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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kirkestaten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kirkestaten</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kirkestaten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pipins_donasjon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pipins_donasjon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Pipins donasjon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pipins_donasjon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etterspill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etterspill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Etterspill</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etterspill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referanser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referanser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Referanser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referanser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Litteratur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Litteratur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Litteratur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Litteratur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innhold" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vis/skjul innholdsfortegnelsen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Stefan II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå til en artikkel på et annet språk. Tilgjengelig på 69 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_Stefan_2." title="Pave Stefan 2. – dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pave Stefan 2." data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_II_(p%C3%A5ve)" title="Stefan II (påve) – svensk" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stefan II (påve)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pous_Stefanus_II" title="Pous Stefanus II – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pous Stefanus II" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_II._(Papst)" title="Stephan II. (Papst) – sveitsertysk" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stephan II. (Papst)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="sveitsertysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="أسطفان الثاني – arabisk" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسطفان الثاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_II" title="Esteban II – asturisk" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esteban II" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C3%B4ng_Stephanus_2-s%C3%A8" title="Kàu-hông Stephanus 2-sè – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hông Stephanus 2-sè" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_(III)" title="Стэфан II (III) – belarusisk" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стэфан II (III)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_(%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0)" title="Стефан II (папа) – bulgarsk" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стефан II (папа)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_II" title="Stefan II – bretonsk" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Stefan II" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteve_II_(papa)" title="Esteve II (papa) – katalansk" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Esteve II (papa)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_II" title="Esteban II – cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Esteban II" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0t%C4%9Bp%C3%A1n_II._(pape%C5%BE)" title="Štěpán II. (papež) – tsjekkisk" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Štěpán II. (papež)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tsjekkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_II._(Papst)" title="Stephan II. (Papst) – tysk" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stephan II. (Papst)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tysk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_II" title="Stephanus II – estisk" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stephanus II" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AC%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84" title="Πάπας Στέφανος Β΄ – gresk" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πάπας Στέφανος Β΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="gresk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II" title="Pope Stephen II – engelsk" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pope Stephen II" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esteban_II" title="Esteban II – spansk" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Esteban II" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefano_la_2-a_(papo)" title="Stefano la 2-a (papo) – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stefano la 2-a (papo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eztebe_II.a" title="Eztebe II.a – baskisk" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eztebe II.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%BE_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="پاپ استفان دوم – persisk" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاپ استفان دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tienne_II_(pape)" title="Étienne II (pape) – fransk" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étienne II (pape)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="fransk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1pa_Stiof%C3%A1n_II" title="Pápa Stiofán II – irsk" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pápa Stiofán II" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estevo_II,_papa" title="Estevo II, papa – galisisk" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estevo II, papa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kau-f%C3%B2ng_Stephanus_2-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Kau-fòng Stephanus 2-sṳ – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kau-fòng Stephanus 2-sṳ" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%99%A9_%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%ED%8C%8C%EB%85%B8_2%EC%84%B8" title="교황 스테파노 2세 – koreansk" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="교황 스테파노 2세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_II.,_papa" title="Stjepan II., papa – kroatisk" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Stjepan II., papa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papo_Stefanus_la_2ma" title="Papo Stefanus la 2ma – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Papo Stefanus la 2ma" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Esteban_II" title="Papa Esteban II – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Papa Esteban II" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Stefanus_II" title="Paus Stefanus II – indonesisk" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Paus Stefanus II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Stefano_II" title="Papa Stefano II – italiensk" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Papa Stefano II" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99" title="סטפנוס השני – hebraisk" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטפנוס השני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Stephanus_II" title="Paus Stephanus II – javanesisk" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Paus Stephanus II" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94_II_(III)" title="სტეფანე II (III) – georgisk" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტეფანე II (III)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Stefano_II" title="Papa Stefano II – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Papa Stefano II" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephanus_III" title="Stephanus III – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stephanus III" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefans_II" title="Stefans II – latvisk" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stefans II" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="latvisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popie%C5%BEius_Steponas_II" title="Popiežius Steponas II – litauisk" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Popiežius Steponas II" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._(III.)_Istv%C3%A1n_p%C3%A1pa" title="II. (III.) István pápa – ungarsk" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. (III.) István pápa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungarsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Папа Стефан II – makedonsk" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Папа Стефан II" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="ستيفان التانى – egyptisk arabisk" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستيفان التانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="استفان دوم – mazandarani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استفان دوم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazandarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Stephanus_II" title="Paus Stephanus II – malayisk" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Paus Stephanus II" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malayisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1u-hu%C3%B2ng_Stephanus_2-si%C3%A9" title="Gáu-huòng Stephanus 2-sié – mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gáu-huòng Stephanus 2-sié" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paus_Stefanus_II_(III)" title="Paus Stefanus II (III) – nederlandsk" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Paus Stefanus II (III)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8C%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96_(%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9E%E6%95%99%E7%9A%87)" title="ステファヌス2世 (ローマ教皇) – japansk" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ステファヌス2世 (ローマ教皇)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A8ve_II_(papa)" title="Estève II (papa) – oksitansk" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estève II (papa)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_II_(papie%C5%BC)" title="Stefan II (papież) – polsk" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stefan II (papież)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Est%C3%AAv%C3%A3o_II" title="Papa Estêvão II – portugisisk" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Papa Estêvão II" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_%C8%98tefan_al_II-lea" title="Papa Ștefan al II-lea – rumensk" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Papa Ștefan al II-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_II_(III)" title="Стефан II (III) – russisk" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стефан II (III)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefani_II" title="Stefani II – albansk" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Stefani II" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanu_II" title="Stefanu II – siciliansk" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Stefanu II" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_II._(p%C3%A1pe%C5%BE)" title="Štefan II. (pápež) – slovakisk" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štefan II. (pápež)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pape%C5%BE_%C5%A0tefan_II." title="Papež Štefan II. – slovensk" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Papež Štefan II." data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovensk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Папа Стефан II – serbisk" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Папа Стефан II" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjepan_II_(papa)" title="Stjepan II (papa) – serbokroatisk" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Stjepan II (papa)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefanus_II" title="Stefanus II – finsk" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stefanus II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Esteban_II" title="Papa Esteban II – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Papa Esteban II" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Stephanus" title="II. Stephanus – tyrkisk" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="II. Stephanus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="tyrkisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_II" title="Стефан II – ukrainsk" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стефан II" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="استفان دوم – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="استفان دوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%C3%A1o_ho%C3%A0ng_St%C3%AAphan%C3%B4_II" title="Giáo hoàng Stêphanô II – vietnamesisk" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giáo hoàng Stêphanô II" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Esteban_II" title="Papa Esteban II – waray-waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Papa Esteban II" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray-waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%99%E5%AE%97%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%9C%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="教宗斯德望二世 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="教宗斯德望二世" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3p%C3%B9_Stephen_2k" title="Pópù Stephen 2k – joruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pópù Stephen 2k" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="joruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%AF%84%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="德範二世 – kantonesisk" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="德範二世" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stefan_II_(papa)" title="Stefan II (papa) – dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Stefan II (papa)" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%9C%9B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="斯德望二世 – kinesisk" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯德望二世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesisk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q211789#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Rediger lenker til artikkelen på andre språk" class="wbc-editpage">Rediger lenker</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Navnerom"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Lenker_hit/Stefan_II" title="Liste over alle wikisider som lenker hit [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Lenker hit</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Relaterte_endringer/Stefan_II" rel="nofollow" title="Siste endringer i sider som blir lenket fra denne siden [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Relaterte endringer</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=no" title="Last opp filer [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Last opp fil</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesial:Spesialsider" title="Liste over alle spesialsider [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesialsider</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&oldid=20449295" title="Permanent lenke til denne versjonen av 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td{text-align:center;font-weight:bold;background-color:#eee;border:none;padding-left:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.1em}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.geografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.biografi tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.transport tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bygning tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.infrastruktur tr.overskrift th{background-color:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.ekstrabred tr.overskrift td{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad th{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}.mw-parser-output .infoboks.bordered tr.rad td{border-bottom:1px solid #ccc}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r24461009"><table class="infobox infoboks biografi fastbredde"><tbody><tr class="hode overskrift"><th colspan="4">Stefan II<div style="font-size:65%">Stephanus Secundus</div></th></tr> <tr class="bilde" valign="top"><td colspan="4" class="sentrert"><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fil:La_donacion_de_Pipino_el_Breve_al_Papa_Esteban_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/La_donacion_de_Pipino_el_Breve_al_Papa_Esteban_II.jpg/250px-La_donacion_de_Pipino_el_Breve_al_Papa_Esteban_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/La_donacion_de_Pipino_el_Breve_al_Papa_Esteban_II.jpg/375px-La_donacion_de_Pipino_el_Breve_al_Papa_Esteban_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/La_donacion_de_Pipino_el_Breve_al_Papa_Esteban_II.jpg/500px-La_donacion_de_Pipino_el_Breve_al_Papa_Esteban_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="thumbcaption">Pipins donasjon overleveres pave Stefan II<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23957101">.mw-parser-output .byline{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .byline .hidden{display:none}</style><div class="byline"></div></div></td></tr> <tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P1477 edit-props-P569 edit-props-P19">Født</span></th><td colspan="2">ukjent<br /><a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eksarkatet_Ravenna" title="Eksarkatet Ravenna">Eksarkatet Ravenna</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stromerriket" title="Østromerriket">Østromerriket</a>)</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><span class="edit-props-marker edit-props-P570 edit-props-P20 edit-props-P509">Død</span></th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/26._april" title="26. april">26. april</a> <a href="/wiki/757" title="757">757</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Beskjeftigelse</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Presbyter" title="Presbyter">Presbyter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forfatter" title="Forfatter">forfatter</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211789?uselang=nb#P106" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Embete</th><td colspan="2"><ul style="list-style:none none; padding:0px; margin:0px"><li><a href="/wiki/Pave" title="Pave">Pave</a> (752–757) <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q211789?uselang=nb#P39" title="Rediger på Wikidata"><img alt="Rediger på Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Søsken</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Paul_I" title="Paul I">Papa Paolo I</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Nasjonalitet</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Kirkestaten" title="Kirkestaten">Kirkestaten</a></td></tr><tr class="rad" valign="top"><th colspan="2" class="nowrap">Gravlagt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Peterskirken" title="Peterskirken">Peterskirken</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Dåpsnavn</th><td colspan="2">ukjent</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Innsatt</th><td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/752" title="752">752</a></td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Saligk%C3%A5ring" title="Saligkåring">Saligkåret</a></th><td colspan="2">-</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Forgjenger</th><td colspan="2">Zacharias</td></tr><tr class="rad"><th colspan="2">Etterfølger</th><td colspan="2">Paul I</td></tr><tr class="rad"><td colspan="4"><hr /><div class="sentrert"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stephanus_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stephanus II">Stefan II på Commons</a></div><div class="sentrert"><i>Se også <a href="/wiki/Liste_over_paver" title="Liste over paver">liste over paver</a></i></div></td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Stefan II</b> (latin: <i>Stephanus II</i> (eller <i>III</i>); født <a href="/wiki/714" title="714">714</a>, død <a href="/wiki/26._april" title="26. april">26. april</a> <a href="/wiki/757" title="757">757</a> i <a href="/wiki/Roma" title="Roma">Roma</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> var en romersk aristokrat<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som ble pave fra 26. mars 752 og til sin død i 757. Han etterfulgte pave <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_(pave)" title="Zacharias (pave)">Sakarias</a> som følge av at den pavevalgte <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_(valgt_pave)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefan (valgt pave) (ikke skrevet ennå)">Stefan</a> (tidvis kalt for Stefan II) døde. Stefan ble valgt den 23. mars og døde tre dager senere, og ettersom han døde så raskt telles han vanligvis ikke med i den offisielle paverekken, og er ikke listet i <i><a href="/wiki/Liber_Pontificalis" title="Liber Pontificalis">Liber Pontificalis</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stefan II markerer den historiske avgrensingen mellom det bysantinske pavedømmet og det frankiske pavedømmet. </p><p>Den politiske situasjonen var at Roma var truet av invasjon av <a href="/wiki/Det_langobardiske_kongerike" title="Det langobardiske kongerike">det langobardiske kongerike</a> som hadde etablert seg i nordlige Italia. Pave Stefan II reiste helt til Paris for å søke hjelp og trygghet mot trusselen fra <a href="/wiki/Langobarder" title="Langobarder">langobardene</a> fra <a href="/wiki/Pipin_den_yngre" title="Pipin den yngre">Pipin den yngre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankerriket" title="Frankerriket">frankernes</a> konge. Pipin hadde blitt salvet første gang i 751 i <a href="/wiki/Soissons" title="Soissons">Soissons</a> av <a href="/wiki/Bonifatius" title="Bonifatius">Bonifatius</a>, erkebiskop av Mainz, men krevde nå en gjenytelse fra paven. Etter at adelen i Frankerriket hadde gått med på å drive krig i <a href="/wiki/Lombardia" title="Lombardia">Lombardia</a>, ble Pipin salvet for andre gang i en overdådig seremoni i <a href="/wiki/Klosterkirken_Saint-Denis" title="Klosterkirken Saint-Denis">klosterkirken Saint-Denis</a> i Paris i 754. Paven skjenket Pipin ytterligere en tittel, <i>Patricius Romanorum</i>, latin for «romernes patrisier», i den første dokumenterte kroningen av en verdslig hersker av en pave. Pipin beseiret langobardene, tok kontroll over nordlige Italia, og skjenket eiendommer til paven som tidligere hadde tilhørt <a href="/wiki/Eksarkatet_Ravenna" title="Eksarkatet Ravenna">eksarkatet Ravenna</a> (den østromerske keiserens representasjon i Italia). Denne gaven, kalt for «Pipins donasjon», i 756 ga det lovmessige grunnlaget for opprettelsen av <a href="/wiki/Kirkestaten" title="Kirkestaten">Kirkestaten</a>, som utvidet pavedømmets styre utover Romas grenser.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liv_og_virke">Liv og virke</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Rediger avsnitt: Liv og virke" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Liv og virke"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Troskap_til_Konstantinopel">Troskap til Konstantinopel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Rediger avsnitt: Troskap til Konstantinopel" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Troskap til Konstantinopel"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stefan tilhørte en aristokratisk familie i Roma<sup id="cite_ref-Norwich_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norwich-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> og hans etterfølger i <a href="/wiki/Pavestolen" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavestolen">pavestolen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_I_(pave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul I (pave)">Paul I</a>, var hans yngre bror. Stefan ble enstemmig valgt til pave i 752 og måtte øyeblikkelig håndtere trusselen fra langobardene som hadde til hensikt å underlegge seg hele Italia.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopedia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I 751 hadde langobardenes konge <a href="/wiki/Aistulf" title="Aistulf">Aistulf</a> vendt oppmerksomheten om hertugdømmet Roma, <i>Ducatus Romanus</i>, som var en stat innenfor det <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stromerriket" title="Østromerriket">bysantinske</a> <a href="/wiki/Eksarkatet_Ravenna" title="Eksarkatet Ravenna">eksarkatet Ravenna</a> og som ofte hadde vært i konflikt paven i Roma etter at hertugdømmet ble opprettet av den østromerske keiseren <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I_den_store" title="Justinian I den store">Justinian I den store</a> i 533.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopedia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Forholdene mellom de østromerske keiserne og pavedømmet i Roma var meget anstrengte på midten av 700-tallet grunnet det <a href="/wiki/Isauriske_dynasti" title="Isauriske dynasti">isauriske dynastis</a> støtte til <a href="/wiki/Ikonoklasme" title="Ikonoklasme">ikonoklasme</a> (forbud mot religiøse bilder/avbildninger av guddommen). Likeledes ble den politiske kontrollen over Roma uholdbar da Østromerriket selv var under angrep fra det <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">muslimske</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbasidene" title="Abbasidene">abbasidekalifatet</a> i sør og <a href="/wiki/Det_f%C3%B8rste_bulgarske_riket" title="Det første bulgarske riket">bulgarere</a> i nord. Østromerne var ikke i stand til å sende tropper vestover for å beskytte Roma, og som svar på gjentatt anmodninger fra det nye pave Stefan II om hjelp, kunne keiser <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_V" title="Konstantin V">Konstantin V «Kopronymos»</a> kun gi rådet om handle i henhold til den gamle bysantinske politikken, å sette en annen germansk stamme opp mot langbardene.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allianse_med_frankerne">Allianse med frankerne</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Rediger avsnitt: Allianse med frankerne" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Allianse med frankerne"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stefan vendte seg vestover mot <a href="/wiki/Frankerriket" title="Frankerriket">Frankerriket</a>, og landets hersker <a href="/wiki/Pipin_den_yngre" title="Pipin den yngre">Pipin den yngre</a>, som nylig var blitt kronet til konge, og hadde nylig beseiret en muslimsk invasjon av sørlige <a href="/wiki/Gallia" title="Gallia">Gallia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stefan påtok seg oppgaven å forlate Roma og ta den lange reisen over Alpene til Frankerriket for å møte kong Pipin i Paris. Han trengte en alliert i kampen mot truslene fra langobardene og muslimene.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pipin hadde i utgangspunktet vært en <a href="/wiki/Maior_domus" title="Maior domus">rikshovmester</a> og dux et princeps Francorum, mens den formelle konge hadde vært <a href="/wiki/Childerik_III" title="Childerik III">Childerik III</a>. Med støtte hos pave <a href="/wiki/Zacharias_(pave)" title="Zacharias (pave)">Sakarias</a> hadde Pipin avsatt Childerik III og i mars 751 gjort seg selv til konge. Pipin var villig til å hjelpe Stefan. Motytelsen var at paven bidro aktivt til å styrke hans maktgrunnlag. Stefan salvet Pipin på nytt i en prangende seremoni i <a href="/wiki/Klosterkirken_Saint-Denis" title="Klosterkirken Saint-Denis">klosterkirken Saint-Denis</a> i Paris og gav ham tilleggstittelen <i>patricius Romanorum</i> (romernes <a href="/wiki/Patrisiere" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrisiere">patrisier</a>). Ettersom forventet levealder var lav i de dager og Pipin ønsket kontinuitet i familien, velsignet paven også Pipins sønner, <a href="/wiki/Karl_den_store" title="Karl den store">Karl</a> og <a href="/wiki/Karloman,_s%C3%B8nn_av_Pipin_den_yngre" title="Karloman, sønn av Pipin den yngre">Karloman</a>. I overensstemmelse med avtalen påtok Pipin seg rollen som den ordinerte beskytter av kirken. Selve kroningsseremonien skapte de ritualer for franske konger som varte fram til slutten på <a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a> i 1789. </p><p>Som beskytter av den katolske kirke og den katolske tro sendte også alliansen mellom frankerkongen og paven et klart signal til keiseren i Konstantinopel (som allerede holdt tittelen som <i>patricius Romanorum</i>) om at forbindelsen mellom den østromerske keiseren og den katolske paven var blitt skåret over. På det politiske nivå var forbindelsen mellom Roma og Paris blitt en realitet, og som kulminerte et halvt århundre senere da pave <a href="/wiki/Leo_III" title="Leo III">Leo III</a> kronet <a href="/wiki/Karl_den_store" title="Karl den store">Karl den store</a> til keiser i Roma juledagen 800.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kirkestaten">Kirkestaten</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Rediger avsnitt: Kirkestaten" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Kirkestaten"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pipin krysset deretter Alpene i 754, invaderte nordlige Italia og gikk i krig mot langbardenes konge Aistulf som ble beseiret. Han tvang Aistulf til å overlevere de områder og eiendommer som han hadde erobret fra kirken.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_328_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_328-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Før pave Stefans allianse med Pipin hadde Roma utgjort den sentrale byen i hertugdømmet Roma som var det ene av to distriktet innenfor eksarkatet Ravenna, sammen med byen Ravenna. Pipin bekreftet pavedømmet besittelsen av <a href="/wiki/Ravenna" title="Ravenna">Ravenna</a> og <a href="/wiki/Pentapolis" title="Pentapolis">Pentapolis</a> («de fem byer»: Rimini, Pesaro, Fano, Senigallia og Ancona) i den såkalte «Pipins donasjon», hvor <a href="/wiki/Kirkestaten" title="Kirkestaten">Kirkestaten</a> i praksis ble etablert og paven som verdslig hersker offisielt begynte.<sup id="cite_ref-Brown_328_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brown_328-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selv byer som <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a> med dets innland ble en del av denne avtalen. </p><p>Avtalen gjorde paven til hersker av et territorium som strakte seg i en stripe med land som strakte seg diagonalt fra <a href="/wiki/Tyrrenhavet" title="Tyrrenhavet">Tyrrenhavet</a> i vest til <a href="/wiki/Adriaterhavet" title="Adriaterhavet">Adriaterhavet</a> i øst. I praksis fikk pavene det vanskelig å utøve verdslig kontroll over disse fjellrike områdene i løpet av middelalderen. Den nye Kirkestaten bevarte den gamle langobardiske kulturarven i mange av de små fylkene og fyrsteområdene, hver av dem sentrert rundt en befestet <i>rocca</i> (befestet høyde). </p><p>Pipin hadde knapt kommet helt tilbake til paris før Aistulf marsjerte sørover og beleiret Roma. Pave Stefan II sendte bud til Pipin for å minne ham om hans løfte, og i 756 marsjerte Pipin på igjen ut med hæren og fanget ham inne i <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>. Igjen ble Aistulf tvunget til gi paven de områder han hadde lovt første gang, og i tillegg også byen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Commachio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Commachio (ikke skrevet ennå)">Commachio</a> ved munningen av elven <a href="/wiki/Po" title="Po">Po</a>. Pipins budbringere besøkte flere av byene, krevde nøklene til dem og førte de høyeste embetsmennene med seg til Roma. Han lå symbolsk nøklene til byene på sankt Peters grav. </p><p>Pipin avsatte derimot ikke Aistulf som langobardenes konge, men lot fortsatt beholde sitt kongerike, om enn begrenset. Aistulf døde samme år i 756 i en jaktulykke, mens Pipin døde langt senere mens han drev krig i 768. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pipins_donasjon">Pipins donasjon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Rediger avsnitt: Pipins donasjon" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Pipins donasjon"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den katolske tradisjonen har forsikret at Pipin ga et skriftlig løfte om å gi den katolske kirke bestemte territorier som ble erobret fra langobardene, og som senere kom til å bli referert til pavestaten eller kirkestaten. Denne avtalen, kjent som «Pipins donasjon», har ikke etterlatt seg noe faktisk dokument, men senere kilder på 700-tallet har sitert fra den og <i>Fragmentum Fantuzzianum</i> (antagelig datert til 778-780) var antagelig basert på den. </p><p>Konstantinopel godtok ikke resultatet fra den frankiske intervensjonen. Den østromerske regjeringen hadde håpet å håpet få tilbake kontrollen over de områdene som langobardene hadde erobret. Da bysantinske sendebud kom til Pipin med krav om å tilbakelevere de områdene som var blitt erobret, svarte Pipin at områdene var gitt til Roma alene. Pipin bekreftet sin donasjon i 756, og i <a href="/wiki/774" title="774">774</a> bekreftet hans sønn <a href="/wiki/Karl_den_store" title="Karl den store">Karl den store</a> også donasjonen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etterspill">Etterspill</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Rediger avsnitt: Etterspill" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Etterspill"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ved Aistulfs død var det to som kunne kreve tronen i <a href="/wiki/Det_langobardiske_kongerike" title="Det langobardiske kongerike">det langobardiske kongerike</a>; <a href="/wiki/Desiderius" title="Desiderius">Desiderius</a>, hertug av Istria og Ratchis, bror av Aistulf, men sistnevnte hadde sagt fra seg tronen allerede i 749 for å bli munk i <a href="/wiki/Monte_Cassino" title="Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a>. Desiderius krevde straks støtte fra paven og på betingelsen om hans hjelp lovte han å tilbakelevere de byer som langobardene fortsatt hadde kontroll over på tross av avtalen med Pipin. Han lovte også en større sum penger, og Stefan sendte straks sine folk til begge rivaler, Desiderius og Ratchis. For sistnevnte minnet han om hans munkeløfte, og sikret således fred og hindret innbyrdeskrig blant langobardene. Ratchis vendte tilbake til sitt kloster og Desiderius ble anerkjent som konge i 757.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopedia_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Desiderius oppfylte ikke helt sitt løfte til Stefan. Han ga opp Faenza, Ferrara, og to mindre byer, men beholdt Bologna, Imola og andre byer i Pentapolis fram til Karl den store tvang ham til å etterleve avtalen.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopedia_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stefan hadde knapt etablert et regjeringssystem før han måtte slå ned et opprør fra Sergius, erkebiskop av Ravenna, som han hadde utnevnt til guvernør. Sergius hadde forventet at Ravenna skulle forbli uavhengig, noe som ikke var Stefans hensikt.<sup id="cite_ref-Noble_105_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noble_105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stefan klarte å få Sergius og andre opprørere til Roma, hvor han beholdt dem i forvaring i to-tre år, og folket i Ravenna måtte bøye seg for pavens vilje.<sup id="cite_ref-Noble_105_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noble_105-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stefan brevvekslet med keiser <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_V" title="Konstantin V">Konstantin V «Kopronymos»</a> om spørsmålet <a href="/wiki/Ikonoklasme" title="Ikonoklasme">ikonoklasme</a> for å få hellige bilder restaurert. Stefan sikret også mange av de gamle kirkene i Roma ble utbedret. Han viste også omsorg for de fattige og fikk bygget hospital i nærheten av <a href="/wiki/Peterskirken" title="Peterskirken">Peterskirken</a> hvor han selv ble begravet.<sup id="cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopedia_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatholicEncyclopedia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referanser">Referanser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Rediger avsnitt: Referanser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Referanser"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Catanzaro, Biagia; Gligora, Francesco (1975): <i>Breve Storia dei papi, da San Pietro a Paolo VI</i>, Padova, s. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norwich-2"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich_2-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norwich_2-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Norwich, J.J. (2012): <i>The Popes: A History</i>, Vintage, s. 756.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2012</i>, <a href="/wiki/Libreria_Editrice_Vaticana" title="Libreria Editrice Vaticana">Libreria Editrice Vaticana</a> 2012, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9788820987220" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-88-209-8722-0</a>, s. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Noble, Thomas F.X. (1984): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fhjvb"><i>The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680-825</i></a>, University of Pennsylvania Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Oncken, William (2008): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditioninaction.org/History/A_015_DonationCharlemagne.htm"><i>The Carolingian Donations to the Papal States</i></a>, Tradition in Action</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CatholicEncyclopedia-6"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopedia_6-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopedia_6-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopedia_6-2"><sup>c</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopedia_6-3"><sup>d</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CatholicEncyclopedia_6-4"><sup>e</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Mann, Horace (1912): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14288c.htm">«Pope Stephen (II) III»</a>, <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i> <b>14</b>. New York: Robert Appleton Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Schnürer, Gustav (1912): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/14257a.htm">«States of the Church»</a>, <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i> <b>14</b>. New York: Robert Appleton Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Gress, David (1998): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books/about/From_Plato_to_NATO.html?id=F8S_7oZROWUC&redir_esc=y"><i>From Plato to NATO: The Idea of the West and Its Opponents</i></a>, Simon and Schuster, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9781439119013" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781439119013</a>. Sitat: «He transferred his political allegiance from the empire to the king of the Franks, who lived north of the Alps, who had recently defeated the Muslims who were invading from Spain...»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">O'Brien, Peter (2008): <i>European Perceptions of Islam and America from Saladin to George W. Bush</i>. Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/9780230617803" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9780230617803</a>, s. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Bernier, Paul (2014): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=HUcSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=Pippin+the+young+%2B+pope+Stephen+III&source=bl&ots=3eCWdzSh1d&sig=lpFufUR--Uu0wiGdMtno3pNEB-k&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjC4-ye2eTbAhUIxKYKHZL5A3Y4ChDoAQhCMAQ#v=onepage&q=Pippin%20the%20young%20%2B%20pope%20Stephen%20III&f=false"><i>Ministry in the Church: A Historical and Pastoral Approach</i></a>, Wipf and Stock Publishers, s. 105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown_328-11"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_328_11-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown_328_11-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Brown, T.S. (1995): «Byzantine Italy» i: McKitterick, Rosamond: <i>The New Cambridge Medieval History, c.700-c.900. Vol. II</i>. Cambridge University Press, s. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Noble_105-12"><b>^</b> <a href="#cite_ref-Noble_105_12-0"><sup>a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Noble_105_12-1"><sup>b</sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Noble, Thomas F.X. (1984): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.no/books?id=2fFxVIY2h4YC&pg=PA105&lpg=PA105&dq=Sergius,+Archbishop+of+Ravenna&source=bl&ots=h7F5yNnMxj&sig=B8AlQx-Ou6R2RaWeAegxpHhy_i8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjzm-vs9eTbAhVG3CwKHYiKBYsQ6AEIXjAP#v=onepage&q=Sergius%2C%20Archbishop%20of%20Ravenna&f=false"><i>The Republic of St. Peter: The Birth of the Papal State, 680-825</i></a>, University of Pennsylvania Press, s. 105</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Litteratur">Litteratur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Rediger avsnitt: Litteratur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>rediger</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefan_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Rediger kildekoden til seksjonen Litteratur"><span>rediger kilde</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Sauser, Ekkart (1995): «Stephan II. (III.)» i <i>Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</i>. Bind 10, Herzberg, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/388309062X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-88309-062-X</a>, spalte 1351–1354.</li> <li>Schieffer, Rudolf (1997): «Stephan II» i: <i>Lexikon des Mittelalters, LexMA</i>. Bind 8, LexMA-Verlag, München, <a href="/wiki/Spesial:Bokkilder/3896599089" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-89659-908-9</a>, spalte 116–117.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td width="10%"><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td width="25%">Forgjenger:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_(pave)" title="Zacharias (pave)">Zacharias</a></b> </td> <td width="40%"><b><a href="/wiki/Pave" title="Pave">Pave</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Liste_over_paver" title="Liste over paver">liste over paver</a>) </td> <td width="25%">Etterfølger:<br /><b><a href="/wiki/Paul_I_(pave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul I (pave)">Paul I</a></b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23230704">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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