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href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Stress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Morphology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Substantives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substantives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Substantives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substantives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pronomina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pronomina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Pronomina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pronomina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Particles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Particles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Particles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Particles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text_and_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text_and_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sample text and vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sample_text_and_vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sample text and vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sample_text_and_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Lydian_bilingual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Lydian_bilingual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>The Lydian bilingual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Lydian_bilingual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lydian_words_still_in_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lydian_words_still_in_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Lydian words still in use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lydian_words_still_in_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lydian_poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lydian_poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Lydian poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lydian_poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lydian language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الليدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الليدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Лідыйская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лідыйская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Лидийски език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лидийски език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidi" title="Lidi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lidi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Лиди чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лиди чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BDd%C5%A1tina" title="Lýdština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lýdština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydische_Sprache" title="Lydische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lydische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Λυδική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λυδική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_lidio" title="Idioma lidio – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma lidio" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidiera" title="Lidiera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lidiera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان لیدیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان لیدیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydien" title="Lydien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lydien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lidia" title="Lingua lidia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua lidia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%94%94%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4" title="리디아어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리디아어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Լիդիերեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լիդիերեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidijski_jezik" title="Lidijski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lidijski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Lidia" title="Bahasa Lidia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Lidia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_lidia" title="Lingua lidia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua lidia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="ლიდიური ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიდიური ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydyen" title="Lydyen – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lydyen" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Лидия тили – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лидия тили" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Lydia" title="Lingua Lydia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Lydia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Лидиски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лидиски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Lyd" title="Bahasa Lyd – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Lyd" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydisch_(taal)" title="Lydisch (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lydisch (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="リュディア語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リュディア語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydisk" title="Lydisk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lydisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydisk" title="Lydisk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lydisk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_lidyjski" title="Język lidyjski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język lidyjski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Лидийский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лидийский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BDd%C4%8Dina" title="Lýdčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lýdčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidij%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Lidijščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lidijščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyydian_kieli" title="Lyydian kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Lydian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">attested <span class="nowrap">ca. 700–200 BCE</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages#Luwic_branch" title="Anatolian languages">Luwo</a>-Lydian?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Lydian</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian alphabet</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/xld" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:xld">xld</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Linguist_List" title="Linguist List">Linguist List</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200101010101/http://multitree.org/codes/xld">xld</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/lydi1241">lydi1241</a></code>  Lydian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Lydian</b> is an extinct <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European language">Indo-European</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_languages" title="Anatolian languages">Anatolian language</a> spoken in the region of <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, in western <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> (now in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> is attested in <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coin</a> legends from the late 8th century or the early 7th century to the 3rd century BCE, but well-preserved inscriptions of significant length are so far limited to the 5th century and the 4th century BCE, during the period of <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian domination.</a> Thus, Lydian texts are effectively contemporaneous with those in <a href="/wiki/Lycian_language" title="Lycian language">Lycian</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> mentions that around his time (1st century BCE), the Lydian language was no longer spoken in Lydia proper but was still being spoken among the multicultural population of <a href="/wiki/Kibyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibyra">Kibyra</a> (now <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6lhisar" title="Gölhisar">Gölhisar</a>) in southwestern Anatolia, by the descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Lydians" title="Lydians">Lydian</a> colonists, who had founded the city.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Text_corpus_and_decipherment">Text corpus and decipherment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Text corpus and decipherment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lydian_inscriptions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lydian_inscriptions.png/220px-Lydian_inscriptions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lydian_inscriptions.png/330px-Lydian_inscriptions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Lydian_inscriptions.png/440px-Lydian_inscriptions.png 2x" data-file-width="1527" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Map showing locations where inscriptions in the Lydian language have been found.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1916 the <a href="/wiki/Sardis_bilingual_inscription" title="Sardis bilingual inscription">Sardis bilingual inscription</a>, a bilingual inscription in Aramaic and Lydian allowed <a href="/wiki/Enno_Littmann" title="Enno Littmann">Enno Littmann</a> to decipher the Lydian language.<sup id="cite_ref-littmann1916_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-littmann1916-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From an analysis of the two parallel texts, he identified the alphabetic signs, most of them correctly, established a basic vocabulary, attempted translation of a dozen unilingual texts, gave an outline of Lydian grammar, and even recognized peculiar poetical characteristics in several texts. Eight years later <a href="/wiki/William_Hepburn_Buckler" title="William Hepburn Buckler">William Hepburn Buckler</a> presented a collection of 51 inscriptions then known.<sup id="cite_ref-buckler1924_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckler1924-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 109 inscriptions known by 1986 have been treated comprehensively by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roberto_Gusmani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roberto Gusmani (page does not exist)">Roberto Gusmani</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gusmani1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> new texts keep being found from time to time.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All but a few of the extant Lydian texts have been found in or near <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a>, the Lydian capital, but fewer than 30 of the inscriptions consist of more than a few words or are reasonably complete. Most of the inscriptions are on marble or stone and are sepulchral in content, but several are decrees of one sort or another, and some half-dozen texts seem to be in verse, with a stress-based meter and vowel <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonance</a> at the end of the line. Tomb inscriptions include many <a href="/wiki/Epitaphs" class="mw-redirect" title="Epitaphs">epitaphs</a>, which typically begin with the words 𐤤𐤮 𐤥𐤠𐤫𐤠𐤮 <i>es wãnas</i> ("this grave"). The short texts are mostly graffiti, coin legends, seals, potter's marks, and the like. The language of the <a href="/wiki/Ionians" title="Ionians">Ionian</a> Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a> (sixth century BCE, born at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>) is interspersed with Lydian words, many of them from popular <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lydian can be officially studied at Marburg University, Germany, within the Hittitology minor program.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within the Anatolian group, Lydian occupies a unique and problematic position. One reason is the still very limited evidence and understanding of the language. Another reason is a number of features that are not shared with any other Anatolian language.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is still not known whether those differences represent developments peculiar to pre-Lydian or the retention in Lydian of archaic features that were lost in the other Anatolian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until more satisfactory knowledge becomes available, the status of Lydian within Anatolian remains a "special" one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian alphabet</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian script</a>, which is strictly alphabetic, consists of 26 signs: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td>sign</td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤠</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤡</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤢</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤣</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤤</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤥</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤦</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤧</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤨</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤩</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤪</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤫</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤬</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤭</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤮</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤯</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤰</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤱</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤲</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤳</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤴</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤵</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤶</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤷</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤸</span></td> <td><span class="script-lydian" style="font-family: Noto Sans Lydian, Segoe UI Historic, sans-serif;">𐤹</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>transliteration</td> <td>a</td> <td>p</td> <td>g</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>w</td> <td>i</td> <td>y</td> <td>k</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>f</td> <td>q</td> <td>š</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tau" title="Tau">τ</a></td> <td>ã</td> <td>ẽ</td> <td>λ</td> <td>ñ</td> <td>c </td></tr> <tr> <td>(former transliteration)</td> <td></td> <td><i>b</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>v</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>ś</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>s</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td><i>ν</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>sound (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>)</td> <td>/a/</td> <td>/p~b/</td> <td>/g/</td> <td>/ð/</td> <td>/e:/</td> <td>/w/ or /v/</td> <td>/i/</td> <td>/i̯~j/?</td> <td>/k~ɡ/</td> <td>/l/</td> <td>/m/</td> <td>/n/</td> <td>/o:/</td> <td>/r/</td> <td>/s/</td> <td>/t~d/</td> <td>/u/</td> <td>/f/ or /ɸ/</td> <td>/kʷ/</td> <td>/ʃ/ or /ç/</td> <td>/tʃ/ or /tç/</td> <td>/ãː/?</td> <td>/ã/ or /æ̃/?</td> <td>/ʎ/ (or /ɾʲ/?)</td> <td>/ɲ/ or /ŋ/?</td> <td>/ts~dz/? </td></tr> <tr> <td>Greek equivalent</td> <td>Α</td> <td>Β</td> <td>Γ</td> <td>Δ</td> <td>Ε</td> <td>F</td> <td>Ι</td> <td>(Ι)</td> <td>Κ</td> <td>Λ</td> <td>Μ</td> <td>Ν</td> <td>Ο</td> <td>Ρ</td> <td>Σ</td> <td>Τ</td> <td>Υ</td> <td>Φ</td> <td>ϙ</td> <td>-</td> <td>(Ξ)</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td> <td>(Ζ) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The script is related to or derived from that of <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> as well as its western Anatolian neighbours, the exact relationship still remaining unclear. The direction of writing in the older texts is either from left to right or right to left. Later texts show exclusively the latter. Use of word-dividers is variable. The texts were found chiefly at the ancient capital of <a href="/wiki/Sardis" title="Sardis">Sardis</a> and include decrees and epitaphs, some of which were composed in verse; most were written during the 5th century and the 4th century BCE, but a few may have been created as early as the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Oral vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/High_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="High vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤦 - i⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤰 - u⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤤 - e⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤬 - o⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤠 - a⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Nasal vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">æ̃</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤶 - ẽ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Low_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vowel">Low</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤵 - ã⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lydian has seven vowels: 𐤠 <i><b>a</b></i>, 𐤤 <i><b>e</b></i>, 𐤦 <i><b>i</b></i>, 𐤬 <i><b>o</b></i>, 𐤰 <i><b>u</b></i>, 𐤵 <i><b>ã</b></i>, and 𐤶 <i><b>ẽ</b></i>, the last two being nasal vowels,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGérard2005_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGérard2005-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> typically before a (<a href="/wiki/Synchrony_and_diachrony" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchrony and diachrony">synchronic or diachronic</a>) nasal consonant (like <i><b>n</b></i>, <i><b>ñ</b></i> or <i><b>m</b></i>). The vowels <i><b>e</b></i>, <i><b>o</b></i>, <i><b>ã</b></i>, and <i><b>ẽ</b></i> occur only when accented.<sup id="cite_ref-eichner1986_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eichner1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vowel or glide 𐤧 <i><b>y</b></i> appears rarely, only in the oldest inscriptions,<sup id="cite_ref-Sasseville_&_Euler_2019_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasseville_&_Euler_2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and probably indicates an allophone of <i><b>i</b></i> or <i><b>e</b></i> that is perhaps unstressed. </p><p>Lydian is notable for its extensive consonant clusters, which resulted from the loss of word-final short vowels, together with massive <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a>; there may have been an unwritten [ə] in such sequences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Note: until recently the Buckler (1924)<sup id="cite_ref-buckler1924_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buckler1924-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transliteration scheme was often used, which may lead to confusion. This older system wrote <i><b>v</b></i>, <i><b>ν</b></i>, <i><b>s</b></i>, and <i><b>ś</b></i>, instead of today's <i><b>w</b></i> (𐤥), <i><b>ñ</b></i> (𐤸), <i><b>š</b></i> (𐤳), and <i><b>s</b></i> (𐤮). The modern system renders the sibilants more naturally and prevents confusion between <i><b>v</b></i> (= w 𐤥) and the Greek <a href="/wiki/Nu_(letter)" title="Nu (letter)">nu</a> symbol <i><b>ν</b></i> (= ñ 𐤸).) </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Interdental</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><span style="font-size:85%;">plain</span> </th> <th><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">labial</a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤪 - m⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤫 - n⟩</span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤸 - ñ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤡 - p⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤯 - t⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤨 - k⟩</span><br />(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">g</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤢 - g⟩</span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤲 - q⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span>~<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤹 - c⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤴 - τ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤱 - f⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤣 - d⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤮 - s⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤳 - š⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤩 - l⟩</span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤷 - λ⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤭 - r⟩</span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Glide</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> <span class="nowrap">⟨𐤥 - w⟩</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Voicing was likely not distinctive in Lydian. However /p t k/ are voiced before nasals and apparently before /r/. The palatal affricate (<i><b>τ</b></i>) and sibilant (<i><b>š</b></i>) may have been <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar</a>. </p><p>It has now been argued that the laterals <i><b>l</b></i> and <i><b>λ</b></i> are actually flaps.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sign 𐤣 has traditionally been transliterated <i><b>d</b></i> and interpreted as an interdental /ð/ resulting from the sound change *i̯ > ð or the lenition of Proto-Anatolian *t. However, it has recently been argued that in all contexts <i><b>d</b></i> in fact represents the palatal glide /j/, previously considered absent from Lydian.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An interdental /ð/ would stand as the only interdental sound in Lydian phonology, whereas a palatal interpretation of <i><b>d</b></i> is complemented by a full series of other palatal consonants: <i><b>λ</b></i>, <i><b>š</b></i>, <i><b>ñ</b></i>, and <i><b>τ</b></i>. </p><p>Lydian, with its many palatal and nasal sounds, must have sounded quite strange to the ears of ancient Greeks, and transcription of Lydian names into Greek would therefore present some difficulties. Recently a case has been made that the Lydian word Qλdãns, pronounced /kʷɾʲ'ðãns/, both meaning 'king' and the name of a god, could correspond to the Greek Κροῖσος, or <a href="/wiki/Croesus" title="Croesus">Croesus</a>, the last Lydian king, whose kingdom was conquered by the Persians. If the identification is correct it would have the interesting historical consequence that king Croesus was not saved from being burnt at the stake, as Herodotus tells us,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but chose suicide and was subsequently deified.<sup id="cite_ref-Sasseville_&_Euler_2019_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasseville_&_Euler_2019-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress">Stress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heiner_Eichner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heiner Eichner (page does not exist)">Heiner Eichner</a> developed rules to determine which syllable in a word has the stress accent.<sup id="cite_ref-eichner1986_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eichner1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In short, the rules are: </p> <ul><li>Syllables with vowel <i>-<b>ã</b>-, -<b>ẽ</b>-, -<b>e</b>-, -<b>o</b>-, -<b>aa</b>-</i>, and <i>-<b>ii</b>-</i> always have stress. Syllables with <i>-<b>i</b>- (-<b>y</b>-), -<b>a</b>-</i> or <i>-<b>u</b>-</i> may be accented or unaccented.</li> <li>Enclitics (<i><b>-añ-, -in-, -it-</b></i>, etc.) never have stress.</li> <li>Prefixes, even those with a long vowel (<i><b>ẽn-</b></i>, <i><b>ẽt-</b></i>), do not have stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Sasseville2017_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasseville2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <i>-<b>a</b>-</i> before a nasal (<i><b>m, n, ñ</b></i>) never has stress.</li> <li>In consonant clusters syllabic liquidae (<i><b>l, λ, r</b></i>), nasals (<i><b>m, n, ñ</b></i>) and sibilants (<i><b>s, š</b></i>) do not have stress.</li> <li>Within a declension or conjugation stress does not move from one syllable to another.</li></ul> <p>A useful application of those rules is the investigation of <a href="/wiki/Metre" title="Metre">metres</a> in Lydian poetry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology">Morphology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nouns">Nouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nouns and adjectives distinguish <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">singular and plural</a> forms. Words in the texts are predominantly singular. Plural forms are scarce, and a <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> has not been found in Lydian. There are two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>: animate (or 'common') and inanimate (or 'neuter'). Only three cases are securely attested: <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a>-<a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive case</a> seems to be present in the plural, but in the singular usually a so-called <a href="/wiki/Possessive" title="Possessive">possessive</a> is used instead, which is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Luwic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Luwic languages">Luwic languages</a>: a suffix -li is added to the root of a substantive, and thus an adjective is formed that is declined in turn. However, recently it has been defended that a form ending in -l, formerly thought to be an "endingless" variant of the possessive, was indeed a genitive singular.<sup id="cite_ref-YakubovichInscr22_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YakubovichInscr22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of an <a href="/wiki/Ablative_case" title="Ablative case">ablative case</a> there are only a few uncertain examples. </p><p>Nouns, adjectives, and pronomina are all declined according to a similar paradigm:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gusmani1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sasseville2017_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasseville2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">Singular </th> <th colspan="2">Plural </th></tr> <tr> <th>Case </th> <th>animate</th> <th>inanimate </th> <th>animate</th> <th>inanimate </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative </td> <td>-š, -s </td> <td rowspan="2">-d (-t) </td> <td>-(a)š (?) </td> <td rowspan="2">-a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?)) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative </td> <td>-ñ (-n) </td> <td>-(a)s, -(a)š (?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative-Locative </td> <td colspan="2">-λ </td> <td colspan="2">-añ (-an) (?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive </td> <td colspan="2">-l (?);<br />(Possessive:) -lis, -liñ, -lid,... </td> <td colspan="2">-añ (?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ablative </td> <td colspan="2">-d (-t) </td> <td colspan="2">? </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Substantives">Substantives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Substantives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of substantives:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gusmani1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ciw-</td> <td>astrko-</td> <td>artimu-</td> <td></td> <td>mru-</td> <td>anlola- </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td>= god</td> <td>= patron:<br />Lord, Lady</td> <td>= Artemis</td> <td></td> <td>= stele</td> <td>= funeral stele </td></tr> <tr> <th>Case </th> <th colspan="4" align="center">(animate) </th> <th colspan="3" align="center">(inanimate) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative Singular</td> <td>-š, -s</td> <td>ciw<b>š</b></td> <td>ast(u)rko<b>s</b></td> <td>artimu<b>s</b></td> <td rowspan="2">-d (-t)</td> <td>mru<b>d</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative Singular</td> <td>-ñ (-n)</td> <td>ciw<b>ñ</b></td> <td></td> <td>artimu<b>ñ</b></td> <td>mru<b>d</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative-Locative Sing.</td> <td>-λ</td> <td></td> <td>astrko<b>λ</b></td> <td>artimu<b>λ</b></td> <td>-λ</td> <td>mru<b>λ</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genitive Singular</td> <td>-l (?)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>artimu<b>l</b></td> <td>-l (?)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ablative Singular</td> <td>-d (-t)</td> <td>ciw<b>ad</b> (?)</td> <td>astrko<b>t</b> (?)</td> <td></td> <td>-d (-t)</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nom./Acc. Plural</td> <td>-aš, -as (?)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>-a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?))</td> <td></td> <td>anlol<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dative-Locative Plural</td> <td>-añ (?)</td> <td>ciw<b>añ</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>-añ (?)</td> <td></td> <td>anlol<b>añ</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of adjectives:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gusmani1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sasseville2017_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sasseville2017-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Case </th> <th> </th> <th>aλa-<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">other</span> </th> <th>wissi-, wiswi-<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">good</span> </th> <th>ipsimši-<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">Ephesian</span> </th> <th>sfardẽti-<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">Sardian</span><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>pakiwali-<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">Pakiwas's</span><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Nominative animate </td> <td>singular </td> <td>-š, -s</td> <td>aλa<b>s</b></td> <td>wissi<b>š</b></td> <td>ipsimši<b>š</b></td> <td>sfardẽti<b>š</b></td> <td>pakiwali<b>š</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>plural </td> <td>-(a)š (?)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sfardẽn<b>τ</b> <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Nom./Acc. inanimate </td> <td>singular </td> <td>-d (-t)</td> <td>aλa<b>d</b></td> <td>wiswi<b>d</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pakiwali<b>d</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>plural </td> <td>-a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?))</td> <td></td> <td>(ni)wisw<b>a</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Dative-Locative </td> <td>singular </td> <td>-λ</td> <td>aλa<b>λ</b></td> <td>(ni)wisl<b>λ</b></td> <td>ipsiml<b>λ</b></td> <td>sfardẽt<b>λ</b></td> <td>pakiwal<b>λ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>plural </td> <td>-añ (-an) (?)</td> <td>aλ<b>ẽñ</b> (?)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>sfardẽt<b>añ</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Genitive Plural </td> <td>-añ (?)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ipsimñ<b>añ</b></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">including <i><u>ni</u>wissi-, <u>ni</u>wiswi-</i> = '<u>not</u> good: bad'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">inhabitant of Sardis.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pakiwas is a person's name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">note that τ (/tʃ/) is written instead of t + š (/t/ + /ʃ/).</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pronomina">Pronomina</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pronomina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of pronomina:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gusmani1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"> </th> <th>ẽmi- <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">my, mine</span> </th> <th>pili- <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">his</span> </th> <th>eš- <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">this</span> </th> <th>qi- <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">who, which</span> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Case </th> <th> </th> <th colspan="2">(personal) </th> <th>(demonstrative) </th> <th>(relative, interrogative) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Nominative </td> <td>singular </td> <td>animate </td> <td>-š, -s</td> <td>ẽmi<b>š</b></td> <td>pili<b>š</b></td> <td>es<b>s</b> (e<b>s</b>, e<b>š</b>)</td> <td>qi<b>š</b> (qe<b>š</b>, qy<b>š</b>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accusative </td> <td>singular </td> <td>animate </td> <td>-ñ (-n)</td> <td>ẽm<b>ñ</b></td> <td>pil<b>ñ</b></td> <td>eš<b>ñ</b> (eš<b>n</b>)</td> <td>q<b>ñ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3">Nom./Acc. </td> <td>singular </td> <td>inanimate </td> <td>-d (-t)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>eš<b>t</b></td> <td>qi<b>d</b> (qe<b>d</b>, qy<b>d</b>) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">plural </td> <td>animate </td> <td>-aš, -as (?)</td> <td>ẽmin<b>aš</b> (?)</td> <td>pilin<b>aš</b></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>inanimate </td> <td>-a (?) (-añ (?), -Ø (?))</td> <td>ẽmin<b>añ</b> (?)</td> <td>pilin<b>añ</b></td> <td></td> <td>qid<b>a</b> (?) </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2">Dative-Locative </td> <td>singular </td> <td>-λ</td> <td>ẽm<b>λ</b></td> <td>pil<b>λ</b></td> <td>eš<b>λ</b></td> <td>q<b>λ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>plural </td> <td>-añ (-an) (?)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>eš<b>ñañ</b> (?)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Genitive </td> <td>singular </td> <td>-l (?)</td> <td></td> <td>pi<b>l</b></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just as in other Anatolian languages verbs in Lydian were conjugated in the present-future and preterite tenses with three persons singular and plural. <a href="/wiki/Imperative_mood" title="Imperative mood">Imperative</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gerundive" title="Gerundive">gerundive</a> forms have not been found yet. Singular forms are often hard to distinguish from plural forms in the third person present active (both ending in <i>-t/-d</i>): the plural form seems to be in principle nasalized, but this could not always be expressed in the writing. </p><p>Lydian distinguished a <a href="/wiki/Mediopassive_voice" title="Mediopassive voice">mediopassive</a> voice with the third-person singular ending <i>-t(a)λ</i> or <i>-daλ</i> (derived from Proto-Anatolian *-tori; <i>-t(a)λ</i> after consonant stems and part of the stems ending in a vowel, <i>-daλ</i> when <a href="/wiki/Lenition" title="Lenition">lenited</a> after other stems ending in a vowel or glide).<sup id="cite_ref-hcm2009_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hcm2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yakubovich_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yakubovich-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About a dozen <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugations</a> can be distinguished, on the basis of (1) the verbal root ending (<i>a</i>-stems, consonant stems, -<i>ši</i>-stems, etc.), and (2) the endings of the third person singular being either unlenited (<i>-t; -tλ, -taλ</i>) or lenited (<i>-d; -dλ, -daλ</i>). For example, <i>šarpta-</i><sup>(t)</sup> (to inscribe, to carve) is an unlenited <i>a</i>-stem (<i>šarptat</i>, he inscribes), <i>qaλmλa-</i><sup>(d)</sup> (to be king) is a lenited <i>a</i>-stem (<i>qaλmλad</i>, he rules). Differences between the various conjugations are minor. </p><p>Many Lydian verbs are composite, using prefixes such as <i>ẽn-</i> (= 'in-'?), <i>ẽt-</i> (= 'into-'<sup id="cite_ref-melchert1993hpa_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melchert1993hpa-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i>fa-/f-</i> ('then, subsequently, again'?<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i>šaw-,</i> and <i>kat-/kaτ-</i> (= 'down-'?), and suffixes like <i>-ãn-/-ẽn-</i> (<a href="/wiki/Delimitative" class="mw-redirect" title="Delimitative">durative</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-YakubovichInscr22_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YakubovichInscr22-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i>-no-/-ño-</i> (<a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">causative</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964177_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964177-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <i>-ši-</i> (<a href="/wiki/Frequentative" title="Frequentative">iterative</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964195_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964195-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), and <i>-ki-</i> or <i>-ti-</i> (<a href="/wiki/Denominal_verb" title="Denominal verb">denominative</a>?<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964151,_212_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964151,_212-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>); their meaning is often difficult to determine.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of verbal conjugation:<sup id="cite_ref-sass2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sass2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th width="10%"></th> <th width="10%"></th> <th width="10%"></th> <th width="10%">cẽn(š)i-<sup>(t)</sup></th> <th width="10%">cuni/cñi-<sup>(t?)</sup></th> <th width="10%">in(ãn)i-<sup>(t)</sup></th> <th width="10%">tro-<sup>(d)</sup></th> <th width="10%">u-<sup>(d)</sup></th> <th width="20%">(other verbs) </th></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td></td> <td><b>(ending)</b></td> <td><i>to dedicate</i></td> <td><i>to erect</i></td> <td><i>to make</i></td> <td><i>to hand over</i></td> <td><i>to write</i></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"><b>Active:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" valign="top">Present/future</td> <td>1 Singular</td> <td>-u, -w</td> <td>cẽn<b>u</b></td> <td></td> <td>inãn<b>u</b></td> <td>(kan-)tor<b>u</b>; <br />(fa-kan-)tro<b>w</b></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Singular</td> <td>-š</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(fa-)tro<b>š</b></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Singular</td> <td>-t, -d</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>in<b>t</b>; inãn<b>t</b></td> <td>(kan-)tro<b>d</b></td> <td>(ẽn-)u<b>d</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Plural</td> <td>-wñ</td> <td>τẽn<b>wñ</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 Plural</td> <td>?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Plural</td> <td>~-t</td> <td>cẽni<b>t</b>, (ši-)τẽni<b>t</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(ta-)tro<b>t</b></td> <td></td> <td>taqtula- (<i>= ?</i>): taqtul<b>ãt</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4" valign="top">Preterite</td> <td>1 Singular</td> <td>-dñ (~-ñ, -ñ)</td> <td>cẽnši<b>dñ</b></td> <td></td> <td>inãn<b>idñ</b></td> <td>tro<b>dñ</b></td> <td></td> <td>ca- (<i>to give a share</i>): (fẽn-)c<b>ãñ</b>; <br />ow- (<i>to favor</i>): ow<b>ñ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Singular</td> <td>-l</td> <td>cẽna<b>l</b></td> <td>(fa-)cuni<b>l</b>, (fa-)cñi<b>l</b></td> <td>in<b>l</b>, i<b>l</b></td> <td>(ẽn-)tro<b>l</b></td> <td>u<b>l</b>, (kat-)u<b>l</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Plural</td> <td>-wñ<sup id="cite_ref-hcm2009_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hcm2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>(fiš-)tro<b>wñ</b></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 Plural</td> <td>-rs,<sup id="cite_ref-hcm2009_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hcm2009-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> -riš</td> <td></td> <td>(fa-)cñi<b>riš</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>še- (<i>to release</i>): še<b>rs</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Imperative</td> <td></td> <td>?</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Participle</td> <td>-m(i)-</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>kipτa- (<i>to act as a</i> kipτa): kipτa<b>m</b>- </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2">Infinitive</td> <td>-l</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>ina<b>l</b></td> <td></td> <td>u<b>l</b></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">Nominal derivative</td> <td>(A)</td> <td>-to</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>karf-/korf-: karf<b>to-s</b> (<i>= ?</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>(B)</td> <td>-λo (-lo)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>karf-/korf-: šaw-korf<b>λo-s</b>, šaw-karb<b>lo-s</b> (<i>= ?</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="9"><b>Mediopassive:</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Present/future</td> <td>3 Singular</td> <td>-t(a)λ, -daλ</td> <td>cẽn<b>tλ</b></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>išlo- (<i>to honor?</i>): išlo<b>daλ</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Preterite</td> <td>3 Singular</td> <td>-rst</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>pife- (<i>to grant</i>): pife<b>rst</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Particles">Particles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Particles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To emphasize where an important next part of a sentence begins, Lydian uses a series of <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitic</a> particles that can be affixed to a pivotal word. Examples of such "emphatic" enclitics are -in-, -it-/-iτ-, -t-/-τ-, -at-, and -m-/-um-. When stacked and combined with other suffixes (such as pronomina, or the suffix -k = 'and') veritable clusters are formed. The word ak = 'so..., so if...' provides many examples:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(July_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>akτin (= ak-τ-in) - 'so...', 'so if...', 'yea, if...'</dd> <dd>akmsin (= ak-m-s-in) - 'so if he...' (-s- = 'he'), or (= ak-ms-in) - 'so if to them...' (-ms- = 'to them')</dd> <dd>akmλt (= ak-m-λ-t) - 'so if to him...' (-λ- = 'to him'); etc.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic word order is <a href="/wiki/Subject-object-verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-object-verb">subject-object-verb</a>, but constituents may be extraposed to the right of the verb. Like other Anatolian languages, Lydian features clause-initial particles with enclitic pronouns attached in a chain. It also has a number of preverbs and at least one postposition. Modifiers of a noun normally precede it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text_and_vocabulary">Sample text and vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sample text and vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Lydian_bilingual">The Lydian bilingual</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: The Lydian bilingual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sardis_bilingual_inscription_full_size.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sardis_bilingual_inscription_full_size.jpg/220px-Sardis_bilingual_inscription_full_size.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sardis_bilingual_inscription_full_size.jpg/330px-Sardis_bilingual_inscription_full_size.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Sardis_bilingual_inscription_full_size.jpg/440px-Sardis_bilingual_inscription_full_size.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sardis_bilingual_inscription" title="Sardis bilingual inscription">Sardis bilingual inscription</a> was the "<a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a>" for the Lydian language.</figcaption></figure><p>In May 1912 American excavators at the Sardis <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> discovered a bilingual inscription in <a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aramaic_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Aramaic script">Aramaic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being among the first texts found, it provided a limited equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Rosetta_Stone" title="Rosetta Stone">Rosetta Stone</a> and permitted a first understanding of the Lydian language.<sup id="cite_ref-littmann1916_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-littmann1916-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first line of the Lydian text has been destroyed, but can be reconstructed from its Aramaic counterpart. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Text </th> <th>Transliteration </th> <th>Reconstructed Pronunciation </th> <th>Translation<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="right">...] </td> <td>[...] </td> <td>[...] </td> <td>[In year 10 of King <a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_II" title="Artaxerxes II">Artaxerxes</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> [i.e., <a href="/wiki/395_BC" title="395 BC">395 BCE</a>(?)] were dedicated,] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">𐤬]𐤭𐤠𐤷 𐤦𐤳𐤩𐤷 𐤡𐤠𐤨𐤦𐤩𐤩𐤷 𐤤𐤳𐤯 𐤪𐤭𐤰𐤣 𐤤𐤮𐤮𐤨 [𐤥𐤠𐤫𐤠𐤮] </td> <td>[o]raλ išlλ pakillλ ešt mrud ess-k [wãnas] </td> <td>ɔɾaʎ iʃləʎ pakilləʎ eʃt mɾuð essək wãːnas </td> <td>early in the [m]onth of <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> [= October–November],<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a>, and this [tomb], </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠𐤨 𐤲𐤤𐤩𐤠𐤨 𐤨𐤰𐤣𐤨𐤦𐤯 𐤦𐤳𐤯 𐤤𐤮𐤷 𐤥𐤵𐤫[𐤠𐤷] </td> <td>laqriša-k qela-k kudkit išt ešλ wãn[aλ] </td> <td>lakʷɾiʃak kʷelak kuðkit iʃt eʃəʎ wãːnaʎ </td> <td>and the walls/inscription, and the area opposite(?) this to[mb] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">𐤡𐤷𐤯𐤠𐤭𐤥𐤬𐤣 𐤠𐤨𐤠𐤣 𐤪𐤠𐤫𐤤𐤩𐤦𐤣 𐤨𐤰𐤪𐤩𐤦𐤩𐤦𐤣 𐤳𐤦𐤩𐤰𐤨𐤠𐤩𐤦𐤣 𐤠𐤨𐤦𐤯 𐤫[𐤵𐤲𐤦𐤳] </td> <td>pλtarwod ak-ad manelid kumlilid šilukalid ak-it n[ãqiš] </td> <td>pʎtaɾwɔð akað manelið kumlilið ʃilukalið akit nãːkʷiʃ </td> <td>belonging(?) to Manes, son of Kumlis from Silukas's clan; so if an[yone] </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">𐤤𐤳𐤷 𐤪𐤭𐤰𐤷 𐤡𐤰𐤨 𐤤𐤳𐤷 𐤥𐤵𐤫𐤠𐤷 𐤡𐤰𐤨 𐤤𐤳𐤸𐤠𐤸 </td> <td>ešλ mruλ puk ešλ wãnaλ puk ešñañ </td> <td>eʃʎ mɾuʎ puk eʃʎ wãːnaʎ puk eʃɲaɲ </td> <td>to this stele or this tomb or these </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠𐤸 𐤡𐤰𐤨𐤦𐤯 𐤨𐤰𐤣 𐤦𐤳𐤯 𐤤𐤳𐤷 𐤥𐤵𐤫𐤠𐤷 𐤡𐤷𐤯𐤠𐤭𐤥𐤬[𐤣] </td> <td>laqrišañ puk-it kud išt ešλ wãnaλ pλtarwo[d] </td> <td>lakʷɾiʃaɲ pukit kuð iʃt eʃʎ wãːnaʎ pʎtaɾwɔð </td> <td>walls/inscription or to whatever belong[s](?) to this tomb— </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">𐤠𐤨𐤯𐤦𐤫 𐤫𐤵𐤲𐤦𐤳 𐤲𐤤𐤩𐤷𐤨 𐤱𐤶𐤫𐤳𐤷𐤦𐤱𐤦𐤣 𐤱𐤠𐤨𐤪𐤷 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤦𐤪𐤰𐤮 </td> <td>ak-t-in nãqiš qelλ-k fẽnšλifid fak-mλ artimus </td> <td>aktin nãːkʷiʃ kʷelʎək fãnʃʎifið fakməʎ aɾdimus </td> <td>yea, if anyone to anything does damage, then to him <a href="/wiki/Artemis" title="Artemis">Artemis</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">𐤦𐤡𐤮𐤦𐤪𐤳𐤦𐤳 𐤠𐤭𐤯𐤦𐤪𐤰𐤨 𐤨𐤰𐤩𐤰𐤪𐤳𐤦𐤳 𐤠𐤠𐤭𐤠𐤷 𐤡𐤦𐤭𐤠𐤷𐤨 </td> <td>ipsimšiš artimu-k kulumšiš aaraλ piraλ-k </td> <td>ipsimʃiʃ aɾdimuk kulumʃiʃ a(ː)ɾaʎ piɾaʎk </td> <td>of the <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesians</a> and Artemis of <a href="/wiki/Koloe_(Lydia)" title="Koloe (Lydia)">Coloe</a> [will destroy] the yard and house, </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right">𐤨𐤷𐤦𐤣𐤠𐤷 𐤨𐤬𐤱𐤰𐤷𐤨 𐤲𐤦𐤭𐤠𐤷 𐤲𐤤𐤩𐤷𐤨 𐤡𐤦𐤩𐤷 𐤥𐤹𐤡𐤠𐤲𐤶𐤫𐤯 </td> <td>kλidaλ kofuλ-k qiraλ qelλ-k pilλ wcpaqẽnt </td> <td>kʎiðaʎ kɔfuʎk kʷiɾaʎ kʷeləʎk piləʎ w̩tspakʷãnd </td> <td>land and water, property and estate that are his, She [Artemis] will destroy! </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of words in the bilingual: </p> <dl><dd>𐤬𐤭𐤠 – <b>ora</b> – month; cf. Greek ὥρα (season, year, moment), Latin hora (hour), English hour</dd> <dd>𐤩𐤠𐤲𐤭𐤦𐤳𐤠 – <b>laqriša</b> – wall, walls (traditional translation); letters, inscription (?)<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>𐤡𐤦𐤭𐤠 – <b>pira</b> – house; cf. Hitt. pēr/parn- 'house'</dd> <dd>𐤲𐤦𐤭𐤠 – <b>qira</b> – field, ground, immovable property</dd> <dd>𐤨 – <b>-k</b> (suffix) – and; cf. Greek τε, Latin -que = and</dd></dl> <p>Other words with Indo-European roots and with modern cognates: </p> <dl><dd>𐤲𐤦𐤳 – <b>qiš</b> – who; cf. Greek τίς, Latin quis, French qui</dd> <dd>𐤡𐤭𐤠𐤱𐤭𐤮 – <b>prafrs</b> – community, brotherhood; cf. Latin frater, English brother, French frère</dd> <dd>𐤹𐤦𐤥𐤳 – <b>ciwš</b> – god; cf. Greek Ζεύς, Latin deus, French dieu (god)</dd> <dd>𐤠𐤷𐤠𐤮 – <b>aλas</b> – other; cf. Greek ἄλλος (other; is an element in words such as <a href="/wiki/Allogamy" title="Allogamy">allogamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allomorph" title="Allomorph">allomorph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allopathic_medicine" title="Allopathic medicine">allopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allotropy" title="Allotropy">allotropy</a>), Latin alius (other), alter (another, the other one, second), French autre</dd></dl> <p>Only a small fraction of the Lydian vocabulary is clearly of Indo-European stock. Gusmani<sup id="cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gusmani1980-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides lists of words that have been linked to <a href="/wiki/Hittite_language" title="Hittite language">Hittite</a>, various other Indo-European languages, and <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_language" title="Etruscan language">Etruscan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lydian_words_still_in_use">Lydian words still in use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lydian words still in use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Labrys (Greek: λάβρυς, lábrys) is the term for a symmetrical double-bitted axe originally from <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> in Greece, one of the oldest symbols of Greek civilization. The priests at <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a> in classical Greece were called Labryades (the men of the double axe). The term <i><a href="/wiki/Labrys" title="Labrys">labrys</a></i> "double-axe" is not found in any surviving Lydian inscription, but on the subject, <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> states that "the Lydians call the axe <i>labrys</i>" (Λυδοὶ γὰρ ‘λάβρυν’ τὸν πέλεκυν ὀνομάζουσι).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possibly Lydian <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanword</a> may be <i><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a></i> "absolute ruler",<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was first used in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> sources, without negative connotations, for the late 8th century or early 7th century BCE. It is possibly derived from the native town of King <a href="/wiki/Gyges_of_Lydia" title="Gyges of Lydia">Gyges of Lydia</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Mermnad_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Mermnad dynasty">Mermnad dynasty</a>, which was Tyrrha in <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">classical antiquity</a> and is now <a href="/wiki/Tire,_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Tire, Turkey">Tire, Turkey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet another is the element <a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a>, borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn">mólybdos</i></span></i>, "lead", from <a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean Greek</a> <i>mo-ri-wo-do</i>, which in Lydian was <i>mariwda-</i> "dark".<sup id="cite_ref-melchert_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-melchert-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of those loanwords confirm a strong cultural interaction between the Lydians and the Greeks since the Creto-<a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycenaean era">Mycenaean era</a> (2nd millennium BCE). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lydian_poetry">Lydian poetry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Lydian poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his seminal decipherment of Lydian texts Littmann noted that at least five of them show two poetical aspects:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>First, <a href="/wiki/Assonance" title="Assonance">assonance</a>: all lines have the same vocal (<i><b>o</b></i>, or <i><b>a</b></i>, or <i><b>i</b></i>) in the last syllable. One of the longest inscriptions, 19 lines, has in each line an <i><b>o</b></i> in the last syllable.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964256-257_(inscription_#14)_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964256-257_(inscription_#14)-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Littmann sensationally labeled these assonances "the earliest rhyme in the history of human literature",<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the word '<a href="/wiki/Rhyme" title="Rhyme">rhyme</a>' is slightly misleading because the consonants in the last syllables do vary (<i>... fact<b>ot</b> / ... tas<b>ok</b> / ... arkt<b>oλ</b></i>, etc.).</li> <li>Secondly, the poetic texts apparently show a <a href="/wiki/Metre_(poetry)" title="Metre (poetry)">metre</a>: lines have twelve (sometimes eleven or ten) syllables with a <a href="/wiki/Caesura" title="Caesura">caesura</a> before the fifth or sixth syllable from the end. The twelve-syllable lines often sound like <a href="/wiki/Anapestic_tetrameter" title="Anapestic tetrameter">anapestic tetrameters</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eichner1986_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eichner1986-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Also, partly in order to achieve assonance and metre ("<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_phrases_(M)" title="List of Latin phrases (M)">metri causa</a></i>"), in poetic texts word order is more free than in prose. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martin_Litchfield_West" title="Martin Litchfield West">Martin West</a>, after comparing historical metres in various Indo-European languages, concluded that the Lydian metres seem to be compatible with reconstructed common Proto-Indo-European metres.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lydians probably borrowed these metres from the Greeks; however, the assonance was a unique innovation of their own. </p><p>Only one text<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964254_(inscription_#10)_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964254_(inscription_#10)-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shows mixed character: a poetical middle part is sandwiched in between a prose introduction and a prose conclusion.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analogous to the bilingual text the introduction tells who built the monument (a certain Karos), and for whom (both his son and his ancestors), while the final sentence of the original inscription may be the usual curse for those who would dare to damage it. The poetic middle part seems to claim that the monument was built after consulting a divine oracle, cited between Lydian "quotation marks" ▷...▷, and continues with an appeal to pay as much respect to the builder as to the venerable forefathers.<sup id="cite_ref-yakubovich_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yakubovich-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is remarkable that clear examples of rhyme (like the stock expression <i>aaraλ piraλ-k</i>, 'house and yard', cf. German 'Haus und Hof') and <a href="/wiki/Alliteration" title="Alliteration">alliteration</a> (<i><b>k</b>λidaλ <b>k</b>ofuλ-k <b>q</b>iraλ <b>q</b>elλ-k</i>, 'land and water, property and estate') are absent in the poetical texts, but do occur in the prose bilingual. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBonfanteBonfante1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Bonfante" title="Giuliano Bonfante">Bonfante, Giuliano</a>; <a href="/wiki/Larissa_Bonfante" title="Larissa Bonfante">Bonfante, Larissa</a> (1983). <i>The Etruscan Language: An Introduction</i>. Manchester University Press. p. 50. <q>..confirmed by an analysis of the Lydian language, which is Indo-European..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Etruscan+Language%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bonfante&rft.aufirst=Giuliano&rft.au=Bonfante%2C+Larissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._P._Milner1998" class="citation book cs1">N. P. Milner (1998). <i>An Epigraphical Survey in the Kibyra-Olbasa Region conducted by A S Hall (Monograph)</i>. 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(July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gusmani1980-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gusmani1980_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGusmani1980–1986" class="citation book cs1">Gusmani, Roberto (1980–1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gusmani-lydisches-worterbuch-2nd-edition-1980/page/n1/mode/2up"><i>Lydisches Wörterbuch. Ergänzungsband, Lieferung 1-3</i></a>. 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(2021). Rhotacism in 1st Millennium BC Anatolia Comparative Luwian and Lydian Phonology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOreshko2019" class="citation journal cs1">Oreshko, Rostislav (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/39978695">"Phonetic value of Lydian letter <d> revisited and development of PIE dentals in Lydian"</a>. <i>Wekwos</i>. <b>4</b>: 191–262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wekwos&rft.atitle=Phonetic+value+of+Lydian+letter+%26lt%3Bd%26gt%3B+revisited+and+development+of+PIE+dentals+in+Lydian&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=191-262&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Oreshko&rft.aufirst=Rostislav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F39978695&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Histories</i>, I, 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sasseville2017-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sasseville2017_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sasseville2017_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sasseville2017_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasseville2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sasseville, David (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22125892-00501002">"The Lydian nominal paradigm of i-mutation"</a>. <i>Indo-European Linguistics</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 130–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22125892-00501002">10.1163/22125892-00501002</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-European+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Lydian+nominal+paradigm+of+i-mutation&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=130-146&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22125892-00501002&rft.aulast=Sasseville&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22125892-00501002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YakubovichInscr22-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YakubovichInscr22_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-YakubovichInscr22_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakubovich2017" class="citation journal cs1">Yakubovich, Ilya (2017). "An agreement between the Sardians and the Mermnads in the Lydian language?". <i>Indogermanische Forschungen</i>. <b>122</b>: 265–293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fif-2017-0014">10.1515/if-2017-0014</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:171633908">171633908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogermanische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=An+agreement+between+the+Sardians+and+the+Mermnads+in+the+Lydian+language%3F&rft.volume=122&rft.pages=265-293&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fif-2017-0014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A171633908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yakubovich&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hcm2009-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hcm2009_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hcm2009_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hcm2009_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchert" class="citation web cs1">Melchert, H. Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/fsgusmani.pdf">"Medio-Passive Forms in Lydian?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Medio-Passive+Forms+in+Lydian%3F&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=H.+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2FMelchert%2Ffsgusmani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yakubovich-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yakubovich_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yakubovich_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakubovich2019" class="citation book cs1">Yakubovich, Ilya (2019). "Showing Reverence in Lydian". In Catt, Adam Alvah; Kim, Ronald I.; Vine, Brent (eds.). <i>QAZZU Warrai: Anatolian and Indo-European Studies in Honor of Kazuhiko Yoshida</i>. Beech Stave Press. pp. 399–409. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9895142-6-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9895142-6-2"><bdi>978-0-9895142-6-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Showing+Reverence+in+Lydian&rft.btitle=QAZZU+Warrai%3A+Anatolian+and+Indo-European+Studies+in+Honor+of+Kazuhiko+Yoshida&rft.pages=399-409&rft.pub=Beech+Stave+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-9895142-6-2&rft.aulast=Yakubovich&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-melchert1993hpa-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-melchert1993hpa_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchert1993" class="citation journal cs1">Melchert, H. Craig (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linguistics.ucla.edu/people/Melchert/anathistphon.pdf">"Historical Phonology of Anatolian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Indo-European Studies</i>. <b>21</b> (3–4): 237–257. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a><span class="nowrap"> </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=4289439">4289439</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Indo-European+Studies&rft.atitle=Historical+Phonology+of+Anatolian&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=237-257&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Melchert&rft.aufirst=H.+Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinguistics.ucla.edu%2Fpeople%2FMelchert%2Fanathistphon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakubovich2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yakubovich, Ilya (2005). "Lydian Etymological Notes". <i>Historische Sprachforschung</i>. <b>118</b>: 75–91. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40849242">40849242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historische+Sprachforschung&rft.atitle=Lydian+Etymological+Notes&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=75-91&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40849242%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yakubovich&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964177-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964177_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGusmani1964">Gusmani 1964</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964195-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964195_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGusmani1964">Gusmani 1964</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964151,_212-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964151,_212_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGusmani1964">Gusmani 1964</a>, pp. 151, 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sass2020-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sass2020_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSasseville2020" class="citation book cs1">Sasseville, David (2020). <i>Anatolian Verbal Stem Formation: Luwian, Lycian and Lydian</i>. Leiden / Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43628-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43628-2"><bdi>978-90-04-43628-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anatolian+Verbal+Stem+Formation%3A+Luwian%2C+Lycian+and+Lydian&rft.place=Leiden+%2F+Boston&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43628-2&rft.aulast=Sasseville&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (July 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/anatol/lydian/lydco.htm">http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/anatol/lydian/lydco.htm</a>, Inscription #1 (Retrieved 2021-02-03).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Translation adapted from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babaev.tripod.com/archive/grammar21.html">The Grammar of the Lydian Language</a> by Cyril Babaev (Retrieved 2021-02-01).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Probably Artaxerxes II, but Artaxerxes I or Artaxerxes III may also be meant.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Aramaic text specifies the date as the 5th of the month of <a href="/wiki/Cheshvan" title="Cheshvan">Markheshvan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelder2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kelder, Jorrit (June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/773338">"A new reading of Lydian laqrisa as 'words' or 'inscriptions' (?)"</a>. <i>Nouvelles assyriologiques brèves et utilitaires</i> (2): 44–45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nouvelles+assyriologiques+br%C3%A8ves+et+utilitaires&rft.atitle=A+new+reading+of+Lydian+laqrisa+as+%27words%27+or+%27inscriptions%27+%28%3F%29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=44-45&rft.date=2011-06&rft.aulast=Kelder&rft.aufirst=Jorrit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F773338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlutarch2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> (2005). <i><a href="/wiki/Moralia" title="Moralia">Moralia</a></i>. Vol. 4. Translated by Frank Cole Babbitt. <a href="/wiki/Kessinger_Publishing" title="Kessinger Publishing">Kessinger Publishing</a>. p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-0500-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4179-0500-3"><bdi>978-1-4179-0500-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moralia&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=Kessinger+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4179-0500-3&rft.au=Plutarch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tyrant">"Tyrant | Etymology, origin and meaning of tyrant by etymonline"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tyrant+%26%23124%3B+Etymology%2C+origin+and+meaning+of+tyrant+by+etymonline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dtyrant&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill_Durant1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Will_Durant" title="Will Durant">Will Durant</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofcivilizat00dura_3/page/122"><i>The story of civilization</i></a>. Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyofcivilizat00dura_3/page/122">122</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-013-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56731-013-9"><bdi>978-1-56731-013-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+civilization&rft.pages=122&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-56731-013-9&rft.au=Will+Durant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoryofcivilizat00dura_3%2Fpage%2F122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-melchert-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-melchert_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelchert,_Craig" class="citation web cs1">Melchert, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012125202/http://www.unc.edu/~melchert/molybdos.pdf">"Greek mólybdos as a Loanword from Lydian"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> at <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unc.edu/~melchert/molybdos.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2008-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Greek+m%C3%B3lybdos+as+a+Loanword+from+Lydian&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+at+Chapel+Hill&rft.au=Melchert%2C+Craig&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unc.edu%2F~melchert%2Fmolybdos.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Littmann (1916), pp. 58-62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964256-257_(inscription_#14)-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964256-257_(inscription_#14)_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGusmani1964">Gusmani 1964</a>, pp. 256-257 (inscription #14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Littmann (1916), p. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest1973" class="citation journal cs1">West, Martin Litchfield (1973). "Indo-European Metre". <i>Glotta</i>. <b>51</b> (3/4): 161–187. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40266268">40266268</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glotta&rft.atitle=Indo-European+Metre&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3%2F4&rft.pages=161-187&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40266268%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Martin+Litchfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964254_(inscription_#10)-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGusmani1964254_(inscription_#10)_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGusmani1964">Gusmani 1964</a>, p. 254 (inscription #10).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buckler (1924), pp. 17-23.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberto_Gusmani1980–1986" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Roberto Gusmani (1980–1986). <i>Lydisches Wörterbuch. Mit grammatischer Skizze und Inschriftensammlung</i> (in German). Ergänzungsband 1-3, <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lydisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch.+Mit+grammatischer+Skizze+und+Inschriftensammlung&rft.pub=Erg%C3%A4nzungsband+1-3%2C+Heidelberg&rft.date=1980%2F1986&rft.au=Roberto+Gusmani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGusmani1964" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gusmani, Roberto (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gusmani-lydisches-worterbuch-1964"><i>Lydisches Wörterbuch</i></a> (in German). C. Winter. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/582362214">582362214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lydisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.pub=C.+Winter&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F582362214&rft.aulast=Gusmani&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgusmani-lydisches-worterbuch-1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCraig_Melchert2004" class="citation book cs1">Craig Melchert (2004). "Lydian". In Roger D. Woodard (ed.). <i>The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 601–607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56256-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56256-0"><bdi>978-0-521-56256-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lydian&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Encyclopedia+of+the+World%27s+Ancient+Languages&rft.pages=601-607&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56256-0&rft.au=Craig+Melchert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson,_Benjamin_W.2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). <i>Indo-European Language and Culture : An Introduction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Malden,_Massachusetts" title="Malden, Massachusetts">Malden, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Textbooks in Linguistics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0316-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0316-9"><bdi>978-1-4051-0316-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture+%3A+An+Introduction&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Blackwell+Textbooks+in+Linguistics&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0316-9&rft.au=Fortson%2C+Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGérard2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gérard, Raphaël (2005). <i>Phonétique et morphologie de la langue lydienne</i> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Louvain-la-Neuve" title="Louvain-la-Neuve">Louvain-la-Neuve</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peeters_Publishers" title="Peeters Publishers">Peeters Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1574-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-429-1574-9"><bdi>978-90-429-1574-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Phon%C3%A9tique+et+morphologie+de+la+langue+lydienne&rft.place=Louvain-la-Neuve&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-429-1574-9&rft.aulast=G%C3%A9rard&rft.aufirst=Rapha%C3%ABl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShevoroshkin1977" class="citation book cs1">Shevoroshkin, V. (1977). <i>The Lydian Language</i>. Moscow.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lydian+Language&rft.place=Moscow&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Shevoroshkin&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de">"Digital etymological-philological Dictionary of the Ancient Anatolian Corpus Languages (eDiAna)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München">Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+etymological-philological+Dictionary+of+the+Ancient+Anatolian+Corpus+Languages+%28eDiAna%29&rft.pub=Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t+M%C3%BCnchen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ediana.gwi.uni-muenchen.de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/anatol/lydian/lydco.htm">Lydian Corpus</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palaeolexicon.com">Palaeolexicon - Word study tool of Ancient languages, including a Lydian dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babaev.tripod.com/archive/grammar21.html">The Grammar of the Lydian Language</a> by Cyril Babaev (Retrieved 2021-02-01)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sardisexpedition.org/">The Archaeological Exploration of Sardis</a> (Sardis Expedition Project) (Retrieved 2021-02-13)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lydian_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearns1994" class="citation journal cs1">Kearns, John Michael (1994). "A Greek Genitive from Lydia". <i>Glotta</i>. <b>72</b> (1/4): 5–14. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40266977">40266977</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glotta&rft.atitle=A+Greek+Genitive+from+Lydia&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=5-14&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40266977%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kearns&rft.aufirst=John+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOettinger2021" class="citation book cs1">Oettinger, Norbert (2021). "Language Contact between Lydian and Greek or the Origin of Lydian K". <i>Linguistic and Cultural Interactions between Greece and Anatolia</i>. pp. 116–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004461598_007">10.1163/9789004461598_007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46159-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-46159-8"><bdi>978-90-04-46159-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:242888186">242888186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Language+Contact+between+Lydian+and+Greek+or+the+Origin+of+Lydian+K&rft.btitle=Linguistic+and+Cultural+Interactions+between+Greece+and+Anatolia&rft.pages=116-130&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A242888186%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004461598_007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-46159-8&rft.aulast=Oettinger&rft.aufirst=Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneWintjes2016" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Annick; Wintjes, Jorit (2016). "The Lydian Language". <i>Lords of Asia Minor: An Introduction to the Lydians</i>. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 63–72. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvc5pfx2.8">10.2307/j.ctvc5pfx2.8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10568-2"><bdi>978-3-447-10568-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc5pfx2.8">j.ctvc5pfx2.8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Lydian+Language&rft.btitle=Lords+of+Asia+Minor%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Lydians&rft.pages=63-72&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvc5pfx2.8%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvc5pfx2.8&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10568-2&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Annick&rft.au=Wintjes%2C+Jorit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayneWintjes2016" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Annick; Wintjes, Jorit (2016). "Lydian Inscriptions". <i>Lords of Asia Minor: An Introduction to the Lydians</i>. Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 73–86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvc5pfx2.9">10.2307/j.ctvc5pfx2.9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10568-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-10568-2"><bdi>978-3-447-10568-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvc5pfx2.9">j.ctvc5pfx2.9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lydian+Inscriptions&rft.btitle=Lords+of+Asia+Minor%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Lydians&rft.pages=73-86&rft.pub=Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvc5pfx2.9%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvc5pfx2.9&rft.isbn=978-3-447-10568-2&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Annick&rft.au=Wintjes%2C+Jorit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2021" class="citation journal cs1">Payne, Annick (2021). "Hesychius' Lydian Glosses I". <i>Atti del Sodalizio Glottologico Milanese</i>. <b>2019</b> (14 n.s): 173–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13130%2F1972-9901%2F15416">10.13130/1972-9901/15416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atti+del+Sodalizio+Glottologico+Milanese&rft.atitle=Hesychius%27+Lydian+Glosses+I&rft.volume=2019&rft.issue=14+n.s&rft.pages=173-185&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13130%2F1972-9901%2F15416&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Annick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRicl2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ricl, Marijana (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/ista_0000-0000_2013_act_1277_2_3751">"Current Archaeological and Epigraphic Research in the Region of Lydia"</a>. <i>Collection de l'Institut des Sciences et Techniques de l'Antiquité</i>. <b>1277</b> (2): 189–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collection+de+l%27Institut+des+Sciences+et+Techniques+de+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9&rft.atitle=Current+Archaeological+and+Epigraphic+Research+in+the+Region+of+Lydia&rft.volume=1277&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=189-195&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Ricl&rft.aufirst=Marijana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fista_0000-0000_2013_act_1277_2_3751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakubovich2005" class="citation journal cs1">Yakubovich, Ilya (2005). "Lydian Etymological Notes". <i>Historische Sprachforschung</i>. <b>118</b>: 75–91. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40849242">40849242</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historische+Sprachforschung&rft.atitle=Lydian+Etymological+Notes&rft.volume=118&rft.pages=75-91&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40849242%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Yakubovich&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYakubovich2023" class="citation journal cs1">Yakubovich, Ilya (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jolr.ru/files/(325)jlr2022-20-3-4(191-221).pdf">"The place of Lydian in the Anatolian family through the lens of recent research"</a> [Статус лидийского среди анатолийских языков под призмой недавних исследований] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Language Relationship</i>. <b>20</b> (3–4): 191–221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Language+Relationship&rft.atitle=The+place+of+Lydian+in+the+Anatolian+family+through+the+lens+of+recent+research&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=191-221&rft.date=2023&rft.aulast=Yakubovich&rft.aufirst=Ilya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jolr.ru%2Ffiles%2F%28325%29jlr2022-20-3-4%28191-221%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALydian+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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