CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Boarding school - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"45cc8d73-4035-463d-89c5-9dc65c15d102","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Boarding_school","wgTitle":"Boarding school","wgCurRevisionId":1268765873,"wgRevisionId":1268765873,"wgArticleId":88380,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2020","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from December 2024","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020", "Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Boarding schools","Education in popular culture","School types","Total institutions"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Boarding_school","wgRelevantArticleId":88380,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":70000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition": "interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q269770","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=[ "ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.15"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg/1200px-Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="799"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg/800px-Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg/640px-Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Boarding school - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Boarding_school rootpage-Boarding_school skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Boarding+school" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Boarding+school" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Boarding+school" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Boarding+school" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Typical_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Typical characteristics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-House_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#House_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>House system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-House_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Other facilities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Time" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Time"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>Time</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Time-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_forms_of_boarding_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_forms_of_boarding_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Other forms of boarding schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_forms_of_boarding_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applicable_regulations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applicable_regulations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Applicable regulations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applicable_regulations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Native_American_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Native American schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Commonwealth_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Commonwealth_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Other Commonwealth countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Commonwealth_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia_and_former_Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia_and_former_Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Russia and former Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia_and_former_Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociological_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociological_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sociological issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociological_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sociological issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sociological_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Socialization_of_role_control_and_gender_stratification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socialization_of_role_control_and_gender_stratification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Socialization of role control and gender stratification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socialization_of_role_control_and_gender_stratification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Psychological issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Psychological_issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Psychological issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Psychological_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Total_institution_and_child_displacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_institution_and_child_displacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Total institution and child displacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_institution_and_child_displacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boarding_school_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boarding_school_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Boarding school syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boarding_school_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Films and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boarding school</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AE%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مدرسة داخلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مدرسة داخلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern%C3%A1u" title="Internáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Internáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Пансион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пансион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internat" title="Internat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Internat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern%C3%A1tn%C3%AD_%C5%A1kola" title="Internátní škola – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Internátní škola" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostskole" title="Kostskole – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kostskole" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internat" title="Internat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Internat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internaatkool" title="Internaatkool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Internaatkool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internado" title="Internado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Internado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internulejo" title="Internulejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Internulejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnetegi" title="Barnetegi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Barnetegi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%87_%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="مدرسه شبانه‌روزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مدرسه شبانه‌روزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensionnat" title="Pensionnat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pensionnat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internado" title="Internado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Internado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%86%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE" title="આશ્રમશાળા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="આશ્રમશાળા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EC%88%99%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="기숙학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기숙학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar_allo" title="Makarantar allo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Makarantar allo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B2" title="बोर्डिंग स्कूल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बोर्डिंग स्कूल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekolah_asrama" title="Sekolah asrama – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sekolah asrama" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegio_scolastico" title="Collegio scolastico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Collegio scolastico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="פנימייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנימייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Пансиондар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Пансиондар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pansyon_(lek%C3%B2l)" title="Pansyon (lekòl) – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Pansyon (lekòl)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibistana_%C5%9Fev%C3%AEn%C3%AE" title="Dibistana şevînî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dibistana şevînî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Мектеп-интернат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Мектеп-интернат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecotropheum" title="Oecotropheum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oecotropheum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intern%C3%A1tus" title="Internátus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Internátus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostschool" title="Kostschool – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kostschool" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ボーディングスクール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボーディングスクール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostskole" title="Kostskole – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kostskole" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostskule" title="Kostskule – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kostskule" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internat_maktab" title="Internat maktab – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Internat maktab" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internat" title="Internat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Internat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internato" title="Internato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Internato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internat" title="Internat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Internat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Школа-интернат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Школа-интернат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shkolla_konvikt" title="Shkolla konvikt – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shkolla konvikt" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school" title="Boarding school – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Boarding school" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internat" title="Internat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Internat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internat" title="Internat – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Internat" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internat" title="Internat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Internat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sis%C3%A4oppilaitos" title="Sisäoppilaitos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisäoppilaitos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internatskola" title="Internatskola – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Internatskola" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yat%C4%B1l%C4%B1_okul" title="Yatılı okul – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yatılı okul" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0-%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Школа-інтернат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Школа-інтернат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%81" title="اقامتی مدرسہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اقامتی مدرسہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng_n%E1%BB%99i_tr%C3%BA" title="Trường nội trú – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trường nội trú" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E5%AE%BF%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1" title="寄宿學校 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="寄宿學校" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E5%AE%BF%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" title="寄宿学校 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="寄宿学校" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q269770#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Boarding_school" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Boarding_school"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Boarding_school" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Boarding_school" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&oldid=1268765873" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Boarding_school&id=1268765873&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBoarding_school"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBoarding_school"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Boarding_school&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Boarding_schools" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q269770" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">School where some or all people live on campus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Boarding_School_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Boarding School (disambiguation)">Boarding School (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_(west)_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg/220px-Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg/330px-Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg/440px-Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dollar_Academy" title="Dollar Academy">Dollar Academy</a>, a boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A4nsi-Suomen_opisto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/L%C3%A4nsi-Suomen_opisto.JPG/220px-L%C3%A4nsi-Suomen_opisto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/L%C3%A4nsi-Suomen_opisto.JPG/330px-L%C3%A4nsi-Suomen_opisto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/L%C3%A4nsi-Suomen_opisto.JPG/440px-L%C3%A4nsi-Suomen_opisto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/West_Finland_College" title="West Finland College">West Finland College</a>, a boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Huittinen" title="Huittinen">Huittinen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>boarding school</b> is a school where pupils live within premises while being given formal instruction. The word "boarding" is used in the sense of "<a href="/wiki/Room_and_board" title="Room and board">room and board</a>", i.e. lodging and meals. They have existed for many centuries, and now extend across many countries. Their functioning, codes of conduct, and ethos vary greatly. Children in boarding schools study and live during the school year with their fellow students and possibly teachers or administrators. Some boarding schools also have day students who attend the institution during the day and return home in the evenings. </p><p>Boarding school pupils are typically referred to as "boarders". Children may be sent for one to twelve years or more in boarding school, until the age of eighteen. There are several types of boarders depending on the intervals at which they visit their family. Full-term boarders visit their homes at the end of an academic year, semester boarders visit their homes at the end of an academic term, weekly boarders visit their homes at weekends. There are also semi-boarders who attend a boarding school in the school hours for formal instruction and activities but return home by the end of the day. In some cultures, boarders spend the majority of their childhood and adolescent life away from their families. </p><p>Boarding schools are relatively more prevalent in the United Kingdom, India, China, and parts of Africa. These countries begin boarding schools at a very early age and for a longer span of time. Boarding schools are less prevalent in Europe and the U.S., where it is mostly seen for grades seven or nine through grade twelve—the high school years. Some are for <a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">either boys or girls</a>, while others are <a href="/wiki/Co-education" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-education">co-educational</a>. The United Kingdom has a long tradition of boarding school education, and the term <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (UK)">public school</a> has an elitist association. There are also some <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_boarding_schools_in_England" title="List of state boarding schools in England">state boarding schools</a>, many of which serve children from remote areas. </p><p>In some societies and cultures, boarding schools are the most privileged educational option (such as <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow</a> in the U.K., which have produced several prime ministers), whereas in other contexts, they serve as places to segregate children deemed a problem to their parents or wider society. </p><p>The United States and Canada forcibly <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation_of_Native_Americans" title="Cultural assimilation of Native Americans">assimilated indigenous children</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Indian_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="History of American Indian schools">American Indian boarding school institutions</a>. Some functioned essentially as <a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">orphanages</a>, e.g. the <a href="/wiki/G.I._Rossolimo_Boarding_School_Number_49" title="G.I. Rossolimo Boarding School Number 49">G.I. Rossolimo Boarding School Number 49</a> in Russia. Tens of millions of rural children are educated at <a href="/wiki/Boarding_schools_in_China" title="Boarding schools in China">boarding schools in China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_boarding_school" title="Therapeutic boarding school">Therapeutic boarding schools</a> offer treatment for psychological difficulties. <a href="/wiki/Military_academy" title="Military academy">Military academies</a> provide <a href="/wiki/Discipline" title="Discipline">strict discipline</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special_education#Special_schools" title="Special education">Education for children with special needs</a> has a long association with boarding; see, for example, <a href="/wiki/Deaf_education" title="Deaf education">deaf education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Schools_and_Services_for_the_Blind" title="Council of Schools and Services for the Blind">Council of Schools and Services for the Blind</a>. Some boarding schools offer an immersion into <a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">democratic education</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Summerhill_School" title="Summerhill School">Summerhill School</a>. Others are international, such as the <a href="/wiki/United_World_Colleges" title="United World Colleges">United World Colleges</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Typical_characteristics">Typical characteristics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Typical characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>boarding school</i> often refers to classic British boarding schools and many boarding schools around the world which are modeled on these.<sup id="cite_ref-Bamford_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bamford-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="House_system">House system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: House system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Croydon_Shubra_Hall_PLC.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Croydon_Shubra_Hall_PLC.JPG/220px-Croydon_Shubra_Hall_PLC.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Croydon_Shubra_Hall_PLC.JPG/330px-Croydon_Shubra_Hall_PLC.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Croydon_Shubra_Hall_PLC.JPG/440px-Croydon_Shubra_Hall_PLC.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Boarding house of the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Ladies%27_College,_Sydney" title="Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney">Presbyterian Ladies' College, Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TASdorm1898.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/TASdorm1898.jpg/220px-TASdorm1898.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/TASdorm1898.jpg/330px-TASdorm1898.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/TASdorm1898.jpg/440px-TASdorm1898.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Dormitory at <a href="/wiki/The_Armidale_School" title="The Armidale School">The Armidale School</a>, Australia, 1898</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/House_system" title="House system">House system</a></div> <p>A typical boarding school has several separate residential houses, either within the school grounds or in the surrounding area. </p><p>A number of senior teaching staff are appointed as housemasters, housemistresses, dorm parents, <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefects</a>, or residential advisors, each of whom takes quasi-parental responsibility (<i><a href="/wiki/In_loco_parentis" title="In loco parentis">in loco parentis</a></i>) for anywhere from 5 to 50 students resident in their <i>house</i> or dormitory at all times but particularly outside school hours. Each may be assisted in the domestic management of the house by a housekeeper often known in U.K. or <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> countries as <i><a href="/wiki/Matron" title="Matron">matron</a></i>, and by a <i>house tutor</i> for academic matters, often providing staff of each gender. In the U.S., boarding schools often have a resident family that lives in the dorm, known as dorm parents. They often have janitorial staff for maintenance and housekeeping, but typically do not have tutors associated with an individual dorm. Nevertheless, older students are often less supervised by staff, and a system of monitors or prefects gives limited authority to senior students. Houses readily develop distinctive characters, and a healthy rivalry between houses is often encouraged in sport. </p><p>Houses or dorms usually include study-bedrooms or <a href="/wiki/Dormitory" title="Dormitory">dormitories</a>, a dining room or <a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">refectory</a> where students take meals at fixed times, a library and possibly <a href="/wiki/Carrel_desk" title="Carrel desk">study carrels</a> where students can do their homework. Houses may also have common rooms for television and relaxation and kitchens for snacks, and occasionally storage facilities for bicycles or other sports equipment. Some facilities may be shared between several houses or dorms. </p><p>In some schools, each house has students of all ages, in which case there is usually a prefect system, which gives older students some privileges and some responsibility for the welfare of the younger ones. In others, separate houses accommodate the needs of different years or classes. In some schools, day students are assigned to a dorm or house for social activities and sports purposes. </p><p>Most school dormitories have an "in your room by" and a "lights out" time, depending on their age when the students are required to prepare for bed, after which no talking is permitted. Such rules may be difficult to enforce; students may often try to break them, for example by using their laptop computers or going to another student's room to talk or play computer games. International students may take advantage of the time difference between countries (e.g. 7 hours between China and the U.K.) to contact friends or family. Students sharing study rooms are less likely to disturb others and may be given more latitude. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_facilities">Other facilities</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other facilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as the usual academic facilities such as classrooms, halls, libraries, and laboratories, boarding schools often provide a wide variety of facilities for extracurricular activities such as music rooms, gymnasiums, sports fields and school grounds, boats, squash courts, swimming pools, cinemas, and theaters. A school chapel is often found on site. Day students often stay on after school to use these facilities. Many North American boarding schools are located in beautiful rural environments and have a combination of architectural styles that vary from modern to hundreds of years old. </p><p>Food quality can vary from school to school, but most boarding schools offer diverse menu choices for many kinds of dietary restrictions and preferences. Some boarding schools have a dress code for specific meals like dinner or for specific days of the week. Students are generally free to eat with friends, teammates, as well as with faculty and coaches. Extra curricular activities groups, e.g. the French Club, may have meetings and meals together. The Dining Hall often serves as a central place where lessons and learning can continue between students and teachers or other faculty mentors or coaches. Some schools welcome day students to attend breakfast and dinner, in addition to the standard lunch, while others charge a fee. </p><p>Many boarding schools have an on-campus school store or snack hall where additional food and school supplies can be purchased; may also have a student recreational center where food can be purchased during specified hours. </p><p>Boarding schools also have <a href="/wiki/First_aid_room" title="First aid room">infirmary</a>, a small room with first aid or other emergencies medical aid. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Time">Time</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Time"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Students generally need permission to go outside defined school bounds; they may be allowed to travel off-campus at certain times. </p><p>Depending on country and context, boarding schools generally offer one or more options: full (students stay at the school full-time), weekly (students stay in the school from Monday through Friday, then return home for the weekend), or on a flexible schedule (students choose when to board, e.g. during exam week). </p><p>Each student has an individual timetable, which in the early years allows little discretion.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boarders and day students are taught together in school hours and in most cases continue beyond the school day to include sports, clubs and societies, or excursions. </p><p>British boarding schools have three <a href="/wiki/Academic_term" title="Academic term">terms</a> a year, approximately twelve weeks each, with a few days' half-term holidays during which students are expected to go home or at least away from school. There may be several <a href="/wiki/Exeat" title="Exeat">exeats</a>, or weekends, in each half of the term when students may go home or away (e.g. international students may stay with their appointed guardians, or with a host family). Boarding students nowadays often go to school within easy traveling distance of their homes, and so may see their families frequently; e.g. families are encouraged to come and support school sports teams playing at home against other schools, or for school performances in music, drama, or theatre. It is recommended that international boarding school students have an appointed educational guardian.<sup id="cite_ref-UK_Guardian_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UK_Guardian-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some boarding schools allow only boarding students, while others have both boarding students and day students who go home at the end of the school day. Day students are sometimes known as day boys or day girls. Some schools welcome day students to attend breakfast and dinner, while others charge a fee. For schools that have designated study hours or quiet hours in the evenings, students on campus (including day students) are usually required to observe the same "quiet" rules (such as no television, students must stay in their rooms, library or study hall, etc.). Schools that have both boarding and day students sometimes describe themselves as semi-boarding schools or day boarding schools. Some schools also have students who board during the week but go home on weekends: these are known as weekly boarders, quasi-boarders, or five-day boarders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_forms_of_boarding_schools">Other forms of boarding schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other forms of boarding schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schloss_in_Torgelow,_direkt_am_See.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG/220px-Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG/330px-Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG/440px-Schloss_in_Torgelow%2C_direkt_am_See.JPG 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torgelow_am_See" title="Torgelow am See">Schloss Torgelow</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(Germany)" title="Gymnasium (Germany)">Gymnasium</a> boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, that leads to the <a href="/wiki/Abitur" title="Abitur">Abitur</a> exams</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:THINK_Global_Students_at_BISS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/THINK_Global_Students_at_BISS.jpg/220px-THINK_Global_Students_at_BISS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/THINK_Global_Students_at_BISS.jpg/330px-THINK_Global_Students_at_BISS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/THINK_Global_Students_at_BISS.jpg/440px-THINK_Global_Students_at_BISS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Traveling boarding schools, like <a href="/wiki/Think_Global_School" title="Think Global School">THINK Global School</a>, partner with an IB school in each country they visit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Boarding schools are residential schools; however, not all residential schools are "classic" boarding schools. Other forms of residential schools include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_boarding_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Therapeutic boarding schools">Therapeutic boarding schools</a> are tuition-based, out-of-home placements that combine therapy and education for children, usually teenagers, with emotional, behavioral, substance abuse, or learning disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Traveling boarding schools, such as <a href="/wiki/Think_Global_School" title="Think Global School">Think Global School</a>, are four-year high schools that immerse the students in a new city each term. Traveling boarding schools partner with a host school within the city to provide the living and educational facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sailing boarding schools, such as <a href="/wiki/A%2B_World_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="A+ World Academy">A+ World Academy</a>, are high schools based on ships that sail around the world and combine high school education with travel, and personal development. Classes typically take place both, onboard and in some of the ports they visit.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Outdoor boarding schools, which teach students independence and self-reliance through survival style camp outs and other <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_activities" class="mw-redirect" title="Outdoor activities">outdoor activities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_education" title="Residential education">Residential education</a> programs, which provide a stable and supportive environment for at-risk children.</li> <li>Residential schools for students with <a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">special educational needs</a>, who may or may not be disabled</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semester_school" title="Semester school">Semester schools</a>, which complement a student's <a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> by providing a one <a href="/wiki/Semester" class="mw-redirect" title="Semester">semester</a> residential experience with a central focusing curricular theme—which may appeal to students and families uninterested in a longer residential education experience</li> <li>Specialist schools focused on a particular academic discipline, such as the public <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_School_of_Science_and_Mathematics" title="North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics">North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics</a> or the private <a href="/wiki/Interlochen_Arts_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlochen Arts Academy">Interlochen Arts Academy</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Youth_village" title="Youth village">Israeli youth villages</a>, where children stay and are educated in a commune, but also have everyday contact with their parents at specified hours.</li> <li>Public boarding schools, which are operated by public school districts. In the U.S., general-attendance public boarding schools were once numerous in rural areas, but are extremely rare today. As of the 2013–2014 school year, the <a href="/wiki/SEED_Foundation" title="SEED Foundation">SEED Foundation</a> administered public charter boarding schools in Washington, D.C., and Baltimore, Maryland. One rural public boarding school is <a href="/wiki/Crane_Union_High_School" title="Crane Union High School">Crane Union High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Crane,_Oregon" title="Crane, Oregon">Crane</a>, Oregon. Around two-thirds of its more than 80 students, mostly children from remote <a href="/wiki/Ranch" title="Ranch">ranches</a>, board during the school week in order to save a one-way commute of up to 240 kilometres (150 mi) across <a href="/wiki/Harney_County,_Oregon" title="Harney County, Oregon">Harney County</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a>, once common in the western United States, incorporating aspects of the "dude ranch" (<a href="/wiki/Guest_ranch" title="Guest ranch">Guest ranch</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applicable_regulations">Applicable regulations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applicable regulations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the U.K., most boarding schools are <a href="/wiki/Independent_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent schools">independent schools</a>, which are not subject to the national curriculum or other educational regulations applicable to <a href="/wiki/State_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="State schools">state schools</a>. Nevertheless, there are some regulations, primarily for health and safety purposes, as well as the general law. The <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Children,_Schools_and_Families" title="Department for Children, Schools and Families">Department for Children, Schools and Families</a>, in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health (United Kingdom)">Department of Health</a> of the United Kingdom, has prescribed guidelines for boarding schools, called the National Boarding Standards.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One example of regulations covered within the National Boarding Standards are those for the minimum floor area or living space required for each student and other aspects of basic facilities. The minimum floor area of a dormitory accommodating two or more students is defined as the number of students sleeping in the dormitory multiplied by 4.2 m<sup>2</sup>, plus 1.2 m<sup>2</sup>. A minimum distance of 0.9 m should also be maintained between any two beds in a dormitory, bedroom, or cubicle. In case students are provided with a cubicle, then each student must be provided with a window and a floor area of 5.0 m<sup>2</sup> at the least. A bedroom for a single student should be at least of the floor area of 6.0 m<sup>2</sup>. Boarding schools must provide a total floor area of at least 2.3 m<sup>2</sup> living accommodation for every boarder. This should also be incorporated with at least one <a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">bathtub</a> or shower for every ten students. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boarding schools manifest themselves in different ways in different societies. For example, in some societies children enter at an earlier age than in others. In some societies, a tradition has developed in which families send their children to the same boarding school for generations. One observation that appears to apply globally is that a significantly larger number of boys than girls attend boarding school and for a longer span of time. The practice of sending children, particularly boys, to other families or to schools so that they could learn together is of very long-standing, recorded in classical literature and in U.K. records going back over 1,000 years. </p><p>In Europe, a practice developed by early medieval times of sending boys to be taught by literate clergymen, either in monasteries or as <a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">pages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Great_house" title="Great house">great households</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury" title="The King's School, Canterbury">The King's School, Canterbury</a>, arguably the world's oldest boarding school, dates its foundation from the development of the monastery school in around 597 AD. The author of the <i><a href="/wiki/Croyland_Chronicle" title="Croyland Chronicle">Croyland Chronicle</a></i> recalls being tested on his grammar by <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor" title="Edward the Confessor">Edward the Confessor</a>'s wife <a href="/wiki/Edith_of_Wessex" title="Edith of Wessex">Queen Editha</a> in the abbey cloisters as a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_School" title="Westminster School">Westminster schoolboy</a>, in around the 1050s. <a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic schools</a> as such were generally <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">dissolved with the monasteries</a> themselves under Henry VIII, although Westminster School was specifically preserved by the King's <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a>, and it seems likely that most schools were immediately replaced. <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a> founded by Bishop <a href="/wiki/William_of_Wykeham" title="William of Wykeham">William of Wykeham</a> in 1382 and <a href="/wiki/Oswestry_School" title="Oswestry School">Oswestry School</a> founded by <a href="/wiki/David_Holbache" title="David Holbache">David Holbache</a> in 1407 are the oldest boarding schools in continuous operation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_boarding_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of boarding schools in the United Kingdom">List of boarding schools in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charterhouse_School,_Godalming,_Surrey,_June_2013_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Charterhouse_School%2C_Godalming%2C_Surrey%2C_June_2013_%283%29.jpg/220px-Charterhouse_School%2C_Godalming%2C_Surrey%2C_June_2013_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Charterhouse_School%2C_Godalming%2C_Surrey%2C_June_2013_%283%29.jpg/330px-Charterhouse_School%2C_Godalming%2C_Surrey%2C_June_2013_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Charterhouse_School%2C_Godalming%2C_Surrey%2C_June_2013_%283%29.jpg/440px-Charterhouse_School%2C_Godalming%2C_Surrey%2C_June_2013_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="1158" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charterhouse_School" title="Charterhouse School">Charterhouse School</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Boarding schools in Britain started in medieval times when boys were sent to be educated by literate clerics at a monastery or noble household. In the 12th century, the Pope ordered all <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> monasteries such as <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster</a> to provide charity schools, and many <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (UK)">public schools</a> started when such schools attracted paying students. These public schools reflected the collegiate universities of <a href="/wiki/Oxbridge" title="Oxbridge">Oxford and Cambridge</a>, as in many ways they still do, and were accordingly staffed almost entirely by clergymen until the 19th century. Private <a href="/wiki/Tutor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutor">tuition</a> at home remained the norm for aristocratic families, and for girls in particular, but after the 16th century, it was increasingly accepted that adolescents of any rank might best be educated collectively. The institution has thus adapted itself to changing social circumstances over 1,000 years. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">Boarding preparatory schools</a> tend to reflect the public schools they feed. They often have a more or less official tie to particular schools. </p><p>The classic British boarding school became highly popular during the colonial expansion of the British Empire. British colonial administrators abroad could ensure that their children were brought up in British culture at public schools at home in the U.K., and local rulers were offered the same education for their sons. More junior expatriates would send their children to local British-run schools, which would also admit selected local children who might travel from considerable distances. The boarding schools, which inculcated their own values, became an effective way to encourage local people to share British ideals, and so help the British achieve their imperial goals. </p><p>One of the reasons sometimes stated for sending children to boarding schools is to develop wider horizons than their family can provide. A boarding school a family has attended for generations may define the culture parents aspire to for their children. Equally, by choosing a fashionable boarding school, parents may aspire to better their children by enabling them to mix on equal terms with children of the upper classes. However, such stated reasons may conceal other reasons for sending a child away from home.<sup id="cite_ref-EU-Canada_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-Canada-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-duf_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaverien_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaverien-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These might apply to children who are considered too disobedient or underachieving, children from families with divorced spouses, and children to whom the parents do not much relate.<sup id="cite_ref-duf_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaverien_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaverien-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These reasons are rarely explicitly stated, though the child might be aware of them.<sup id="cite_ref-duf_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaverien_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaverien-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998, there were 772 private-sector boarding schools in the United Kingdom with over 100,000 children attending them all across the country. They are an important factor in the <a href="/wiki/British_class_system" class="mw-redirect" title="British class system">British class system</a>. About one percent of British children are sent to boarding schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Dansokhs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dansokhs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HealthDept_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HealthDept-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Little_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in Britain children as young as 5 to 9 years of age are sent to boarding schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Power_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_boarding_schools_in_the_United_States" title="List of boarding schools in the United States">List of boarding schools in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phillips_Academy,_Andover,_MA_-_Samuel_Phillips_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Phillips_Academy%2C_Andover%2C_MA_-_Samuel_Phillips_Hall.JPG/220px-Phillips_Academy%2C_Andover%2C_MA_-_Samuel_Phillips_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Phillips_Academy%2C_Andover%2C_MA_-_Samuel_Phillips_Hall.JPG/330px-Phillips_Academy%2C_Andover%2C_MA_-_Samuel_Phillips_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Phillips_Academy%2C_Andover%2C_MA_-_Samuel_Phillips_Hall.JPG/440px-Phillips_Academy%2C_Andover%2C_MA_-_Samuel_Phillips_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> Andover, MA</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the advent of universal public education in the United States, boarding school was often the only secondary school option for students in rural New England communities.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some states, especially <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, sponsored and subsidized semi-public boarding schools, often called "academies," to educate students from the surrounding rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the oldest remaining academies include <a href="/wiki/West_Nottingham_Academy" title="West Nottingham Academy">West Nottingham Academy</a> (est. 1744), <a href="/wiki/Linden_Hall_(school)" title="Linden Hall (school)">Linden Hall</a> (est. 1756), <a href="/wiki/The_Governor%27s_Academy" title="The Governor's Academy">The Governor's Academy</a> (est. 1763), <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Academy" title="Phillips Academy">Phillips Academy</a> (est. 1778), and <a href="/wiki/Phillips_Exeter_Academy" title="Phillips Exeter Academy">Phillips Exeter Academy</a> (est. 1781).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The market for semi-public academies narrowed in the second half of the nineteenth century as local governments began establishing free, public secondary day schools. Some academies joined the public school system, and others shut down.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Towards the turn of the twentieth century, a new generation of boarding schools was established. These schools generally followed the British public school model<sup id="cite_ref-nrhpinv_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and focused on preparing students aged roughly 14–18 for college entrance examinations.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of their college-preparatory approach, they were dubbed <a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">prep schools</a>, although most American prep schools educate only day students. At the turn of the twenty-first century, 0.5% of U.S. school children attended boarding schools, about half the percentage of British children.<sup id="cite_ref-Dansokhs_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dansokhs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HealthDept_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HealthDept-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Little_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In recent years,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="What year is "recent years"? (December 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> various governments have established public boarding schools. Some provide additional resources for academically promising students, like the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_School_of_Science_and_Mathematics" title="North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics">North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics</a> (est. 1980).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others provide a more focused environment for students from at-risk backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boarding schools for students below the age of 13 are called <i>junior boarding schools</i>, and are relatively uncommon. The oldest junior boarding school is the <a href="/wiki/Fay_School" title="Fay School">Fay School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southborough,_Massachusetts" title="Southborough, Massachusetts">Southborough, Massachusetts</a> (est. 1866).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_American_schools">Native American schools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Native American schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlisle_pupils.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Carlisle_pupils.jpg/220px-Carlisle_pupils.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Carlisle_pupils.jpg/330px-Carlisle_pupils.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Carlisle_pupils.jpg/440px-Carlisle_pupils.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Students at <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Carlisle Indian Industrial School">Carlisle Indian Industrial School</a>, Pennsylvania (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span>)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Native_American_boarding_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American boarding schools">Native American boarding schools</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Americanization_(of_Native_Americans)#Native_American_education_and_boarding_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Americanization (of Native Americans)">Native American education and boarding schools</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Indian_Industrial_School" title="Carlisle Indian Industrial School">Carlisle Indian Industrial School</a></div> <p>In the late 19th century, the United States government undertook a policy of educating <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> youth in the ways of the dominant Western culture so that Native Americans might then be able to assimilate into Western society. At these boarding schools, managed and regulated by the government, Native American students were subjected to a number of tactics to prepare them for life outside their reservation homes.<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with the assimilation methods used at the boarding schools, the education that the Native American children received at these institutions centered on the dominant society's construction of gender norms and ideals. Thus boys and girls were separated in almost every activity and their interactions were strictly regulated along the lines of <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> ideals. In addition, the instruction that the children received reflected the roles and duties that they were to assume once outside the reservation. Thus girls were taught skills that could be used in the home, such as "sewing, cooking, canning, ironing, child care, and cleaning"<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Adams 150). Native American boys in the boarding schools were taught the importance of an agricultural lifestyle, with an emphasis on raising livestock and agricultural skills like "plowing and planting, field irrigation, the care of stock, and the maintenance of fruit orchards"<sup id="cite_ref-Adams_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adams-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Adams 149). These ideas of domesticity were in stark contrast to those existing in native communities and on reservations: many indigenous societies were based on a matrilineal system where the women's lineage was honored and the women's place in society respected in different ways. For example, women in native society held powerful roles in their own communities, undertaking tasks that Western society deemed only appropriate for men: indigenous women could be leaders, healers, and farmers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>While the Native American children were exposed to and were likely to adopt some of the ideals set out by the whites operating these boarding schools, many resisted and rejected the gender norms that were being imposed upon them.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian Indian residential school system</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northcliff_Campus,_Columbia_International_College.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Northcliff_Campus%2C_Columbia_International_College.jpg/220px-Northcliff_Campus%2C_Columbia_International_College.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Northcliff_Campus%2C_Columbia_International_College.jpg/330px-Northcliff_Campus%2C_Columbia_International_College.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Northcliff_Campus%2C_Columbia_International_College.jpg/440px-Northcliff_Campus%2C_Columbia_International_College.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Columbia_International_College" title="Columbia International College">Columbia International College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Ontario" title="Hamilton, Ontario">Hamilton, Ontario</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In Canada, the largest independent boarding school is <a href="/wiki/Columbia_International_College" title="Columbia International College">Columbia International College</a>, with an enrollment of 1,700 students from all over the world. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Land_Academy" title="Robert Land Academy">Robert Land Academy</a> in Wellandport, Ontario is Canada's only private military-style boarding school for boys in Grades 6 through 12. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Commonwealth_countries">Other Commonwealth countries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other Commonwealth countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Doon_School_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Doon_School_India.jpg/220px-The_Doon_School_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Doon_School_India.jpg/330px-The_Doon_School_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/The_Doon_School_India.jpg/440px-The_Doon_School_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Doon_School" title="The Doon School">The Doon School</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehradun" title="Dehradun">Dehradun</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>Most societies around the world decline to make boarding schools the preferred option for the upbringing of their children. However, boarding schools are one of the aspirational modes of education in some former British colonies or <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth countries">Commonwealth countries</a> like India, Pakistan, Nigeria, and other former <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colonies</a> of Great Britain. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> the majority of the secondary schools are boarding. In some countries, such as New Zealand and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, a number of <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state schools</a> have boarding facilities. These state boarding schools are frequently traditional single-sex state schools, whose ethos is much like that of their independent counterparts. Furthermore, the proportion of boarders at these schools is often much lower than at independent boarding schools, typically around 10%. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_International_School_of_Penang_(Uplands)" title="The International School of Penang (Uplands)">The International School of Penang (Uplands)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalat_International_School" title="Dalat International School">Dalat International School</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marlborough_College_Malaysia" title="Marlborough College Malaysia">Marlborough College Malaysia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia_and_former_Soviet_Union">Russia and former Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Russia and former Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boarding_school_of_humanities,facade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Boarding_school_of_humanities%2Cfacade.jpg/220px-Boarding_school_of_humanities%2Cfacade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Boarding_school_of_humanities%2Cfacade.jpg/330px-Boarding_school_of_humanities%2Cfacade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Boarding_school_of_humanities%2Cfacade.jpg/440px-Boarding_school_of_humanities%2Cfacade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Boarding_School_of_Humanities_for_Gifted_Children_in_Aktanysh" title="Boarding School of Humanities for Gifted Children in Aktanysh">Boarding School of Humanities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aktanysh" title="Aktanysh">Aktanysh</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the former Soviet Union these schools were sometimes known as Internat-schools (Russian: <i>Школа-интернат</i>) (from Latin: <i>school-internat</i><sup id="cite_ref-Google_Translate_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Translate-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). They varied in their organization. Some schools were a type of specialized schools with a specific focus in a particular field or fields such as mathematics, physics, language, science, sports, etc. For example, in the 1960s Soviet official established a new type of boarding school, an AESC - Advanced educational scientific center (Russian: <i>СУНЦ - Специализированный учебно-научный центр</i>) (SESC - Specialized Educational and Scientific Center <sup id="cite_ref-Google_Translate_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Translate-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Those schools were parts of some major universities and prepared students to study there. Now, only a few exist in Russia - in Moscow, Novosibirsk, and Yekaterinburg, though several boarding schools still operate in former Soviet republics, and even some new ones are being opened (e.g. MSU Gymnasium in Moscow, Russia, or Nazarbayev schools all over Kazakhstan). Other schools were associated with <a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">orphanages</a> after which all children enrolled in Internat-school automatically. Also, separate boarding schools were established for children with special needs (schools for the blind, deaf, and others). General schools offered "extended stay" programs (Russian: Группа продленного дня) featuring cheap meals for children and preventing them from coming home too early before parents were back from work (education in the Soviet Union was free). In post-Soviet countries, the concept of boarding school differs from country to country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosenberg_Main_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rosenberg_Main_Building.jpg/220px-Rosenberg_Main_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rosenberg_Main_Building.jpg/330px-Rosenberg_Main_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Rosenberg_Main_Building.jpg/440px-Rosenberg_Main_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="666" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Institut_auf_dem_Rosenberg" title="Institut auf dem Rosenberg">Institut auf dem Rosenberg</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Swiss</a> government developed a strategy of fostering private boarding schools for foreign students as a business integral to the country's economy. Their boarding schools offer instruction in several major languages and have a large number of quality facilities organized through the <i>Swiss Federation of Private Schools</i>. In 2015, a Swiss boarding school named A+ World Academy was established on the Norwegian Tall Ship Fullriggeren Sørlandet. Some of the most expensive boarding schools in the world include the Swiss schools <a href="/wiki/Institut_auf_dem_Rosenberg" title="Institut auf dem Rosenberg">Institut auf dem Rosenberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Institut_Le_Rosey" title="Institut Le Rosey">Institut Le Rosey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Alpin_International_Beau_Soleil" title="Collège Alpin International Beau Soleil">Beau Soleil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_du_L%C3%A9man" title="Collège du Léman">Collège du Léman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_Champittet" title="Collège Champittet">Collège Champittet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leysin_American_School" title="Leysin American School">Leysin American School</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%AF%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%BF%92%E5%AE%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%AF%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%BF%92%E5%AE%A4.jpg/220px-%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%AF%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%BF%92%E5%AE%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%AF%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%BF%92%E5%AE%A4.jpg/330px-%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%AF%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%BF%92%E5%AE%A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%AF%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%BF%92%E5%AE%A4.jpg/440px-%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E5%AF%AE%E8%87%AA%E7%BF%92%E5%AE%A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NUCB_International_College" title="NUCB International College">NUCB International College</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, there are several international boarding schools operated by private institution. Notable examples of privately-run institutions include <a href="/wiki/NUCB_International_College" title="NUCB International College">NUCB International College</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Hallow International School. These boarding schools are affiliated with various educational boards, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">IB</a> (International Baccalaureate), A-Level, and Article1 of the Japanese School Education Law. English is predominantly used as the primary medium of instruction in these institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Boarding_schools_in_China" title="Boarding schools in China">Boarding schools in China</a></div> <p>As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were about 100,000 boarding schools in rural areas of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a>, with about 33 million children living in them.<sup id="cite_ref-Roberts_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China some children are sent to boarding schools at 2 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Markus_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Markus-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of boarding schools are in western China, which generally is not as wealthy as eastern and central China.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZZp238_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZZp238-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many migrant workers and farmers send their children to boarding schools.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_boarding_schools_in_India" title="List of boarding schools in India">List of boarding schools in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Student_hostel_(Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya,_Barabanki).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Student_hostel_%28Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya%2C_Barabanki%29.jpg/220px-Student_hostel_%28Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya%2C_Barabanki%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Student_hostel_%28Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya%2C_Barabanki%29.jpg/330px-Student_hostel_%28Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya%2C_Barabanki%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Student_hostel_%28Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya%2C_Barabanki%29.jpg/440px-Student_hostel_%28Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya%2C_Barabanki%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption> Boarder students at <a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya" title="Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya">Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya</a>, Barabanki</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, there exists a variety of boarding schools, which are operated by both private entities and governmental bodies at the state and central levels. Some notable examples government run institute include are <a href="/wiki/Jawahar_Navodaya_Vidyalaya" title="Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya">Jawahar Navodaya Vidyalaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eklavya_Model_Residential_School" title="Eklavya Model Residential School">Ekalavya Model Residential School</a>, and Ashram Schools. Boarding schools in India are affiliated with various educational boards such as <a href="/wiki/Central_Board_of_Secondary_Education" title="Central Board of Secondary Education">CBSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_Certificate_of_Secondary_Education" title="Indian Certificate of Secondary Education">ICSE</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">IB</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Open_Schooling" title="National Institute of Open Schooling">NIOS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/All_India_Senior_School_Certificate_Examination" title="All India Senior School Certificate Examination">AISSCE</a>. Those institutions predominantly use English as the primary <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_instruction" title="Medium of instruction">medium of instruction</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociological_issues">Sociological issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sociological issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some elite <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">university-preparatory boarding schools</a> for students from age 13 to 18 are seen by sociologists as centers of <a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">socialization</a> for the next generation of the political <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a> and reproduces an elitist <a href="/wiki/Class_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Class system">class system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This attracts families who value power and <a href="/wiki/Social_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Social hierarchy">hierarchy</a> for the socialization of their family members.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These families share a sense of entitlement to social class or hierarchy and power.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boarding schools are seen by certain families as centres of socialization where students mingle with others of similar social hierarchy<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to form what is called an <a href="/wiki/Old_boy_network" title="Old boy network">old boy network</a>. Elite boarding school students are brought up with the assumption that they are meant to control society.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significant numbers of them enter the political upper class of society or join the financial elite in fields such as <a href="/wiki/International_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="International banking">international banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venture_capital" title="Venture capital">venture capital</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elite boarding school socialization causes students to internalize a strong sense of entitlement and social control or hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This form of socialization is called "deep structure socialization" by Peter Cookson & Caroline Hodges (1985).<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cookson2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This refers to the way in which boarding schools not only manage to control the students' physical lives but also their emotional lives.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cookson2_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Boarding school establishment involves control of behavior regarding several aspects of life including what is appropriate and/or acceptable which <a href="/wiki/Adolescence" title="Adolescence">adolescents</a> would consider as intrusive.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cookson2_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This boarding school socialization is carried over well after leaving school and into their dealings with the social world.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus it causes boarding school students to adhere to the values of the elite social class which they come from or which they aspire to be part of.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nick Duffell, author of <i>Wounded Leaders: British elitism and the Entitlement Illusion – A Psychohistory</i>, states that the education of the elite in the British boarding school system leaves the nation with "a cadre of leaders who perpetuate a culture of elitism, bullying and misogyny affecting the whole of society".<sup id="cite_ref-duffel_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duffel-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Peter W Cookson Jr (2009) the elitist tradition of preparatory boarding schools has declined due to the development of modern economy and the political rise of the liberal west coast of the United States of America.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cookson2_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socialization_of_role_control_and_gender_stratification">Socialization of role control and gender stratification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Socialization of role control and gender stratification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The boarding school socialization of control and hierarchy develops deep rooted and strong adherence to <a href="/wiki/Social_Stratification" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Stratification">social roles</a> and rigid <a href="/wiki/Gender_Roles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender Roles">gender stratification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chase_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one studied school the <a href="/wiki/Social_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Social pressure">social pressure</a> for <a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">conformity</a> was so severe that several students abused <a href="/wiki/Performance-enhancing_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance-enhancing drugs">performance drugs</a> like <a href="/wiki/Adderall" title="Adderall">Adderall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Ritalin">Ritalin</a> for both academic performance and to lose weight.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chase_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distinct and hierarchical nature of socialization in boarding school culture becomes very obvious in the manner students sit together and form <a href="/wiki/Cliques" class="mw-redirect" title="Cliques">cliques</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/Refectory" title="Refectory">refectory</a>, or dining hall. This leads to pervasive form of explicit and implicit bullying, and excessive competition between cliques and between individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chase_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rigid gender stratification and role control is displayed in the boys forming cliques on the basis of wealth and social background, and the girls overtly accepting that they would marry only for money, while choosing only rich or affluent males as boyfriends.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chase_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students are not able to display much sensitivity and emotional response and are unable to have closer relationships except on a superficial and <a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">politically correct</a> level, engaging in social behaviour that would make them seem appropriate and rank high in social hierarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chase_37-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This affects their perceptions of gender and <a href="/wiki/Social_stereotype" class="mw-redirect" title="Social stereotype">social roles</a> later in life.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chase_37-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chase-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Psychological_issues">Psychological issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Psychological issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The aspect of boarding school life with its round the clock habitation of students with each other in the same environment, involved in studying, sleeping, and socializing can lead to pressures and stress in boarding school life.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is manifested in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hypercompetition" title="Hypercompetition">hypercompetitiveness</a>, use of <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drug_use" title="Recreational drug use">recreational or illegal drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">psychological depression</a> that at times may manifest in <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> or its attempt.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies show that about 90% of boarding school students acknowledge that living in a <a href="/wiki/Total_institution" title="Total institution">total institution</a> like boarding school has a significant impact and changed their perception and interaction with social relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Cookson_34-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_institution_and_child_displacement">Total institution and child displacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Total institution and child displacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is claimed that children may be sent to boarding schools to be given more opportunities than their families can provide. However, that involves spending significant parts of one's early life in what may be seen as a <a href="/wiki/Total_institution" title="Total institution">total institution</a><sup id="cite_ref-Goffman_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goffman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly experiencing social detachment, as suggested by social-psychologist <a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Erving Goffman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Goffman_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goffman-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may involve long-term separation from one's parents and culture, leading to the experience of <a href="/wiki/Homesickness" title="Homesickness">homesickness</a><sup id="cite_ref-Brewin_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brewin-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fisher_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fisher-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thurber_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurber-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Abandonment_(emotional)" title="Abandonment (emotional)">emotional abandonment</a><sup id="cite_ref-duf_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-duf-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schaverien_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schaverien-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Power_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Power-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may give rise to a phenomenon known as the 'TCK' or <a href="/wiki/Third_culture_kid" title="Third culture kid">third culture kid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pollock_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pollock-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The celebrated British classicist and poet, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> (1895–1985), who attended six different preparatory schools at a young age during the early 20th century, wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Preparatory schoolboys live in a world completely dissociated from home life. They have a different vocabulary, a different moral system, even different voices. On their return to school from the holidays the change-over from home-self to school-self is almost instantaneous, whereas the reverse process takes a fortnight at least. A preparatory schoolboy, when caught off his guard, will call his mother 'Please, matron,' and always addresses any male relative or friend of the family as 'Sir', like a master. I used to do it. School life becomes the reality, and home life the illusion. In England, parents of the governing classes virtually lose any intimate touch with their children from about the age of eight, and any attempts on their part to insinuate home feeling into school life are resented.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Robert Graves</cite></div></blockquote> <p>Some modern philosophies of education, such as <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(pedagogical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructivism (pedagogical)">constructivism</a> and new methods of music training for children including <a href="/wiki/Orff_Schulwerk" title="Orff Schulwerk">Orff Schulwerk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Suzuki_method" title="Suzuki method">Suzuki method</a>, make the everyday interaction of the child and parent an integral part of training and education. In children, separation involves <a href="/wiki/Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">maternal deprivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rutter_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rutter-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>–<a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> project "Child Welfare Across Borders" (2003),<sup id="cite_ref-EU-Canada_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-Canada-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an international venture on child development, considers boarding schools as one form of <a href="/wiki/Child_displacement" title="Child displacement">permanent displacement</a> of the child.<sup id="cite_ref-EU-Canada_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU-Canada-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view reflects a new outlook towards education and child growth in the wake of more <a href="/wiki/Scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific">scientific</a> understanding of the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">human brain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">cognitive development</a>. </p><p>Data have not yet been tabulated regarding the <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistical</a> ratio of boys to girls that matriculate boarding schools, the total number of children in a given population in boarding schools by country, the average age across populations when children are sent to boarding schools, and the average length of education (in years) for boarding school students. There is also little evidence or research about the complete circumstances or complete set of reasons about sending kids to boarding schools.<sup id="cite_ref-Little_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Little-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boarding_school_syndrome">Boarding school syndrome</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Boarding school syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>boarding school syndrome</i> was coined by psychotherapist Joy Schaverien in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-syndrome_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syndrome-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is used to identify a set of lasting psychological problems that are observable in adults who, as children, were sent away to boarding schools at an early age. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Children sent away to school at an early age suffer the sudden and often irrevocable loss of their primary attachments; for many this constitutes a significant trauma. Bullying and sexual abuse, by staff or other children, may follow and so new attachment figures may become unsafe. In order to adapt to the system, a defensive and protective encapsulation of the self may be acquired; the true identity of the person then remains hidden. This pattern distorts intimate relationships and may continue into adult life. The significance of this may go unnoticed in psychotherapy. It is proposed that one reason for this may be that the transference and, especially the breaks in psychotherapy, replay, for the patient, the childhood experience between the school and home. Observations from clinical practice are substantiated by published testimonies, including those from established psychoanalysts who were themselves, early boarders.<sup id="cite_ref-syndrome_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syndrome-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Scharverien's observations are echoed by a boarding schoolboy, <a href="/wiki/George_Monbiot" title="George Monbiot">George Monbiot</a>, who goes so far as to attribute some dysfunctionalities of the U.K. government to boarding schools.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British psychotherapist Nick Duffell refers to adults who have gone through boarding school separation as 'Boarding school survivors'. He has described some of these individuals to exhibit behaviors such as a sense of detachment from any relationships, workaholism, compulsive behavior, and a penchant to control.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/School_story" title="School story">School story</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boarding schools and their surrounding settings and situations became in the late Victorian period a genre in <a href="/wiki/British_literature" title="British literature">British literature</a> with its own identifiable conventions. (Typically, protagonists find themselves occasionally having to break school rules for honorable reasons the reader can identify with and might get severely punished when caught – but usually, they do not embark on a total rebellion against the school as a system.) </p><p>Notable examples of the <a href="/wiki/School_story" title="School story">school story</a> include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Fielding" title="Sarah Fielding">Sarah Fielding</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Governess,_or_The_Little_Female_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Governess, or The Little Female Academy">The Governess, or The Little Female Academy</a></i> (1749)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>'s serialised novel <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Nickleby" title="Nicholas Nickleby">Nicholas Nickleby</a></i> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a></i> (1847) and <i><a href="/wiki/Villette_(novel)" title="Villette (novel)">Villette</a></i> (1853)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hughes" title="Thomas Hughes">Thomas Hughes</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_Schooldays" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Brown's Schooldays">Tom Brown's Schooldays</a></i> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_W._Farrar" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic W. Farrar">Frederic W. Farrar</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Eric,_or,_Little_by_Little" title="Eric, or, Little by Little">Eric, or, Little by Little</a></i> (1858), a particularly religious and moralistic treatment of the theme</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._T._Meade" title="L. T. Meade">L. T. Meade</a>'s <i>A World of Girls</i> (1886) and dozens more girls school stories</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Ateneu" title="O Ateneu">O Ateneu</a></i> (1888), written by the <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> <a href="/wiki/Raul_Pompeia" title="Raul Pompeia">Raul Pompeia</a> and dealing openly with the issue of <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuality</a> in the boarding school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett" title="Frances Hodgson Burnett">Frances Hodgson Burnett</a>'s serial <i>Sara Crewe: or what Happened at Miss Minchin's</i> (1887), revised and expanded as <i><a href="/wiki/A_Little_Princess" title="A Little Princess">A Little Princess</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_School" title="Greyfriars School">Greyfriars School</a>, created by Charles Hamilton (writing as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_(writer)" title="Charles Hamilton (writer)">Frank Richards</a>) in 1910 in the first of what became 1,670 stories, many featuring <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bunter" title="Billy Bunter">Billy Bunter</a>.</li> <li>George Orwell's essay "<a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Weeklies" title="Boys' Weeklies">Boys' Weeklies</a>" suggested in 1940 that <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_(writer)" title="Charles Hamilton (writer)">Frank Richards</a> created a taste for public schools stories in readers who could never have attended public schools</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boy_(autobiography)" title="Boy (autobiography)">Boy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a></li> <li>Dozens of boys' school novels by <a href="/wiki/Gunby_Hadath" title="Gunby Hadath">Gunby Hadath</a> (1871–1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elinor_Brent-Dyer" title="Elinor Brent-Dyer">Elinor Brent-Dyer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Chalet_School" title="Chalet School">Chalet School</a></i> series of about sixty children's novels (1925–1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Classroom" title="The Flying Classroom">The Flying Classroom</a></i> (<i>Das Fliegende Klassenzimmer</i>) (1933) is a conspicuous non-British example.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hilton_(novelist)" title="James Hilton (novelist)">James Hilton</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Mr._Chips" title="Goodbye, Mr. Chips">Goodbye, Mr. Chips</a></i> (1934) centers on a teacher, rather than on the students</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Bemelmans" title="Ludwig Bemelmans">Ludwig Bemelmans</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Madeline" title="Madeline">Madeline</a></i> series of children's picture books (1939–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agatha_Christie" title="Agatha Christie">Agatha Christie</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Cat_Among_the_Pigeons" title="Cat Among the Pigeons">Cat Among the Pigeons</a></i> (1959), involving a murder at a boarding school for girls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Farmer" title="Penelope Farmer">Penelope Farmer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Sometimes_(novel)" title="Charlotte Sometimes (novel)">Charlotte Sometimes</a></i> (1969)</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Jill_Murphy" title="Jill Murphy">Jill Murphy</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Worst_Witch" title="The Worst Witch">The Worst Witch</a></i> stories (from 1974), the traditional boarding school themes are explored in a <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> school that teaches magic.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="jones"></span><a href="/wiki/Dianna_Wynne_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Dianna Wynne Jones">Dianna Wynne Jones</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Witch_Week" title="Witch Week">Witch Week</a></i> (1982) features Larwood House where magic is not taught —its use is a capital crime— but many students grow into magic powers</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="rowling"></span><a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> series (1997–2007) features <a href="/wiki/Hogwarts_School_of_Witchcraft_and_Wizardry" class="mw-redirect" title="Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry">Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry</a></li> <li><span class="anchor" id="nimmo"></span><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Nimmo" title="Jenny Nimmo">Jenny Nimmo</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Children_of_the_Red_King" title="Children of the Red King">Children of the Red King</a></i> series (2002–2009) features magically endowed children at Bloor Academy, which most students leave on weekends</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="bray"></span><a href="/wiki/Libba_Bray" title="Libba Bray">Libba Bray</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Gemma_Doyle_Trilogy" title="Gemma Doyle Trilogy">Gemma Doyle Trilogy</a></i>, volumes one and two (2003, 2006), features a girl's discovery of magical capabilities and realms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Malory_Towers" title="Malory Towers">Malory Towers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/St_Clare%27s_series" class="mw-redirect" title="St Clare's series">St Clare's</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Naughtiest_Girl" class="mw-redirect" title="Naughtiest Girl">Naughtiest Girl</a></i> series</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_van_de_Ruit" title="John van de Ruit">John van de Ruit</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Spud_(novel)" title="Spud (novel)">Spud</a></i> book and <a href="/wiki/Spud_(film)" title="Spud (film)">movie</a> series, that take place at a school based on <a href="/wiki/Michaelhouse" title="Michaelhouse">Michaelhouse</a></li></ul> <p>The setting has also been featured in notable North American fiction: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J.D._Salinger" class="mw-redirect" title="J.D. Salinger">J.D. Salinger</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Catcher_in_the_Rye" title="The Catcher in the Rye">The Catcher in the Rye</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knowles" title="John Knowles">John Knowles</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/A_Separate_Peace" title="A Separate Peace">A Separate Peace</a></i> (1959) and <i><a href="/wiki/Peace_Breaks_Out" title="Peace Breaks Out">Peace Breaks Out</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cormier" title="Robert Cormier">Robert Cormier</a>'s young adult novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chocolate_War" title="The Chocolate War">The Chocolate War</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Infinite_Jest" title="Infinite Jest">Infinite Jest</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kay_(writer)" title="Edward Kay (writer)">Edward Kay</a>'s science fiction novel <i><a href="/wiki/STAR_Academy_(novel)" title="STAR Academy (novel)">STAR Academy</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Green" title="John Green">John Green</a>'s 2006 young adult novel <i><a href="/wiki/Looking_for_Alaska" title="Looking for Alaska">Looking for Alaska</a></i></li></ul> <p>There is also a huge boarding-school genre literature, mostly uncollected, in British <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a> and serials from the 1900s to the 1980s. </p><p>The subgenre of books and films set in a military or naval academy has many similarities with the above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films_and_television">Films and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Films and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Films_set_in_boarding_schools" title="Category:Films set in boarding schools">Category:Films set in boarding schools</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_Schooldays_(1916_film)" title="Tom Brown's Schooldays (1916 film)">Tom Brown's Schooldays</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4dchen_in_Uniform_(1931_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mädchen in Uniform (1931 film)">Mädchen in Uniform</a></i> (1931)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Mr._Chips_(1939_film)" title="Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939 film)">Goodbye, Mr. Chips</a></i> (1939)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_School_Days_(1940_film)" title="Tom Brown's School Days (1940 film)">Tom Brown's Schooldays</a></i> (1940)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Yank_at_Eton" title="A Yank at Eton">A Yank at Eton</a></i> (1942)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Guinea_Pig_(film)" title="The Guinea Pig (film)">The Guinea Pig</a></i> (1948)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Happiest_Days_of_Your_Life_(film)" title="The Happiest Days of Your Life (film)">The Happiest Days of Your Life</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Browning_Version_(1951_film)" title="The Browning Version (1951 film)">The Browning Version</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_Schooldays_(1951_film)" title="Tom Brown's Schooldays (1951 film)">Tom Brown's Schooldays</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Belles_of_St._Trinian%27s" title="The Belles of St. Trinian's">The Belles of St. Trinian's</a></i> (1954)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Murder_at_St_Trinian%27s" title="Blue Murder at St Trinian's">Blue Murder at St Trinian's</a></i> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pure_Hell_of_St_Trinian%27s" title="The Pure Hell of St Trinian's">The Pure Hell of St Trinian's</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Hour_(film)" title="The Children's Hour (film)">The Children's Hour</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_amiti%C3%A9s_particuli%C3%A8res_(film)" title="Les amitiés particulières (film)">Les amitiés particulières</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i> <a href="/wiki/The_Great_St_Trinian%27s_Train_Robbery" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery">The Great St Trinian's Train Robbery</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trouble_with_Angels_(film)" title="The Trouble with Angels (film)">The Trouble with Angels</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_T%C3%B6rless" title="Young Törless">Young Törless</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hasta_el_viento_tiene_miedo" title="Hasta el viento tiene miedo">Hasta el viento tiene miedo</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/If...." title="If....">If....</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Mr._Chips_(1969_film)" title="Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1969 film)">Goodbye, Mr. Chips</a></i> (1969)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Brown%27s_Schooldays_(TV_serial)" title="Tom Brown's Schooldays (TV serial)">Tom Brown's Schooldays</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candy_Candy" title="Candy Candy">Candy Candy</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/You_Are_Not_Alone_(1978_film)" title="You Are Not Alone (1978 film)">You Are Not Alone</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_(TV_series)" title="The Facts of Life (TV series)">The Facts of Life</a></i> (1979–1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wildcats_of_St_Trinian%27s" title="The Wildcats of St Trinian's">The Wildcats of St Trinian's</a></i> (1980)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taps_(film)" title="Taps (film)">Taps</a></i> (1981)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd_%E2%80%93_The_Wall" title="Pink Floyd – The Wall">Pink Floyd – The Wall</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Class_(film)" title="Class (film)">Class</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Another_Country_(1984_film)" title="Another Country (1984 film)">Another Country</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chocolate_War_(film)" title="The Chocolate War (film)">The Chocolate War</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dead_Poets_Society" title="Dead Poets Society">Dead Poets Society</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Power_of_One_(film)" title="The Power of One (film)">The Power of One</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scent_of_a_Woman_(1992_film)" title="Scent of a Woman (1992 film)">Scent of a Woman</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/School_Ties" title="School Ties">School Ties</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Browning_Version_(1994_film)" title="The Browning Version (1994 film)">The Browning Version</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Little_Princess_(1995_film)" title="A Little Princess (1995 film)">A Little Princess</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boys_(1996_film)" title="Boys (1996 film)">Boys</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ponette" title="Ponette">Ponette</a></i> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madeline_(1998_film)" title="Madeline (1998 film)">Madeline</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_(TV_series)" title="Young Americans (TV series)">Young Americans</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_and_Delirious" title="Lost and Delirious">Lost and Delirious</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Philosopher%27s_Stone_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (film)">Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Chamber_of_Secrets_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (film)">Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cadet_Kelly" title="Cadet Kelly">Cadet Kelly</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Wild_Thornberrys_Movie" title="The Wild Thornberrys Movie">The Wild Thornberrys Movie</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Club" title="The Emperor's Club">The Emperor's Club</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rebelde_Way" title="Rebelde Way">Rebelde Way</a></i> (2002–2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Days_at_Blake_Holsey_High" title="Strange Days at Blake Holsey High">Strange Days at Blake Holsey High</a></i> (2002–2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/That%27ll_Teach_%27Em" title="That'll Teach 'Em">That'll Teach 'Em</a></i> (2003–2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Code_Lyoko" title="Code Lyoko">Code Lyoko</a></i> (2003–2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Prisoner_of_Azkaban_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban (film)">Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yu-Gi-Oh!_GX" title="Yu-Gi-Oh! GX">Yu-Gi-Oh! GX</a></i> (2004–2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Winx_Club" title="Winx Club">Winx Club</a></i> (2004–2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chorus_(2004_film)" title="The Chorus (2004 film)">Les Choristes</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Mala_Educaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="La Mala Educación">La Mala Educación</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i> <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (film)">Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zoey_101" title="Zoey 101">Zoey 101</a></i> (2005–2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/She%27s_the_Man" title="She's the Man">She's the Man</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanazakarino_Kimitachihe" title="Hanazakarino Kimitachihe">Hanazakarino Kimitachihe</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/5ive_Girls" title="5ive Girls">5ive Girls</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_Eyes!" title="Four Eyes!">Four Eyes!</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_Annabelle" title="Loving Annabelle">Loving Annabelle</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Order_of_the_Phoenix_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix (film)">Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Internado" title="El Internado">El Internado</a></i> (2007–2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_(film)" title="St Trinian's (film)">St Trinian's</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanazakari_no_Kimitachi_e" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanazakari no Kimitachi e">Hanazakari no Kimitachi e</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taare_Zameen_Par" title="Taare Zameen Par">Taare Zameen Par</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wild_Child_(film)" title="Wild Child (film)">Wild Child</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prom_Wars" title="Prom Wars">Prom Wars</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Half-Blood_Prince_(film)" title="Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince (film)">Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archer_(2009_TV_series)" title="Archer (2009 TV series)">Archer</a></i> (2009–2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cracks_(film)" title="Cracks (film)">Cracks</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanner_Hall_(film)" title="Tanner Hall (film)">Tanner Hall</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Trinian%27s_2:_The_Legend_of_Fritton%27s_Gold" title="St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold">St Trinian's 2: The Legend of Fritton's Gold</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_1" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 1</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spud_(film)" title="Spud (film)">Spud</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Deathly_Hallows_%E2%80%93_Part_2" title="Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2">Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows – Part 2</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moth_Diaries_(film)" title="The Moth Diaries (film)">The Moth Diaries</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barbie:_Princess_Charm_School" title="Barbie: Princess Charm School">Barbie: Princess Charm School</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Anubis" title="House of Anubis">House of Anubis</a></i> (2011–2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Our_Fires_Still_Burn" title="Our Fires Still Burn">Our Fires Still Burn</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ever_After_High" title="Ever After High">Ever After High</a></i> (2013–2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Descendants_(2015_film)" title="Descendants (2015 film)">Descendants</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i>Descendants: School of Secrets</i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Descendants:_Wicked_World" title="Descendants: Wicked World">Descendants: Wicked World</a></i> (2015–2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DC_Super_Hero_Girls" title="DC Super Hero Girls">DC Super Hero Girls</a></i> (2015–2018)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Hero_Academia" title="My Hero Academia">My Hero Academia</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Descendants_2" title="Descendants 2">Descendants 2</a></i> (2017)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legacies_(TV_series)" title="Legacies (TV series)">Legacies</a></i> (2018–2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Descendants_3" title="Descendants 3">Descendants 3</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i>Descendants: The Royal Wedding</i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fate:_The_Winx_Saga" title="Fate: The Winx Saga">Fate: The Winx Saga</a></i> (2021–2022)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Boarding_School:_Las_Cumbres" title="The Boarding School: Las Cumbres">The Boarding School: Las Cumbres</a></i> (2021–2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Young_Royals" title="Young Royals">Young Royals</a></i> (2021–2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Horizons:_The_Series" title="Pokémon Horizons: The Series">Pokémon Horizons: The Series</a></i> (2023–present)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Descendants:_The_Rise_of_Red" title="Descendants: The Rise of Red">Descendants: The Rise of Red</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Final_Fantasy_VIII" title="Final Fantasy VIII">Final Fantasy VIII</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bully_(video_game)" title="Bully (video game)">Bully</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sims_3" title="The Sims 3">The Sims 3</a></i> (2009)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katawa_Shoujo" title="Katawa Shoujo">Katawa Shoujo</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_Is_Strange_(video_game)" title="Life Is Strange (video game)">Life Is Strange</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fire_Emblem:_Three_Houses" title="Fire Emblem: Three Houses">Fire Emblem: Three Houses</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Walking_Dead:_Final_season&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Walking Dead: Final season (page does not exist)">The Walking Dead: Final season</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/28px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/42px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/56px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_boarding_schools" title="List of boarding schools">List of boarding schools</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bamford-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bamford_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bamford T.W. (1967) <i>Rise of the public schools: a study of boys public boarding schools in England and Wales from 1837 to the present day</i>. London: Nelson, 1967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Linton Hall Cadet, Linton Hall Military School Memories: One cadet's memoir, Arlington, VA.: Scrounge Press, 2014 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-3196-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4959-3196-3">978-1-4959-3196-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UK_Guardian-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UK_Guardian_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yesguardians.co.uk/educational-guardianship/">"YES Guardians - Premier Educational Guardianship for International Students"</a>. YES Guardians. 14 September 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=YES+Guardians+-+Premier+Educational+Guardianship+for+International+Students&rft.pub=YES+Guardians&rft.date=2022-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yesguardians.co.uk%2Feducational-guardianship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory2005" class="citation cs2">Story, Louise (17 August 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/17/business/a-business-built-on-the-troubles-of-teenagers.html">"A Business Built on the Troubles of Teenagers"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Business+Built+on+the+Troubles+of+Teenagers&rft.date=2005-08-17&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F17%2Fbusiness%2Fa-business-built-on-the-troubles-of-teenagers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913214525/http://thinkglobalschool.org/about/what-is-tgs/">"What is TGS?"</a>. Think Global School. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thinkglobalschool.org/about/what-is-tgs/">the original</a> on 13 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+TGS%3F&rft.pub=Think+Global+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthinkglobalschool.org%2Fabout%2Fwhat-is-tgs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020116/https://www.woodcreekacademy.com/wilderness-therapy/">"Wilderness Therapy Program, Therapeutic Boarding School for Troubled Boys"</a>. Woodcreek Academy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodcreekacademy.com/wilderness-therapy/">the original</a> on 22 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wilderness+Therapy+Program%2C+Therapeutic+Boarding+School+for+Troubled+Boys&rft.pub=Woodcreek+Academy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodcreekacademy.com%2Fwilderness-therapy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130825014854/http://www.opb.org/programs/oregonstory/ruralvoices/crane.html">"The Oregon Story. Rural Voices: Three Days at Crane. Crane High School – OPB"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opb.org/programs/oregonstory/ruralvoices/crane.html">the original</a> on 25 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Oregon+Story.+Rural+Voices%3A+Three+Days+at+Crane.+Crane+High+School+%E2%80%93+OPB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opb.org%2Fprograms%2Foregonstory%2Fruralvoices%2Fcrane.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060214065258/http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/03/43/14/04034314.pdf">"Boarding Schools – National Minimum Standards / Inspection Regulations"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Department of Health</i>. London: TSO. March 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dh.gov.uk/assetRoot/04/03/43/14/04034314.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 February 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 December</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Health&rft.atitle=Boarding+Schools+%E2%80%93+National+Minimum+Standards+%2F+Inspection+Regulations&rft.date=2002-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dh.gov.uk%2FassetRoot%2F04%2F03%2F43%2F14%2F04034314.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EU-Canada-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EU-Canada_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU-Canada_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EU-Canada_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sws.soton.ac.uk/cwab/Session6/ICWs62.htm">CWAB – Session 6.2 – Reasons for displacement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120320151456/http://www.sws.soton.ac.uk/cwab/Session6/ICWs62.htm">Archived</a> 20 March 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> European Union – Canada project Child welfare across borders (2003)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duf-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duf_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duf_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duf_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-duf_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Duffell, N. "The Making of Them. The British Attitude to Children and the Boarding School System". (London: Lone Arrow Press, 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaverien-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaverien_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaverien_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaverien_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaverien_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Schaverien, J. (2004) Boarding School: The Trauma of the Privileged Child, in Journal of Analytical Psychology, vol 49, 683–705</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dansokhs-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dansokhs_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dansokhs_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dansokho, S., Little, M., & Thomas, B. (2003). <i>Residential services for children: definitions, numbers, and classifications</i>. Chicago: Chapin Hall Center for Children.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HealthDept-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HealthDept_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HealthDept_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Department of Health. (1998). Caring for Children away from Home. Chichester: Wiley and Son</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Little-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Little_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Little_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Little, M. Kohm, A. Thompson, R. (2005). "The impact of residential placement on child development: research and policy implications". <i>International Journal of Social Welfare</i>; 14, 200–209. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-2397.2005.00360.x">10.1111/j.1468-2397.2005.00360.x</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Power-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Power_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Power_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Power A (2007) "Discussion of Trauma at the Threshold: The Impact of Boarding School on Attachment in Young Children", in <i>ATTACHMENT: New Directions in Psychotherapy and Relational Psychoanalysis</i>; Vol. 1, November 2007: pp. 313–320</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1973" class="citation journal cs1">Howe, Daniel Walker (September 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364217">"Review of "American Boarding Schools: A Historical Study"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The New England Quarterly</i>. <b>46</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">493–</span>94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F364217">10.2307/364217</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/364217">364217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Review+of+%22American+Boarding+Schools%3A+A+Historical+Study%22&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E493-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1973-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F364217&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F364217%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Daniel+Walker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F364217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllis,_Jr.1979" class="citation book cs1">Allis, Jr., Frederick S. (1979). <i>Youth from Every Quarter: A Bicentennial History of Phillips Academy, Andover</i>. Hanover, NH: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_New_England" title="University Press of New England">University Press of New England</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">38–</span>41, <span class="nowrap">278–</span>81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Youth+from+Every+Quarter%3A+A+Bicentennial+History+of+Phillips+Academy%2C+Andover&rft.place=Hanover%2C+NH&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E38-%3C%2Fspan%3E41%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E278-%3C%2Fspan%3E81&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Allis%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Frederick+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeele1887" class="citation book cs1">Teele, Albert K., ed. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9yERn4M9F0C"><i>The History of Milton, Mass.: 1640 to 1887</i></a>. Boston, MA: Press of Rockwell and Churchill. pp. <span class="nowrap">327–</span>38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Milton%2C+Mass.%3A+1640+to+1887&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.pub=Press+of+Rockwell+and+Churchill&rft.date=1887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY9yERn4M9F0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=redNAAAAMAAJ"><i>Financial History of Lawrence Academy at Groton, Massachusetts</i></a>. Cambridge, MA: University Press. 1895. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Financial+History+of+Lawrence+Academy+at+Groton%2C+Massachusetts&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DredNAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boardingschoolreview.com/top-twenty-schools-listing/oldest-founding-date">"Boarding Schools with the Oldest Founding Date (2017–2018)"</a>. <i>www.boardingschoolreview.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.boardingschoolreview.com&rft.atitle=Boarding+Schools+with+the+Oldest+Founding+Date+%282017%E2%80%932018%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boardingschoolreview.com%2Ftop-twenty-schools-listing%2Foldest-founding-date&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrcutt1934" class="citation journal cs1">Orcutt, Leon Monroe (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2987&context=theses">"The influence of the academy in Western Massachusetts"</a>. <i>Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014</i>. Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Amherst: 51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7275%2F6871421">10.7275/6871421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Masters+Theses+1911+-+February+2014&rft.atitle=The+influence+of+the+academy+in+Western+Massachusetts&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7275%2F6871421&rft.aulast=Orcutt&rft.aufirst=Leon+Monroe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umass.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D2987%26context%3Dtheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhpinv-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhpinv_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitts1985" class="citation web cs1">Pitts, Carolyn (July 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/86000158_text">"Lawrenceville School"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Register of Historic Places - Inventory Nomination Form</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Register+of+Historic+Places+-+Inventory+Nomination+Form&rft.atitle=Lawrenceville+School&rft.date=1985-07&rft.aulast=Pitts&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnpgallery.nps.gov%2FNRHP%2FGetAsset%2FNHLS%2F86000158_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortmiller,_Jr.2003" class="citation book cs1">Fortmiller, Jr., Hubert C. (2003). <i>Find the Promise: Middlesex School, 1901-2001</i>. Concord, MA: <a href="/wiki/Middlesex_School" title="Middlesex School">Middlesex School</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">32–</span>34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Find+the+Promise%3A+Middlesex+School%2C+1901-2001&rft.place=Concord%2C+MA&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.pub=Middlesex+School&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Fortmiller%2C+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Hubert+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparks2016" class="citation news cs1">Sparks, Sarah D. (26 October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edweek.org/teaching-learning/disadvantaged-students-outnumbered-at-top-public-boarding-schools/2016/10">"Disadvantaged Students Outnumbered at Top Public Boarding Schools"</a>. <i>Education Week</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0277-4232">0277-4232</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+Week&rft.atitle=Disadvantaged+Students+Outnumbered+at+Top+Public+Boarding+Schools&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft.issn=0277-4232&rft.aulast=Sparks&rft.aufirst=Sarah+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edweek.org%2Fteaching-learning%2Fdisadvantaged-students-outnumbered-at-top-public-boarding-schools%2F2016%2F10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEinhorn2015" class="citation web cs1">Einhorn, Erin (26 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/12/urban-boarding-schools/421704/">"How to Educate Traumatized Students"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=How+to+Educate+Traumatized+Students&rft.date=2015-12-26&rft.aulast=Einhorn&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Feducation%2Farchive%2F2015%2F12%2Furban-boarding-schools%2F421704%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adams-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adams_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Adams, David Wallace. Education for Extinction: American Indians and the Boarding School Experience, 1875–1928. University of Kansas Press, Lawrence: 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Google_Translate-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Google_Translate_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Google_Translate_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Google Translate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nypost.com/2015/01/28/welcome-to-the-most-expensive-boarding-school-in-the-world/">"The most expensive boarding school in the world"</a>. 28 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+most+expensive+boarding+school+in+the+world&rft.date=2015-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnypost.com%2F2015%2F01%2F28%2Fwelcome-to-the-most-expensive-boarding-school-in-the-world%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220413006084/en/NUCB-International-College-A-World-class-International-Boarding-High-School-to-Open-in-Japan">"NUCB International College: A World-class International Boarding High School to Open in Japan"</a>. <i>Business Wire</i>. 20 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Wire&rft.atitle=NUCB+International+College%3A+A+World-class+International+Boarding+High+School+to+Open+in+Japan&rft.date=2022-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20220413006084%2Fen%2FNUCB-International-College-A-World-class-International-Boarding-High-School-to-Open-in-Japan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, Dexter. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-06/china-s-dickensian-boarding-schools">China's Dickensian Boarding Schools</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150713160637/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-04-06/china-s-dickensian-boarding-schools">Archive</a>). <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Businessweek" title="Bloomberg Businessweek">Bloomberg Businessweek</a></i>. 6 April 2015. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Markus-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Markus_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkus2004" class="citation news cs1">Markus, Francis (10 June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3790863.stm">"Asia-Pacific | Private school for China's youngest"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Asia-Pacific+%26%23124%3B+Private+school+for+China%27s+youngest&rft.date=2004-06-10&rft.aulast=Markus&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F3790863.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZZp238-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZZp238_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhao, Zhenzhou, p. 238</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hatton, Celia. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-32126839">Search for justice after China school abuse</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150727142803/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-32126839">Archive</a>). <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 6 April 2015. Retrieved on 13 July 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cookson-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson_34-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooksonShweder2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Cookson, Peter W. Jr.; Shweder, Richard A. (15 September 2009). "Boarding Schools". <i>The Child: An Encyclopedic Companion</i>. University of Chicago Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">112–</span>114. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47539-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-47539-4"><bdi>978-0-226-47539-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Boarding+Schools&rft.btitle=The+Child%3A+An+Encyclopedic+Companion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E112-%3C%2Fspan%3E114&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009-09-15&rft.isbn=978-0-226-47539-4&rft.aulast=Cookson&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.+Jr.&rft.au=Shweder%2C+Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cookson2-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson2_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson2_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson2_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cookson2_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooksonHodges_Persell1987" class="citation book cs1">Cookson, Peter W. Jr.; Hodges Persell, Caroline (30 September 1987). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780465062690"><i>Preparing For Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools</i></a></span>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06269-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06269-0"><bdi>978-0-465-06269-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Preparing+For+Power%3A+America%27s+Elite+Boarding+Schools&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1987-09-30&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06269-0&rft.aulast=Cookson&rft.aufirst=Peter+W.+Jr.&rft.au=Hodges+Persell%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780465062690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-duffel-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-duffel_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2014/jun/09/boarding-schools-bad-leaders-politicians-bullies-bumblers">"Why boarding schools produce bad leaders"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 9 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+boarding+schools+produce+bad+leaders&rft.date=2014-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2014%2Fjun%2F09%2Fboarding-schools-bad-leaders-politicians-bullies-bumblers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chase-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_37-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chase_37-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChase2008" class="citation book cs1">Chase, Sarah A. (26 June 2008). <i>Perfectly Prep: Gender Extremes at a New England Prep School</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530881-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530881-5"><bdi>978-0-19-530881-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perfectly+Prep%3A+Gender+Extremes+at+a+New+England+Prep+School&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008-06-26&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530881-5&rft.aulast=Chase&rft.aufirst=Sarah+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goffman-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goffman_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goffman_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Goffman, Erving (1961) <i>Asylums: Essays on the Social Situation of Mental Patients and Other Inmates</i>. (New York: Doubleday Anchor, 1961); (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1968) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-00016-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-00016-2">0-385-00016-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brewin-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brewin_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brewin, C.R., Furnham, A. & Howes, M. (1989). Demographic and psychological determinants of homesickness and confiding among students. <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>, 80, 467–477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fisher-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fisher_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fisher, S., Frazer, N. & Murray, K (1986). Homesickness and health in boarding school children. <i>Journal of Environmental Psychology</i>, 6, 35–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thurber-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thurber_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thurber A. Christopher (1999) The phenomenology of homesickness in boys, <i>Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pollock-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pollock_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pollock DC and Van Reken R (2001). Third Culture Kids. Nicholas Brealey Publishing/Intercultural Press. Yarmouth, Maine. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85788-295-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85788-295-4">1-85788-295-4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Robert <i><a href="/wiki/Goodbye_to_All_That" class="mw-redirect" title="Goodbye to All That">Goodbye to All That</a></i>, chapter 3, page 24 Penguin Modern Classics 1967 edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rutter-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rutter_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rutter, M (1972) Maternal Deprivation Reassessed. London:Penguin</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syndrome-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-syndrome_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-syndrome_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaverien2011" class="citation journal cs1">Schaverien, Joy (May 2011). "Boarding School Syndrome: Broken Attachments A Hidden Trauma". <i>British Journal of Psychotherapy</i>. <b>27</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">138–</span>155. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1752-0118.2011.01229.x">10.1111/j.1752-0118.2011.01229.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-9883">0265-9883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychotherapy&rft.atitle=Boarding+School+Syndrome%3A+Broken+Attachments+A+Hidden+Trauma&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E155&rft.date=2011-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1752-0118.2011.01229.x&rft.issn=0265-9883&rft.aulast=Schaverien&rft.aufirst=Joy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonbiot2019" class="citation web cs1">Monbiot, George (11 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monbiot.com/2019/11/11/the-unlearning/">"The Unlearning"</a>. <i>George Monbiot</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=George+Monbiot&rft.atitle=The+Unlearning&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft.aulast=Monbiot&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monbiot.com%2F2019%2F11%2F11%2Fthe-unlearning%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlex2014" class="citation web cs1">Alex, Renton (19 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/society/2014/jul/20/damage-boarding-school-sexual-abuse-children">"The damage that boarding schools do"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+damage+that+boarding+schools+do&rft.date=2014-07-19&rft.aulast=Alex&rft.aufirst=Renton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fsociety%2F2014%2Fjul%2F20%2Fdamage-boarding-school-sexual-abuse-children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABoarding+school" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Cadet, Linton Hall, Linton Hall Military School Memories: One cadet's memoir, Scrounge Press, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781495931963" title="Special:BookSources/9781495931963">9781495931963</a> Memoir of cadet who attended during the late 1960s, with copies of brochures from the 1940s and 1980s, and photos of the school.</li> <li>Cookson, Peter W., Jr., and Caroline Hodges Persell. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LMo1jbNuUMoC">Preparing for Power: America's Elite Boarding Schools</a></i>. (New York: Basic Books, 1985).</li> <li>Cookson, P. W., Jr. (2009). "Boarding Schools" in <i>The Child: an encyclopedic companion</i> (ed.) Richard A Shweder. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 112–114.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boardingschoolsurvivors.co.uk/">Duffel N. (2000) The making of them. London: Lone Arrow Press</a></li> <li>Fisher, S. & Hood, B. (1987). The stress of the transition to university: a longitudinal study of psychological disturbance, absent-mindedness and vulnerability to homesickness. <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>, 78, 425–441</li> <li>Hein, David (1991). The High Church origins of the American boarding school. <i>Journal of Ecclesiastical History</i>, 42, 577–95.</li> <li>Hickson, A. "The Poisoned Bowl: Sex Repression and the Public School System". (London: Constable, 1995).</li> <li>Johann, Klaus: <i>Grenze und Halt: Der Einzelne im "Haus der Regeln". Zur deutschsprachigen Internatsliteratur.</i> (Heidelberg: Universitätsverlag Winter 2003, Beiträge zur neueren Literaturgeschichte, 201.), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8253-1599-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-8253-1599-1">3-8253-1599-1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.literaturkritik.de/public/rezension.php?rez_id=9141">Review</a></li> <li>Ladenthin, Volker; Fitzek, Herbert; Ley, Michael: Das Internat. Aufgaben, Erwartungen und Evaluationskriterien. Bonn 2006 (7. Aufl.).</li> <li>McLachlan, James. <i>American Boarding Schools: A Historical Study</i> (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanboarding0000mcla">online</a></li> <li>Schaverien, J. (2004) Boarding School: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060822135014/http://isana.org.au/_Upload/Files/2005112215407_Boardingschool%5B1%5D.pdf">The Trauma of the Privileged Child</a>, in Journal of Analytical Psychology, vol 49, 683–705</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="School_types486" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Schools" title="Template:Schools"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Schools" title="Template talk:Schools"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Schools" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Schools"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="School_types486" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/School" title="School">School</a> types</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By <a href="/wiki/Educational_stage" title="Educational stage">educational stage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Early_childhood_education" title="Early childhood education">Early childhood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preschool" title="Preschool">Preschool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-kindergarten" title="Pre-kindergarten">Pre-kindergarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Primary_education" title="Primary education">Primary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_school" class="mw-redirect" title="First school">First school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infant_school" title="Infant school">Infant school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_school" title="Junior school">Junior school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">Primary school</a> / Elementary school</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_high_school" title="Adult high school">Adult high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadet_college" title="Cadet college">Cadet college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College-preparatory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_institute" title="Collegiate institute">Collegiate institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_high_school" title="Comprehensive high school">Comprehensive high school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_high_school" title="Continuation high school">Continuation high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">Grammar school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum" title="Lyceum">Lyceum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maths_school" title="Maths school">Maths school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_seminary" title="Minor seminary">Minor seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_school" title="Secondary school">Secondary school</a> / High school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_(school)" title="Gymnasium (school)">Gymnasium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauptschule" title="Hauptschule">Hauptschule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_form_college" title="Sixth form college">Sixth form college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_school" title="Studio school">Studio school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_technical_college" title="University technical college">University technical college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_school" title="Upper school">Upper school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional school">Professional school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical school">Technical school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_school" title="Vocational school">Vocational school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">Higher</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy" title="Academy">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College" title="College">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_college" title="Community college">Community college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Graduate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_technology" title="Institute of technology">Institute of technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">Junior college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts_college" title="Liberal arts college">Liberal arts college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">Research university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">Residential college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">Seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University" title="University">University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_university" title="Collegiate university">Collegiate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_division_college" title="Upper division college">Upper division college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocational_university" title="Vocational university">Vocational university</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Combined</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-through_school" title="All-through school">All-through school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_school" title="Middle school">Middle school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-room_school" title="One-room school">One-room school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranch_school" title="Ranch school">Ranch school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By funding / eligibility</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_(English_school)" title="Academy (English school)">Academy <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_school" title="Charter school">Charter school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_day_school" title="Community day school">Community day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_school" title="Comprehensive school">Comprehensive school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For-profit_education" title="For-profit education">For-profit education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_education" title="Free education">Free education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_(England)" title="Free school (England)">Free school <small>(England)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute" title="Institute">Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_school" title="Private school">Private school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">UK private school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Public school (United Kingdom)">public</a></li></ul></li> <li>University <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_university" title="Private university">private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_university" title="International university">international</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_school" title="Selective school">Selective school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separate_school" title="Separate school">Separate school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink_school" title="Sink school">Sink school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Specialist schools in the United Kingdom">Specialist school <small>(United Kingdom)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">State or public school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-integrated_school" title="State-integrated school">State-integrated school <small>(New Zealand)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By style / purpose</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_school" title="Alternative school">Alternative school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_education" title="Democratic education">Democratic education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchistic_free_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchistic free school">Anarchistic free school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudbury_school" title="Sudbury school">Sudbury school</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_school" title="International school">International school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_school" title="Magnet school">Magnet school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_school" title="Music school">Music school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sex_education" title="Single-sex education">Single-sex education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_school" title="Specialist school">Specialist school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_school" title="Vocal school">Vocal school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_education" title="Progressive education">Progressive</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_school_movement" title="Free school movement">Free school movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_high_school" title="Folk high school">Folk high school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_school" title="Laboratory school">Laboratory school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldorf_education" title="Waldorf education">Waldorf school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_college" title="Bible college">Bible college</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Catholic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_school" title="Christian school">Christian school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_seminary" title="Female seminary">Female seminary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurukula" title="Gurukula">Gurukula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parochial_school" title="Parochial school">Parochial school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva" title="Yeshiva">Yeshiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Boarding school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_school" title="Day school">Day school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_education" title="Prison education">Prison education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual school">Virtual school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By scope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College-preparatory_school" title="College-preparatory school">College preparatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compensatory_education" title="Compensatory education">Compensatory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">Compulsory education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_education" title="Continuing education">Continuing education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">Further education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifted_education" title="Gifted education">Gifted education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive education">Inclusive education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remedial_education" title="Remedial education">Remedial education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_higher-learning_institutions" title="Ancient higher-learning institutions">Ancient higher-learning institutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platonic_Academy" title="Platonic Academy">Platonic Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)" title="Lyceum (classical)">Lyceum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_school" title="Monastic school">Monastic school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_school" title="Cathedral school">Cathedral school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Medieval university</a></li> <li>Historical infant schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Great_Britain" title="History of infant schools in Great Britain">Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_infant_schools_in_Ireland" title="History of infant schools in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_of_infant_schools_outside_Britain_and_Ireland" title="Spread of infant schools outside Britain and Ireland">Global</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Schools imposed on<br /><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_schools" title="Native schools">in New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Bantu_Education" title="Department of Bantu Education">in South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Informal or illegal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hedge_school" title="Hedge school">in Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krifo_scholio" title="Krifo scholio">in Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakombenschule" title="Katakombenschule">in South Tyrol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_institution" title="Educational institution">Educational institution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/16px-School.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/24px-School.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/School.svg/32px-School.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Schools" title="Portal:Schools">Schools portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:School_types" title="Category:School types">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Schools_by_type" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Schools by type">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269770#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1247" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269770#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1247" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q269770#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027316-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85015136">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932134j">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932134j">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="internátní školy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph135271&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007282543605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10638275">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12408">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&oldid=1268765873">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&oldid=1268765873</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Boarding_schools" title="Category:Boarding schools">Boarding schools</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_popular_culture" title="Category:Education in popular culture">Education in popular culture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:School_types" title="Category:School types">School types</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Total_institutions" title="Category:Total institutions">Total institutions</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2020" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2020">Use dmy dates from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_December_2024" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from December 2024">Vague or ambiguous time from December 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 January 2025, at 12:34<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boarding_school&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Boarding school</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>49 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6665bcd6cc-f4vq9","wgBackendResponseTime":127,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.830","walltime":"1.144","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5440,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":123165,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6901,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":23,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":146731,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 829.934 1 -total"," 36.40% 302.130 1 Template:Reflist"," 19.40% 160.968 7 Template:Navbox"," 16.62% 137.937 1 Template:Schools"," 12.32% 102.276 11 Template:Cite_web"," 9.18% 76.176 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.34% 60.879 5 Template:ISBN"," 6.17% 51.169 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.12% 50.828 4 Template:Fix"," 5.56% 46.162 6 Template:Catalog_lookup_link"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.423","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":10030957,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7878cd4448-7lckc","timestamp":"20250211195655","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Boarding school","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Boarding_school","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q269770","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q269770","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-20T20:26:33Z","dateModified":"2025-01-11T12:34:17Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f0\/Main_%28west%29_facade_of_Dollar_Academy.jpg","headline":"school where some or all students live on campus"}</script> </body> </html>