracy is to change the business model to <a href="/wiki/Freemium" title="Freemium">freemium</a>, where gamers pay for their in-game needs or service. Strong server-side security is required for this, to properly distinguish authentic transactions from <a href="/wiki/Cheating_in_video_games" title="Cheating in video games">hacked</a> transactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creative_control">Creative control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Creative control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On various Internet forums, some gamers have expressed disapproval of publishers having creative control since publishers are more apt to follow short-term market trends rather than invest in risky but potentially lucrative ideas. On the other hand, publishers may know better than developers what consumers want. The relationship between video game developers and publishers parallels the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Recording_Artists%27_Coalition" title="Recording Artists' Coalition">recording artists</a> and <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">record labels</a> in many ways. But unlike the <a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">music industry</a>, which has seen flat or declining sales in the early 2000s,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the video game industry continues to grow.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Computer_game" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer game">computer games</a> industry, it is easier to create a startup, resulting in many successful companies. The <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">console</a> industry is more closed, and a game developer must have up to three licenses from the <a href="/wiki/Console_manufacturer" class="mw-redirect" title="Console manufacturer">console manufacturer</a>: </p> <ol><li>A license to develop games for the console</li> <li>The publisher must have a license to publish games for the console</li> <li>A separate license for each game</li></ol> <p>In addition, the developer must usually buy development systems from the console manufacturer in order to develop a game for consideration, as well as obtain concept approval for the game from the console manufacturer. Therefore, the developer normally has to have a publishing deal in place before starting development on a game project, but in order to secure a publishing deal, the developer must have a track record of console development, something which few startups will have. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alternatives">Alternatives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alternatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An alternative method for publishing video games is to self-publish using the <a href="/wiki/Shareware" title="Shareware">shareware</a> or <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> model over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gaming_conventions">Gaming conventions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Gaming conventions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo-Game-Show-2023-Day3-2023-09-23_192.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tokyo-Game-Show-2023-Day3-2023-09-23_192.jpg/220px-Tokyo-Game-Show-2023-Day3-2023-09-23_192.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tokyo-Game-Show-2023-Day3-2023-09-23_192.jpg/330px-Tokyo-Game-Show-2023-Day3-2023-09-23_192.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Tokyo-Game-Show-2023-Day3-2023-09-23_192.jpg/440px-Tokyo-Game-Show-2023-Day3-2023-09-23_192.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Tokyo Game Show, In Makuhari Messe, Chiba City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan, Showing off a new game called Tekken 8(In 2023)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gaming_convention" title="Gaming convention">Gaming conventions</a> are an important showcase of the industry. The major annual video game conventions include <a href="/wiki/Gamescom" title="Gamescom">Gamescom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> (Germany), <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Entertainment Expo">E3</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> (US),<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penny_Arcade_Expo" class="mw-redirect" title="Penny Arcade Expo">Penny Arcade Expo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Summer_Game_Fest" title="Summer Game Fest">Summer Games Fest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Game_Show" title="Tokyo Game Show">Tokyo Game Show(TGS)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brasil_Game_Show" title="Brasil Game Show">Brazil Game Show</a>(BGS), and etc. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_distribution">Regional distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Regional distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Regional_lockout#Video_games" title="Regional lockout">Regional lockout § Video games</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>As with other forms of media, video games have often been released in different world regions at different times.<sup id="cite_ref-denofgeek1_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denofgeek1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice has been used where <a href="/wiki/Video_game_localization" title="Video game localization">localization</a> is not done in parallel with the rest of development<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or where the game must be encoded differently, as in <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a> vs. <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has also been used to provide price discrimination in different markets or to focus limited marketing resources.<sup id="cite_ref-denofgeek1_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denofgeek1-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developers may also stagger digital releases so as not to overwhelm the servers hosting the game.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_practices">International practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The video game industry had its primary roots in the United States following the introduction of arcade games and console systems, with Japan soon following. With the introduction of the personal computer, Western Europe also became a major center for video game development. Since then, the industry is primarily led by companies in North America, Europe, and Japan, but other regions, including Australia/New Zealand, and other East Asian countries including China and South Korea, have become significant sectors for the industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_trends">World trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: World trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International video game revenue was over $142B in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-newzoo2022_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newzoo2022-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is almost double the revenue of the international <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a> in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The largest nations by estimated video game revenues in 2016 are the United States ($46.4B), China ($44B), and Japan ($19.1B).<sup id="cite_ref-newzoo2022_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newzoo2022-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gaming industry saw strong growth in 2020, the first year of the pandemic, and this trend continued into 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Largest_markets">Largest markets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Largest markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to market research firm Newzoo, the following countries are the largest video game markets by annual revenue, as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>:<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Revenue (billion <span style="white-space: nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a></span>) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">United States</a> </td> <td>46,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_China" title="Video games in China">China</a> </td> <td>44,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>19,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>7,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Germany" title="Video games in Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>6,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_France" title="Video games in France">France</a> </td> <td>5,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Video games in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>5,5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Canada" title="Video games in Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>3,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Italy" title="Video games in Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>3,1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Brazil" title="Video games in Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>2,6 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>According to market research firm Newzoo, the following countries are the largest video game markets by number of players in the top 10 richest video game markets, as of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>:<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Rank </th> <th>Country </th> <th>Number of players (million) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_China" title="Video games in China">China</a> </td> <td>699 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_States" title="Video games in the United States">United States</a> </td> <td>209 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Brazil" title="Video games in Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>102 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Japan" title="Video games in Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td>73 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Germany" title="Video games in Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>49 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_France" title="Video games in France">France</a> </td> <td>45 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Video games in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>38 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Italy" title="Video games in Italy">Italy</a> </td> <td>36 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">South Korea</a> </td> <td>33 million </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_Canada" title="Video games in Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>22 million </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In general, spending on gaming tends to increase with increase in nominal GDP. However, gaming is relatively more popular in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>, and relatively less popular in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Video_game_industry_revenue_vs_nominal_GDP.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Total gaming revenue (mobile + PC + console) vs nominal GDP by country"><img alt="Total gaming revenue (mobile + PC + console) vs nominal GDP by country" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Video_game_industry_revenue_vs_nominal_GDP.png/800px-Video_game_industry_revenue_vs_nominal_GDP.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="408" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Video_game_industry_revenue_vs_nominal_GDP.png/1200px-Video_game_industry_revenue_vs_nominal_GDP.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Video_game_industry_revenue_vs_nominal_GDP.png/1600px-Video_game_industry_revenue_vs_nominal_GDP.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="980" /></a><figcaption>Total gaming revenue (mobile + PC + console) vs nominal GDP by country</figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ubisoft_Montreal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ubisoft_Montreal.jpg/220px-Ubisoft_Montreal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ubisoft_Montreal.jpg/330px-Ubisoft_Montreal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Ubisoft_Montreal.jpg/440px-Ubisoft_Montreal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1834" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ubisoft_Montreal" title="Ubisoft Montreal">Ubisoft Montreal</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Canada">Video gaming in Canada</a></div> <p>Canada has the third largest video game industry in terms of employment numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-networkworld1_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networkworld1-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The video game industry has also been booming in Montreal since 1997, coinciding with the opening of <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft_Montreal" title="Ubisoft Montreal">Ubisoft Montreal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, the city has attracted world leading game developers and publishers studios such as <a href="/wiki/Ubisoft" title="Ubisoft">Ubisoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">EA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eidos_Interactive" title="Eidos Interactive">Eidos Interactive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_Mind_and_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial Mind and Movement">Artificial Mind and Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/BioWare" title="BioWare">BioWare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Interactive_Entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment">Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Strategy_First" title="Strategy First">Strategy First</a>, mainly because video games jobs have been heavily subsidized by the provincial government. Every year, this industry generates billions of dollars and thousands of jobs in the Montreal area.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> has also developed a particularly large <a href="/wiki/Business_cluster" title="Business cluster">cluster</a> of <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video game</a> developers, the largest of which, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a>, employs over two thousand people. The <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed" title="Assassin's Creed">Assassin's Creed</a></i> series, along with the <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clancy" title="Tom Clancy">Tom Clancy</a></i> series have all been produced in Canada and have achieved worldwide success. For consumers, the largest video games convention in Canada is the Enthusiast Gaming Live Expo (EGLX).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in the United States">Video gaming in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Activisionheadquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Activisionheadquarters.jpg/220px-Activisionheadquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Activisionheadquarters.jpg/330px-Activisionheadquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Activisionheadquarters.jpg/440px-Activisionheadquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2146" data-file-height="1789" /></a><figcaption>Activision (now <a href="/wiki/Activision_Blizzard" title="Activision Blizzard">Activision Blizzard</a>) is the first independent or third-party video game developer.</figcaption></figure> <p>The video game industry got its start in the United States in the late 1970s and early 1980s with the creation of arcade games like <i><a href="/wiki/Pong" title="Pong">Pong</a></i> and the first home console, the <a href="/wiki/Magnavox_Odyssey" title="Magnavox Odyssey">Magnavox Odyssey</a>. Several factors, including loss of publishing control, a flooded market, and competition from personal computers, led to the <a href="/wiki/1983_video_game_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 video game crash">1983 video game crash</a> in the U.S., affecting both arcades and home game systems. Nintendo's introduction of the Nintendo Entertainment System helped to revitalize the industry, but until Microsoft's introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a> in the early 2000s, the hardware side was dominated by mostly Japanese-developed systems. Instead, much of the industry's growth in the U.S. was on game development, implementing new game technologies and gameplay concepts, as well as creating the large-scale publisher model used by companies like <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Arts" title="Electronic Arts">Electronic Arts</a> to support marketing and distribution of games. </p><p>The United States has the largest video games presence in the world in terms of total industry employees.<sup id="cite_ref-networkworld1_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networkworld1-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the U.S. game industry as a whole was worth US$18.4 billion and consisted of roughly 2457 companies that had a rough total of 220,000 people employed.<sup id="cite_ref-Takahashi_2017_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Takahashi_2017-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. video game revenue is forecast to reach $230 billion by 2022,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the largest video game market in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-newzoo2014_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newzoo2014-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over 150 million Americans play video games, with an average age of 35 and a gender breakdown of 59 percent male and 41 percent female.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American gamers are more likely to vote than non-gamers, feel that the economy is the most important political issue, and lean <a href="/wiki/Conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative">conservative</a>, however party demographics are split evenly with 38% identifying as Democrats, 38% identifying as Republicans, and 24% identifying as Independents.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Russia">Video gaming in Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in France">Video gaming in France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Italy">Video gaming in Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Spain">Video gaming in Spain</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamescom_2009_-_Fujitsu_(5154).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gamescom_2009_-_Fujitsu_%285154%29.jpg/220px-Gamescom_2009_-_Fujitsu_%285154%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gamescom_2009_-_Fujitsu_%285154%29.jpg/330px-Gamescom_2009_-_Fujitsu_%285154%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Gamescom_2009_-_Fujitsu_%285154%29.jpg/440px-Gamescom_2009_-_Fujitsu_%285154%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gamescom" title="Gamescom">Gamescom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> is the world's leading game trade fair.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Germany">Video gaming in Germany</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> has the largest video games market in Europe, with revenues of $4.1 billion forecast for 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The annual <a href="/wiki/Gamescom" title="Gamescom">Gamescom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> is Europe's largest video game expo. </p><p>One of the earliest internationally successful video game companies was <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtersloh" title="Gütersloh">Gütersloh</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Rainbow_Arts" title="Rainbow Arts">Rainbow Arts</a> (founded in 1984) who were responsible for publishing the popular <i><a href="/wiki/Turrican" title="Turrican">Turrican</a></i> series of games. The <a href="/wiki/Anno_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anno (series)">Anno series</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Settlers" title="The Settlers">The Settlers series</a> are globally popular strategy game franchises since the 1990s. The <a href="/wiki/Gothic_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic series">Gothic series</a>, <a href="/wiki/SpellForce:_The_Order_of_Dawn" title="SpellForce: The Order of Dawn">SpellForce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Risen_(video_game)" title="Risen (video game)">Risen</a> are established RPG franchises. The <a href="/wiki/X_(game_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="X (game series)">X series</a> by <a href="/wiki/Egosoft" title="Egosoft">Egosoft</a> is the best-selling space simulation. The <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Manager_(video_game_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA Manager (video game series)">FIFA Manager series</a> was also developed in Germany. The German action game <a href="/wiki/Spec_Ops:_The_Line" title="Spec Ops: The Line">Spec Ops: The Line</a> (2012) was successful in the markets and received largely positive reviews. One of the most famed game from Germany is <i><a href="/wiki/Far_Cry" title="Far Cry">Far Cry</a></i> (2004) by <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Crytek" title="Crytek">Crytek</a>, who also produced the topseller <i><a href="/wiki/Crysis" title="Crysis">Crysis</a></i> and its sequels later. </p><p>Other well-known current and former developers from Germany include <a href="/wiki/Ascaron" title="Ascaron">Ascaron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Byte" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Byte">Blue Byte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deck13" title="Deck13">Deck13</a>, <a href="/wiki/EA_Phenomic" title="EA Phenomic">EA Phenomic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piranha_Bytes" title="Piranha Bytes">Piranha Bytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radon_Labs" title="Radon Labs">Radon Labs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Related_Designs" class="mw-redirect" title="Related Designs">Related Designs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spellbound_Entertainment" title="Spellbound Entertainment">Spellbound Entertainment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yager_Development" title="Yager Development">Yager Development</a>. Publishers include <a href="/wiki/Deep_Silver" title="Deep Silver">Deep Silver</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plaion" title="Plaion">Plaion</a>), <a href="/wiki/Dtp_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="Dtp entertainment">dtp entertainment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalypso_Media" title="Kalypso Media">Kalypso Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintendo Europe">Nintendo Europe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bigpoint_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Bigpoint Games">Bigpoint Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gameforge" title="Gameforge">Gameforge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goodgame_Studios" title="Goodgame Studios">Goodgame Studios</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wooga" title="Wooga">Wooga</a> are among the world's leading browser game and social network game developers/distributors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in the United Kingdom">Video gaming in the United Kingdom</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s video game industry is the third largest in the world in terms of developer success and sales of hardware and software by country alone but fourth behind Canada in terms of people employed.<sup id="cite_ref-networkworld1_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-networkworld1-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The size of the UK game industry is comparable to its film or music industries.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like most European countries, the UK entered the video game industry through personal computers rather than video game consoles. Low-cost computers like the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amiga_500" title="Amiga 500">Amiga 500</a> led to numerous "bedroom coders" that would make and sell games through mail-order or to distributors that helped to mass-produce them.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_origins_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent_origins-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coupled with quirky <a href="/wiki/British_humour" title="British humour">british humour</a>, the "Britsoft" wave of popular games led to a number of influential people and studios in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As game programming became more complex and costly in the early 2000s, more traditional studio structures arose to support both personal computers and consoles, with several studios that, in some form or another, remain highly regarded and influential in the present.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_billion_pounds_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc_billion_pounds-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the studios have become defunct or been purchased by larger companies such as <i><a href="/wiki/LittleBigPlanet" title="LittleBigPlanet">LittleBigPlanet</a></i> developer <a href="/wiki/Media_Molecule" title="Media Molecule">Media Molecule</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Codemasters" title="Codemasters">Codemasters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country is home to some of the world's most successful video game franchises, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tomb_Raider" title="Tomb Raider">Tomb Raider</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Theft_Auto" title="Grand Theft Auto">Grand Theft Auto</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fable_(video_game_series)" title="Fable (video game series)">Fable</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Colin_McRae:_Dirt" title="Colin McRae: Dirt">Colin McRae Dirt</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Total_War_(video_game_series)" title="Total War (video game series)">Total War</a></i>. </p><p>The country also went without tax relief until March 21, 2012<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the British government changed its mind on tax relief for UK developers, which without, meant most of the talented development within the UK may move overseas for more profit, along with parents of certain video game developers which would pay for having games developed in the UK. The industry trade body TIGA estimates that it will increase the games development sector's contribution to UK GDP by £283 million, generate £172 million in new and protected tax receipts to HM Treasury, and could cost just £96 million over five years.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the tax relief was introduced there was a fear that the UK game industry could fall behind other leading game industries around the world such as France and Canada, of which Canada overtook the UK in terms of job numbers in the industry in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in China">Video gaming in China</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tencent_Seafront_Tower_in_Dec2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tencent_Seafront_Tower_in_Dec2020.jpg/220px-Tencent_Seafront_Tower_in_Dec2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tencent_Seafront_Tower_in_Dec2020.jpg/330px-Tencent_Seafront_Tower_in_Dec2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Tencent_Seafront_Tower_in_Dec2020.jpg/440px-Tencent_Seafront_Tower_in_Dec2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a> is the largest company in the world by video game revenue.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>China had not been a major factor in the global video game market early on due to economic factors, governmental oversight, and a black market for foreign products. The government initiated a ban on video game consoles in 2000 that lasted through 2014, during which China's video game market grew for personal computer games, particularly subscription-based and microtransaction-based ones that were amenable to use in PC cafes, and later into mobile games. Media publishers like <a href="/wiki/Tencent" title="Tencent">Tencent</a> and <a href="/wiki/NetEase" title="NetEase">NetEase</a> focused on these types of games, growing successfully during the 2010s to become leading international companies. As of 2015, China's video game market revenue exceeds that of the United States, and is the largest country by both revenue and number of players.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cnxb_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cnxb-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China is also the largest contributor towards <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">esports</a> in both revenue and in the number of professional players from the country.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industry, like most media in China, is tightly controlled by the government, with strong restrictions on what content may be in games,<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_aug2018_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg_aug2018-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and incorporation of anti-addiction measures to limit playtime.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is home to <a href="/wiki/Asia_Game_Show" title="Asia Game Show">Asia Game Show</a>, the largest game convention in the world by attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Japan">Video gaming in Japan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nintendo_Headquarters_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nintendo_Headquarters_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Nintendo_Headquarters_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nintendo_Headquarters_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Nintendo_Headquarters_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Nintendo_Headquarters_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Nintendo_Headquarters_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyoto" title="Kyoto">Kyoto</a>, Japan, 2006</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> video game industry is markedly different from the industry in North America, Europe and Australia. Japan initially trailed the United States in entering the video game sector as its companies followed trends set by their American partners, but started to pioneer their own ideas soon after. Several Japanese-developed arcade games, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Invaders" title="Space Invaders">Space Invaders</a></i>, helped to usher in the <a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_arcade_video_games" title="Golden age of arcade video games">golden age of arcade video games</a> from 1978 to 1982. The 1983 video game crash that affected the North American market did have small but short-term effects in Japan, as most companies involved in the business were well-established and could weather the disruption. <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a> took the opportunity to push the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">Nintendo Entertainment System</a>, a rebranding of its Famicom system, into the Western markets after the crash, implementing technical and business practices to avoid the factors that created the 1983 crash but also secured its control on what games were published for the system. Japan became the dominant home for consoles and console games through the early 2000s, challenged only by the incorporation of large publishers in the West and the <a href="/wiki/Xbox" title="Xbox">Xbox</a> line of consoles from Microsoft. Nintendo along with companies like <a href="/wiki/Sega" title="Sega">Sega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Interactive_Entertainment" title="Sony Interactive Entertainment">Sony Interactive Entertainment</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a> are dominant leaders in the Japanese video game industry. </p><p>Nintendo themselves are recognized for having created some of the most positively-reviewed and best-selling video game series such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mario" title="Mario">Mario</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Donkey_Kong" title="Donkey Kong">Donkey Kong</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Zelda" title="The Legend of Zelda">The Legend of Zelda</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Metroid" title="Metroid">Metroid</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon" title="Pokémon">Pokémon</a></i>. </p><p>In recent years, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">consoles</a> and arcade games have both been overtaken by downloadable <a href="/wiki/Free-to-play" title="Free-to-play">free-to-play</a> games on the <a href="/wiki/PC_game" title="PC game">PC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">mobile</a> platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-economist12_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist12-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-capcom_marketdata_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-capcom_marketdata-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in South Korea">Video gaming in South Korea</a></div> <p>The video game industry in South Korea generally followed the same early trends as the Japanese market, but players started focusing on massively-multiplayer online games (MMO) and other games that could be played at <a href="/wiki/PC_bang" title="PC bang">PC bangs</a> (Internet cafes). South Korea was one of the first major regions involved in <a href="/wiki/Esport" class="mw-redirect" title="Esport">esports</a> in the 1990s and 2000s, and today a large number of professional esports players originate from South Korea. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in India">Video gaming in India</a></div> <p>Video gaming in India is an emerging market since India is experiencing strong growth in online gaming, making it one of the top gaming markets in the world. Over the past few decades, the Indian gaming industry has gone from close to nonexistent in the 1990s to one of the top markets globally in the late 2010s. In 2019, the <a href="/wiki/Online_game" title="Online game">online gaming</a> market in India was estimated at <span class="nowrap"><span style="white-space: nowrap">₹</span>6,200 <a href="/wiki/Crore" title="Crore">crore</a></span> (US$740 million) with an estimated 300 million gamers, a 41.6% increase from 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, it is one of the top five <a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">mobile gaming</a> markets in the world. The industry is projected to reach 510 million gamers by 2022.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Bangladesh"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Bangladesh">Video gaming in Bangladesh</a></div> <p>Video gaming is a relatively new sector in Bangladesh. Games have been developed since 2002, mostly independently. However, from 2014, some IT companies have started to develop video games commercially. Some research has been carried out at various universities to improve the video game development sector.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Zero Hour was released on <a href="/wiki/Steam_(service)" title="Steam (service)">Steam</a> in Early Access with the version 1.0 being released on September 9, 2024 and has received positive reviews from gamers. It's a first-person shooter. It is the first game from Bangladesh to be released on the platform.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceania">Oceania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia_and_New_Zealand">Australia and New Zealand</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Australia and New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Australia">Video gaming in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in New Zealand">Video gaming in New Zealand</a></div> <p>Australia and New Zealand have an active video game industry, with several standalone developers as well as additional studios from other major developers across the globe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The video game industry is still in its infancy throughout the African continent, but due to the continent's young population and increasing technological literacy, the sector is growing rapidly. African countries such as <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in Kenya">Kenya</a> have been making rapid advances in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_gaming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile gaming">mobile game development</a>, both within their country and internationally,<sup id="cite_ref-Africa_top_10_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Africa_top_10-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but due to limited funding and a market overcrowded with Western games, success has thus far been minimal.<sup id="cite_ref-Mail_&_Guardian_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mail_&_Guardian-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventions,_trade_shows,_and_conferences"><span id="Conventions.2C_trade_shows.2C_and_conferences"></span>Conventions, trade shows, and conferences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Conventions, trade shows, and conferences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamescom_2009_-_Koelnmesse_S%C3%BCdeingang_(5473).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gamescom_2009_-_Koelnmesse_S%C3%BCdeingang_%285473%29.jpg/220px-Gamescom_2009_-_Koelnmesse_S%C3%BCdeingang_%285473%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gamescom_2009_-_Koelnmesse_S%C3%BCdeingang_%285473%29.jpg/330px-Gamescom_2009_-_Koelnmesse_S%C3%BCdeingang_%285473%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Gamescom_2009_-_Koelnmesse_S%C3%BCdeingang_%285473%29.jpg/440px-Gamescom_2009_-_Koelnmesse_S%C3%BCdeingang_%285473%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gamescom" title="Gamescom">Gamescom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, the major video game fair by attendance</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDC_2010_expo_floor_(4427509019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GDC_2010_expo_floor_%284427509019%29.jpg/220px-GDC_2010_expo_floor_%284427509019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GDC_2010_expo_floor_%284427509019%29.jpg/330px-GDC_2010_expo_floor_%284427509019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/GDC_2010_expo_floor_%284427509019%29.jpg/440px-GDC_2010_expo_floor_%284427509019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The expo floor at the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference" title="Game Developers Conference">Game Developers Conference</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gaming_convention" title="Gaming convention">Gaming conventions</a> are an important showcase of the industry. These typically provide the means for developers and publishers to demonstrate their games directly to video game players and consumers and obtain feedback. New games are frequently introduced during these events. Some examples of each conventions include the annual <a href="/wiki/Gamescom" title="Gamescom">Gamescom</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, and numerous <a href="/wiki/PAX_(event)" title="PAX (event)">PAX</a> events. Some publishers, developers and technology producers also have their own regular conventions, with <a href="/wiki/BlizzCon" title="BlizzCon">BlizzCon</a>, <a href="/wiki/QuakeCon" title="QuakeCon">QuakeCon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nvision" title="Nvision">Nvision</a> and the <a href="/wiki/X_(Xbox_show)" title="X (Xbox show)">X shows</a> being prominent examples. </p><p>National trade groups that support their local video game industry often will hold <a href="/wiki/Trade_show" title="Trade show">trade shows</a> aimed for developers and publishers to interact more directly with the video game media, and with retailers and distributors for planning future sales of products. The largest such trade show is the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic Entertainment Expo">E3</a> in Los Angeles, California is held by the <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Software_Association" title="Entertainment Software Association">Entertainment Software Association</a>. Other similar trade shows include <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Game_Show" title="Tokyo Game Show">Tokyo Game Show</a> (Japan), <a href="/wiki/Brasil_Game_Show" title="Brasil Game Show">Brasil Game Show</a> (Brazil), <a href="/wiki/EB_Games_Expo" title="EB Games Expo">EB Games Expo</a> (Australia), <a href="/wiki/Russian_Game_Developers_Conference" title="Russian Game Developers Conference">KRI</a> (Russia), <a href="/wiki/China_Digital_Entertainment_Expo_%26_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="China Digital Entertainment Expo & Conference">ChinaJoy</a> (China) and the annual <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference" title="Game Developers Conference">Game Developers Conference</a>. </p><p>The development of video games is also a topic of academic and professional interest, leading to a number of <a href="/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference">conferences</a> for developers to share their knowledge with others. Two of the major professional conferences include the <a href="/wiki/Game_Developers_Conference" title="Game Developers Conference">Game Developers Conference</a> (GDC), which holds multiple events through the year but with its main annual conference held in March in San Francisco, and the <a href="/wiki/D.I.C.E._Summit" class="mw-redirect" title="D.I.C.E. Summit">D.I.C.E. Summit</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Interactive_Arts_%26_Sciences" title="Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences">Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences</a> in February of each year at Las Vegas, Nevada. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_coverage_and_archiving">Media coverage and archiving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Media coverage and archiving"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Video_game_journalism" title="Video game journalism">Video game journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_preservation" title="Video game preservation">Video game preservation</a></div> <p>The coverage of the video game industry started off with several magazines covering the topic, but as the Internet became widely available to support <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a>, much of the dedicated coverage of the video game industry has transitioned to detected websites, including <i><a href="/wiki/Gamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamasutra">Gamasutra</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/IGN" title="IGN">IGN</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/GameSpot" title="GameSpot">GameSpot</a></i>. More recently, the effect of <a href="/wiki/Internet_celebrity" title="Internet celebrity">social media influencers</a>, video game players that create online videos or stream themselves playing games through services like <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a>, have also become a significant source for coverage of video game news from the consumer point of view. </p><p>Another facet of tracking the history of the video game industry is video game preservation, a process that is complicated due to game hardware technology that can become obsolete, dependencies on decommissioned online servers, and issues over <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> that legally restricts preservation efforts. Much of the industry's history prior to the 1983 crash has been lost, as companies affected by the crash simply threw material away, leaving little to recover today. There is better awareness of video game preservation into the 21st century, and several groups and museums have been established to collect and preserve hardware and software for the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition_within_the_industry">Recognition within the industry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Recognition within the industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_awards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of video game awards">List of video game awards</a></div> <p>The video game industry has a number of annual award ceremonies, commonly associated with the above conventions, trade shows, and conferences, as well as standalone award shows. Many of the dedicated video game journalism websites also have their own set of awards. Most commonly, these ceremonies are capped by the top prize, the "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Game_of_the_Year_awards" title="List of Game of the Year awards">Game of the Year</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trends">Trends</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Players become fourth-party developers, allowing for more <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> models of <a href="/wiki/Game_design" title="Game design">game design</a>, development and engineering. Players also create <a href="/wiki/Mod_(computer_gaming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mod (computer gaming)">modifications</a> (mods), which in some cases become just as popular as the original game for which they were created. An example of this is the game <i><a href="/wiki/Counter-Strike_(video_game)" title="Counter-Strike (video game)">Counter-Strike</a></i>, which began as a mod of the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Half-Life_(video_game)" title="Half-Life (video game)">Half-Life</a></i> and eventually became a very successful, published game in its own right. </p><p>While this "community of modifiers" may only add up to approximately 1% of a particular game's user base, the number of those involved will grow as more games offer modifying opportunities (such as, by releasing <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>) and the video user base swells. According to Ben Sawyer, as many as 600,000 established online game community developers existed as of 2012. This effectively added a new component to the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Game_industry_value_chain">game industry value chain</a> and if it continues to mature, it will integrate itself into the overall industry.<sup id="cite_ref-newmedia_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newmedia-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The industry has seen a shift towards games with <a href="/wiki/Multiplayer_video_game" title="Multiplayer video game">multiplayer</a> facilities. A larger percentage of games on all types of platforms include some type of competitive online multiplayer capability. </p><p>In addition, the industry is experiencing further significant change driven by convergence, with technology and player comfort being the two primary reasons for this wave of industry convergence. Video games and related content can now be accessed and played on a variety of media, including: cable television, dedicated consoles, handheld devices and smartphones, through social networking sites or through an ISP, through a game developer's website, and online through a game console and/or home or office personal computer. In fact, 12% of U.S. households already make regular use of game consoles for accessing video content provided by online services such as Hulu and Netflix. In 2012, for the first time, entertainment usage passed multiplayer game usage on Xbox, meaning that users spent more time with online video and music services and applications than playing multiplayer games. This rapid type of industry convergence has caused the distinction between video game console and personal computers to disappear. A game console with high-speed microprocessors attached to a television set is, for all intents and purposes, a computer and monitor.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As this distinction has been diminished, players' willingness to play and access content on different platforms has increased. The growing video gamer demographic accounts for this trend, as former president of the Entertainment Software Association Douglas Lowenstein explained at the 10th E3 expo, "Looking ahead, a child born in 1995, E3's inaugural year, will be 19 years old in 2014. And according to Census Bureau data, by the year 2020, there will be 174 million Americans between the ages of 5 and 44. That's 174 million Americans who will have grown up with PlayStations, Xboxes, and GameCubes from their early childhood and teenage years...What this means is that the average gamer will be both older and, given their lifetime familiarity with playing interactive games, more sophisticated and discriminating about the games they play."<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Evidence of the increasing player willingness to play video games across a variety of media and different platforms can be seen in the rise of casual gaming on smartphones, tablets, and social networking sites as 92% of all smartphone and tablet owners play games at least once a week, 45% play daily, and industry estimates predict that, by 2016, one-third of all global mobile video game revenue will come from tablets alone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The statistic used is out-of-date and should be replaced with a more recent one.">outdated statistic</span></a></i>]</sup> Apple's App Store alone has more than 90,000 game apps, a growth of 1,400% since it went online. In addition, game revenues for iOS and Android mobile devices now exceed those of both Nintendo and Sony handheld video game systems combined.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of video games">List of video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_websites" title="List of video game websites">List of video game websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollywood_and_the_video_game_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hollywood and the video game industry">Hollywood and the video game industry</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zackariasson, P. and Wilson, T.L. eds. (2012). <i>The Video Game Industry: Formation, Present State, and Future</i>. New York: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegamer.com/esa-gaming-niche-popular-die-mad-gamers/">"New ESA Report Shows Gaming Is No Longer A Niche Market"</a>. <i>TheGamer</i>. 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April 17, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105113752/http://www.cleverism.com/gaming-industry-introduction/">Archived</a> from the original on January 5, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cleverism&rft.atitle=The+Gaming+Industry+%E2%80%93+An+Introduction&rft.date=2015-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cleverism.com%2Fgaming-industry-introduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley_S._Lipson_&_Robert_D._Brain2009" class="citation book cs1">Ashley S. Lipson & Robert D. Brain (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IxNDAQAAIAAJ"><i>Computer and Video Game Law: Cases and Materials</i></a>. Carolina Academic Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59460-488-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59460-488-1"><bdi>978-1-59460-488-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230117222935/https://books.google.com/books?id=IxNDAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 17, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Atari eventually sold more than 19,000 Pong machines, giving rise to many imitations. Pong made its first appearance in 1972 at "Andy Capp's," a small bar in Sunnyvale, California, where the video game was literally "overplayed" as eager customers tried to cram quarters into an already heavily overloaded coin slot.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+and+Video+Game+Law%3A+Cases+and+Materials&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Carolina+Academic+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59460-488-1&rft.au=Ashley+S.+Lipson+%26+Robert+D.+Brain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIxNDAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Whittaker-122-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker-122_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whittaker-122_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Whittaker2004" class="citation book cs1">Jason Whittaker (2004). <i>The cyberspace handbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16835-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16835-X"><bdi>0-415-16835-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cyberspace+handbook&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-16835-X&rft.au=Jason+Whittaker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdge_Staff2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Edge Staff (August 13, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111029232528/http://www.next-gen.biz/features/30-defining-moments-gaming">"The 30 Defining Moments in Gaming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Edge_(magazine)" title="Edge (magazine)">Edge</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Future_plc" title="Future plc">Future plc</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.next-gen.biz/features/30-defining-moments-gaming">the original</a> on October 29, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 18,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edge&rft.atitle=The+30+Defining+Moments+in+Gaming&rft.date=2007-08-13&rft.au=Edge+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.next-gen.biz%2Ffeatures%2F30-defining-moments-gaming&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiji_Gaho_Sha,_inc.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jiji Gaho Sha, inc. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTRWAAAAYAAJ">"Asia Pacific Perspectives, Japan"</a>. <i>Asia-Pacific Perspectives, Japan</i>. <b>1</b>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>: 57<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2011</span>. <q>At that time, a game for use in entertainment arcades was considered a hit if it sold 1000 units; sales of Space Invaders topped 300,000 units in Japan and 60,000 units overseas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia-Pacific+Perspectives%2C+Japan&rft.atitle=Asia+Pacific+Perspectives%2C+Japan&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=57&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Jiji+Gaho+Sha%2C+inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTRWAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CBC-1982-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CBC-1982_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/media/the-arcade-age/making-millions-25-cents-at-a-time.html">"Making millions, 25 cents at a time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Estate_(TV)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fifth Estate (TV)">The Fifth Estate</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a>. November 23, 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130128185102/http://www.cbc.ca/archives/categories/arts-entertainment/media/the-arcade-age/making-millions-25-cents-at-a-time.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Fifth+Estate&rft.atitle=Making+millions%2C+25+cents+at+a+time&rft.date=1982-11-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Farchives%2Fcategories%2Farts-entertainment%2Fmedia%2Fthe-arcade-age%2Fmaking-millions-25-cents-at-a-time.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Executive-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Executive_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KwTAQAAMAAJ">"Space Invaders vs. Star Wars"</a>. <i>Executive</i>. Vol. 24. Southam Business Publications. 1982. p. 9<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 30,</span> 2011</span>. <q>According to TEC, Atari's arcade game Space Invaders has taken in $2 billion, with net receipts of $450 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Executive&rft.atitle=Space+Invaders+vs.+Star+Wars&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1982&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-KwTAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RG-41-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RG-41_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nowgamer.com/features/152/the-definitive-space-invaders-part-1">"The Definitive Space Invaders"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Retro_Gamer" title="Retro Gamer">Retro Gamer</a></i>. No. 41. <a href="/wiki/Imagine_Publishing" title="Imagine Publishing">Imagine Publishing</a>. September 2007. pp. 24–33<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Retro+Gamer&rft.atitle=The+Definitive+Space+Invaders&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=24-33&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nowgamer.com%2Ffeatures%2F152%2Fthe-definitive-space-invaders-part-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittaker2004" class="citation book cs1">Whittaker, Jason (2004). <i>The cyberspace handbook</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 122–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16835-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16835-X"><bdi>0-415-16835-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cyberspace+handbook&rft.pages=122-3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-16835-X&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=Jason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf-105-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wolf-105_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_J._P._Wolf2008" class="citation book cs1">Mark J. P. Wolf (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA105"><i>The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33868-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33868-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+video+game+explosion%3A+a+history+from+PONG+to+Playstation+and+beyond&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33868-7&rft.au=Mark+J.+P.+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXiM0ntMybNwC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nFBRAAAAYAAJ">"Electronic Education"</a>. <i>Electronic Education</i>. Vol. 2, no. 5–8. Electronic Communications. 1983. p. 41<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2011</span>. <q>In 1980 alone, according to Time, $2.8 billion in quarters, triple the amount of the previous years, were fed into video games.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Education&rft.atitle=Electronic+Education&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5%E2%80%938&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnFBRAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_J._P._Wolf2008" class="citation book cs1">Mark J. P. Wolf (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA103"><i>The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33868-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33868-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 19,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+video+game+explosion%3A+a+history+from+PONG+to+Playstation+and+beyond&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33868-7&rft.au=Mark+J.+P.+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXiM0ntMybNwC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rogers-Larsen-263-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers-Larsen-263_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers-Larsen-263_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rogers-Larsen-263_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett_M._Rogers_&_Judith_K._Larsen1984" class="citation book cs1">Everett M. Rogers & Judith K. Larsen (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siliconvalleyfev00roge"><i>Silicon Valley fever: growth of high-technology culture</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/siliconvalleyfev00roge/page/263">263</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-465-07821-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-465-07821-4"><bdi>0-465-07821-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Video game machines have an average weekly take of $109 per machine. The video arcade industry took in $8 billion in quarters in 1982, surpassing pop music (at $4 billion in sales per year) and Hollywood films ($3 billion, $10 billion if cassette sales and rentals are included). Those 32 billion arcade games played translate to 143 games for every man, woman, and child in America. A recent Atari survey showed that 86 percent of the US population from 13 to 20 has played some kind of video game and an estimated 8 million US homes have video games hooked up to the television set. Sales of home video games were $3.8 billion in 1982, approximately half that of video game arcades.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silicon+Valley+fever%3A+growth+of+high-technology+culture&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-465-07821-4&rft.au=Everett+M.+Rogers+%26+Judith+K.+Larsen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsiliconvalleyfev00roge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen_Goodman1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Goodman" title="Ellen Goodman">Ellen Goodman</a> (1985). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keepingintouch00good"><i>Keeping in touch</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Summit_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Summit Books">Summit Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/keepingintouch00good/page/38">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-55376-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-55376-3"><bdi>0-671-55376-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2011</span>. <q>There are 95,000 others like him spread across the country, getting fed a fat share of the $5 billion in videogame quarters every year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+in+touch&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Summit+Books&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-671-55376-3&rft.au=Ellen+Goodman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkeepingintouch00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_"Fragmaster"_Bowen2001" class="citation web cs1">Kevin "Fragmaster" Bowen (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=GameMuseum.Detail&id=261">"Game of the Week: <i>Pac-Man</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/GameSpy" title="GameSpy">GameSpy</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001232751/http://classicgaming.gamespy.com/View.php?view=GameMuseum.Detail&id=261">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2011</span>. <q>Released in 1980, Pac-Man was an immediate success. It sold over 350,000 units, and probably would of sold more if not for the numerous illegal pirate and bootleg machines that were also sold.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Game+of+the+Week%3A+Pac-Man&rft.pub=GameSpy&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Kevin+%22Fragmaster%22+Bowen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclassicgaming.gamespy.com%2FView.php%3Fview%3DGameMuseum.Detail%26id%3D261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolf-73-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf-73_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wolf-73_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_J._P._Wolf2008" class="citation book cs1">Mark J. P. Wolf (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XiM0ntMybNwC&pg=PA73">"Video Game Stars: Pac-Man"</a>. <i>The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond</i>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33868-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-33868-7"><bdi>978-0-313-33868-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2011</span>. <q>It would go on to become arguably the most famous video game of all time, with the arcade game alone taking in more than a billion dollars, and one study estimated that it had been played more than 10 billion times during the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Video+Game+Stars%3A+Pac-Man&rft.btitle=The+video+game+explosion%3A+a+history+from+PONG+to+Playstation+and+beyond&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-33868-7&rft.au=Mark+J.+P.+Wolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXiM0ntMybNwC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChris_Morris2005" class="citation news cs1">Chris Morris (May 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2005/05/10/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/index.htm">"Pac Man turns 25: A pizza dinner yields a cultural phenomenon - and millions of dollars in quarters"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110515011836/http://money.cnn.com/2005/05/10/commentary/game_over/column_gaming/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2011</span>. <q>In the late 1990s, Twin Galaxies, which tracks video game world record scores, visited used game auctions and counted how many times the average Pac Man machine had been played. Based on those findings and the total number of machines that were manufactured, the organization said it believed the game had been played more than 10 billion times in the 20th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pac+Man+turns+25%3A+A+pizza+dinner+yields+a+cultural+phenomenon+-+and+millions+of+dollars+in+quarters&rft.date=2005-05-10&rft.au=Chris+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2005%2F05%2F10%2Fcommentary%2Fgame_over%2Fcolumn_gaming%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151030232331/http://www.worldofspectrum.org/ystop100.html">"World of Spectrum - Archive - YS Top 100"</a>. <i>worldofspectrum.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldofspectrum.org/ystop100.html">the original</a> on October 30, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 8,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldofspectrum.org&rft.atitle=World+of+Spectrum+-+Archive+-+YS+Top+100&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldofspectrum.org%2Fystop100.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Williams-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Williams_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2017" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Andrew (March 16, 2017). <i>History of Digital Games: Developments in Art, Design and Interaction</i>. <a href="/wiki/CRC_Press" title="CRC Press">CRC Press</a>. pp. 143–6, 152–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50381-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50381-1"><bdi>978-1-317-50381-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Digital+Games%3A+Developments+in+Art%2C+Design+and+Interaction&rft.pages=143-6%2C+152-4&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.isbn=978-1-317-50381-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahs2008" class="citation web cs1">Fahs, Travis (August 8, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2008/08/08/ign-presents-the-history-of-madden">"IGN Presents the History of Madden"</a>. <i>IGN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121001160200/http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/08/08/ign-presents-the-history-of-madden">Archived</a> from the original on October 1, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=IGN+Presents+the+History+of+Madden&rft.date=2008-08-08&rft.aulast=Fahs&rft.aufirst=Travis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2008%2F08%2F08%2Fign-presents-the-history-of-madden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurby" class="citation web cs1">Hurby, Patrick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espn.com/espn/eticket/story?page=100805/madden&redirected=true">"The Franchise"</a>. <i>ESPN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200625010134/http://www.espn.com/espn/eticket/story?page=100805/madden&redirected=true">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=The+Franchise&rft.aulast=Hurby&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fespn%2Feticket%2Fstory%3Fpage%3D100805%2Fmadden%26redirected%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcLaughlin2010" class="citation web cs1">McLaughlin, Rus (July 7, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ign.com/articles/2009/02/16/ign-presents-the-history-of-street-fighter">"IGN Presents the History of Street Fighter"</a>. <i>IGN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109042402/http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/02/16/ign-presents-the-history-of-street-fighter">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 9,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IGN&rft.atitle=IGN+Presents+the+History+of+Street+Fighter&rft.date=2010-07-07&rft.aulast=McLaughlin&rft.aufirst=Rus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ign.com%2Farticles%2F2009%2F02%2F16%2Fign-presents-the-history-of-street-fighter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCompton2004" class="citation book cs1">Compton, Shanna (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-sCO-gODwy4C&pg=PA119"><i>Gamers: writers, artists & programmers on the pleasures of pixels</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Soft_Skull_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Soft Skull Press">Soft Skull Press</a>. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932360-57-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-932360-57-3"><bdi>1-932360-57-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gamers%3A+writers%2C+artists+%26+programmers+on+the+pleasures+of+pixels&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Soft+Skull+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-932360-57-3&rft.aulast=Compton&rft.aufirst=Shanna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-sCO-gODwy4C%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarter1993" class="citation web cs1">Carter, Jay (July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/Electronic-Games-1993-07/Electronic%20Games%201993-07#page/n15/mode/2up">"Insert Coin Here: Getting a Fighting Chance"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Games" title="Electronic Games">Electronic Games</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Games&rft.atitle=Insert+Coin+Here%3A+Getting+a+Fighting+Chance&rft.date=1993-07&rft.aulast=Carter&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FElectronic-Games-1993-07%2FElectronic%2520Games%25201993-07%23page%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GW-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GW_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1994" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Perry" title="Dave Perry">Perry, Dave</a> (November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/games-world-07/page/n5">"Arcades: Ready for a Renaissance?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Games_World" title="Games World">Games World</a></i>. No. 7 (January 1995). <a href="/wiki/Paragon_Publishing" title="Paragon Publishing">Paragon Publishing</a>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Games+World&rft.atitle=Arcades%3A+Ready+for+a+Renaissance%3F&rft.issue=7+%28January+1995%29&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1994-11&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgames-world-07%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tao2-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tao2_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer2008" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, Spanner (February 12, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715094144/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/a_taoofbeatemups_pt2_retro">"The Tao of Beat-'em-ups (part 2)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Eurogamer" title="Eurogamer">Eurogamer</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/a_taoofbeatemups_pt2_retro">the original</a> on July 15, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurogamer&rft.atitle=The+Tao+of+Beat-%27em-ups+%28part+2%29&rft.date=2008-02-12&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Spanner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurogamer.net%2Farticles%2Fa_taoofbeatemups_pt2_retro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vgmarket-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vgmarket_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vgmarket_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamura2019" class="citation web cs1">Nakamura, Yuki (January 23, 2019). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-23/peak-video-game-top-analyst-sees-industry-slumping-in-2019">"Peak Video Game? Top Analyst Sees Industry Slumping in 2019"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg L.P.</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053850/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2019-01-23/peak-video-game-top-analyst-sees-industry-slumping-in-2019">Archived</a> from the original on January 30, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 22, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222220103/http://www.thg.ru/smoke/19991022/print.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 22, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+Hand+Smoke+%E2%80%93+One+up%2C+two+down&rft.pub=Tom%27s+Hardware+Guide&rft.date=1999-10-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thg.ru%2Fsmoke%2F19991022%2Fprint.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yearbook_123a-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yearbook_123a_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yearbook_123a_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MfoHAQAAMAAJ&q=%22world+sales+estimated+at+usd%22"><i>Statistical yearbook: cinema, television, video, and new media in Europe, Volume 1999</i></a>. 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No. 3392–3405. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. 1994. p. 58<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 25,</span> 2012</span>. <q>Hollywood's aim, of course, is to tap into the $7 billion that Americans pour into arcade games each year — and the $6 billion they spend on home versions for Nintendo and Sega game machines. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IT+News+Africa&rft.atitle=Top+10+African+game+developers&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft.aulast=Fripp&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itnewsafrica.com%2F2013%2F10%2Ftop-10-african-game-developers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mail_&_Guardian-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mail_&_Guardian_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpooner2015" class="citation web cs1">Spooner, Samantha (January 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-12-02-things-africa-will-be-famous-for-in-the-next-10-15-years">"Africa 2030, the next 25 years: From video games, eco-buildings, robotics, and cycling"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mail_%26_Guardian" title="Mail & Guardian">Mail & Guardian</a> Africa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150915083151/http://mgafrica.com/article/2014-12-02-things-africa-will-be-famous-for-in-the-next-10-15-years">Archived</a> from the original on September 15, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Africa+2030%2C+the+next+25+years%3A+From+video+games%2C+eco-buildings%2C+robotics%2C+and+cycling&rft.pub=Mail+%26+Guardian+Africa&rft.date=2015-01-05&rft.aulast=Spooner&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmgafrica.com%2Farticle%2F2014-12-02-things-africa-will-be-famous-for-in-the-next-10-15-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhan2018" class="citation web cs1">Whan, Christopher (August 12, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalnews.ca/news/4383441/retro-game-preservation-in-limbo-after-nintendo-files-lawsuit/">"Retro game preservation in limbo after Nintendo files lawsuit"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Global_News" title="Global News">Global News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813110728/https://globalnews.ca/news/4383441/retro-game-preservation-in-limbo-after-nintendo-files-lawsuit/">Archived</a> from the original on August 13, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+News&rft.atitle=Retro+game+preservation+in+limbo+after+Nintendo+files+lawsuit&rft.date=2018-08-12&rft.aulast=Whan&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglobalnews.ca%2Fnews%2F4383441%2Fretro-game-preservation-in-limbo-after-nintendo-files-lawsuit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2014" class="citation book cs1">Baran, Stanley J. (2014). <i>Introduction to Mass Communication : Media Literacy and Culture</i> (Eighth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 220–221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352621-8"><bdi>978-0-07-352621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Mass+Communication+%3A+Media+Literacy+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=220-221&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-07-352621-8&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Stanley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2014" class="citation book cs1">Baran, Stanley J. (2014). <i>Introduction to Mass Communication : Media Literacy and Culture</i> (Eighth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 221. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352621-8"><bdi>978-0-07-352621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Mass+Communication+%3A+Media+Literacy+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=221&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-07-352621-8&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Stanley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaran2014" class="citation book cs1">Baran, Stanley J. (2014). <i>Introduction to Mass Communication : Media Literacy and Culture</i> (Eighth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352621-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-352621-8"><bdi>978-0-07-352621-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Mass+Communication+%3A+Media+Literacy+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=Eighth&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-07-352621-8&rft.aulast=Baran&rft.aufirst=Stanley+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeone2017" class="citation web cs1">Leone, Matt (July 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polygon.com/2017/7/17/15974096/what-it-costs-to-run-an-independent-video-game-store">"What it costs to run an independent video game store"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Polygon_(website)" title="Polygon (website)">Polygon</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170806114408/https://www.polygon.com/2017/7/17/15974096/what-it-costs-to-run-an-independent-video-game-store">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Polygon&rft.atitle=What+it+costs+to+run+an+independent+video+game+store&rft.date=2017-07-17&rft.aulast=Leone&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polygon.com%2F2017%2F7%2F17%2F15974096%2Fwhat-it-costs-to-run-an-independent-video-game-store&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideo+game+industry" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/video_game_industry" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/video game industry">video game industry</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Video_game_industry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Video game industry">Video game industry</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.igda.org/">International Game Developers Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401131657/http://www.fathom.com/course/21701761/index.html">Playing the Game: The Economics of the Computer Game Industry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107062944/http://www.eurocom.co.uk/content/view/102/81/">Sloperama: Game Biz Advice</a> (Tom Sloper)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_industries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Natural_sector" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Primary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Primary sector of the economy">Natural sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Biotic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arable_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Arable farming">Arable farming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cereal#Production" title="Cereal">Cereals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legume#Uses" title="Legume">Legumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_farming" title="Vegetable farming">Vegetables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil" title="Vegetable oil">Oilseeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_industry" title="Sugar industry">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry" title="Tobacco industry">Tobacco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_crop" title="Permanent crop">Permanent crops</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pome" title="Pome">Apples et al.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry#Commercial_production" title="Berry">Berries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrus_production" title="Citrus production">Citrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupe" title="Drupe">Stone fruits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_fruits#Tropical_and_tropical-like_fruit" title="List of culinary fruits">Tropical fruit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean#Cultivation" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coffee industry">Coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea#Production" title="Tea">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)#Production" title="Nut (fruit)">Nuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">Olives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_plants" title="Medicinal plants">Medicinal plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">Spices</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture_industry" title="Horticulture industry">Horticulture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floral_industry" title="Floral industry">Flowers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_company" title="Seed company">Seeds</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beef_cattle" title="Beef cattle">Beef cattle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming#Market" title="Dairy farming">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_farming" title="Fur farming">Fur farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_industry" title="Horse industry">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">Other livestock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pig_farming" title="Pig farming">Pig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wool#Production" title="Wool">Wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poultry_farming" title="Poultry farming">Poultry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beekeeping" title="Beekeeping">Beekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochineal#Farming" title="Cochineal">Cochineal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellac" title="Shellac">Shellac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk#Production_process" title="Silk">Silk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">Hunting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">Fur trapping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silviculture" title="Silviculture">Silviculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo_cultivation" title="Bamboo cultivation">Bamboo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">Logging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rattan#Economic_and_environmental_issues" title="Rattan">Rattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">Tree tapping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frankincense#Production" title="Frankincense">Frankincense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gum_arabic#Production" title="Gum arabic">Gum arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha#Uses" title="Gutta-percha">Gutta-percha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maple_syrup#Production" title="Maple syrup">Maple syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)#Cultivation" title="Mastic (plant resin)">Mastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber#Production" title="Natural rubber">Natural rubber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palm_sugar" title="Palm sugar">Palm sugar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palm_syrup" title="Palm syrup">syrup</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_stores_industry" title="Naval stores industry">Pine resin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mushroom_hunting" title="Mushroom hunting">Wild mushrooms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungiculture" title="Fungiculture">Fungiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">Truffles</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aquatic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchovy#Fisheries" title="Anchovy">Anchovies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herring#Fisheries" title="Herring">Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine#Fisheries" title="Sardine">Sardines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haddock#Fisheries" title="Haddock">Haddock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_pollock#Fisheries" title="Alaska pollock">Pollock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackerel#Fisheries" title="Mackerel">Mackerel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark#Fishery" title="Shark">Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordfish#Fisheries" title="Swordfish">Swordfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuna#Fishing_industry" title="Tuna">Tuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin#As_food" title="Sea urchin">Sea urchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squid#Commercial_fishing" title="Squid">Squid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whaling" title="Whaling">Whaling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carp#Aquaculture" title="Carp">Carp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abalone#Farming" title="Abalone">Abalone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel#Aquaculture" title="Mussel">Mussels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_pearl" title="Cultured pearl">Pearls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Both <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clam_digging" title="Clam digging">Clams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cucumbers_as_food" title="Sea cucumbers as food">Sea cucumbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop#Seafood_industry" title="Scallop">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp#Human_uses" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel industry">Fossil fuels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal industry">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_shale_industry" title="Oil shale industry">Oil shale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry" title="Petroleum industry">Petroleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_sands" title="Oil sands">Tar sands</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mining of ores <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium#Production_and_refinement" title="Aluminium">Aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper#Production" title="Copper">Copper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_ore#Production_and_consumption" title="Iron ore">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_mining" title="Silver mining">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">Palladium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum#Production" title="Platinum">Platinum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithium#Production" title="Lithium">Lithium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element#Global_rare-earth_production" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium_mining" title="Uranium mining">Uranium</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other minerals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gemstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus#Production" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash#Production" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt#Production" title="Salt">Salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfur#Production" title="Sulfur">Sulfur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarry" title="Quarry">Quarrying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_pit" title="Gravel pit">Gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mining" title="Sand mining">Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_mining" title="Chalk mining">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_pit" title="Clay pit">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gypsum#Mining" title="Gypsum">Gypsum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limestone#Uses" title="Limestone">Limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimension_stone#Production" title="Dimension stone">Dimension stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granite#Industry" title="Granite">Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble#Production" title="Marble">Marble</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Industrial_sector" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">Industrial sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Light_industry" title="Light industry">Light industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feed_manufacturing" title="Feed manufacturing">Animal feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baking#Commercial_baking" title="Baking">Baking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li>Dairy products</li> <li>Flour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_industry" title="Meat industry">Meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convenience_food" title="Convenience food">Prepared</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_preservation" title="Food preservation">Preserved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candy_making" title="Candy making">Sweets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil#Production" title="Vegetable oil">Vegetable oils</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_industry" title="Drink industry">Beverages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brewing_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Brewing industry">Beer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottled_water" title="Bottled water">Bottled water</a></li> <li>Liquor</li> <li>Soft drinks</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">Wine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">Textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carding" title="Carding">Carding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyeing" title="Dyeing">Dyeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_printing" title="Textile printing">Prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinning_(textiles)" title="Spinning (textiles)">Spinning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lace" title="Lace">Lace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linens" title="Linens">Linens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_industry" title="Clothing industry">Clothing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_accessory" title="Fashion accessory">Accessories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressmaker" title="Dressmaker">Dressmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fur_clothing" title="Fur clothing">Furs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatmaking" title="Hatmaking">Hatmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">Sewing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoemaking" title="Shoemaking">Shoemaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailor" title="Tailor">Tailoring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_embossing" title="Paper embossing">Embossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engraving" title="Engraving">Engraving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Secure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li></ul></li> <li>Media reproduction <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_tape" title="Cassette tape">Cassette tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_phonograph_records" title="Production of phonograph records">Phonographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_manufacturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact Disc manufacturing">Optical discs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_fabrication" title="Metal fabrication">Metal fabrication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boilermaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Boilermaking">Boilermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Builders_hardware" title="Builders hardware">Builders'</a> & <a href="/wiki/Household_hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Household hardware">household hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutlery" title="Cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunsmith" title="Gunsmith">Gunsmithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locksmithing" title="Locksmithing">Locksmithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_shop" title="Machine shop">Machining</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Metalsmith" title="Metalsmith">smithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_metallurgy" title="Powder metallurgy">Powder metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefabrication" title="Prefabrication">Prefabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_finishing" title="Surface finishing">Surface finishing</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other fabrication <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing_(manufacturing)" title="Drawing (manufacturing)">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassblowing" title="Glassblowing">Glassblowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sintering" title="Sintering">Sintering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">Stonemasonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Furniture</li> <li>Other goods <ul><li>Baggage</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicycle_industry" title="Bicycle industry">Bicycles</a></li> <li>Jewellery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_device" title="Medical device">Medical supplies</a></li> <li>Musical instruments</li> <li>Office supplies</li> <li>Outdoors & sports equipment</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy#Economics" title="Toy">Toys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electrical <br /> & optical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">Electronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_component" title="Electronic component">Components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board#Manufacturing" title="Printed circuit board">Circuit boards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry" title="Semiconductor industry">Semiconductors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer industry">Computers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_system_manufacturers" title="List of computer system manufacturers">Computer systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">Parts & peripherals</a></li> <li>Blank <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage#Storage_media" title="Computer data storage">storage media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Communications equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone#Sales" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_equipment_provider" title="Network equipment provider">Network infrastructure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics#Products" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_set#Major_manufacturers" title="Television set">Televisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console#Market" title="Video game console">Video game consoles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrumentation" title="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</a> <ul><li>Clocks and watches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_navigation_device#Consumer_applications" title="Satellite navigation device">GPS devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_instrument#List_of_scientific_instruments_manufacturers" title="Scientific instrument">Scientific instruments</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging#Industry" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_instrument" title="Optical instrument">Optical instruments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Cameras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopic_sight" title="Telescopic sight">Gun</a> & <a href="/wiki/Spotting_scope" title="Spotting scope">spotting scopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_construction" title="Laser construction">Laser construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_manufacturing_and_testing" title="Optical manufacturing and testing">Lens grinding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">Microscopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">Telescopes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_device" title="Electrical device">Electrical equipment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">Batteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_cable" title="Electrical cable">Electrical</a> & <a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">fiber optic</a> cables</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_light" title="Electric light">Electric lighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">Electric motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">Home appliances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transformer" title="Transformer">Transformers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">Chemicals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Coal & <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">oil refining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitumen" title="Bitumen">Bitumen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">Fuel oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">Mineral oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">Paraffin wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">Petrochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_jelly" title="Petroleum jelly">Petroleum jelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_oil" title="Synthetic oil">Synthetic oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar" title="Tar">Tar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_chemicals" title="Commodity chemicals">Commodity chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertilizer#Production" title="Fertilizer">Fertilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_gas" title="Industrial gas">Industrial gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">Pigments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Allotropes" title="Chemical element">Pure elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciality_chemicals" title="Speciality chemicals">Speciality chemicals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrochemical" title="Agrochemical">Agrochemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aroma_compound" title="Aroma compound">Aroma compounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaning_agent" title="Cleaning agent">Cleaning products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics" title="Cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive" title="Explosive">Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">Paints</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfume" title="Perfume">Perfumes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">Soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toiletries" class="mw-redirect" title="Toiletries">Toiletries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_chemical" title="Fine chemical">Fine chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_industry" title="Pharmaceutical industry">Pharmaceuticals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Production_of_antibiotics" title="Production of antibiotics">Antibiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_product" title="Blood product">Blood products</a></li> <li>Chemical & hormonal <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">contraceptives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generic_drug" title="Generic drug">Generic drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">Illegal drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_supplement" title="Dietary supplement">Supplements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leather" title="Leather">Leather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liming_(leather_processing)" title="Liming (leather processing)">Liming</a> & <a href="/wiki/Deliming" title="Deliming">deliming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">Tanning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currier" title="Currier">Currying</a> & <a href="/wiki/Oiling_(leather_processing)" title="Oiling (leather processing)">oiling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_industry" title="Wood industry">Wood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">Sawmilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">Lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood-plastic composite">Composite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sizing#Papermaking" title="Sizing">Sizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">Rubber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tire_manufacturing" title="Tire manufacturing">Tires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcanization" title="Vulcanization">Vulcanized rubber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">Specialty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelletizing" title="Pelletizing">Pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_fiber" title="Synthetic fiber">Synthetic fibers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastics</a> & <a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">thermosets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borosilicate_glass" title="Borosilicate glass">Borosilicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fused_quartz" title="Fused quartz">Fused quartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda%E2%80%93lime_glass" title="Soda–lime glass">Soda-lime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_glass" title="Float glass">Float glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_fiber" title="Glass fiber">Glass fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_wool" title="Glass wool">Glass wool</a> & <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceramic" title="Ceramic">Ceramics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brickworks" title="Brickworks">Brick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">Earthenware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain#Other_uses" title="Porcelain">Porcelain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory" title="Refractory">Refractory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tile" title="Tile">Tile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cement#Cement_industry_in_the_world" title="Cement">Cement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)" title="Mortar (masonry)">Mortar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaster" title="Plaster">Plaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ready-mix_concrete" title="Ready-mix concrete">Ready-mix concrete</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other mineral <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasive" title="Abrasive">Abrasives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fibers" title="Carbon fibers">Carbon fibers</a> & <a href="/wiki/Allotropes_of_carbon" title="Allotropes of carbon">advanced materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_wool" title="Mineral wool">Mineral wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_gem" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic gem">Synthetic gems</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extractive_metallurgy" title="Extractive metallurgy">Metal refining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ironworks" title="Ironworks">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_smelting" title="Aluminium smelting">Aluminum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_extraction" title="Copper extraction">Copper</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">Alloys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">Steel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forming_(metalworking)" title="Forming (metalworking)">Formed metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_(metalworking)" title="Rolling (metalworking)">Rolled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">Forged</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundry" title="Foundry">Cast metal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heavy_industry" title="Heavy industry">Heavy industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machine_industry" title="Machine industry">Machinery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_equipment" title="Heavy equipment">Heavy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_machinery" title="Hydraulic machinery">Hydraulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machine_tool_builder" title="Machine tool builder">Machine tools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_generator" title="Turbo generator">Power</a> & <a href="/wiki/Wind_turbine" title="Wind turbine">wind turbines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">Automobiles</a></li> <li>Other heavy <a href="/wiki/Vehicle" title="Vehicle">vehicles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerospace_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace industry">Aerospace</a> & <a href="/wiki/Space_industry" title="Space industry">space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_stock" title="Rolling stock">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Ships</a> & <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">offshore platforms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_industry" title="Arms industry">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_utility" title="Public utility">Utilities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Power <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_power_industry" title="Electric power industry">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas#Domestic_use" title="Natural gas">Gas distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_industry" title="Water industry">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_industry" title="Waste management industry">Waste management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waste_collection" title="Waste collection">Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">Dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_waste" title="Hazardous waste">Hazardous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_remediation" title="Environmental remediation">Remediation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_industry" title="Telecommunications industry">Telecom networks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_service_provider" title="Internet service provider">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone company">Telephone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Building" title="Building">Buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_property" title="Commercial property">Commercial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_architecture" title="Industrial architecture">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_construction" title="Home construction">Residential</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">Civil engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge building">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_track" title="Railway track">Railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roadbuilding" class="mw-redirect" title="Roadbuilding">Roads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel#Construction" title="Tunnel">Tunnels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal#Construction" title="Canal">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dredging#Major_dredging_companies" title="Dredging">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">Harbors</a></li></ul></li> <li>Specialty trades <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinetry" title="Cabinetry">Cabinetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition" title="Demolition">Demolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_wiring" title="Electrical wiring">Electrical wiring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elevator_mechanic" title="Elevator mechanic">Elevators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning#HVAC_industry_and_standards" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_painter_and_decorator" title="House painter and decorator">Painting and decorating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing" title="Plumbing">Plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(engineering)" title="Earthworks (engineering)">Site preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Service_sector" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">Service sector</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Car_dealership" title="Car dealership">Car dealership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast-moving_consumer_goods" title="Fast-moving consumer goods">Consumer goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_store" title="General store">General store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grocery_store" title="Grocery store">Grocery store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_store" title="Department store">Department store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">Mail order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialty_store" title="Specialty store">Specialty store</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wholesaling" title="Wholesaling">Wholesale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auction" title="Auction">Auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broker" title="Broker">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(marketing)" title="Distribution (marketing)">Distribution</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport" title="Transport">Transport</a> <br /> & Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cargo" title="Cargo">Cargo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermodal_freight_transport" title="Intermodal freight transport">Intermodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mail" title="Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moving_company" title="Moving company">Moving company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_freight_transport" title="Rail freight transport">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trucking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trucking">Trucking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger transport">Passenger transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_rental" title="Car rental">Car rentals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger rail">Passenger rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ridesharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxi" title="Taxi">Taxis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warehouse" title="Warehouse">Warehousing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self_storage" title="Self storage">Self storage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">Hospitality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodservice" title="Foodservice">Foodservice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_establishment" title="Drinking establishment">Drink service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Cafés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catering" title="Catering">Catering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_delivery" title="Food delivery">Food delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">Restaurants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teahouse" title="Teahouse">Teahouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotel" title="Hotel">Hotels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asset_management" title="Asset management">Asset management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">Financial services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit" title="Credit">Credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_adviser" title="Financial adviser">Financial advice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">Holding company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">Money transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payment_card_industry" title="Payment card industry">Payment cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_(finance)" title="Security (finance)">Securities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_insurance" title="Life insurance">Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">Pension funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_insurance" title="Property insurance">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinsurance" title="Reinsurance">Reinsurance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_economics" title="Real estate economics">Real estate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real_estate_agent" title="Real estate agent">Brokerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property_management" title="Property management">Property management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_services" title="Professional services">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accounting_network" title="Accounting network">Accounting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assurance_services" title="Assurance services">Assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">Audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookkeeping" title="Bookkeeping">Bookkeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_advisor" title="Tax advisor">Tax advice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_firm" title="Architectural firm">Architecture</a> & <a href="/wiki/Engineering" title="Engineering">engineering</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspection" title="Inspection">Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveying" title="Surveying">Surveying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_test" title="Physical test">Physical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Product_testing" title="Product testing">product</a>, & <a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">system testing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design" title="Design">Design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">Product</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practice_of_law" title="Practice of law">Legal services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consulting_firm" title="Consulting firm">Consulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_industry" title="Advertising industry">Advertising</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_industries" title="Creative industries">Creative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_industry" title="Language industry">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">Research and development</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_research" title="Basic research">Basic research</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_industry" title="Healthcare industry">Healthcare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Medicine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dentist_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Dentist office">Dentist offices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">Hospitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nursing" title="Nursing">Nursing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_care" title="Residential care">Residential care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterinary_medicine" title="Veterinary medicine">Veterinary medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Entertainment#Industry" title="Entertainment">Entertainment</a><br /> & <a href="/wiki/Leisure_industry" title="Leisure industry">leisure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Audio-visual <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_industry" title="Music industry">Music</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/News_agency" title="News agency">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_industry" title="Radio industry">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television#Content" title="Television">Television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_industry" title="Sport industry">Sport</a></li> <li>Travel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_travel" title="Business travel">Business travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruise_line" title="Cruise line">Cruise lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">Tourism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casino" title="Casino">Gambling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_gambling" title="Online gambling">Online</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venues <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusement_arcade" title="Amusement arcade">Arcades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amusement_park" title="Amusement park">Amusement parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair" title="Fair">Fairgrounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclubs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabletop_game_industry" title="Tabletop game industry">Tabletop games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <br /> & <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Written <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_industry" title="Software industry">Software</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">Hosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">Websites</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_test" title="Standardized test">Testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutoring" title="Tutoring">Tutoring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Administrative <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lease" title="Lease">Leasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renting" title="Renting">Renting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_agency" title="Employment agency">Staffing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_investigator" title="Private investigator">Private investigation</a> & <a href="/wiki/Security_company" title="Security company">security</a></li></ul></li> <li>Maintenance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">Janitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_maintenance" title="Landscape maintenance">Landscaping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maintenance_(technical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maintenance (technical)">Repairs</a></li> <li>Personal services <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beauty_salon" title="Beauty salon">Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_cleaning" title="Dry cleaning">Dry cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral industry">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maid_service" title="Maid service">Maid service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_industry" title="Pet industry">Pet care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_industry" title="Sex industry">Sex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_industry" title="Poverty industry">Poverty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Industry_classification" title="Industry classification">Classification <br /> standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Production-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_and_New_Zealand_Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Australian and New Zealand Standard Industrial Classification">ANZSIC</a></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="International Standard Industrial Classification">ISIC</a></b></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_Classification_of_Economic_Activities_in_the_European_Community" title="Statistical Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community">NACE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Industry_Classification_System" title="North American Industry Classification System">NAICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Industrial_Classification" title="Standard Industrial Classification">SIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Standard_Industrial_Classification_of_Economic_Activities" title="United Kingdom Standard Industrial Classification of Economic Activities">UKSIC</a></li></ul></li> <li>Market-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Industry_Classification_Standard" title="Global Industry Classification Standard">GICS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_Classification_Benchmark" title="Industry Classification Benchmark">ICB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Refinitiv_Business_Classification" title="The Refinitiv Business Classification">TRBC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Factors_of_production" title="Factors of production">Inputs</a> <br /> & <a href="/wiki/Output_(economics)" title="Output (economics)">outputs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externalities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community" title="Community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well-being" title="Well-being">Well-being</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funding" title="Funding">Funding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">Goods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity" title="Commodity">Commodities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">Final</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_good" title="Intermediate good">Intermediate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">Raw material</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innovation" title="Innovation">Innovation</a></li> <li>Primary inputs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Work_(human_activity)" title="Work (human activity)">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource" title="Natural resource">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_capital" title="Physical capital">Physical capital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">Organization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">Centralization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartel" title="Cartel">Cartel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(company)" title="Conglomerate (company)">Conglomerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">Horizontal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopsony" title="Monopsony">Monopsony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">Vertical integration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Enforced breakup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">Freelancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homesteading" title="Homesteading">Homesteading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">Outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putting-out_system" title="Putting-out system">Putting-out system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_spin-off" title="Corporate spin-off">Spinning-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">Temporary work</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ownership" title="Ownership">Ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">Cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-stock_company" title="Joint-stock company">Joint-stock company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalization" title="Nationalization">Nationalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partnership" title="Partnership">Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">Sole proprietorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned enterprise</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Industry_(economics)" title="Category:Industry (economics)"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Industries" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Industries"><b>Commons</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_industry" title="Outline of industry"><b>Outline</b></a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941594#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941594#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q941594#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Video games industry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1740868/">FAST</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Video games industry"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2006005259">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="herní průmysl"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1097078&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000300489&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007566402605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&oldid=1260700330">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Video_game_industry&oldid=1260700330</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Video_game_industry" title="Category:Video game industry">Video game industry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" 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