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href="#War_against_Parthia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>War against Parthia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_against_Parthia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_the_Senate_and_People" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_the_Senate_and_People"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Relations with the Senate and People</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_the_Senate_and_People-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Military reforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution_of_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution_of_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Persecution of Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution_of_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_activity_in_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_activity_in_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Military activity in Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_activity_in_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Assessment and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severan_dynasty_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severan_dynasty_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Severan dynasty family tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severan_dynasty_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Septimius Severus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 84 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سيبتيموس سيفيروس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيبتيموس سيفيروس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimio_Severo" title="Septimio Severo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Septimio Severo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimi_Sever" title="Septimi Sever – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Septimi Sever" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سپتیموس سوروس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سپتیموس سوروس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Септымій Север – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Септымій Север" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Септимий Север – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Септимий Север" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimije_Sever" title="Septimije Sever – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Septimije Sever" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimi_Sever" title="Septimi Sever – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Septimi Sever" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Септимий Север – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Септимий Север" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Σεπτίμιος Σευήρος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεπτίμιος Σευήρος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimio_Severo" title="Septimio Severo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Septimio Severo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimo_Severo" title="Septimo Severo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Septimo Severo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimio_Severo" title="Septimio Severo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Septimio Severo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سپتیمیوس سوروس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سپتیمیوس سوروس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septime_S%C3%A9v%C3%A8re" title="Septime Sévère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Septime Sévère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Sevearus" title="Septimius Sevearus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Septimius Sevearus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimio_Severo" title="Septimio Severo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Septimio Severo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%89%ED%8B%B0%EB%AF%B8%EC%9A%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EC%84%B8%EB%B2%A0%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="셉티미우스 세베루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셉티미우스 세베루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%BA%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%BD_%D5%8D%D6%87%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Սեպտիմիոս Սևերոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սեպտիմիոս Սևերոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimije_Sever" title="Septimije Sever – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Septimije Sever" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settimio_Severo" title="Settimio Severo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Settimio Severo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%98%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="ספטימיוס סוורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ספטימיוס סוורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლუციუს სეპტიმიუს სევერუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუციუს სეპტიმიუს სევერუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Север Септимий – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Север Септимий" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Seuerus" title="Septimius Seuerus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Septimius Seuerus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimijs_Severs" title="Septimijs Severs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Septimijs Severs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimijus_Severas" title="Septimijus Severas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Septimijus Severas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Septimius Severus római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Septimius Severus római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Септимиј Север – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Септимиј Север" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimio_Severo" title="Septimio Severo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Septimio Severo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="സെപ്റ്റിമിയസ് സെവെറസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെപ്റ്റിമിയസ് സെവെറസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="सेप्टिमियस सेव्हेरस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सेप्टिमियस सेव्हेरस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სეპტიმიუს სევერუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სეპტიმიუს სევერუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سيبتيموس سيفيروس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيبتيموس سيفيروس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لوسیوس سپتیموس سویروس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لوسیوس سپتیموس سویروس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%9F%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="セプティミウス・セウェルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セプティミウス・セウェルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimi_Sever" title="Septimi Sever – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Septimi Sever" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9tim_Sever" title="Sétim Sever – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Sétim Sever" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septymiusz_Sewer" title="Septymiusz Sewer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Septymiusz Sewer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sept%C3%ADmio_Severo" title="Septímio Severo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Septímio Severo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Септимий Север – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Септимий Север" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septim_Severi" title="Septim Severi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Septim Severi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Settimiu_Severu" title="Settimiu Severu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Settimiu Severu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A" title="සෙප්ටිමියස් සෙවේරුස් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෙප්ටිමියස් සෙවේරුස්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimij_Sever" title="Septimij Sever – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Septimij Sever" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Септимије Север – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Септимије Север" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimije_Sever" title="Septimije Sever – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Septimije Sever" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimio_Severo" title="Septimio Severo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Septimio Severo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิแซ็ปติมิอุส แซเวรุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิแซ็ปติมิอุส แซเวรุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Септимій Север – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Септимій Север" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3" title="سیپتیموس سویروس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سیپتیموس سویروس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%99%AE%E8%92%82%E7%B1%B3%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E7%BB%B4%E9%B2%81" title="塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Septimius Severus" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%B6%AD%E9%AD%AF" title="塞維魯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="塞維魯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from 193 to 211</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Septimius Severus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_busto-Musei_Capitolini.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White bust of bearded man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Septimius_Severus_busto-Musei_Capitolini.jpg/220px-Septimius_Severus_busto-Musei_Capitolini.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Septimius_Severus_busto-Musei_Capitolini.jpg/330px-Septimius_Severus_busto-Musei_Capitolini.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Septimius_Severus_busto-Musei_Capitolini.jpg/440px-Septimius_Severus_busto-Musei_Capitolini.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1109" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_portraiture" title="Roman portraiture">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> and marble bust of Septimius Severus, <a href="/wiki/Musei_Capitolini" class="mw-redirect" title="Musei Capitolini">Musei Capitolini</a>, Rome</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">9 April 193 – <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">4 February 211</span><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Co-emperors</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Caracalla (198–211)</li><li>Geta (209–211)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Lucius Septimius Severus<sup id="cite_ref-Cooley_2012_495_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooley_2012_495-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />11 April 145<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Libya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 February 211 (aged 65)<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._187_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._187-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Paccia_Marciana" title="Paccia Marciana">Paccia Marciana</a> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 175</span>; died <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 186</span>)</span></li><li style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; width: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 187)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Lucius Septimius Severus Pertinax Augustus<sup id="cite_ref-Cooley_2012_495_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooley_2012_495-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(father_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (father of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Fulvia Pia</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="color:#ffffff; background:#b80049;text-align:center;">Roman imperial dynasties</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1568-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BA._196-197_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/INC-1568-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BA._196-197_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/250px-INC-1568-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BA._196-197_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/INC-1568-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BA._196-197_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-1568-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%BE%D0%BA._196-197_%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">Aureus of Septimius Severus</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <b><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Chronology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Septimius Severus</a></b></div> <div style="float:right;">193–211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap">with <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">198–211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap">with <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">209–211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></b></span></div> <div style="float:right;">211–217</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></b></span></div> <div style="float:right;">211</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus"><b>Macrinus</b></a>' usurpation</div> <div style="float:right;">217–218</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><span class="nowrap">with <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></span></div> <div style="float:right;">218</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></b></div> <div style="float:right;">218–222</div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <div style="float:left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></b></div> <div style="float:right;">222–235</div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Dynasty</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Severan dynasty family tree">Severan dynasty family tree</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <a href="/wiki/Category:Severan_dynasty" title="Category:Severan dynasty">All biographies</a><br /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="color:#000000; background:#E5E4E2; font-size: 110%;text-align:center;"> Succession</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;"> <table style="width:100%"><tbody><tr> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Preceded by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five<br />Emperors</a></td> <td style="width:50%;text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><i>Followed by</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third<br />Century</a></td> </tr></tbody></table></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Severan_dynasty" title="Template:Severan dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Severan_dynasty" title="Template talk:Severan dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Severan_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Severan dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lucius Septimius Severus</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ˈɫuːkiʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>sɛpˈtɪmiʊs<span class="wrap"> </span>sɛˈweːrʊs]</a></span>; 11 April 145 – 4 February 211) was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 193 to 211. He was born in <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Al-Khums" title="Al-Khums">Al-Khums</a>, Libya) in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_province_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman province of Africa">Roman province of Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a young man he advanced through <a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">the customary succession of offices</a> under the reigns of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a>. Severus was the final contender to seize power after the death of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> in 193 during the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five Emperors</a>. </p><p>After deposing and killing the incumbent emperor <a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a>, Severus fought his rival claimants, the Roman generals <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a>. Niger was defeated in 194 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus_(194)" title="Battle of Issus (194)">Battle of Issus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia_(Roman_province)" title="Cilicia (Roman province)">Cilicia</a>. Later that year Severus waged a short punitive campaign beyond the eastern frontier, annexing the <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Kingdom of Osroene</a> as a new province. Severus defeated Albinus three years later at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugdunum" title="Battle of Lugdunum">Battle of Lugdunum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>. Following the consolidation of his rule over the western provinces, Severus waged another brief, more successful war in the east against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, sacking their capital <a href="/wiki/Ctesiphon" title="Ctesiphon">Ctesiphon</a> in 197 and expanding the eastern frontier to the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>. He then enlarged and fortified the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">Limes Arabicus</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia Petraea</a>. In 202, he campaigned in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a>, capturing their capital <a href="/wiki/Germa" title="Germa">Garama</a>, and expanding the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Tripolitanus" title="Limes Tripolitanus">Limes Tripolitanus</a></i> along the southern desert frontier of the empire. </p><p>With his second wife, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>, Severus had two sons; the elder, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, was proclaimed <i><a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">Augustus</a></i>, or co-emperor, in 198, and the younger, <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a>, in 209. Severus travelled to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain</a> in 208, strengthening <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> and reoccupying the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>. In 209 he invaded <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a>) with an army of 50,000 men<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but his ambitions were cut short when he died of an infectious disease in early 211 at <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>). His sons, advised by Julia Domna, succeeded him, thus founding the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a>. It was the last dynasty of the Roman Empire before the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_and_education">Family and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born on 11 April 145 at <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a> (in present-day Libya) as the son of <a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(father_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (father of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Pia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulvia Pia">Fulvia Pia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Septimius Severus came from a wealthy and distinguished family of <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian</a> rank. On his mother's side, he descended from Roman immigrants (the Fulvii) who had intermarried with locals of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Libyan</a> origin. His father, Publius Septimius Geta, hailed from a family of <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Libyan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Punic_people" title="Punic people">Punic</a> origin. Severus had thus <a href="/wiki/Italia_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italia (Roman Empire)">Italic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punic" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic">Punic</a> ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_pp._212–213_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_pp._212–213-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was described as "<a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libyan</a> by race", by the Roman historian and senator <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to his family background he is considered the first provincial emperor, as he was the first emperor not only born in the provinces but also into a provincial family of non-Italian origin.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus' father, an obscure provincial, held no major political status, but he had two cousins, Publius Septimius Aper and Gaius Septimius Severus, who served as consuls under the emperor <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–161</span>. His mother's ancestors had moved from Italy to North Africa; they belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Fulvia_gens" title="Fulvia gens"><i>gens</i> Fulvia</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Italy_(Roman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy (Roman Empire)">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician family</a> that originated in <a href="/wiki/Tusculum" title="Tusculum">Tusculum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Septimius Severus had two siblings: an elder brother, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(brother_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (brother of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a>; and a younger sister, Septimia Octavilla. Severus' maternal cousin was the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> and consul <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fulvius_Plautianus" title="Gaius Fulvius Plautianus">Gaius Fulvius Plautianus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_pp._216–217_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_pp._216–217-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Septimius Severus grew up in Leptis Magna. He spoke the local <a href="/wiki/Punic_language" title="Punic language">Punic language</a> fluently, but he was also educated in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and Greek, which he spoke with a slight accent. Little else is known of the young Severus' education but, according to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, the boy had been eager for more education than he actually received. Presumably, Severus received lessons in <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">oratory</a>: at the age of 17, he gave his first public speech.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_service">Public service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Public service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett,_Berlin_-_5479502.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Septimius_Severus_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5479502.jpg/500px-Septimius_Severus_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5479502.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Septimius_Severus_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5479502.jpg/960px-Septimius_Severus_-_M%C3%BCnzkabinett%2C_Berlin_-_5479502.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1009" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Dynastic <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> of Septimius Severus, minted in 202. The reverse feature the portraits of <a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a> (right), <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (centre) and <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> (left).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inscription: SEVER[US] P[IUS] AVG[USTUS] P[ONTIFEX] M[AXIMUS], TR[IBUNUS] P[LEBIS] X, CO[N]S[UL] III / FELICITAS SAECVLI.</figcaption></figure> <p>Severus sought a public career in <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in around 162. At the recommendation of his relative Gaius Septimius Severus, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180</span>) granted him entry into the senatorial ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Membership in the senatorial order was a prerequisite to attain positions within the <i><a href="/wiki/Cursus_honorum" title="Cursus honorum">cursus honorum</a></i> and to gain entry into the Roman Senate. Nevertheless, it appears that Severus' career during the 160s met with some difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-birley-40_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley-40-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is likely that he served as a <i><a href="/wiki/Vigintisexviri" title="Vigintisexviri">vigintivir</a></i> in Rome, overseeing road maintenance in or near the city, and he may have appeared in court as an advocate.<sup id="cite_ref-birley-40_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley-40-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of Marcus Aurelius, he was the State Attorney (<i>Advocatus fisci</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he omitted the <a href="/wiki/Military_tribune" title="Military tribune">military tribunate</a> from the <i>cursus honorum</i> and had to delay his <a href="/wiki/Quaestor" title="Quaestor">quaestorship</a> until he had reached the required minimum age of 25.<sup id="cite_ref-birley-40_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley-40-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To make matters worse, the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a> swept through the capital in 166.<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._45_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._45-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With his career at a halt, Severus decided to temporarily return to Leptis, where the climate was healthier.<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._45_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._45-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i>, a usually unreliable source, he was prosecuted for <a href="/wiki/Adultery" title="Adultery">adultery</a> during this time but the case was ultimately dismissed. At the end of 169, Severus was of the required age to become a quaestor and journeyed back to Rome. On 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>December, he took office and was officially enrolled in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 170 and 180 his activities went largely unrecorded, in spite of the fact that he occupied an impressive number of posts in quick succession. The Antonine Plague had thinned the senatorial ranks and, with capable men now in short supply, Severus' career advanced more steadily than it otherwise might have.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sudden death of his father necessitated another return to Leptis Magna to settle family affairs. Before he was able to leave Africa, <a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a> tribesmen invaded southern Spain. Control of the province was handed over to the emperor, while the Senate gained temporary control of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Senatorial province">as compensation</a>. Thus, Septimius Severus spent the remainder of his second term as quaestor on the island of Sardinia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 173, Severus' cousin Gaius Septimius Severus was appointed <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsul</a> of the province of <a href="/wiki/Africa_Proconsularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa Proconsularis">Africa Proconsularis</a> and chose Severus as one of his two <i><a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legati pro praetore</a></i>, a senior military appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the end of this term, Septimius Severus returned to Rome, taking up office as <a href="/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs" title="Tribune of the plebs">tribune of the plebs</a>, a senior legislative position, with the distinction of being the <i>candidatus</i> of the emperor.<sup id="cite_ref-birley-52_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley-52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carole_Raddato_(13543792233).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carole_Raddato_%2813543792233%29.jpg/220px-Carole_Raddato_%2813543792233%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carole_Raddato_%2813543792233%29.jpg/330px-Carole_Raddato_%2813543792233%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carole_Raddato_%2813543792233%29.jpg/440px-Carole_Raddato_%2813543792233%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Severan_Tondo" title="Severan Tondo">Severan Tondo</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 199</span>, Severus, Julia Domna, Caracalla and Geta, whose face is erased (<a href="/wiki/Antikensammlung_Berlin" title="Antikensammlung Berlin">Antikensammlung Berlin</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>About 175, Septimius Severus, in his early thirties at the time, contracted his first marriage, to <a href="/wiki/Paccia_Marciana" title="Paccia Marciana">Paccia Marciana</a>, a woman from Leptis Magna.<sup id="cite_ref-birley_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He probably met her during his tenure as <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legate</a> under his uncle. Marciana's name suggests Punic or Libyan origin, but nothing else is known of her. Septimius Severus does not mention her in his autobiography, though he commemorated her with statues when he became emperor. The unreliable <i>Historia Augusta</i> claims that Marciana and Severus had two daughters, but no other attestation of them has survived. It appears that the marriage produced no surviving children, despite lasting for more than ten years.<sup id="cite_ref-birley-52_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley-52-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Marciana died of natural causes around 186.<sup id="cite_ref-birley-75_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley-75-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Septimius Severus, now in his forties, childless and eager to remarry, began enquiring into the horoscopes of prospective brides. The <i>Historia Augusta</i> relates that he heard of a woman in Syria of whom it had been foretold that she would marry a king, and so Severus sought her as his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-birley_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This woman was an Emesene <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syrian</a> named <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>. Her father, <a href="/wiki/Julius_Bassianus" title="Julius Bassianus">Julius Bassianus</a>, descended from the Arab <a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene dynasty</a> and served as a <a href="/wiki/High_priest" title="High priest">high priest</a> to the local cult of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-birley-72_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley-72-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Domna's older sister, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a>, would become the grandmother of the future emperors <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dio-history-lxxix-30_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dio-history-lxxix-30-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bassianus accepted Severus' marriage proposal in early 187, and in the summer the couple married in <a href="/wiki/Lugdunum" title="Lugdunum">Lugdunum</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a>, France), of which Severus was the governor.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The marriage proved happy, and Severus cherished Julia and her political opinions. Julia built "the most splendid reputation" by applying herself to letters and philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two sons, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Septimius_Bassianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Septimius Bassianus">Lucius Septimius Bassianus</a> (later nicknamed Caracalla, born 4<span class="nowrap"> </span>April 188 in Lugdunum) and <a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Publius Septimius Geta</a> (born 7<span class="nowrap"> </span>March 189 in Rome).<sup id="cite_ref-birley-76-77_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birley-76-77-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1275594942">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output 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.mod-gallery img[alt*="\200b \200b \200b "]{filter:invert(1)hue-rotate(180deg)}}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/250px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg/330px-Septimius_Severus_Glyptothek_Munich_357.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="2409" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Domna_Glyptothek_Munich_354.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Julia_Domna_Glyptothek_Munich_354.jpg/250px-Julia_Domna_Glyptothek_Munich_354.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Julia_Domna_Glyptothek_Munich_354.jpg/330px-Julia_Domna_Glyptothek_Munich_354.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1612" data-file-height="2205" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul></div></div><div class="footer"><div>Busts of Septimius Severus (left) and Julia Domna (right), <a href="/wiki/Munich_Glyptotek" class="mw-redirect" title="Munich Glyptotek">Munich Glyptotek</a></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0205_Altes_Museum_Septimius_Severus_anagoria.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/0205_Altes_Museum_Septimius_Severus_anagoria.JPG/170px-0205_Altes_Museum_Septimius_Severus_anagoria.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/0205_Altes_Museum_Septimius_Severus_anagoria.JPG/255px-0205_Altes_Museum_Septimius_Severus_anagoria.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/0205_Altes_Museum_Septimius_Severus_anagoria.JPG/340px-0205_Altes_Museum_Septimius_Severus_anagoria.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_sculpture" title="Roman sculpture">Roman marble bust</a> of Septimius Severus, early 3rd century AD, <a href="/wiki/Altes_Museum" title="Altes Museum">Altes Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 191, on the advice of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Aemilius_Laetus" title="Quintus Aemilius Laetus">Quintus Aemilius Laetus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">prefect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">emperor Commodus</a> appointed Severus as governor of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At around this time he is described by the classicist <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Harper" title="Kyle Harper">Kyle Harper</a> as being "a middling senator of modest physical stature and unexceptional accomplishment".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2017123_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2017123-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commodus was assassinated the following year. <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> was acclaimed emperor, but he was then killed by the Praetorian Guard in early 193.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199440–41_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199440–41-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to the murder of Pertinax, Severus' legion <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIV_Gemina" title="Legio XIV Gemina"><i>XIV Gemina</i></a> acclaimed him emperor at <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a> on 9 April.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley199997_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley199997-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199440–41_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199440–41-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearby legions, such as <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina"><i>X Gemina</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a>, soon followed suit. Having assembled an army, Severus hurried to Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199440–41_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199440–41-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pertinax's successor in Rome, <a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a>, had bought the emperorship in an auction. Julianus was condemned to death by the Senate and killed.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus took possession of Rome without opposition. He executed Pertinax's murderers and dismissed the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, filling its ranks with loyal troops from his own legions.<sup id="cite_ref-Dio75_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dio75-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._113_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._113-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The legions of <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> had proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> emperor. At the same time Severus felt it reasonable to offer <a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a>, the powerful governor of <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a>, who had probably supported Didius against him, the rank of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">Caesar</a>, which implied some claim to the succession. With his rear safe, he moved to the East and crushed Niger's forces at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Issus_(194)" title="Battle of Issus (194)">Battle of Issus</a> (194).<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._113_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._113-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While campaigning against <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>, he ordered that the tomb of his <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">fellow-Carthaginian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hannibal" title="Hannibal">Hannibal</a> be covered with fine marble.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He devoted the following year to suppressing <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> vassals who had backed Niger. Afterwards, Severus declared his son <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> as his successor, which caused Albinus to be hailed emperor by his troops and to invade Gaul. After a short stay in Rome, Severus moved north to meet him. On 19<span class="nowrap"> </span>February 197 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lugdunum" title="Battle of Lugdunum">Battle of Lugdunum</a>, with an army of about 75,000 men, mostly composed of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacian</a> legions and a large number of auxiliaries, Severus defeated and killed Clodius Albinus, securing his full control over the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon returning to Rome, Septimus had 29 senators executed for treason over their support of Albinus, despite having previously taken an oath promising not to put any senators to death (a customary oath for emperors).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperor">Emperor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Emperor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20130518_Septimius_Severus_Archeological_Museum_Komotini_Thrace_Greece.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20130518_Septimius_Severus_Archeological_Museum_Komotini_Thrace_Greece.jpg/170px-20130518_Septimius_Severus_Archeological_Museum_Komotini_Thrace_Greece.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20130518_Septimius_Severus_Archeological_Museum_Komotini_Thrace_Greece.jpg/255px-20130518_Septimius_Severus_Archeological_Museum_Komotini_Thrace_Greece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/20130518_Septimius_Severus_Archeological_Museum_Komotini_Thrace_Greece.jpg/340px-20130518_Septimius_Severus_Archeological_Museum_Komotini_Thrace_Greece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2668" data-file-height="4010" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bust_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Golden Bust of Septimius Severus">Golden Bust of Septimius Severus</a> found in 1965 at <a href="/wiki/Didymoteicho" title="Didymoteicho">Didymoteicho</a> in Northern <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, now at the <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Museum_of_Komotini" title="Archaeological Museum of Komotini">Archaeological Museum of Komotini</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_against_Parthia">War against Parthia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: War against Parthia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_Wars" title="Roman–Parthian Wars">Roman–Parthian Wars</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Severus210AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Severus210AD.png/330px-Severus210AD.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Severus210AD.png/500px-Severus210AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Severus210AD.png/520px-Severus210AD.png 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire in 210 after the conquests of Severus, showing Roman territory (purple) and Roman dependencies (light purple)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aureus_Septimius_Severus-193-leg_XIIII_GMV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aureus_Septimius_Severus-193-leg_XIIII_GMV.jpg/300px-Aureus_Septimius_Severus-193-leg_XIIII_GMV.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Aureus_Septimius_Severus-193-leg_XIIII_GMV.jpg/450px-Aureus_Septimius_Severus-193-leg_XIIII_GMV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Aureus_Septimius_Severus-193-leg_XIIII_GMV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> minted in 193 by Septimius Severus to celebrate <a href="/wiki/Legio_XIV_Gemina" title="Legio XIV Gemina">XIIII <i>Gemina Martia Victrix</i></a>, the legion that proclaimed him emperor. Inscription: IMP. CAE. L. SEP. SEV. PERT[INAX] AVG. / LEG. XIIII CEM. M. V. – TR. P., CO[N]S.</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 197 Severus left Rome and sailed to the east. He embarked at <a href="/wiki/Brundisium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brundisium">Brundisium</a> and probably landed at the port of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yumurtal%C4%B1k" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Yumurtalık">Aegeae</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> travelling on to <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> by land. He immediately gathered his army and crossed the <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abgar_IX" title="Abgar IX">Abgar IX</a>, titular King of <a href="/wiki/Osroene" title="Osroene">Osroene</a> but essentially only the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Edessa,_Mesopotamia" class="mw-redirect" title="Edessa, Mesopotamia">Edessa</a> since the annexation of his kingdom as a Roman province,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> handed over his children as hostages and assisted Severus' expedition by providing archers.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> King <a href="/wiki/Khosrov_I_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Khosrov I of Armenia">Khosrov I of Armenia</a> also sent hostages, money and gifts.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severus travelled on to <a href="/wiki/Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis">Nisibis</a>, which his general <a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Laetus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Laetus (page does not exist)">Julius Laetus</a> had prevented from falling into <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> hands. Afterwards Severus returned to Syria to plan a more ambitious campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following year he led another, more successful campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, reportedly in retaliation for the support it had given to <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a>. His legions sacked the Parthian royal city of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ctesiphon_(198)" title="Battle of Ctesiphon (198)">Ctesiphon</a> and he annexed the northern half of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> to the empire;<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._153_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._153-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus took the title <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Parthicus Maximus</i></span></i>, following the example of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, he was unable to capture the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Hatra" title="Hatra">Hatra</a>, even after two lengthy sieges—just like Trajan, who had tried nearly a century before. During his time in the east, though, Severus also expanded the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">Limes Arabicus</a></i>, building new fortifications in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a> from <a href="/wiki/Qasr_Azraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasr Azraq">Basie</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dumat_Al-Jandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumat Al-Jandal">Dumatha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._134_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._134-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_the_Senate_and_People">Relations with the Senate and People</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relations with the Senate and People"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Severus' relations with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> were never good. He was unpopular with them from the outset, having seized power with the help of the military, and he returned the sentiment. Severus ordered the execution of a large number of Senators on charges of corruption or <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a> against him and replaced them with his favourites. Although his actions turned Rome more into a military dictatorship, he was popular with the citizens of Rome, having stamped out the rampant corruption of Commodus' reign. When he returned from his victory over the Parthians, he erected the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">Arch of Septimius Severus</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Cassius Dio,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, after 197 Severus fell heavily under the influence of his Praetorian prefect, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Fulvius_Plautianus" title="Gaius Fulvius Plautianus">Gaius Fulvius Plautianus</a>, who came to have almost total control of the imperial administration. At the same time, a bloody power crisis erupted between Plautianus and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>, Severus' influential and powerful wife, which had a relatively destructive effect on the centre of power. Plautianus' daughter <a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a> was married to Severus' son Caracalla. Plautianus' excessive power came to an end in 204, when he was denounced by the emperor's dying brother. In January 205 Julia Domna and <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> accused Plautianus of plotting to kill him and Severus. The powerful prefect was executed while he was trying to defend his case in front of the two emperors.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the two following <i>praefecti</i> was the famous jurist <a href="/wiki/Papinian" title="Papinian">Papinian</a>. Executions of senators did not stop: Cassius Dio records that many of them were put to death, some after being formally tried. After the assassination of Gaius Fulvius Plautianus in the rest of his reign, he relied more on the advice of his clever and educated wife, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>, in the administration of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_reforms">Military reforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Military reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_head_of_Septimius_Severus,_from_Asia_Minor,_c._195-211_AD,_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek,_Copenhagen_(13648215765).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bronze_head_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_from_Asia_Minor%2C_c._195-211_AD%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2813648215765%29.jpg/220px-Bronze_head_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_from_Asia_Minor%2C_c._195-211_AD%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2813648215765%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bronze_head_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_from_Asia_Minor%2C_c._195-211_AD%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2813648215765%29.jpg/330px-Bronze_head_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_from_Asia_Minor%2C_c._195-211_AD%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2813648215765%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bronze_head_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_from_Asia_Minor%2C_c._195-211_AD%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2813648215765%29.jpg/440px-Bronze_head_of_Septimius_Severus%2C_from_Asia_Minor%2C_c._195-211_AD%2C_Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek%2C_Copenhagen_%2813648215765%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3034" data-file-height="4750" /></a><figcaption>Bronze head of Septimius Severus, from Asia Minor, c. 195–211 AD, <a href="/wiki/Ny_Carlsberg_Glyptotek" title="Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek">Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek</a>, Copenhagen. Inscription: IMP. CAE. L. SEP. SEV. PERT. AVG. / LEG. XIIII, CEM M V – TRP COS.</figcaption></figure> <p>Upon his arrival at Rome in 193, Severus discharged the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Dio75_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dio75-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which had murdered Pertinax and had then auctioned the Roman Empire to Didius Julianus. Its members were stripped of their ceremonial armour and forbidden to come within 160 kilometres (99 mi) of the city on pain of death.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus replaced the old guard with 10 new cohorts recruited from veterans of his Danubian legions.<sup id="cite_ref-Adkins_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 197 he increased the number of legions from 30 to 33, with the introduction of the three new legions: I, II and III <i>Parthica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He garrisoned <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Parthica" title="Legio II Parthica">Legio II Parthica</a> at <a href="/wiki/Albano_Laziale" title="Albano Laziale">Albanum</a>, only 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-Adkins_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adkins-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He gave his soldiers a <a href="/wiki/Donativum" title="Donativum">donative</a> of a thousand <i><a href="/wiki/Sestertius" title="Sestertius">sesterces</a></i> (250 <i><a href="/wiki/Denarii" class="mw-redirect" title="Denarii">denarii</a></i>) each,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and raised the annual wage for a soldier in the legions from 300 to 400 <i>denarii</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severus was the first Roman emperor to station some of the imperial army in Italy. He realized that Rome needed a military central reserve with the capability to be sent anywhere.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persecution_of_Christians">Persecution of Christians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Persecution of Christians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of Severus' reign, <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>'s policy toward the Christians was still in force. That is, Christians were only to be punished if they refused to worship the emperor and the gods, but they were not to be sought out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález201097_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201097-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, persecution was inconsistent, local and sporadic. Faced with internal dissidence and external threats, Severus felt the need to promote religious harmony by promoting <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález201097–98_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201097–98-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He possibly issued an edict<sup id="cite_ref-HA_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that punished conversion to Judaism and Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007182–183_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007182–183-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of persecutions of Christians occurred in the Roman Empire during his reign and were traditionally attributed to Severus by the early Christian community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007182_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007182-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A decree by Severus against the Christians is mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-HA_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an unreliable mix of fact and fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007184_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007184-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early church historian <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> described Severus as a persecutor.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_apologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian apologist">Christian apologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> stated that Severus was well disposed towards Christians,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> employed a Christian as his personal physician and had personally intervened to save several high-born Christians known to him from the mob.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007184_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007184-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars think that Eusebius' description of Severus as a persecutor likely derives merely from the fact that numerous persecutions occurred during his reign, including those known in the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Martyrology" title="Roman Martyrology">Roman Martyrology</a></i> as the martyrs of <a href="/wiki/Madauros" title="Madauros">Madauros</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charalambos" title="Charalambos">Charalambos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetua_and_Felicity" title="Perpetua and Felicity">Perpetua and Felicity</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Roman-ruled Africa</a>. These were probably the result of local persecutions rather than empire-wide actions or decrees by Severus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007185_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007185-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_activity_in_Africa">Military activity in Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Military activity in Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In late 202 Severus launched a campaign in the province of Africa. The <i><a href="/wiki/Legatus_legionis" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus legionis">legatus legionis</a></i> or commander of <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Augusta" title="Legio III Augusta">Legio III Augusta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Anicius_Faustus" title="Quintus Anicius Faustus">Quintus Anicius Faustus</a>, had been fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a> along the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Tripolitanus" title="Limes Tripolitanus">Limes Tripolitanus</a></i> for five years. He captured several settlements such as <a href="/wiki/Ghadames" title="Ghadames">Cydamus</a>, Gholaia, Garbia and their capital <a href="/wiki/Germa" title="Germa">Garama</a>—over 600 kilometres (370 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> was also enlarged: the empire annexed the settlements of <a href="/wiki/Biskra" title="Biskra">Vescera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messaad" class="mw-redirect" title="Messaad">Castellum Dimmidi</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%27Lili" title="M'Lili">Gemellae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thabudeos" class="mw-redirect" title="Thabudeos">Thabudeos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tubunae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tubunae">Thubunae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 203 the entire southern frontier of Roman Africa had been dramatically expanded and re-fortified. Desert nomads could no longer safely raid the region's interior and escape back into the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._153_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._153-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Septimius_Severus%27_African_conquests1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Septimius_Severus%27_African_conquests1.jpg/450px-Septimius_Severus%27_African_conquests1.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Septimius_Severus%27_African_conquests1.jpg/675px-Septimius_Severus%27_African_conquests1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Septimius_Severus%27_African_conquests1.jpg/900px-Septimius_Severus%27_African_conquests1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="919" /></a><figcaption>The expansion of the African frontier during the reign of Severus (medium tan). Severus even briefly held a military presence in Garama in 203 (light tan).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_invasion_of_Caledonia_(208%E2%80%93210)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–210)">Roman invasion of Caledonia (208–210)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg/250px-Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg/330px-Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg/500px-Kushan_ring_with_Septimus_Severus_and_Julia_Domna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kushan_Empire" title="Kushan Empire">Kushan</a> ring with portraits of Septimius Severus and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>, a testimony to <a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_relations" title="Indo-Roman relations">Indo-Roman relations</a> of the period</figcaption></figure> <p>In 208 Severus travelled to Britain with the intention of conquering <a href="/wiki/Caledonia" title="Caledonia">Caledonia</a>. Modern archaeological discoveries illuminate the scope and direction of his northern campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999_180_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999_180-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus probably arrived in Britain with an army of over 40,000, considering some of the camps constructed during his campaign could house this number.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He strengthened <a href="/wiki/Hadrian%27s_Wall" title="Hadrian's Wall">Hadrian's Wall</a> and reconquered the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Uplands" title="Southern Uplands">Southern Uplands</a> up to the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Wall" title="Antonine Wall">Antonine Wall</a>, which was also enhanced. Supported and supplied by a strong naval force,<sup id="cite_ref-Scotland_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotland-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus then thrust north with his army across the wall into Caledonian territory. Retracing the steps of <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Agricola</a> of over a century before, Severus rebuilt and garrisoned many abandoned Roman forts along the east coast, such as <a href="/wiki/Carpow_Roman_Fort" title="Carpow Roman Fort">Carpow</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>'s account of the invasion reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Severus, accordingly, desiring to subjugate the whole of it, invaded Caledonia. But as he advanced through the country he experienced countless hardships in cutting down the forests, levelling the heights, filling up the swamps, and bridging the rivers; but he fought no battle and beheld no enemy in battle array. The enemy purposely put sheep and cattle in front of the soldiers for them to seize, in order that they might be lured on still further until they were worn out; for in fact, the water caused great suffering to the Romans, and when they became scattered, they would be attacked. Then, unable to walk, they would be slain by their own men, in order to avoid capture, so that a full fifty thousand died. But Severus did not desist until he approached the extremity of the island. Here he observed most accurately the variation of the sun's motion and the length of the days and the nights in summer and winter, respectively. Having thus been conveyed through practically the whole of the hostile country (for he actually was conveyed in a covered litter most of the way, on account of his infirmity), he returned to the friendly portion, after he had forced the Britons to come to terms, on the condition that they should abandon a large part of their territory.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>By 210 Severus' campaigning had made significant gains, despite Caledonian guerrilla tactics and purportedly heavy Roman casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caledonians sued for peace, which Severus granted on condition they relinquish control of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Lowlands" title="Central Lowlands">Central Lowlands</a> (of what is now Scotland)<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999_180_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999_180-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as evidenced by the extensive Severan-era fortifications there.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caledonians, short on supplies and feeling that their position was desperate, revolted later that year with the <a href="/wiki/Maeatae" title="Maeatae">Maeatae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus prepared for another protracted campaign within Caledonia. He was now intent on exterminating the Caledonians, telling his soldiers: "Let no-one escape sheer destruction, no-one our hands, not even the babe in the womb of the mother, if it be male; let it nevertheless not escape sheer destruction."<sup id="cite_ref-Scotland_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scotland-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Severus' campaign was cut short when he fell ill.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York, England</a>) and died there in 211.<sup id="cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._187_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._187-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although his son Caracalla continued campaigning the following year, he soon settled for peace. The Romans never campaigned deep into Caledonia again. Shortly after this, the frontier was permanently withdrawn south to Hadrian's Wall.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severus is famously said to have given the advice to his sons: "Be harmonious, enrich the soldiers, scorn all others" before he died on 4 February 211.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his death, Severus was <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">deified</a> by the Senate and succeeded by his sons, <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Geta</a>, who were advised by his wife <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Castel_Sant%27Angelo" title="Castel Sant'Angelo">Mausoleum of Hadrian</a> in Rome. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Larger_than_life-size_bronze_statue_of_Septimius_Severus_depicted_in_heroic_nudity,_discovered_by_chance_in_1928_near_the_village_of_Kythrea_in_Cyprus,_Cyprus_Museum,_Nicosia_(22275287879).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Large bronze statue of Septimius Severus depicted in heroic nudity, Cyprus Museum."><img alt="Large bronze statue of Septimius Severus depicted in heroic nudity, Cyprus Museum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Larger_than_life-size_bronze_statue_of_Septimius_Severus_depicted_in_heroic_nudity%2C_discovered_by_chance_in_1928_near_the_village_of_Kythrea_in_Cyprus%2C_Cyprus_Museum%2C_Nicosia_%2822275287879%29.jpg/200px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Larger_than_life-size_bronze_statue_of_Septimius_Severus_depicted_in_heroic_nudity%2C_discovered_by_chance_in_1928_near_the_village_of_Kythrea_in_Cyprus%2C_Cyprus_Museum%2C_Nicosia_%2822275287879%29.jpg/300px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Larger_than_life-size_bronze_statue_of_Septimius_Severus_depicted_in_heroic_nudity%2C_discovered_by_chance_in_1928_near_the_village_of_Kythrea_in_Cyprus%2C_Cyprus_Museum%2C_Nicosia_%2822275287879%29.jpg/400px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Large bronze statue of Septimius Severus depicted in heroic nudity, <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Museum" title="Cyprus Museum">Cyprus Museum</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Septimius Severus on his deathbed next to his son Caracalla by Jean-Baptiste Greuze (c. 1769)."><img alt="Septimius Severus on his deathbed next to his son Caracalla by Jean-Baptiste Greuze (c. 1769)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg/250px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg/330px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg/500px-Jean-Baptiste_Greuze_-_Septimius_Severus_and_Caracalla_-_WGA10673.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Septimius Severus on his deathbed next to his son Caracalla by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Greuze" title="Jean-Baptiste Greuze">Jean-Baptiste Greuze</a> (c. 1769).</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_and_legacy">Assessment and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Assessment and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg/250px-Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg/330px-Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg/500px-Leptis_Magna_Arch_of_Septimius_Severus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus_(Leptis_Magna)" title="Arch of Septimius Severus (Leptis Magna)">Arch of Septimius Severus at Leptis Magna</a></figcaption></figure> <p>By the close of his reign the Roman Empire reached an extent of over 5 million square kilometres, which scholars like <a href="/wiki/David_L._Kennedy" title="David L. Kennedy">David L. Kennedy</a>, Lukas De Blois, and Derrick Riley state expanded the empire to its greatest physical extent.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spek_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spek-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JBCampbell_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JBCampbell-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> famously levelled a harsh indictment of Septimius Severus as a principal agent in the empire's decline. "The contemporaries of Severus, in the enjoyment of the peace and glory of his reign, forgave the cruelties by which it had been introduced. Posterity, who experienced the fatal effects of his maxims and example, justly considered him as the principal author of the decline of the Roman empire." According to Gibbon, "his daring ambition [...] was never diverted from its steady course by the allurements of pleasure, the apprehension of danger, or the feelings of humanity."<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His enlargement of the <a href="/wiki/Limes_Tripolitanus" title="Limes Tripolitanus">Limes Tripolitanus</a> secured <a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa</a>, the agricultural base of the empire where he was born.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His victory over the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> was for a time decisive, securing <a href="/wiki/Nisibis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nisibis">Nisibis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singara" title="Singara">Singara</a> for the empire and establishing a <i>status quo</i> of Roman dominance in the region until 251.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His policy of an expanded and better-rewarded army was criticised by his contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herodianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodianus">Herodianus</a>: in particular, they pointed out the increasing burden, in the form of taxes and services, the civilian population had to bear to maintain the new and better-paid army.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The large and ongoing increase in military expenditure caused problems for all of his successors.<sup id="cite_ref-spek_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spek-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To maintain his enlarged military, he debased the <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman currency</a>. Upon his accession he decreased the silver purity of the <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> from 81.5% to 78.5%, although the silver weight actually increased, rising from 2.40 grams to 2.46 grams. Nevertheless, the following year he debased the denarius again because of rising military expenditures. The silver purity decreased from 78.5% to 64.5%—the silver weight dropping from 2.46 grams to 1.98 grams. In 196 he reduced the purity and silver weight of the denarius again, to 54% and 1.82 grams, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severus' currency <a href="/wiki/Debasement" title="Debasement">debasement</a> was the largest since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, compromising the long-term strength of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Severus was also distinguished for his buildings. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus" title="Arch of Septimius Severus">triumphal arch</a> in the Roman Forum carrying his full name, he also built the <a href="/wiki/Septizodium" title="Septizodium">Septizodium</a> in Rome. He enriched his native city of <a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a>, including commissioning <a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Septimius_Severus_(Leptis_Magna)" title="Arch of Septimius Severus (Leptis Magna)">a triumphal arch</a> on the occasion of his visit of 203.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png/330px-Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png/500px-Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png/960px-Roman_Empire_with_provinces_in_210_AD.png 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="1414" /></a><figcaption>The Provinces of the Roman Empire in 210 AD</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Severan_dynasty_family_tree">Severan dynasty family tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Severan dynasty family tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Template:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Template talk:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Severan family tree</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <div class="center"> <table style="border-spacing: 0px; border-collapse: separate; margin: 0 auto;"> <tbody><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimius Macer</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Gaius Claudius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fulvius Pius</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Lucius Septimius Severus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Publius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Gaius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fulvia Pia</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(father_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (father of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimia Polla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Bassianus" title="Julius Bassianus">Julius Bassianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimius</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(brother_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (brother of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimia Octavilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paccia_Marciana" title="Paccia Marciana">Paccia Marciana</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Septimius Severus</a><br />(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 193–211)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (2)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Avitus_Alexianus" title="Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus">Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Septimius_Severus_Aper" title="Gaius Septimius Severus Aper">Gaius Septimius Severus Aper</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a><br />(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 197–217)<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a><br />(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 209–211)<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Soaemias" title="Julia Soaemias">Julia Soaemias</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Varius_Marcellus" title="Sextus Varius Marcellus">Sextus Varius Marcellus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Avita_Mamaea" title="Julia Avita Mamaea">Julia Avita Mamaea</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Unknown<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>iv<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a> (2 and 4)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a><br />(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 218–222)<sup id="cite_ref-gibbon_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a> (3)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sallustia_Orbiana" title="Sallustia Orbiana">Sallustia Orbiana</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a><br />(<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> </span> 222–235)<sup id="cite_ref-gibbon_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gibbon-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>v<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <hr /> <ul><li>(1) = 1st spouse</li> <li>(2) = 2nd spouse</li> <li>(3) = 3rd spouse</li> <li>(4) = 4th spouse</li> <li>Dark green indicates an <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the Severan dynasty</li></ul> <p><b>Notes:</b><br /> </p> <dl><dd>Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (1999). <i>Septimius Severus: The African Emperor</i>. London: Routledge. p. i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrell2004" class="citation book cs1">Burrell, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaaClrSUtHsC&dq=caracalla%20rule%20with%20father&pg=PA216"><i>Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors</i></a>. BRILL. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7"><bdi>90-04-12578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neokoroi%3A+Greek+Cities+and+Roman+Emperors&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-12578-7&rft.aulast=Burrell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaaClrSUtHsC%26dq%3Dcaracalla%2520rule%2520with%2520father%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurrell2004" class="citation book cs1">Burrell, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaaClrSUtHsC&dq=caracalla%20rule%20with%20father&pg=PA247"><i>Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors</i></a>. BRILL. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7"><bdi>90-04-12578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neokoroi%3A+Greek+Cities+and+Roman+Emperors&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-12578-7&rft.aulast=Burrell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaaClrSUtHsC%26dq%3Dcaracalla%2520rule%2520with%2520father%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Icks, Martijn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-MDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor</i></a>. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-362-1"><bdi>978-1-84885-362-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimes+of+Elagabalus%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Rome%27s+Decadent+Boy+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-362-1&rft.aulast=Icks&rft.aufirst=Martijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_g-MDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibbon-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbonSmith1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>; Smith, William (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXMtAQAAMAAJ&dq=elagabalus%20218%20to%20222%20edward%20gibbon&pg=PA45"><i>The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Gibbon%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Smith%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXMtAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Delagabalus%2520218%2520to%2520222%2520edward%2520gibbon%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography:</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (1999). <i>Septimius Severus: The African Emperor</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415165911" title="Special:BookSources/0415165911"><bdi>0415165911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0415165911&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>; Smith, William (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXMtAQAAMAAJ&dq=elagabalus%20218%20to%20222%20edward%20gibbon&pg=PP1"><i>The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. London: Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993285639">993285639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Gibbon%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993285639&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Smith%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXMtAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Delagabalus%2520218%2520to%2520222%2520edward%2520gibbon%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_Argentariorum" title="Arcus Argentariorum">Arcus Argentariorum</a>—dedicated by the money changers of Rome to the Severan family</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulla_Felix" title="Bulla Felix">Bulla Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimia_gens" title="Septimia gens">Septimia gens</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKienast2017" class="citation book cs1">Kienast, Dietmar (2017) [1990]. "Septimius Severus (9 Apr. 193–4 Febr. 211)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rYRorgEACAAJ"><i>Römische Kaisertabelle Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie</i></a> (6th ed.). Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-534-07532-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-534-07532-4"><bdi>978-3-534-07532-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/75671165">75671165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Septimius+Severus+%289+Apr.+193%E2%80%934+Febr.+211%29&rft.btitle=R%C3%B6mische+Kaisertabelle+Grundz%C3%BCge+einer+r%C3%B6mischen+Kaiserchronologie&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E159&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F75671165&rft.isbn=978-3-534-07532-4&rft.aulast=Kienast&rft.aufirst=Dietmar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrYRorgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooley_2012_495-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cooley_2012_495_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cooley_2012_495_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooley2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_E._Cooley" title="Alison E. Cooley">Cooley, Alison E.</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VlghAwAAQBAJ"><i>The Cambridge Manual of Latin Epigraphy</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 495. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-84026-2"><bdi>978-0-521-84026-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Manual+of+Latin+Epigraphy&rft.pages=495&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-521-84026-2&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alison+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVlghAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._187-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._187_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._187_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Severus">"Severus"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Severus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FSeverus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Richard Birley, <i>Septimius Severus: the African emperor</i>, Yale University Press, 1988, pp2,18-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Craig Simpson, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/10/30/bbc-hails-roman-emperor-black-briton/mperor-black-briton/&ved=2ahUKEwi94MzAwL2KAxWQIUQIHRbzFE0QFnoECBYQAQ&usg=AOvVaw2p7wGeeFW6tR53n3cyiUwo">Roman emperor hailed as 'black Briton' – even though he wasn't black</a>", <i>Daily Telegraph</i>, 30 October 2023</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott2018" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Simon (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=och2swEACAAJ"><i>Septimius Severus in Scotland: The Northern Campaigns of the First Hammer of the Scots</i></a>. Greenhill Books. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78438-204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78438-204-9"><bdi>978-1-78438-204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus+in+Scotland%3A+The+Northern+Campaigns+of+the+First+Hammer+of+the+Scots&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78438-204-9&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doch2swEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley_1999,_pp._212–213-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_pp._212–213_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), pp. 212–213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirley2002" class="citation book cs1">Birley, Anthony R. (1 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z8iEAgAAQBAJ&dq=Septimius+Severus+libyan+by+race&pg=PA50"><i>Septimius Severus: The African Emperor</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-70745-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-70745-4"><bdi>978-1-134-70745-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-134-70745-4&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz8iEAgAAQBAJ%26dq%3DSeptimius%2BSeverus%2Blibyan%2Bby%2Brace%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/emperor-septimius-severus-dies-york">"Emperor Septimius Severus dies at York"</a>. <i>History Today</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Emperor+Septimius+Severus+dies+at+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Farchive%2Femperor-septimius-severus-dies-york&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam, Alexander, <i>Classical biography</i>,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x2UBAAAAQAAJ&q=fulvius+gens&pg=PA182">Google eBook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610001757/https://books.google.com/books?id=x2UBAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA182&dq=classical+biography+gens+fulvia+cicero+tusculum&hl=it&ei=U0ZYTseHGsmi-gbFrJSuDA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=fulvius%20gens&f=false">Archived</a> 10 June 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p.182: <i>FULVIUS, the name of a "gens" which originally came from Tusculum (Cic. Planc. 8)</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley_1999,_pp._216–217-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_pp._216–217_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), pp. 216–217.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), pp. 34–35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mattingly & Sydenham, <i>Roman Imperial Coinage, vol. IV, part I,</i> p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birley-40-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birley-40_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birley-40_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birley-40_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, <i>Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</i>, London 1870, v. 3, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._45-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._45_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._45_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birley-52-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birley-52_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birley-52_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birley-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birley_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birley_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birley-75-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birley-75_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birley-72-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birley-72_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dio-history-lxxix-30-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dio-history-lxxix-30_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/79*.html#78-30">LXXIX.30</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120526042142/http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/79*.html#78-30">Archived</a> 26 May 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), pp. 76–77; Fishwick (2005), p. 347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibbon (1831), p. 74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birley-76-77-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birley-76-77_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), pp. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBunson2002" class="citation book cs1">Bunson, Matthew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5tic2VunRoC&q=commodus%20septimius%20severus%20191&pg=PA300"><i>Encyclopedia of the Roman Empire</i></a>. Roma: Newton & Compton. p. 300. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8289-627-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-8289-627-0"><bdi>978-88-8289-627-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Roma&rft.pages=300&rft.pub=Newton+%26+Compton&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-8289-627-0&rft.aulast=Bunson&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5tic2VunRoC%26q%3Dcommodus%2520septimius%2520severus%2520191%26pg%3DPA300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarper2017123-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarper2017123_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarper2017">Harper 2017</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell199440–41-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199440–41_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199440–41_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell199440–41_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1994">Campbell 1994</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirley199997-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirley199997_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBirley1999">Birley 1999</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/74*.html">Roman History</a></i>, LXXIV.17.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dio75-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dio75_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dio75_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/75*.html">Roman History</a></i>, LXXV.1.1–2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._113-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._113_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._113_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gabriel, Richard A. <i>Hannibal: The Military Biography of Rome's Greatest Enemy</i>, Potomac Books, Inc., 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-766-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-766-1">978-1-59797-766-1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h-VlDC4Jt6gC&dq=severus+byzantium+hannibal&pg=PT265">Google books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Spartianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartianus">Spartianus</a>, <i>Severus</i> 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCollingwood1998" class="citation book cs1">Collingwood, R. G. (1998) [1936]. <i>Roman Britain and the English settlements</i>. Myres, J. N. L. (John Nowell Linton). New York, N.Y.: Biblo and Tannen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-1160-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8196-1160-4"><bdi>978-0-8196-1160-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/36750306">36750306</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Britain+and+the+English+settlements&rft.place=New+York%2C+N.Y.&rft.pub=Biblo+and+Tannen&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F36750306&rft.isbn=978-0-8196-1160-4&rft.aulast=Collingwood&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTenney1923" class="citation book cs1">Tenney, Frank (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/FRAAHR/home.html"><i>A History of Rome</i></a>. Henry Holt and Company. pp. <span class="nowrap">531–</span>532.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Rome&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E531-%3C%2Fspan%3E532&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Tenney&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FFRAAHR%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasebroek (1921), p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Life of Septimius Severus" in <i>Historia Augusta</i>, 16.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hovannisian, <i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume I: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century</i>, p. 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Prosopographia Imperii Romani</i> L 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._153-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._153_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._153_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKröger1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kröger, Jens (1993). "Ctesiphon". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ctesiphon"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. IV, Fasc. 4</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">446–</span>448.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ctesiphon&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+IV%2C+Fasc.+4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E446-%3C%2Fspan%3E448&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Kr%C3%B6ger&rft.aufirst=Jens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fctesiphon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley_1999,_p._134-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999,_p._134_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Birley (1999), p. 134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asante, Molefi Kete and Shanza Ismail, "Rediscovering the 'Lost' Roman Caesar: Septimius Severus the African and Eurocentric Historiography." <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Black_Studies" title="Journal of Black Studies">Journal of Black Studies</a></i> 40, no. 4 (March 2010): 606–618</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1951" class="citation journal cs1">Perkins, J. B. Ward (December 1951). "The Arch of Septimius Severus at Lepcis Magna". <i>Archaeology</i>. <b>4</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">226–</span>231.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Arch+of+Septimius+Severus+at+Lepcis+Magna&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E226-%3C%2Fspan%3E231&rft.date=1951-12&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=J.+B.+Ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, Book 76, Sections 14 and 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), pp. 161–162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adkins-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adkins_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adkins_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesley Adkins and Roy A. Adkins, Both Professional <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zGY1Sqjwf8kC&dq=septimius%20severus%20praetorian%20guard&pg=PA68">Handbook to Life in Ancient Rome</a></i>, p. 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Ronald Watson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PSEnmtuOh6K0C&dq=septimius%20severus%20number%20of%20legions&pg=PA23">The Roman Soldier</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://penelope.uchicago.edu/~grout/encyclopaedia_romana/miscellanea/numismatics/severus.html">"Septimius Severus: Legionary Denarius"</a>. <i>penelope.uchicago.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+Legionary+Denarius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2F~grout%2Fencyclopaedia_romana%2Fmiscellanea%2Fnumismatics%2Fseverus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth W. Harl, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yPDL0EykeAC&dq=septimius%20severus%20legion%20pay&pg=PA216">Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700, Part 700</a></i>, p. 216</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Grant (1978); <i>History of Rome</i>; p. 358; Charles Scribner's Sons; NY <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201097-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález201097_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález2010">González 2010</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGonzález201097–98-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGonzález201097–98_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGonzález2010">González 2010</a>, pp. 97–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HA-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HA_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HA_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Septimius_Severus*.html">Historia Augusta</a></i>, Septimius Severus, 17.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007182–183-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007182–183_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2007">Tabbernee 2007</a>, pp. 182–183.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007182-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007182_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2007">Tabbernee 2007</a>, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007184-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007184_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007184_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2007">Tabbernee 2007</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, <i>Historia Ecclesiastica</i>, VI.1.1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Latin)</span> <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/latin/ad_scapulam.htm">Ad Scapulam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151025174903/http://www.tertullian.org/latin/ad_scapulam.htm">Archived</a> 25 October 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, IV.5–6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007185-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETabbernee2007185_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTabbernee2007">Tabbernee 2007</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Birley_1999_180-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999_180_76-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Birley_1999_180_76-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley, (1999) p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W.S. Hanson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_109/109_140_150.pdf">"Roman campaigns north of the Forth-Clyde isthmus: the evidence of the temporary camps"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107022132/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-352-1/dissemination/pdf/vol_109/109_140_150.pdf">Archived</a> 7 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scotland-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scotland_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scotland_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith2018" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Laura (16 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/the-honest-truth-how-the-romans-came-close-but-ultimately-failed-to-conquer-scotland-under-septimius-severus/">"The Honest Truth: How the Romans came close but ultimately failed to conquer Scotland under Septimius Severus"</a>. The Sunday Post. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180521164647/https://www.sundaypost.com/fp/the-honest-truth-how-the-romans-came-close-but-ultimately-failed-to-conquer-scotland-under-septimius-severus/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Honest+Truth%3A+How+the+Romans+came+close+but+ultimately+failed+to+conquer+Scotland+under+Septimius+Severus&rft.date=2018-05-16&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sundaypost.com%2Ffp%2Fthe-honest-truth-how-the-romans-came-close-but-ultimately-failed-to-conquer-scotland-under-septimius-severus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canmore.org.uk/site/30081/carpow">"Carpow | Canmore"</a>. <i>canmore.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516015140/https://canmore.org.uk/site/30081/carpow">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=canmore.org.uk&rft.atitle=Carpow+%7C+Canmore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanmore.org.uk%2Fsite%2F30081%2Fcarpow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/77*.html">"Cassius Dio – Epitome of Book 77"</a>. Penelope.uchicago.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cassius+Dio+%E2%80%93+Epitome+of+Book+77&rft.pub=Penelope.uchicago.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FCassius_Dio%2F77%2A.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKeys2018" class="citation news cs1">Keys, David (27 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hand-of-god-ancient-roman-hadrians-wall-sculpture-bronze-found-latest-a8419131.html">"Ancient Roman 'hand of god' discovered near Hadrian's Wall sheds light on biggest combat operation ever in UK"</a>. Independent. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180707015802/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/hand-of-god-ancient-roman-hadrians-wall-sculpture-bronze-found-latest-a8419131.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ancient+Roman+%27hand+of+god%27+discovered+near+Hadrian%27s+Wall+sheds+light+on+biggest+combat+operation+ever+in+UK&rft.date=2018-06-27&rft.aulast=Keys&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fhome-news%2Fhand-of-god-ancient-roman-hadrians-wall-sculpture-bronze-found-latest-a8419131.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, Epitome of Book LXXVII.13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), pp. 180–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dio Cassius (Xiphilinus) 'Romaika' Epitome of Book LXXVI Chapter 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, Book 77, Sections 11–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Birley (1999), pp. 170–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cassius Dio, <i>Roman History</i>, Book 77, Section 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Life of Septimius Severus" in <i>Historia Augusta</i>, Section 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kennedy-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kennedy_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/David_L._Kennedy" title="David L. 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Kennedy</a>, Derrick Riley (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g1eQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13"><i>Rome's Desert Frontiers</i>, page 13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730070357/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g1eQAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA13">Archived</a> 30 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spek-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spek_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-spek_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/R.J._van_der_Spek" class="mw-redirect" title="R.J. van der Spek">R.J. van der Spek</a>, Lukas De Blois (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PDV8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272"><i>An Introduction to the Ancient World</i>, page 272</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730064823/https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PDV8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA272">Archived</a> 30 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JBCampbell-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JBCampbell_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. 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Campbell (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iznJ_d6mQagC&dq=roman+empire+%22greatest+extent%22+severus&pg=PA13"><i>Rivers and the Power of Ancient Rome</i>, page 13</a>, University of North Carolina Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMöller2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Möller, Lenelotte (2012). <i>Cassius Dio: Römische Geschichte</i> (in German). marixverlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cassius+Dio%3A+R%C3%B6mische+Geschichte&rft.pub=marixverlag&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6ller&rft.aufirst=Lenelotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFerrary2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferrary, Jean-Louis (2003). <i>Eutrope: Abrégé d'histoire romaine</i> (in French). 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Les belles lettres. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2251010182" title="Special:BookSources/978-2251010182"><bdi>978-2251010182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aur%C3%A9lius+Victor%3A+Livre+des+C%C3%A9sars&rft.pub=Les+belles+lettres&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-2251010182&rft.aulast=Dufraigne&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1776" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a> (1776). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap5.htm"><i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. London: Cadell. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/840075577">840075577</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160219010818/http://www.ccel.org/g/gibbon/decline/volume1/chap5.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Cadell&rft.date=1776&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F840075577&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fg%2Fgibbon%2Fdecline%2Fvolume1%2Fchap5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth D. Matthews, Jr., <i>Cities in the Sand</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Africa/Libya/_Texts/MATCIS/Background*.html">The Roman Background of Tripolitania</a>, 1957</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFErdkamp2011" class="citation book cs1">Erdkamp, Paul (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1D612o_X2VYC&q=septimius%20severus%20nisibis&pg=PA251"><i>A Companion to the Roman Army</i></a>. Malden (Massachusetts): Blackwell. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3921-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3921-5"><bdi>978-1-4443-3921-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Roman+Army&rft.place=Malden+%28Massachusetts%29&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3921-5&rft.aulast=Erdkamp&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1D612o_X2VYC%26q%3Dseptimius%2520severus%2520nisibis%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/75*.html"><i>Roman History</i></a> LXXV.2.3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodianus">Herodianus</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/herodian_03_book3.htm">History of the Roman Empire</a></i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091124024755/http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/herodian_03_book3.htm">Archived</a> 24 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> III.9.2–3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm">"Tulane University "Roman Currency of the Principate"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010210220413/http://www.tulane.edu/~august/handouts/601cprin.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 February 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tulane+University+%22Roman+Currency+of+the+Principate%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tulane.edu%2F~august%2Fhandouts%2F601cprin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth W. Harl, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5yPDL0EykeAC&pg=PA126">Coinage in the Roman Economy, 300 B.C. to A.D. 700, Part 700</a></i>, p. 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGregorovius1895" class="citation book cs1">Gregorovius, Ferdinand (1895). <i>History of the city of Rome in the Middle Ages</i>. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 541. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/57224029">57224029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+city+of+Rome+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pages=541&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F57224029&rft.aulast=Gregorovius&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBirley1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (1999) [1971]. <i>Septimius Severus: The African Emperor</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16591-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-16591-4"><bdi>978-0-415-16591-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-415-16591-4&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1994" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Brian (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUN-TGktYLYC&q=carnuntum+septimius+severus&pg=PA142"><i>The Roman Army, 31 BC - AD 337: A Sourcebook</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07172-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07172-7"><bdi>978-0-415-07172-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Army%2C+31+BC+-+AD+337%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07172-7&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUN-TGktYLYC%26q%3Dcarnuntum%2Bseptimius%2Bseverus%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCooley2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alison_E._Cooley" title="Alison E. Cooley">Cooley, Alison</a> (2007). "Septimius Severus: The Augustan Emperor". In Swain, Simon; Harrison, Stephen; <a href="/wiki/Jas_Elsner" class="mw-redirect" title="Jas Elsner">Elsner, Jas</a> (eds.). <i>Severan Culture</i>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85982-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85982-0"><bdi>978-0-521-85982-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+Augustan+Emperor&rft.btitle=Severan+Culture&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85982-0&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaguet-Gagey2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Daguet-Gagey, Anne (2000). <i>Septime Sévère: Rome, l'Afrique et l'Orient</i>. Biographie Payot (in French). Paris: Payot. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-228-89336-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-228-89336-7"><bdi>978-2-228-89336-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septime+S%C3%A9v%C3%A8re%3A+Rome%2C+l%27Afrique+et+l%27Orient&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Biographie+Payot&rft.pub=Payot&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-2-228-89336-7&rft.aulast=Daguet-Gagey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFElliott2018" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Simon (2018). <i>Septimius Severus in Scotland: The Northern Campaigns of the First Hammer of the Scots</i>. London: Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78438-204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78438-204-9"><bdi>978-1-78438-204-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus+in+Scotland%3A+The+Northern+Campaigns+of+the+First+Hammer+of+the+Scots&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78438-204-9&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFishwick2005" class="citation book cs1">Fishwick, Duncan (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lGRRAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Imperial Cult in the Latin West: Studies in the Ruler Cult of the Western Provinces of the Roman Empire</i></a>. E.J. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07179-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07179-7"><bdi>978-90-04-07179-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Imperial+Cult+in+the+Latin+West%3A+Studies+in+the+Ruler+Cult+of+the+Western+Provinces+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07179-7&rft.aulast=Fishwick&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlGRRAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibbon1831" class="citation book cs1">Gibbon, Edward (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9CwMAAAAYAAJ"><i>The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>. New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9CwMAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzález2010" class="citation book cs1">González, Justo L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cQW0ACdLn6kC&q=septimius%20severus%20persecution&pg=PP1"><i>The Story of Christianity: The Early Church to the Dawn of the Reformation</i></a>. Vol. 1. New York: HarperCollins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-185588-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-185588-7"><bdi>978-0-06-185588-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/905489146">905489146</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity%3A+The+Early+Church+to+the+Dawn+of+the+Reformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F905489146&rft.isbn=978-0-06-185588-7&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Justo+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcQW0ACdLn6kC%26q%3Dseptimius%2520severus%2520persecution%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Grant, Michael</a> (1985). <i>The Roman Emperors</i>. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0091-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-0091-4"><bdi>978-0-7607-0091-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Emperors&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-0091-4&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Grant (author)">Grant, Michael</a> (1996). <i>The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12772-1"><bdi>978-0-415-12772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+The+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12772-1&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarper2017" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Kyle (2017). <i>The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire</i>. Princeton; Oxford: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19206-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19206-2"><bdi>978-0-691-19206-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fate+of+Rome%3A+Climate%2C+Disease%2C+and+the+End+of+an+Empire&rft.place=Princeton%3B+Oxford&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19206-2&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHasebroek1921" class="citation book cs1">Hasebroek, Johannes (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/untersuchungenzu00haseuoft"><i>Untersuchungen zur Geschichte des Kaisers Septimius Severus</i></a>. Heidelberg: C Winter. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4153259">4153259</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Untersuchungen+zur+Geschichte+des+Kaisers+Septimius+Severus&rft.place=Heidelberg&rft.pub=C+Winter&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F4153259&rft.aulast=Hasebroek&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funtersuchungenzu00haseuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hovannisian, R. G. (2004) [1997]. <i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times</i>. Vol. 1: The Dynastic Periods: From Antiquity to the Fourteenth Century. New York: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6421-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6421-2"><bdi>978-1-4039-6421-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+People+From+Ancient+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6421-2&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLichtenberger2011" class="citation book cs1">Lichtenberger, Achim (2011). <i>Severus Pius Augustus: Studien zur sakralen Repräsentation und Rezeption der Herrschaft des Septimius Severus und seiner Familie (193–211 n. chr.)</i>. Impact of Empire. Vol. 14. Leiden; Boston: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20192-7"><bdi>978-90-04-20192-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Severus+Pius+Augustus%3A+Studien+zur+sakralen+Repr%C3%A4sentation+und+Rezeption+der+Herrschaft+des+Septimius+Severus+und+seiner+Familie+%28193%E2%80%93211+n.+chr.%29&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston&rft.series=Impact+of+Empire&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-20192-7&rft.aulast=Lichtenberger&rft.aufirst=Achim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Mattingly" title="Harold Mattingly">Mattingly, Harold</a> & Edward A. Sydenham (1936). <i>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Imperial_Coinage" title="Roman Imperial Coinage">Roman Imperial Coinage</a>, vol. IV, part I, Pertinax to Geta</i>, London, Spink & Son.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSettipani2000" class="citation book cs1">Settipani, Christian (2000). <i>Continuité Gentilice et Continuité Familiale dans les Familles Sénatoriales Romaines à l'Époque Impériale: Mythe et Réalité</i>. Oxford: Unit for Prosographical Research, Linacre College, University of Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900934-02-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900934-02-2"><bdi>978-1-900934-02-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuit%C3%A9+Gentilice+et+Continuit%C3%A9+Familiale+dans+les+Familles+S%C3%A9natoriales+Romaines+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%89poque+Imp%C3%A9riale%3A+Mythe+et+R%C3%A9alit%C3%A9&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Unit+for+Prosographical+Research%2C+Linacre+College%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-900934-02-2&rft.aulast=Settipani&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTabbernee2007" class="citation book cs1">Tabbernee, William (2007). <i>Fake Prophecy and Polluted Sacraments: Ecclesiastical and Imperial Reactions to Montanism (Supplements to Vigiliae Christianae)</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15819-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-15819-1"><bdi>978-90-04-15819-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fake+Prophecy+and+Polluted+Sacraments%3A+Ecclesiastical+and+Imperial+Reactions+to+Montanism+%28Supplements+to+Vigiliae+Christianae%29&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-04-15819-1&rft.aulast=Tabbernee&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Septimius_Severus" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Septimius_Severus" class="extiw" title="commons:Septimius Severus"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Septimius Severus</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Septimius_Severus*.html">Life of Septimius Severus</a> (<i>Historia Augusta</i> at LacusCurtius: Latin text and English translation)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/74*.html">Books 74</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/75*.html">75</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/76*.html">76</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/77*.html">77</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dio_Cassius" class="mw-redirect" title="Dio Cassius">Dio Cassius</a>, covering the rise to power and reign of Septimius Severus</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientopedia.com/Septimius_Severus/">Septimius Severus on Ancient History Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/herodian_03_book3.htm">Book 3 of Herodian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/sepsev.htm">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a> Online encyclopaedia of Roman emperors</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/a/italy/rome/arch_severus/arch_severus1.html">Arch of Septimius Severus in Rome</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081025100233/http://www.livius.org/a/italy/rome/arch_severus/arch_severus1.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_107/107_092_102.pdf">Septimius Severus in Scotland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070611162140/http://ads.ahds.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/PSAS_2002/pdf/vol_107/107_092_102.pdf">Archived</a> 11 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/a/libya/lepcis_magna/arch_severus/lepcis_magna-arch_severus.html">Arch of Septimius Severus in Lepcis Magna</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071228223148/http://www.livius.org/a/libya/lepcis_magna/arch_severus/lepcis_magna-arch_severus.html">Archived</a> 28 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060528175255/http://www.numismatics.org/exhibits/DrachmasDoubloonsDollars/cases/case02.G.html">Coins issued by Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Septimius Severus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Septimius_Severus">"Septimius Severus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Septimius+Severus&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeptimius+Severus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130502235723/http://cristoraul.com/ENGLISH/readinghall/GalleryofHistory/Roman_People/LUCIUS-SEPTIMIUS-SEVERUS.html">THE LIFE AND REIGN OF THE EMPEROR LUCIUS SEPTIMIUS SEVERUS, in BTM Format</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Septimius Severus </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 11 April 146</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 4 February 211</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Roman Emperors">Roman Emperor</a> </b><br />193–211<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a> (rival 193–194),<br /><a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a> (rival 193–197),<br /><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> (198–211),<br /><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Publius Septimius Geta</a> (209–211)</i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta" class="mw-redirect" title="Publius Septimius Geta">Publius Septimius Geta</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Fabius_Cilo" title="Lucius Fabius Cilo">Lucius Fabius Cilo</a>, and<br /><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Silius_Messala" title="Marcus Silius Messala">Marcus Silius Messala</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_late_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of late imperial Roman consuls">Consul</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </b><br />194<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Clodius_Albinus" title="Clodius Albinus">Clodius Albinus</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Publius_Julius_Scapula_Tertullus_Priscus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Publius Julius Scapula Tertullus Priscus (page does not exist)">Publius Julius Scapula Tertullus Priscus</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Clemens" title="Quintus Tineius Clemens">Quintus Tineius Clemens</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annius_Fabianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annius Fabianus (page does not exist)">Annius Fabianus</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Nonius_Arrius_Mucianus" title="Marcus Nonius Arrius Mucianus">Marcus Nonius Arrius Mucianus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_late_imperial_Roman_consuls" class="mw-redirect" title="List of late imperial Roman consuls">Consul</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> </b><br />202<br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></i> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titus_Murrenius_Severus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titus Murrenius Severus (page does not exist)">Titus Murrenius Severus</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Regallianus" title="Gaius Cassius Regallianus">Gaius Cassius Regallianus</a></div><i><b>as Suffect consuls </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant433" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant433" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a><br />27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a><br />235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a></u> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Roman_Empire" title="Later Roman Empire">Later Roman Empire</a><br />284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></u></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a><br />395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a></i>)</li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></u></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></u></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></u></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a><br />395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/<br />Byzantine Empire</a><br />641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><u><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a></u> (w. <i><u><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a></u></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Romanos_Lekapenos_(grandson_of_Romanos_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanos Lekapenos (grandson of Romanos I)">Romanos</a></i> (?), <i><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Montferrat" title="Irene of Montferrat">Irene</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Anna_of_Savoy" title="Anna of Savoy">Anna</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <i><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (271–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharaohs32" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharaohs" title="Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharaohs" title="Template talk:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharaohs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharaohs32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaohs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Protodynastic_to_First_Intermediate_Period_(32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a> to <a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">First Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (<3150–2040 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naqada_III" title="Naqada III">Protodynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(pre-3150 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Egypt" title="Lower Egypt">Lower</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hedju_Hor" title="Hedju Hor">Hedju Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny-Hor" title="Ny-Hor">Ny-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni-Neith" title="Ni-Neith">Ni-Neith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hat-Hor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hat-Hor">Hat-Hor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu (pharaoh)">Pu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hsekiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hsekiu">Hsekiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khayu" class="mw-redirect" title="Khayu">Khayu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiu_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiu (pharaoh)">Tiu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thesh">Thesh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neheb" class="mw-redirect" title="Neheb">Neheb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazner" class="mw-redirect" title="Wazner">Wazner</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mekh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekh">Mekh</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Falcon" title="Double Falcon">Double Falcon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wash_(pharaoh)" title="Wash (pharaoh)">Wash</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Egypt" title="Upper Egypt">Upper</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/A_(pharaoh)" title="A (pharaoh)">A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Finger_Snail" title="Finger Snail">Finger Snail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fish_(pharaoh)" title="Fish (pharaoh)">Fish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elephant_(pharaoh)" title="Elephant (pharaoh)">Elephant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stork_(pharaoh)" title="Stork (pharaoh)">Stork</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bull_(pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull (pharaoh)">Bull</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_I" title="Scorpion I">Scorpion I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crocodile_(pharaoh)" title="Crocodile (pharaoh)">Crocodile</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iry-Hor" title="Iry-Hor">Iry-Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka_(pharaoh)" title="Ka (pharaoh)">Ka</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scorpion_II" title="Scorpion II">Scorpion II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_(Egypt)" title="Early Dynastic Period (Egypt)">Early Dynastic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(3150–2686 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="First Dynasty of Egypt">I</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narmer" title="Narmer">Narmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Menes" title="Menes">Menes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor-Aha" title="Hor-Aha">Hor-Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djer" title="Djer">Djer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djet" title="Djet">Djet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den_(pharaoh)" title="Den (pharaoh)">Den</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anedjib" title="Anedjib">Anedjib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semerkhet" title="Semerkhet">Semerkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qa%27a" title="Qa'a">Qa'a</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sneferka" title="Sneferka">Sneferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Bird_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Horus Bird (Pharaoh)">Horus Bird</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Second Dynasty of Egypt">II</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hotepsekhemwy" title="Hotepsekhemwy">Hotepsekhemwy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebra_(Pharaoh)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebra (Pharaoh)">Nebra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nynetjer" title="Nynetjer">Nynetjer</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ba_(pharaoh)" title="Ba (pharaoh)">Ba</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nubnefer" title="Nubnefer">Nubnefer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Horus_Sa" title="Horus Sa">Horus Sa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Weneg_(pharaoh)" title="Weneg (pharaoh)">Weneg-Nebty</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjenes" title="Wadjenes">Wadjenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senedj" title="Senedj">Senedj</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth-Peribsen" title="Seth-Peribsen">Seth-Peribsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemib-Perenmaat" title="Sekhemib-Perenmaat">Sekhemib-Perenmaat</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkara_I" title="Neferkara I">Neferkara I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferkasokar" title="Neferkasokar">Neferkasokar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hudjefa_I" title="Hudjefa I">Hudjefa I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasekhemwy" title="Khasekhemwy">Khasekhemwy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2686–2181 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Third Dynasty of Egypt">III</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djoser" title="Djoser">Djoser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkhet" title="Sekhemkhet">Sekhemkhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanakht" title="Sanakht">Sanakht</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebka" title="Nebka">Nebka</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaba" title="Khaba">Khaba</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sedjes" title="Sedjes">Sedjes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qahedjet" title="Qahedjet">Qahedjet</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huni" title="Huni">Huni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt">IV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sneferu" title="Sneferu">Snefru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu" title="Khufu">Khufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedefre" title="Djedefre">Djedefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khafre" title="Khafre">Khafre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bikheris" title="Bikheris">Bikheris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkaure" title="Menkaure">Menkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskaf" title="Shepseskaf">Shepseskaf</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thamphthis" title="Thamphthis">Thamphthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifth Dynasty of Egypt">V</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Userkaf" title="Userkaf">Userkaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahure" title="Sahure">Sahure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare_Kakai" title="Neferirkare Kakai">Neferirkare Kakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferefre" title="Neferefre">Neferefre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepseskare" title="Shepseskare">Shepseskare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyuserre_Ini" title="Nyuserre Ini">Nyuserre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menkauhor_Kaiu" title="Menkauhor Kaiu">Menkauhor Kaiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Isesi" title="Djedkare Isesi">Djedkare Isesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unas" title="Unas">Unas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixth Dynasty of Egypt">VI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teti" title="Teti">Teti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Userkare" title="Userkare">Userkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_I_Meryre" title="Pepi I Meryre">Pepi I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_I" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf I">Merenre Nemtyemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepi_II_Neferkare" title="Pepi II Neferkare">Pepi II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenre_Nemtyemsaf_II" title="Merenre Nemtyemsaf II">Merenre Nemtyemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netjerkare_Siptah" title="Netjerkare Siptah">Netjerkare Siptah</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neferka" title="Neferka">Neferka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nefer#Pharaoh" title="Nefer">Nefer</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/First_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="First Intermediate Period of Egypt">1<sup>st</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2181–2040 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventh Dynasty of Egypt">VII</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighth Dynasty of Egypt">VIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menkare" title="Menkare">Menkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_II" title="Neferkare II">Neferkare II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Neby" title="Neferkare Neby">Neferkare III Neby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkare_Shemai" title="Djedkare Shemai">Djedkare Shemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Khendu" title="Neferkare Khendu">Neferkare IV Khendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merenhor" title="Merenhor">Merenhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin" title="Neferkamin">Neferkamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikare" title="Nikare">Nikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Tereru" title="Neferkare Tereru">Neferkare V Tereru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkahor" title="Neferkahor">Neferkahor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_Pepiseneb" title="Neferkare Pepiseneb">Neferkare VI Pepiseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkamin_Anu" title="Neferkamin Anu">Neferkamin Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ibi" title="Qakare Ibi">Qakare Iby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkaure" title="Neferkaure">Neferkaure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkauhor" title="Neferkauhor">Neferkauhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferirkare" title="Neferirkare">Neferirkare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wadjkare" title="Wadjkare">Wadjkare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khuiqer" title="Khuiqer">Khuiqer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khui" title="Khui">Khui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iytjenu" title="Iytjenu">Iytjenu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Ninth Dynasty of Egypt">IX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryibre_Khety" title="Meryibre Khety">Meryibre Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare,_ninth_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Neferkare, ninth dynasty">Neferkare VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebkaure_Khety" title="Nebkaure Khety">Nebkaure Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setut" title="Setut">Setut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imhotep_(pharaoh)" title="Imhotep (pharaoh)">Imhotep</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Tenth Dynasty of Egypt">X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meryhathor" title="Meryhathor">Meryhathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferkare_VIII" title="Neferkare VIII">Neferkare VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahkare_Khety" title="Wahkare Khety">Wahkare Khety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merikare" title="Merikare">Merykare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Middle_Kingdom_and_Second_Intermediate_Period_(2040–1550_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">Second Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (2040–1550 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Middle Kingdom of Egypt">Middle Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(2040–1802 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt">XI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_I" title="Mentuhotep I">Mentuhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_I" title="Intef I">Intef I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_II" title="Intef II">Intef II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intef_III" title="Intef III">Intef III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_II" title="Mentuhotep II">Mentuhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_III" title="Mentuhotep III">Mentuhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentuhotep_IV" title="Mentuhotep IV">Mentuhotep IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em">Nubia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Segerseni" title="Segerseni">Segerseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qakare_Ini" title="Qakare Ini">Qakare Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyibkhentre" title="Iyibkhentre">Iyibkhentre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt">XII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_I" title="Amenemhat I">Amenemhat I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_I" title="Senusret I">Senusret I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_II" title="Amenemhat II">Amenemhat II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_II" title="Senusret II">Senusret II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senusret_III" title="Senusret III">Senusret III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_III" title="Amenemhat III">Amenemhat III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhat_IV" title="Amenemhat IV">Amenemhat IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekneferu" title="Sobekneferu">Sobekneferu</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seankhibtawy_Seankhibra" title="Seankhibtawy Seankhibra">Seankhibtawy Seankhibra</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Second_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Second Intermediate Period of Egypt">2<sup>nd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1802–1550 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Khutawy_Sobekhotep" title="Sekhemre Khutawy Sobekhotep">Sekhemrekhutawy Sobekhotep</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonbef" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonbef">Sonbef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerikare" title="Nerikare">Nerikare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemkare" title="Sekhemkare">Sekhemkare Amenemhat V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameny_Qemau" title="Ameny Qemau">Ameny Qemau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotepibre" title="Hotepibre">Hotepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iufni" title="Iufni">Iufni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemhet_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Amenemhet VI">Ameny Antef Amenemhet VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenkare_Nebnuni" title="Semenkare Nebnuni">Semenkare Nebnuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepibre" title="Sehetepibre">Sehetepibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare" title="Sewadjkare">Sewadjkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nedjemibre" title="Nedjemibre">Nedjemibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaankhre_Sobekhotep" title="Khaankhre Sobekhotep">Khaankhre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renseneb" title="Renseneb">Renseneb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hor" title="Hor">Hor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemrekhutawy_Khabaw" title="Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw">Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedkheperew" title="Djedkheperew">Djedkheperew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebkay" title="Sebkay">Sebkay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedjefakare" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedjefakare">Sedjefakare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wegaf" title="Wegaf">Wegaf</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khendjer" title="Khendjer">Khendjer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imyremeshaw" title="Imyremeshaw">Imyremeshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehetepkare_Intef" title="Sehetepkare Intef">Sehetepkare Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Meribre" title="Seth Meribre">Seth Meribre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_III" title="Sobekhotep III">Sobekhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_I" title="Neferhotep I">Neferhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sihathor" title="Sihathor">Sihathor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_IV" title="Sobekhotep IV">Sobekhotep IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Sobekhotep" title="Merhotepre Sobekhotep">Merhotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="Sobekhotep VI">Khahotepre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahibre_Ibiau" title="Wahibre Ibiau">Wahibre Ibiau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneferre_Ay" title="Merneferre Ay">Merneferre Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merhotepre_Ini" title="Merhotepre Ini">Merhotepre Ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankhenre_Sewadjtu" title="Sankhenre Sewadjtu">Sankhenre Sewadjtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersekhemre_Ined" title="Mersekhemre Ined">Mersekhemre Ined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_Hori" title="Sewadjkare Hori">Sewadjkare Hori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkawre_Sobekhotep" title="Merkawre Sobekhotep">Merkawre Sobekhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mershepsesre_Ini_II" title="Mershepsesre Ini II">Mershepsesre Ini II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewahenre_Senebmiu" title="Sewahenre Senebmiu">Sewahenre Senebmiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkheperre" title="Merkheperre">Merkheperre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkare" title="Merkare">Merkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjare_Mentuhotep" title="Sewadjare Mentuhotep">Sewadjare Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seheqenre_Sankhptahi" title="Seheqenre Sankhptahi">Seheqenre Sankhptahi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fourteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakbim_Sekhaenre" title="Yakbim Sekhaenre">Yakbim Sekhaenre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ya%27ammu_Nubwoserre" title="Ya'ammu Nubwoserre">Ya'ammu Nubwoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qareh" class="mw-redirect" title="Qareh">Qareh Khawoserre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aahotepre" class="mw-redirect" title="Aahotepre">'Ammu Ahotepre</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheshi" title="Sheshi">Maaibre Sheshi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehesy" title="Nehesy">Nehesy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khakherewre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakherewre">Khakherewre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebefawre" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebefawre">Nebefawre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehebre" title="Sehebre">Sehebre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merdjefare" title="Merdjefare">Merdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewadjkare_III" title="Sewadjkare III">Sewadjkare III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebdjefare" title="Nebdjefare">Nebdjefare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebsenre" title="Nebsenre">Nebsenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekheperenre" title="Sekheperenre">Sekheperenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebnum" title="Bebnum">Bebnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Apepi" title="'Apepi">'Apepi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nuya" title="Nuya">Nuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wazad" title="Wazad">Wazad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheneh_(pharaoh)" title="Sheneh (pharaoh)">Sheneh</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenshek" title="Shenshek">Shenshek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Khamure" title="Khamure">Khamure</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakareb" title="Yakareb">Yakareb</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yaqub-Har" title="Yaqub-Har">Yaqub-Har</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sharek" title="Sharek">Sharek</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Semqen" title="Semqen">Semqen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aperanat" title="Aperanat">'Aper-'Anati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salitis" title="Salitis">Salitis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakir-Har" title="Sakir-Har">Sakir-Har</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khyan" title="Khyan">Khyan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yanassi" title="Yanassi">Yanassi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apepi" title="Apepi">Apepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamudi" title="Khamudi">Khamudi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Sixteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djehuti" class="mw-redirect" title="Djehuti">Djehuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekhotep_VIII" title="Sobekhotep VIII">Sobekhotep VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferhotep_III" title="Neferhotep III">Neferhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seankhenre_Mentuhotepi" title="Seankhenre Mentuhotepi">Mentuhotepi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiryraw_I" title="Nebiryraw I">Nebiryraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebiriau_II" title="Nebiriau II">Nebiriau II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semenre" title="Semenre">Semenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebiankh" title="Bebiankh">Bebiankh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre_Shedwast" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekhemre Shedwast">Sekhemre Shedwast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_I" title="Dedumose I">Dedumose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dedumose_II" title="Dedumose II">Dedumose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djedankhre_Montemsaf" title="Djedankhre Montemsaf">Montuemsaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merankhre_Mentuhotep" title="Merankhre Mentuhotep">Merankhre Mentuhotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Senusret_IV" title="Senusret IV">Senusret IV</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pepi_III" title="Pepi III">Pepi III</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Abydos_Dynasty" title="Abydos Dynasty">Abydos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Senebkay" title="Senebkay">Senebkay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wepwawetemsaf" title="Wepwawetemsaf">Wepwawetemsaf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pantjeny" title="Pantjeny">Pantjeny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Snaaib" title="Snaaib">Snaaib</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;4.75em"><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rahotep" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahotep">Rahotep</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nebmaatre" title="Nebmaatre">Nebmaatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_I" title="Sobekemsaf I">Sobekemsaf I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobekemsaf_II" title="Sobekemsaf II">Sobekemsaf II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Wepmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Wepmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nubkheperre_Intef" title="Nubkheperre Intef">Nubkheperre Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat_Intef" title="Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef">Sekhemre-Heruhirmaat Intef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senakhtenre_Ahmose" title="Senakhtenre Ahmose">Senakhtenre Ahmose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seqenenre_Tao" title="Seqenenre Tao">Seqenenre Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamose" title="Kamose">Kamose</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="New_Kingdom_and_Third_Intermediate_Period_(1550–664_BC)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">Third Intermediate Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"> (1550–664 BC)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pharaohs  <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(male</span></li><li><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">female<sup>♀</sup>)</span></li><li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1550–1070 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmose_I" title="Ahmose I">Ahmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_I" title="Amenhotep I">Amenhotep I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_I" title="Thutmose I">Thutmose I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_II" title="Thutmose II">Thutmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatshepsut" title="Hatshepsut">Hatshepsut</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_III" title="Thutmose III">Thutmose III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_II" title="Amenhotep II">Amenhotep II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thutmose_IV" title="Thutmose IV">Thutmose IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenhotep_III" title="Amenhotep III">Amenhotep III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhenaten" title="Akhenaten">Akhenaten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smenkhkare" title="Smenkhkare">Smenkhkare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neferneferuaten" title="Neferneferuaten">Neferneferuaten</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutankhamun" title="Tutankhamun">Tutankhamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ay_(pharaoh)" title="Ay (pharaoh)">Ay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horemheb" title="Horemheb">Horemheb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt">XIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_I" title="Ramesses I">Ramesses I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_I" title="Seti I">Seti I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_II" title="Ramesses II">Ramesses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merneptah" title="Merneptah">Merneptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenmesse" title="Amenmesse">Amenmesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seti_II" title="Seti II">Seti II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siptah" title="Siptah">Siptah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tausret" title="Tausret">Tausret</a><sup>♀</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt">XX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Setnakhte" title="Setnakhte">Setnakhte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_III" title="Ramesses III">Ramesses III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IV" title="Ramesses IV">Ramesses IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_V" title="Ramesses V">Ramesses V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VI" title="Ramesses VI">Ramesses VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VII" title="Ramesses VII">Ramesses VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_VIII" title="Ramesses VIII">Ramesses VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_IX" title="Ramesses IX">Ramesses IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_X" title="Ramesses X">Ramesses X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramesses_XI" title="Ramesses XI">Ramesses XI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Third_Intermediate_Period_of_Egypt" title="Third Intermediate Period of Egypt">3<sup>rd</sup> Intermediate</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(1069–664 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smendes" title="Smendes">Smendes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemnisu" title="Amenemnisu">Amenemnisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_I" title="Psusennes I">Psusennes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amenemope_(pharaoh)" title="Amenemope (pharaoh)">Amenemope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_the_Elder" title="Osorkon the Elder">Osorkon the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamun" title="Siamun">Siamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psusennes_II" title="Psusennes II">Psusennes II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Amun" title="High Priest of Amun">High Priests of Amun</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herihor" title="Herihor">Herihor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinedjem_I" title="Pinedjem I">Pinedjem I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-second_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt">XXII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_I" title="Shoshenq I">Shoshenq I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_I" title="Osorkon I">Osorkon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_II" title="Shoshenq II">Shoshenq II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tutkheperre_Shoshenq" title="Tutkheperre Shoshenq">Tutkheperre Shoshenq</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_I" title="Takelot I">Takelot I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_II" title="Osorkon II">Osorkon II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_III" title="Shoshenq III">Shoshenq III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_IV" title="Shoshenq IV">Shoshenq IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pami" title="Pami">Pami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_V" title="Shoshenq V">Shoshenq V</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_II" title="Pedubast II">Pedubast II</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_IV" title="Osorkon IV">Osorkon IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-third Dynasty of Egypt">XXIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harsiese_A" title="Harsiese A">Harsiese A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_II" title="Takelot II">Takelot II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedubast_I" title="Pedubast I">Pedubast I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iuput_I" title="Iuput I">Iuput I</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VI" title="Shoshenq VI">Shoshenq VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osorkon_III" title="Osorkon III">Osorkon III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takelot_III" title="Takelot III">Takelot III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudamun" title="Rudamun">Rudamun</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoshenq_VII" title="Shoshenq VII">Shoshenq VII</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ini_(pharaoh)" title="Ini (pharaoh)">Menkheperre Ini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht" title="Tefnakht">Tefnakht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakenranef" title="Bakenranef">Bakenranef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt">XXV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piye" title="Piye">Piye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shebitku" title="Shebitku">Shebitku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabaka" title="Shabaka">Shabaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taharqa" title="Taharqa">Taharqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantamani" title="Tantamani">Tanutamun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Late_to_Roman_Period_(664_BC–313_AD)32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman Period</a> <span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664 BC–313 AD)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><div class="center">Period</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dynasty34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em"><div class="center">Dynasty</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd navbox-group" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Pharaohs <ul><li>male</li> <li>female<sup>♀</sup></li></ul></li> <li><i>uncertain</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Late_Period_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Late Period of ancient Egypt">Late</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(664–332 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ammeris" title="Ammeris">Ammeris</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tefnakht_II" title="Tefnakht II">Tefnakht II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nekauba" title="Nekauba">Nekauba</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_I" title="Necho I">Necho I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_I" title="Psamtik I">Psamtik I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II" title="Necho II">Necho II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_II" title="Psamtik II">Psamtik II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apries" title="Apries">Wahibre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasis_II" title="Amasis II">Ahmose II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psamtik_III" title="Psamtik III">Psamtik III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-seventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-seventh Dynasty of Egypt">XXVII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petubastis_III" title="Petubastis III">Petubastis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psammetichus_IV" title="Psammetichus IV">Psammetichus IV</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_I" title="Artaxerxes I">Artaxerxes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_II" title="Darius II">Darius II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-eighth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-eighth Dynasty of Egypt">XXVIII</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amyrtaeus" title="Amyrtaeus">Amyrtaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-ninth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Twenty-ninth Dynasty of Egypt">XXIX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_I" title="Nepherites I">Nepherites I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakor" title="Hakor">Hakor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psammuthes" title="Psammuthes">Psammuthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepherites_II" title="Nepherites II">Nepherites II</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muthis" title="Muthis">Muthis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">XXX</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_I" title="Nectanebo I">Nectanebo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teos_of_Egypt" title="Teos of Egypt">Teos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectanebo_II" title="Nectanebo II">Nectanebo II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Thirty-first_Dynasty_of_Egypt" title="Thirty-first Dynasty of Egypt">XXXI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artaxerxes_III" title="Artaxerxes III">Artaxerxes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khabash" title="Khabash">Khabash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arses_of_Persia" title="Arses of Persia">Arses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_III" title="Darius III">Darius III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(332–30 BC)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II" title="Cleopatra II">Cleopatra II</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III" title="Cleopatra III">Cleopatra III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III" title="Berenice III">Berenice III</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_V" title="Cleopatra V">Cleopatra V</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice IV of Egypt">Berenice IV Epiphaneia</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI_Tryphaena" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra VI Tryphaena">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></i><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a><sup>♀</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_IV" title="Arsinoe IV">Arsinoe IV</a><sup>♀</sup></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIV Philopator">Ptolemy XIV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.25em"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Roman</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal">(30 BC–313 AD)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="XXXIV23" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_pharaoh" title="Roman pharaoh">XXXIV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pescennius_Niger" title="Pescennius Niger">Pescennius Niger</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus Thrax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Macrianus_Minor" title="Macrianus Minor">Macrianus Minor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quietus" title="Quietus">Quietus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Mussius_Aemilianus" title="Lucius Mussius Aemilianus">Lucius Mussius Aemilianus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius Gothicus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus Daza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Dynastic_genealogies32" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Dynastic genealogies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="First Dynasty of Egypt family tree">1<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li>2<sup>nd</sup></li> <li>3<sup>rd</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Fourth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">4<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eleventh Dynasty of Egypt family tree">11<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">12<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">18<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">19<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Twentieth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">20<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st,_22nd_%26_23rd_dynasties_of_Egypt_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="21st, 22nd & 23rd dynasties of Egypt family tree">21<sup>st</sup> to 23<sup>rd</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt">24<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fifth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-fifth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">25<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree" title="Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt family tree">26<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">27<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirtieth_Dynasty_of_Egypt#Family_tree" title="Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt">30<sup>th</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_family_tree" title="Achaemenid family tree">31<sup>st</sup></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty#Family_tree" title="Argead dynasty">Argead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_family_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic family tree">Ptolemaic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_pharaohs" title="List of pharaohs">List of pharaohs</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1442#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3208" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1442#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3208" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1442#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118764659">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Severus, Lucius Septimius, Emperor of Rome, 146-211"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82000920">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12134416p">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12134416p">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Septimius Severus"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV307252">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js20020124058&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1028813">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p067660576">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=141749">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/gdsw0w9006ddm64">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810599126205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span 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href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500115702">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118764659.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118764659">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029794846">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/014825">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6mc920f">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/68568">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&oldid=1280149914">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Septimius_Severus&oldid=1280149914</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Septimius_Severus" title="Category:Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:145_births" title="Category:145 births">145 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:211_deaths" title="Category:211 deaths">211 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_Punic_people" title="Category:2nd-century Punic people">2nd-century Punic people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2nd-century_Roman_emperors" title="Category:2nd-century Roman emperors">2nd-century Roman emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd-century_Punic_people" title="Category:3rd-century Punic people">3rd-century Punic people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:3rd-century_Roman_emperors" title="Category:3rd-century Roman emperors">3rd-century Roman emperors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Libyans" 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pharaohs">Roman pharaohs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Romans_from_Africa" title="Category:Romans from Africa">Romans from Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Septimii" title="Category:Septimii">Septimii</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Severan_dynasty" title="Category:Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_archiveis_links" title="Category:Webarchive template archiveis links">Webarchive template archiveis links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a 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