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科学网—两汉历法的数理结构 - 李轻舟的博文

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class="bm_c"> <div class="vw mbm"> <div class="h pbm"> <h1 class="ph"> 两汉历法的数理结构 <a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/blog.php?mod=recommend"><img src="./static/image/blog/recommendico.gif" width="22px" height="22px" /><font style="font-size:14px; color:#930;" face="宋体">精选</font></a> </h1> <p class="xg2"> <span class="xg1">已有 15908 次阅读</span> <span class="xg1">2020-1-12 00:45</span> <span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">个人分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&amp;uid=217073&amp;do=blog&amp;classid=166534&amp;view=me">六经注我</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span><span class="xg1">系统分类:<a href="https://blog.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=space&amp;do=blog&amp;view=all&amp;uid=217073&amp;catid=10">人文社科</a></span><span class="pipe">|</span> <span class="ptg xg1">天文, 历法, 经学, 自然哲学</span> </p> </div> <div id="blog_article" class="d cl" ><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:楷体;font-weight:bold;font-size:24px">两汉历法的数理结构</span></p><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">李轻舟</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family: 楷体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family: 楷体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">惟天聪明,惟圣时宪。</span></p><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family: 楷体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">——《古文尚书·说命》</span></p><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">中国</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">的传统历法是一套比较完备的时宪体系(或偏重时间表象的宇宙体系)。不同历史时期的自然哲学或形上学宇宙观(中文语境中的“天地观”)结合历数正闰(岁时节候)、晷影漏刻、日月交食、五星运行等演算名目,构建起自成一统的数理天文学。先秦以至两汉大一统,诸子有关宇宙的理论嬗变会合,主体融入儒家自然哲学或形上学</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">[1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,催生了从《太初历》(《三统历》)、《元和四分历》到《乾象历》为代表的“宇宙图式”,奠定了传统历法的基本框架。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">上元积年</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">在唐朝《符天历》(</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">曹士蒍</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">制</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">)、南宋《统天历》(杨忠辅制)到</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">元朝《授时历》</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">(许衡、</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">王恂</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">、郭守敬制</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">)逐步确立近距历元</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">之前</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,“一部中国历法史,几乎可以说是上元的演算史”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">[2</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">。所谓“上元”,乃是以理论上溯的一种“历元”(历法推算起点)。相较于“近距历元”,“上元”一般距制历或颁历年份十分遥远,它到制历或颁历年的间隔年数即“上元积年”。自两汉历法始,在相当长的历史时期内,“上元”或“上元积年”都是传统历法数理结构的第一要素,诸如回归年、朔望月、五星会合、日月交食、纪年和纪日干支等表征时间周期性的参数设置皆与之密切相关。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/000149cqq6l9z6zefeoofo.jpg" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/000248bi7gca9wag9ttbab.jpg" title="" alt="" width="362" height="235" style="width: 362px; height: 235px;"/></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family: 楷体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">图1&nbsp;郭守敬塑像与郭守敬望远镜(</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">LAMOST</span><span style="font-family: 楷体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">)</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family: 楷体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">(作者摄于北京汇通祠郭守敬纪念馆和国家天文台兴隆基地)</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">据存世文献(主要是《汉书·律历志》),上元积年的推演可追溯到西汉刘歆的《三统历》。刘歆以“闰法十九”(置闰周期</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">19</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">年,称“章岁”)乘“日法八十一”(朔望月</span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/000452refoj1jh3ehwocbo.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">日的分母)得“统法一千五百三十九”(回归年</span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/000500kacakb855h8zbh9o.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">日的分母,朔望月与回归年在数值上满足十九年七闰法),协调朔望月和回归年,故经一统的周期(</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">1539</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">年)可使朔旦和冬至恢复到同一天的夜半。而《太初历》或《三统历》取</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">“朔望之会百三十五”(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">135</span><span style="font-family:宋体">个朔望月的交食周期),故一统恰有</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">141</span><span style="font-family:宋体">个“朔望之会”(“统月一万九千三十五”,即一统</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1539</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年有</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">19035</span><span style="font-family:宋体">个月,除以“朔望之会百三十五”得</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">141</span><span style="font-family:宋体">),正好可将日月交食周期纳入进来。</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">又以三统为“元法四千六百一十七”,纳入纪日干支周期(</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">60</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">日),故经一元的</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">周期(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">4617</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年)</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">可使朔旦、冬至和甲子日恢复到同一天的夜半。最后,再将纪年干支周期(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">60</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年)与五星会合周期(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">138240</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年“五星会终”)纳入(东汉刘洪《乾象历》后,近点月、交点月等表征月行不均的周期亦逐步被纳入进来),以</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">5120</span><span style="font-family:宋体">元(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">23639040</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年)为整个宇宙运行的综合大周期,经“二千三百六十三万九千四十而复于太极上元”。这个“太极上元”为某一丙子年十一月甲子日朔旦冬至夜半(丙子年为太初元年的纪年干支</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">[3</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,甲子日为纪日干支之首,朔旦为朔望月之首,冬至为回归年之首,夜半为一日之首,各周期齐同),且“日月如合璧,五星如连珠”(日月五星七曜齐一),距颁行《太初历》的汉武帝太初元年(公元前<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">104</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年)有“十四万三千一百二十七岁”(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">143127</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年),即西汉《太初历》或《三统历》的上元积年。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">岁星超辰</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">日本学者新城新藏在《东洋天文学史研究》(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1928</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年)中指出,《太初历》或《三统历》的上元积年计算,除了日月运动,还要考虑岁星(木星)运动。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/000516rubuwbew111bbwby.jpg" title="" alt=""/></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:楷体;font-size:14px">图</span><span style=";font-family:楷体;font-size:14px">2&nbsp;东洋史学京都学派巨匠、天文学家新城新藏</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">春秋战国时期,旨在统一列国纪年的岁星纪年法以岁星相对远处恒星背景每十二年运行一周天为据,将周天自西向东等分为十二星次,岁星每年行经一次,以所在星次纪年。十二次之外,周天又以斗建(北斗斗柄指向)自东向西等分为十二辰(十二地支),假使有一岁星的镜像天体,名为太岁,循十二辰每十二年运行一周天,每年行经一辰,以太岁所在辰纪年,便是太岁纪年。太岁十二辰(十二地支)配合十天干,逐渐摆脱对岁星运动的依赖,形成以<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">60</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年为周期的干支纪年法。相较于依赖天象的岁星纪年,干支纪年简便而连续。汉章帝元和改历(公元</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">85</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年),颁行《元和四分历》,正式废止岁星纪年,确立沿用至今的干支纪年。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">作为古文经学宗师,刘歆心目中“完美的宇宙”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">[4</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">包含一套成体系的古史年代学(《世经》)。而古史以岁星纪年会带来“岁星超辰”的问题。岁星的公转周期并非<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">12</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年,实约</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">11.86</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年,故每过</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">83</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年会在当年超越一个星次(太岁超越一辰),破坏了纪年的连续性。为了一劳永逸地解决岁星超辰带来的古史纪年混乱,刘歆创设了超辰法。据《汉书·律历志》所载《三统历》术文,“推岁所在,置上元以来,外所求年,盈岁数,除去之,不盈者以百四十五乘之,以百四十四为法,如法得一,名曰积次,不盈者名曰次余。积次盈十二,除去之,不盈者名曰定次。数从星纪起,算尽之外,则所在次也。欲知太岁,以六十除积次,余不盈者,数从丙子起,算尽之外,则太岁日也”,即设岁星每</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">144</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年超越一个星次(</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">144</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年行经</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">145</span><span style="font-family:宋体">次)。又据《续汉书·律历志》,在汉顺帝汉安二年(公元</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">143</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年)的历法讨论中,边韶称赞刘歆“研机极深”,评价其超辰法“百四十四岁一超次,与天相应,少有阙谬”。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">新城新藏及其后学薮内清推测,刘歆将岁星超辰纳入上元积年</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-style: italic;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">N</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">的计算,需要求解一个不定方程组(等价于一次同余式组)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">[5</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">:</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/000540vjxyxxozcljc2xxr.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,</span></p><p style="line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">其中,</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-style: italic;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">p</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">、</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-style: italic;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">q</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">和</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-style: italic;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">n</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">皆为正整数,且</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-style: italic;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">n</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF"><<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">29</span><span style="font-family:宋体">,</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">4617</span><span style="font-family:宋体">即协调年、月、日和纪日干支的</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">“元法四千六百一十七”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1728</span><span style="font-family:宋体">为“岁星岁数”(木星每</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1728</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年与日会合</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1583</span><span style="font-family:宋体">次,超越一周天十二星次),</span></span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/000605xot3ntnx7gnhrgg1.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">表示太初元年岁星所在。得出最小正整数解<em>N</em></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">=&nbsp;4617<span style="font-family:宋体">×</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">31=143127</span><span style="font-family:宋体">,即太初元年到太极上元的上元积年。</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">另据《续汉书·律历志》和《晋书·律历志》</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">[6</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,东汉《元和四分历》“从上元太岁在庚辰以来,尽熹平三年,岁在甲寅,积九千四百五十五岁也”,即自汉灵帝熹平三年(公元<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">174</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年)回溯的上元积年为</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">9455</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年,而刘洪《乾象历》“上元己丑以来,至建安十一年丙戌,岁积七千三百七十八年”,即从汉献帝建安十一年(公元</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">206</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年)回溯的上元积年为</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">7378</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年。</span></span></p><p style="line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">大衍求一</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">在中国古代典籍中,有关不定方程或一次同余式的内容源自较《三统历》晚出的《孙子算经》和《张丘建算经》,其集大成者,乃南宋秦九韶在《数书九章》(又名《数术大略》或《数学九章》,<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1247</span><span style="font-family:宋体">年)中创设的“大衍求一术”,即数学史上的“中国剩余定理”(</span></span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">Chinese&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">R</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">emainder&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">T</span><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">heorem</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">)。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/000649utkkveavvzaa2guw.jpg" title="" alt="" width="194" height="261" style="width: 194px; height: 261px;"/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style="font-family: 楷体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">图3&nbsp;秦九韶塑像(四川安岳秦九韶纪念馆)</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">秦九韶在《数书九章·序》中自陈“汉去古未远,有张苍、许商、乘马延年、耿寿昌、郑玄、张衡、刘洪之伦,或明天道而法传于后,或计功策而效验于时。后世学者自高,鄙不之讲,此学殆绝,惟治历畴人,能为乘除而弗通于开方衍变。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">......</span><span style="font-family:宋体">九韶愚陋,不闲于艺。然早岁侍亲中都,因得访习于太史,又尝从隐君子受数学”,可知其“数学”与两汉“畴人之学”(天文历算)渊源颇深。他的《数书九章》共八十一题,其中与天文历算直接相关者,有第一章“大衍类”第二题“古历会积”、第二章“天时类”</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">第一题“推气治历”、第二题“治历推闰”、第三题“治历演纪”、第四题“缀术推星”和第五题“揆日究微”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">。整套体系以“大衍法”为根基,有十分鲜明的儒家自然哲学或形上学色彩,所谓“昆仑磅礴,道本虚一。圣有大衍,微寓于易。奇余取策,群数皆捐。衍而究之,探隐之原。数术之传,以实为体。其书九章,惟兹弗纪。历家虽用,用而不知。小试经世,姑推所为”,故而“述大衍第一”。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">“圣有大衍,微寓于易”,刘歆援《易》而制《三统》,扬雄仿《易》而作《太玄》,刘洪创《乾象》亦是“依《易》立数”。“大衍”典出《易传·系辞》中的“大衍之数五十,其用四十有九。分而为二以象两;挂一以象三;揲之以四以象四时;归奇于扐以象闰;五岁再闰,故再扐而后挂。<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">......</span><span style="font-family:宋体">是故</span></span><a href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E5%9B%9B%E8%90%A5" target="_blank"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">四营</span></a><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">而成易,十有八变而成卦”(八十一题之首便是“蓍卦发微”</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">[7</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">),秦九韶仍要由此展开一次同余方程组的一般解法——“大衍总数术”,借助现代数学符号表示如下:</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">设有一次同余式组</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/001220ky9kki9ee6y66i96.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,</span></p><p style="line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">其中</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-style: italic;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">N</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">为“所求率数”,<em>R<sub>i</sub></em></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">为“余数”。在“定母”或“定数”(模数)<em>p<sub>i</sub></em></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">两两互质的条件下(秦九韶将正整数称为“元数”,针对</span><em style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal;">p<sub>i</sub></em><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">非整或非两两互质的情况,他有专门程序将之化为两两互质的正整数</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">),若有一组“乘率”<em>k</em></span><em style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal;"><sub>i</sub></em><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,使得</span></p><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/001522ahlhv2hhhhmorqb2.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,</span></p><p style="line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">其中</span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/001648xsyg7gn7sy6ntw4z.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">为“衍母”(“以定相乘为衍母”),</span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/001704fau1qpanekfn5buu.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">为“衍数”(“以各定约衍母得各衍数”),</span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/001719tx5qdpxzs5kvspqx.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">为“用数”。就可以给出该一次同余式组的最小正整数解</span></p><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/001822fzin5pspsiisus8s.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,</span></p><p style="line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">亦可写成</span></p><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/001832dxujn7d3vg64v866.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,</span></p><p style="line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">其中</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-style: italic;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">m</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">为使得</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-style: italic;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">N</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">≤</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-style: italic;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">P</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">的自然数</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,这正是“以其余各乘正用为各总,并总满衍母去之,不满为所求率数”。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">“大衍总数术”的关键在于求“乘率”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background: #FFFFFF;"><em>k</em></span><em style="white-space: normal; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;"><sub>i</sub></em><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">之算法,这就是秦九韶引以为傲的“大衍求一术”。它不仅是“大衍总数术”(一次同余方程组的一般解法)的核心,也是“治历演纪术”(专门推演上元积年的计算程序)</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">[8</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;vertical-align: super;background: #FFFFFF">]</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">的基础,正如序文所谓“历家演法颇用之”。秦九韶“以奇与定用大衍求一入之以求乘率”,其术文曰“置奇右上,定居右下,立天元一于左上。先以右上除右下,所得商数与左上一相生,入左下。然后乃以右行上下以少除多,递互除之,所得商数随即递互累乘,归左行上下,须使右上末后奇一而止。乃验左上所得以为乘率,或奇数已见单一者便为乘率”。术文阐述的计算程序为:以上下左右四角方位设置一个算筹方阵。初始,右上为“奇数”<em>g<sub>i</sub></em></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,右下为“定数”</span><em style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; white-space: normal;">p<sub>i</sub></em><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,左上为“天元一”(“</span><span style="background-color: #FFFFFF; font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;; font-size: 14px;">1</span><span style="font-family: 宋体; letter-spacing: 0px; font-size: 14px; background: #FFFFFF;">”),左下为<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">0</span>,其中“奇数”</span><em style="font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; text-indent: 28px; white-space: normal;">g<sub>i</sub></em><span style="font-family: 宋体; letter-spacing: 0px; font-size: 14px; background: #FFFFFF;">为“衍数”</span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/002220wf0xf01ek90f9f0f.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体; letter-spacing: 0px; font-size: 14px; background: #FFFFFF;">对“定数”</span><em style="text-indent: 28px; white-space: normal; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;">p<sub>i</sub></em><span style="font-family: 宋体; letter-spacing: 0px; font-size: 14px; background: #FFFFFF;">之余(“诸衍数各满定母去之,不满曰奇”,即</span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/002307c0cc08czeufeqep8.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体; letter-spacing: 0px; font-size: 14px; background: #FFFFFF;">),又因“乘率”满足</span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/001522ahlhv2hhhhmorqb2.png" title="" alt="" style="text-align: center; white-space: normal;"/><span style="font-family: 宋体; letter-spacing: 0px; font-size: 14px; background: #FFFFFF;">,故有</span><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/002357vszqqxeqiwggenzs.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体; letter-spacing: 0px; font-size: 14px; background: #FFFFFF;">。运算时,将右行两数辗转相除(轮番以少除多),所得商数与左上(或左下)轮番相乘并入左下(或左上),使右行两数逐步减小,直至右上为<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1</span>,运算终止——“求一”之谓也——此时,左上即为所求“乘率”</span><span style="letter-spacing: 0px; text-indent: 28px; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; background: #FFFFFF;"><em>k</em></span><em style="text-indent: 28px; white-space: normal; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px;"><sub>i</sub></em><span style="font-family: 宋体; letter-spacing: 0px; font-size: 14px; background: #FFFFFF;">。例如,令“奇数”为<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">11</span>,“定数”为<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">13</span>,求出“乘率”为<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">6</span>的计算程序如图<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">4</span>所示。</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: &#39;Times New Roman&#39;;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-align:center;line-height:150%"><img src="http://image.sciencenet.cn/home/202001/12/002531rky6smzjfgdgpyu5.png" title="" alt=""/><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:楷体;font-size:14px">图</span><span style=";font-family:楷体;font-size:14px">4&nbsp;“大衍求一术”示意图(作者绘制)</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;text-align:center;line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:楷体;font-size:14px">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">结语</span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">承两汉绝学而窥破天机的秦九韶在“治历演纪”的术文中感叹“数理精微,不易窥识,穷年致志,感于梦寐。幸而得知,谨不敢隐”,一如三百多年后开普勒(<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">Johannes&nbsp;Kepler</span><span style="font-family:宋体">)在《世界的和谐》(</span></span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-style: italic;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">Harmonices&nbsp;Mundi</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">,<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1619</span><span style="font-family:宋体">)中留下的独白“十八个月前出现第一缕曙光,三个月前黎明初降,就在几天前,太阳这最壮丽的奇观升起来了——什么也阻挡不了我了。我要纵情享受这神圣的狂喜,我要得意地向凡人们宣布,我已盗取了埃及人的金瓶,为我的太阳神在远离埃及之地建立一座神龛。如果您宽恕我,我会快乐;如果您愤怒,我会承受;骰子已经掷出去了,书已经写了,无论现在还是将来的人会读它,已无所谓;就让它为它的读者等上一百年;上帝他自己等了六千年才有一个人理解他的杰作”,笔者谨以东西两位畴人的心声收束“天行见物理”。</span></span></p><p style="text-indent: 28px;line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">&nbsp;</span></p><p style="line-height: 150%"><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-weight: bold;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">参考文献</span></p><p style=";line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">[1</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">]</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;font-size:14px">&nbsp;</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">Yu-lan&nbsp;Fung(<span style="font-family:宋体">冯友兰</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">),&nbsp;A&nbsp;Short&nbsp;History&nbsp;of&nbsp;Chinese&nbsp;Philosophy,&nbsp;New&nbsp;York:&nbsp;The&nbsp;Macmillan&nbsp;Co.,&nbsp;1948</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">.Ch.12,Ch.15,Ch.23</span></p><p style=";line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">[2</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">]</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;font-size:14px">&nbsp;</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">陈遵妫.中国天文学史(第三册).上海:上海人民出版社,</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1984</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">.</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1391</span></p><p style=";line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">[3</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">]</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;font-size:14px">&nbsp;</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">为了干支纪年的连续,太初元年的纪年干支后来被定为丁丑,参见:张培瑜.三千五百年历日天象.郑州:大象出版社,</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">1997</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">.</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">78</span></p><p style=";line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">[4</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">]</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;font-size:14px">&nbsp;</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">徐兴元.刘向评传(附刘歆评传).南京:南京大学出版社,</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">2005</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">.</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">350</span></p><p style=";line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">[5</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">]</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;font-size:14px">&nbsp;</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">中国学者在新城新藏等人研究的基础上做出的工作参见:李文林,袁向东.论汉历上元积年的计算.科技史文集(第三辑).上海:上海科学技术出版社,<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">198</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">0</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">.<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">70</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">-</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">7</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">6</span></p><p style=";line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">[6</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">]</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;font-size:14px">&nbsp;</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">具体计算可参见:曲安京.东汉到刘宋时期历法上元积年计算.天文学报,<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1991</span><span style="font-family:宋体">,</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">32</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">(4)<span style="font-family:宋体">:</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">436-439</span></p><p style=";line-height:150%"><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">[7</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">]</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;font-size:14px">&nbsp;</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">有关阐述参见:李继闵.“</span><span style="font-family: 宋体;letter-spacing: 0;font-size: 14px;background: #FFFFFF">蓍卦发微</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">”初探.秦九韶与《数书九章》.北京:北京师范大学出版社,<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">198</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">7</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">.</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">124-137</span></p><p><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">[8</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;vertical-align:super">]</span><span style=";font-family:&#39;Times New Roman&#39;;font-size:14px">&nbsp;</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">王翼勋.秦九韶演纪积年法初探.自然科学史研究,<span style="font-family:Times New Roman">1997</span><span style="font-family:宋体">,</span></span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">16</span><span style=";font-family:宋体;font-size:14px">(1)<span style="font-family:宋体">:</span><span style="font-family:Times New Roman">10-20</span></span></p><p><br/></p><p><strong>原载《物理》第48卷第12期</strong></p><p><br/></p><p><strong>附:</strong></p><p style="line-height: 16px;">1.西汉司马迁、落下闳与《太初历》</p><p style="line-height: 16px;"><img style="vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 2px;" src="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/static/ueditor/dialogs/attachment/fileTypeImages/icon_txt.gif"/><a style="font-size:12px; color:#0066cc;" href="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=1%CC%EC%D0%D0%BC%FB%CE%EF%C0%ED%D6%AE%D2%BB%A3%BA%CC%AB%B3%F5%D3%D0%B5%C0.pdf&id=488571" title="1天行见物理之一:太初有道.pdf">1天行见物理之一:太初有道.pdf</a></p><p style="line-height: 16px;">2.刘歆、王莽与《三统历》</p><p style="line-height: 16px;"><img style="vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 2px;" src="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/static/ueditor/dialogs/attachment/fileTypeImages/icon_txt.gif"/><a style="font-size:12px; color:#0066cc;" href="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=2%CC%EC%D0%D0%BC%FB%CE%EF%C0%ED%D6%AE%B6%FE%A3%BA%C6%E4%C3%FC%CE%AC%D0%C2.pdf&id=488573" title="2天行见物理之二:其命维新.pdf">2天行见物理之二:其命维新.pdf</a></p><p style="line-height: 16px;">3.扬雄与《太玄》</p><p style="line-height: 16px;"><img src="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/static/ueditor/dialogs/attachment/fileTypeImages/icon_txt.gif" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 2px;"/><a href="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=3%CC%EC%D0%D0%BC%FB%CE%EF%C0%ED%D6%AE%C8%FD%A3%BA%BB%EB%D0%D0%CE%DE%C7%EE.pdf&id=488572" title="3天行见物理之三:浑行无穷.pdf" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 102, 204);" target="_blank">3天行见物理之三:浑行无穷.pdf</a></p><p style="line-height: 16px;">4.东汉《元和四分历》</p><p style="line-height: 16px;"><img src="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/static/ueditor/dialogs/attachment/fileTypeImages/icon_txt.gif" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 2px;"/><a href="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=4%CC%EC%D0%D0%BC%FB%CE%EF%C0%ED%D6%AE%CB%C4%A3%BA%C0%FA%C6%F0%CD%BC%DA%DF.pdf&id=488577" title="4天行见物理之四:历起图谶.pdf" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 102, 204);" target="_blank">4天行见物理之四:历起图谶.pdf</a></p><p style="line-height: 16px;">5.贾逵论历</p><p style="line-height: 16px;"><img style="vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 2px;" src="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/static/ueditor/dialogs/attachment/fileTypeImages/icon_txt.gif"/><a style="font-size:12px; color:#0066cc;" href="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=5%CC%EC%D0%D0%BC%FB%CE%EF%C0%ED%D6%AE%CE%E5%A3%BA%CD%A8%C8%E5%C2%DB%C0%FA.pdf&id=488574" title="5天行见物理之五:通儒论历.pdf">5天行见物理之五:通儒论历.pdf</a></p><p style="line-height: 16px;">6.两汉刻漏制度</p><p style="line-height: 16px;"><img style="vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 2px;" src="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/static/ueditor/dialogs/attachment/fileTypeImages/icon_txt.gif"/><a style="font-size:12px; color:#0066cc;" href="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=6%CC%EC%D0%D0%BC%FB%CE%EF%C0%ED%D6%AE%C1%F9%A3%BA%C7%E5%C2%A9%C9%F9%B3%A4.pdf&id=488575" title="6天行见物理之六:清漏声长.pdf">6天行见物理之六:清漏声长.pdf</a></p><p style="line-height: 16px;">7.东汉九道法</p><p style="line-height: 16px;"><img style="vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 2px;" src="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/static/ueditor/dialogs/attachment/fileTypeImages/icon_txt.gif"/><a style="font-size:12px; color:#0066cc;" href="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=7%CC%EC%D0%D0%BC%FB%CE%EF%C0%ED%D6%AE%C6%DF%A3%BA%CD%FB%CA%E6%BE%C5%D0%D0.pdf&id=488576" title="7天行见物理之七:望舒九行.pdf">7天行见物理之七:望舒九行.pdf</a></p><p style="line-height: 16px;">8.蔡邕与《月令》</p><p style="line-height: 16px;"><img src="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/static/ueditor/dialogs/attachment/fileTypeImages/icon_txt.gif" style="vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 2px;"/><a href="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=8%CC%EC%D0%D0%BC%FB%CE%EF%C0%ED%D6%AE%B0%CB%A3%BA%CB%B9%B5%C0%BC%C5%C1%C8.pdf&id=488579" title="8天行见物理之八:斯道寂寥.pdf" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(0, 102, 204);" target="_blank">8天行见物理之八:斯道寂寥.pdf</a></p><p style="line-height: 16px;">9.刘洪与《乾象历》</p><p style="line-height: 16px;"><img style="vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 2px;" src="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/static/ueditor/dialogs/attachment/fileTypeImages/icon_txt.gif"/><a style="font-size:12px; color:#0066cc;" href="http://bbs.sciencenet.cn/home.php?mod=attachment&filename=9%CC%EC%D0%D0%BC%FB%CE%EF%C0%ED%D6%AE%BE%C5%A3%BA%CD%C6%B2%BD%CA%A6%B1%ED.pdf&id=488578" title="9天行见物理之九:推步师表.pdf">9天行见物理之九:推步师表.pdf</a></p><p style="line-height: 16px;">10.星野、制图六体与重差勾股术</p><p style="line-height: 16px;"><img style="vertical-align: middle; margin-right: 2px;" src="http://blog.sciencenet.cn/static/ueditor/dialogs/attachment/fileTypeImages/icon_txt.gif"/><a style="font-size:12px; 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