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<span>Design features</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexible_wings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexible_wings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Flexible wings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexible_wings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In nature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8D%8D" title="ክንፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ክንፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AD" title="جناح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جناح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhiqa" title="Chhiqa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Chhiqa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="قاناد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قاناد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halar" title="Halar – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Halar" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Крыло – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Крыло" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakpak" title="Pakpak – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pakpak" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Крило – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крило" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala" title="Ala – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ala" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%99%C3%ADdlo" title="Křídlo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Křídlo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapiro" title="Bapiro – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bapiro" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinge" title="Vinge – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vinge" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiib" title="Tiib – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tiib" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_(zoolog%C3%ADa)" title="Ala (zoología) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ala (zoología)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugilo" title="Flugilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flugilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="بال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aile_d%27avion" title="Aile d'avion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aile d'avion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wjuk" title="Wjuk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wjuk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sciath%C3%A1n" title="Sciathán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Sciathán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%BC%F0%A6%91%83" title="翼𦑃 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="翼𦑃" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aw%C3%A0" title="Awà – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Awà" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A2u-yi%CC%8Dt" title="Tiâu-yi̍t – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tiâu-yi̍t" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%A0%EA%B0%9C" title="날개 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="날개" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_(%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97)" title="पक्ष (अंग) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पक्ष (अंग)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alo" title="Alo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Alo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayap" title="Sayap – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sayap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isa%C4%A1uq" title="Isaġuq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Isaġuq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6ngur" title="Vængur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vængur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%A3" title="כנף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כנף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%86" title="ರೆಕ್ಕೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೆಕ್ಕೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bawa" title="Bawa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bawa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A8l" title="Zèl – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zèl" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bask" title="Bask – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bask" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala" title="Ala – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ala" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipap%C3%BA" title="Lipapú – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Lipapú" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A1rny_(technika)" title="Szárny (technika) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szárny (technika)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Крило – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Крило" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayap" title="Sayap – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sayap" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ADk-s%C4%ADk" title="Sĭk-sĭk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĭk-sĭk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BF%BC" title="翼 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="翼" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinge" title="Vinge – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vinge" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veng" title="Veng – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Veng" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala" title="Ala – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ala" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ala_(fisica)" title="Ala (fisica) – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ala (fisica)" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asa" title="Asa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Asa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arip%C4%83" title="Aripă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Aripă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing" title="Wing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Wing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krilo" title="Krilo – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Krilo" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%B5" title="باڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Крило – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Крило" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangjang" title="Jangjang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Jangjang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siipi" title="Siipi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Siipi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinge" title="Vinge – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vinge" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakpak" title="Pakpak – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pakpak" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Appendage used for flight</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the term in aerodynamics. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Wing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wing (disambiguation)">Wing (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wings_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Wings (disambiguation)">Wings (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wing.two.arp.600pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wing.two.arp.600pix.jpg/250px-Wing.two.arp.600pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wing.two.arp.600pix.jpg/330px-Wing.two.arp.600pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Wing.two.arp.600pix.jpg/500px-Wing.two.arp.600pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="943" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Two different planforms are shown with a <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept wing</a> <a href="/wiki/KC-10_Extender" class="mw-redirect" title="KC-10 Extender">KC-10 Extender</a> (top) <a href="/wiki/Air-to-air_refueling" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-to-air refueling">refueling</a> a diamond-like delta wing <a href="/wiki/F-22_Raptor" class="mw-redirect" title="F-22 Raptor">F-22 Raptor</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>wing</b> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">fin</a> that produces both <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a> and drag while moving through air. Wings are defined by two shape characteristics, an <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a> section and a <a href="/wiki/Planform_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Planform (aeronautics)">planform</a>. Wing efficiency is expressed as <a href="/wiki/Lift-to-drag_ratio" title="Lift-to-drag ratio">lift-to-drag ratio</a>, which compares the benefit of lift with the air resistance of a given wing shape, as it flies. <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a> is the study of wing performance in air. </p><p>Equivalent <a href="/wiki/Foil_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Foil (fluid mechanics)">foils</a> that move through water are found on <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoil" title="Hydrofoil">hydrofoil power vessels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sailing_hydrofoil" title="Sailing hydrofoil">foiling sailboats</a> that lift out of the water at speed and on <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> that use <a href="/wiki/Diving_plane" title="Diving plane">diving planes</a> to point the boat upwards or downwards, while running submerged. <a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrodynamics">Hydrodynamics</a> is the study of foil performance in water. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_usage">Etymology and usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word "wing" from the Old Norse <i>vængr</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for many centuries referred mainly to the foremost <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> (in addition to the architectural aisle). But in recent centuries the word's meaning has extended to include lift producing appendages of <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boomerangs" class="mw-redirect" title="Boomerangs">boomerangs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">some sail boats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, or the airfoil on a <a href="/wiki/Automobile_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile racing">race car</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Aerodynamics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cloud_over_A340_wing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cloud_over_A340_wing.JPG/220px-Cloud_over_A340_wing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cloud_over_A340_wing.JPG/330px-Cloud_over_A340_wing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Cloud_over_A340_wing.JPG/440px-Cloud_over_A340_wing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Condensation in the low pressure region over the wing of an <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A340" title="Airbus A340">Airbus A340</a>, passing through humid air</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aircraft_flaps.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aircraft_flaps.svg/250px-Aircraft_flaps.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="351" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aircraft_flaps.svg/330px-Aircraft_flaps.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Aircraft_flaps.svg/500px-Aircraft_flaps.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1285" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">Flaps</a> (green) are used in various configurations to increase the wing area and to increase the lift. In conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">spoilers</a> (red), flaps maximize drag and minimize lift during the landing roll.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">Lift (force)</a></div> <p>The design and analysis of the wings of aircraft is one of the principal applications of the science of <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamics" title="Aerodynamics">aerodynamics</a>, which is a branch of <a href="/wiki/Fluid_mechanics" title="Fluid mechanics">fluid mechanics</a>. The properties of the airflow around any moving object can be found by solving the <a href="/wiki/Navier-Stokes_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Navier-Stokes equations">Navier-Stokes equations</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fluid_dynamics" title="Fluid dynamics">fluid dynamics</a>. Except for simple geometries, these equations are difficult to solve.<sup id="cite_ref-Nasa_NS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nasa_NS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simpler explanations can be given. </p><p>For a wing to produce "lift", it must be oriented at a suitable <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> relative to the flow of air past the wing. When this occurs, the wing deflects the airflow downwards, "turning" the air as it passes the wing. Since the wing exerts a force on the air to change its direction, the air must exert a force on the wing, equal in size but opposite in direction. This force arises from different air pressures that exist on the upper and lower surfaces of the wing.<sup id="cite_ref-HR_378a_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HR_378a-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weltner_Physics_of_Flight_Reviewed_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weltner_Physics_of_Flight_Reviewed-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lower-than-ambient air pressure is generated on the top surface of the wing, with a higher-than ambient-pressure on the bottom of the wing. (See: <a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoil</a>) These air pressure differences can be either measured using a pressure-measuring device, or can be calculated from the airspeed] using <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical principles</a> –including <a href="/wiki/Bernoulli%27s_principle" title="Bernoulli's principle">Bernoulli's principle</a>, which relates changes in air speed to changes in air pressure. </p><p>The lower air pressure on the top of the wing generates a smaller downward force on the top of the wing than the upward force generated by the higher air pressure on the bottom of the wing. This gives an upward force on the wing. This force is called the lift generated by the wing. </p><p>The different velocities of the air passing by the wing, the air pressure differences, the change in direction of the airflow, and the lift on the wing are different ways of describing how lift is produced so it is possible to calculate lift from any one of the other three. For example, the lift can be calculated from the pressure differences, or from different velocities of the air above and below the wing, or from the total momentum change of the deflected air. Fluid dynamics offers other approaches to solving these problems –all which methods produce the same answer if correctly calculated. Given a particular wing and its velocity through the air, debates over which mathematical approach is the <i>most convenient</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to use can be mistaken by those not familiar with the study of aerodynamics as differences of opinion about the basic principles of flight.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cross-sectional_shape">Cross-sectional shape</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cross-sectional shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wings with an asymmetrical cross-section are the norm in <a href="/wiki/Subsonic_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsonic flight">subsonic flight</a>. Wings with a symmetrical cross-section can also generate lift by using a positive <a href="/wiki/Angle_of_attack" title="Angle of attack">angle of attack</a> to deflect air downward. Symmetrical airfoils have higher <a href="/wiki/Stall_(flight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stall (flight)">stalling</a> speeds than <a href="/wiki/Camber_(aerodynamics)" title="Camber (aerodynamics)">cambered airfoils</a> of the same wing area<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but are used in <a href="/wiki/Aerobatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobatic">aerobatic</a> aircraft as they provide the same flight characteristics whether the aircraft is upright or inverted.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example comes from sailboats, where the sail is a thin sheet.<sup id="cite_ref-Babinsky_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Babinsky-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For flight speeds near the speed of sound (<a href="/wiki/Transonic_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Transonic flight">transonic flight</a>), specific asymmetrical airfoil sections are used to minimize the very pronounced increase in drag associated with airflow near the speed of sound.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These airfoils, called <a href="/wiki/Supercritical_airfoil" title="Supercritical airfoil">supercritical airfoils</a>, are flat on top and curved on the bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design_features">Design features</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design features"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg/220px-Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg/330px-Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg/440px-Bmi_a319-100_g-dbca_closeup_arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="1945" /></a><figcaption>The wing of a landing <a href="/wiki/BMI_(airline)" class="mw-redirect" title="BMI (airline)">BMI</a> <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a> <a href="/wiki/A319-100" class="mw-redirect" title="A319-100">A319-100</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slats">slats</a> at its <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">leading edge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">flaps</a> at its <a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">trailing edge</a> are extended.</figcaption></figure> <p>Aircraft wings may feature some of the following: </p> <ul><li>A rounded <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge" title="Leading edge">leading edge</a> cross-section</li> <li>A sharp <a href="/wiki/Trailing_edge" title="Trailing edge">trailing edge</a> cross-section</li> <li>Leading-edge devices such as <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slats" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slats">slats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_slot" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge slot">slots</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Leading_edge_extension" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading edge extension">extensions</a></li> <li>Trailing-edge devices such as <a href="/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap (aircraft)">flaps</a> or flaperons (combination of flaps and ailerons)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winglets" class="mw-redirect" title="Winglets">Winglets</a> to keep wingtip vortices from increasing drag and decreasing lift</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihedral_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihedral (aircraft)">Dihedral</a>, or a positive wing angle to the horizontal, increases <i>spiral stability</i> around the roll axis, whereas <i>anhedral</i>, or a negative wing angle to the horizontal, decreases spiral stability.</li></ul> <p>Aircraft wings may have various devices, such as flaps or slats, that the pilot uses to modify the shape and surface area of the wing to change its operating characteristics in flight. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aileron" title="Aileron">Ailerons</a> (usually near the wingtips) to roll the aircraft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoiler_(aeronautics)" title="Spoiler (aeronautics)">Spoilers</a> on the upper surface to increase drag for descent and to reduce lift for more weight on wheels during braking</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_generator" title="Vortex generator">Vortex generators</a> to help prevent flow separation in transonic flow</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_fence" title="Wing fence">Wing fences</a> to keep flow attached to the wing by stopping boundary layer separation from spreading roll direction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_wing" title="Folding wing">Folding wings</a> allow more aircraft storage in the confined space of the <a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">hangar deck</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable-sweep wing</a> or "swing wings" that allow outstretched wings during low-speed flight (e.g., take-off, landing and loitering) and <a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">swept back wings</a> for high-speed flight (including <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic flight">supersonic flight</a>), such as in the <a href="/wiki/F-111_Aardvark" class="mw-redirect" title="F-111 Aardvark">F-111 Aardvark</a>, the <a href="/wiki/F-14_Tomcat" class="mw-redirect" title="F-14 Tomcat">F-14 Tomcat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado" title="Panavia Tornado">Panavia Tornado</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MiG-23" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-23">MiG-23</a>, the <a href="/wiki/MiG-27" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-27">MiG-27</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tu-160" class="mw-redirect" title="Tu-160">Tu-160</a> and the <a href="/wiki/B-1B_Lancer" class="mw-redirect" title="B-1B Lancer">B-1B Lancer</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swept_wing" title="Swept wing">Swept Wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-sweep_wing" title="Variable-sweep wing">Variable Sweep Wings</a> (Includes <a href="/wiki/Oblique_wing" title="Oblique wing">Oblique wings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_wing" title="Delta wing">Delta Wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptical_wing" title="Elliptical wing">elliptical wings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapezoidal_wing" title="Trapezoidal wing">trapezoidal wings</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Besides <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a>, applications for wing shapes include:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hang_glider" class="mw-redirect" title="Hang glider">Hang gliders</a>, which use wings ranging from fully flexible (<a href="/wiki/Paraglider" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraglider">paragliders</a>, gliding <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a>), flexible (framed sail wings), to rigid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_types" title="Kite types">Kites</a>, which use a variety of lifting surfaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_flight_(model_aircraft)" title="Free flight (model aircraft)">Flying model airplanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopters</a>, which use a rotating wing with a variable pitch angle to provide directional forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">Propellers</a>, whose blades generate lift for propulsion.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> <a href="/wiki/Space_Shuttle" title="Space Shuttle">Space Shuttle</a>, which uses its wings only to glide during its descent to a runway. These types of aircraft are called <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplanes</a>.</li> <li>Some <a href="/wiki/Racing_cars" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing cars">racing cars</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Formula_One_car" title="Formula One car">Formula One cars</a>, which use upside-down wings (or <i><a href="/wiki/Airfoil" title="Airfoil">airfoils</a></i>) to provide greater traction at high speeds</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailboat" title="Sailboat">Sailboats</a>, which use sails as vertical wings with variable fullness and direction to move across water</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flexible_wings">Flexible wings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Flexible wings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1948, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Rogallo" title="Francis Rogallo">Francis Rogallo</a> invented the fully limp flexible wing. <a href="/wiki/Domina_Jalbert" title="Domina Jalbert">Domina Jalbert</a> invented flexible un-sparred ram-air airfoiled thick wings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_nature">In nature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In nature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wings have <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> multiple times in history: in <a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">insects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Bird_wing" title="Bird wing">bird wing</a>), mammals (see <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bats</a>), fish, reptiles (see <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>), and plants. Wings of birds, bats, and pterosaurs all evolved from existing limbs, however insect wings evolved as a completely separate structure.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wings facilitated increased <a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">locomotion</a>, dispersal, and diversification.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various species of <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguins</a> and other flighted or <a href="/wiki/Flightless_bird" title="Flightless bird">flightless</a> water birds such as <a href="/wiki/Auk" title="Auk">auks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillemot" title="Guillemot">guillemots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shearwater" title="Shearwater">shearwaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eider_duck" class="mw-redirect" title="Eider duck">eider</a> and scoter ducks and diving <a href="/wiki/Petrels" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrels">petrels</a> are efficient underwater swimmers, and use their wings to propel through water.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 418px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Wing forms in nature</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PSM_V19_D181_Various_seeds_of_trees.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winged tree seeds that cause autorotation in descent"><img alt="Winged tree seeds that cause autorotation in descent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PSM_V19_D181_Various_seeds_of_trees.jpg/112px-PSM_V19_D181_Various_seeds_of_trees.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PSM_V19_D181_Various_seeds_of_trees.jpg/169px-PSM_V19_D181_Various_seeds_of_trees.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/PSM_V19_D181_Various_seeds_of_trees.jpg/225px-PSM_V19_D181_Various_seeds_of_trees.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1718" data-file-height="2290" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Winged tree seeds that cause <a href="/wiki/Autorotation_(helicopter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autorotation (helicopter)">autorotation</a> in descent</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seagull_wing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A laughing gull, exhibiting the "gull wing" outline."><img alt="A laughing gull, exhibiting the "gull wing" outline." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seagull_wing.jpg/200px-Seagull_wing.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seagull_wing.jpg/300px-Seagull_wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Seagull_wing.jpg/400px-Seagull_wing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Laughing_gull" title="Laughing gull">laughing gull</a>, exhibiting the "<a href="/wiki/Gull_wing" title="Gull wing">gull wing</a>" outline.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_11327_Wildlife_and_Plants_of_Israel-Bat-003.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bat in flight"><img alt="Bat in flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PikiWiki_Israel_11327_Wildlife_and_Plants_of_Israel-Bat-003.jpg/151px-PikiWiki_Israel_11327_Wildlife_and_Plants_of_Israel-Bat-003.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PikiWiki_Israel_11327_Wildlife_and_Plants_of_Israel-Bat-003.jpg/226px-PikiWiki_Israel_11327_Wildlife_and_Plants_of_Israel-Bat-003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/PikiWiki_Israel_11327_Wildlife_and_Plants_of_Israel-Bat-003.jpg/302px-PikiWiki_Israel_11327_Wildlife_and_Plants_of_Israel-Bat-003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="952" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bat in flight</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skimmer_(Dragonfly)_mating_in_air.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="dragonflies mating in flight"><img alt="dragonflies mating in flight" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skimmer_%28Dragonfly%29_mating_in_air.jpg/250px-Skimmer_%28Dragonfly%29_mating_in_air.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skimmer_%28Dragonfly%29_mating_in_air.jpg/330px-Skimmer_%28Dragonfly%29_mating_in_air.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Skimmer_%28Dragonfly%29_mating_in_air.jpg/500px-Skimmer_%28Dragonfly%29_mating_in_air.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3809" data-file-height="2539" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dragonflies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dragonflies">dragonflies</a> mating in flight</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight" title="Flight">Flight</a></li></ul> <p><b>Natural world:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bird_flight" title="Bird flight">Bird flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">Flight feather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals" title="Flying and gliding animals">Flying and gliding animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_flight" title="Insect flight">Insect flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soaring_birds" title="List of soaring birds">List of soaring birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_(fruit)" title="Samara (fruit)">Samara</a> (winged seeds of trees)</li></ul> <p><b>Aviation:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_solidity" title="Blade solidity">Blade solidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FanWing" title="FanWing">FanWing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flettner_airplane" title="Flettner airplane">Flettner airplane</a> (experimental wing types)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dynamics_(fixed-wing_aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)">Flight dynamics (fixed-wing aircraft)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kite_types" title="Kite types">Kite types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">Ornithopter</a> – Flapping-wing aircraft (research prototypes, simple toys and models)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Lilienthal" title="Otto Lilienthal">Otto Lilienthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_configuration" title="Wing configuration">Wing configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Wingsuit">Wingsuit</a></li></ul> <p><b>Sailing:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sails" class="mw-redirect" title="Sails">Sails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forces_on_sails" title="Forces on sails">Forces on sails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingsail" title="Wingsail">Wingsail</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=wing">"Online Etymology Dictionary"</a>. Etymonline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.pub=Etymonline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dwing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sports Car - Its design and performance,Colin Campbell,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B4613%2B3384%2B5" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+4613+3384+5">978 1 4613 3384 5</a>,p.180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nasa_NS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nasa_NS_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/nseqs.html">"Navier-Stokes Equations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Grc.nasa.gov</a>. 2012-04-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Navier-Stokes+Equations&rft.pub=Grc.nasa.gov&rft.date=2012-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2FK-12%2Fairplane%2Fnseqs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HR_378a-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HR_378a_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...the effect of the wing is to give the air stream a downward velocity component. The reaction force of the deflected air mass must then act on the wing to give it an equal and opposite upward component." In: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallidayResnick" class="citation cs2">Halliday, David; Resnick, Robert, <i>Fundamentals of Physics 3rd Edition</i>, John Wiley & Sons, p. 378</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Physics+3rd+Edition&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.aulast=Halliday&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Resnick%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"If the body is shaped, moved, or inclined in such a way as to produce a net deflection or turning of the flow, the local velocity is changed in magnitude, direction, or both. Changing the velocity creates a net force on the body" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grc.nasa.gov/WWW/K-12/airplane/right2.html">"Lift from Flow Turning"</a>. NASA Glenn Research Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-06-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lift+from+Flow+Turning&rft.pub=NASA+Glenn+Research+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grc.nasa.gov%2FWWW%2FK-12%2Fairplane%2Fright2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weltner_Physics_of_Flight_Reviewed-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weltner_Physics_of_Flight_Reviewed_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The cause of the aerodynamic lifting force is the downward acceleration of air by the airfoil..." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeltnerIngelman-Sundberg" class="citation cs2">Weltner, Klaus; Ingelman-Sundberg, Martin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719102847/http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~weltner/Flight/PHYSIC4.htm"><i>Physics of Flight – reviewed</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://user.uni-frankfurt.de/~weltner/Flight/PHYSIC4.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-19</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+of+Flight+%E2%80%93+reviewed&rft.aulast=Weltner&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Ingelman-Sundberg%2C+Martin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuser.uni-frankfurt.de%2F~weltner%2FFlight%2FPHYSIC4.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/foilw1/">"Equal Transit Theory Interactive | Glenn Research Center | NASA"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Research_Center" title="Glenn Research Center">Glenn Research Center</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240927024228/https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/foilw1/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Glenn+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Equal+Transit+Theory+Interactive+%7C+Glenn+Research+Center+%7C+NASA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.grc.nasa.gov%2Fbeginners-guide-to-aeronautics%2Ffoilw1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E. V. Laitone, Wind tunnel tests of wings at Reynolds numbers below 70 000, <i>Experiments in Fluids</i> <b>23</b>, <i>405</i> (1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs003480050128">10.1007/s003480050128</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Design Of The Aeroplane,Darrol Stinton,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B632%2B01877%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/0+632+01877+1">0 632 01877 1</a>,p.586</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Babinsky-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Babinsky_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"...consider a sail that is nothing but a vertical wing (generating side-force to propel a yacht). ...it is obvious that the distance between the stagnation point and the trailing edge is more or less the same on both sides. This becomes exactly true in the absence of a mast—and clearly the presence of the mast is of no consequence in the generation of lift. <i>Thus, the generation of lift does not require different distances around the upper and lower surfaces.</i>" Holger Babinsky <i>How do Wings Work?</i> Physics Education November 2003, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/0031-9120/38/6/001/pdf/pe3_6_001.pdf">PDF</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John D. Anderson, Jr. <i>Introduction to Flight</i> 4th ed page 271.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'Supercritical wings have a flat-on-top "upside down" look.' NASA Dryden Flight Research Center <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-13-DFRC.html">http://www.nasa.gov/centers/dryden/about/Organizations/Technology/Facts/TF-2004-13-DFRC.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMelisSiwanowiczDickinson2024" class="citation journal cs1">Melis, Johan M.; Siwanowicz, Igor; Dickinson, Michael H. (April 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07293-4">"Machine learning reveals the control mechanics of an insect wing hinge"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>628</b> (8009): <span class="nowrap">795–</span>803. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024Natur.628..795M">2024Natur.628..795M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07293-4">10.1038/s41586-024-07293-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38632396">38632396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Machine+learning+reveals+the+control+mechanics+of+an+insect+wing+hinge&rft.volume=628&rft.issue=8009&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E795-%3C%2Fspan%3E803&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-024-07293-4&rft.issn=1476-4687&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38632396&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2024Natur.628..795M&rft.aulast=Melis&rft.aufirst=Johan+M.&rft.au=Siwanowicz%2C+Igor&rft.au=Dickinson%2C+Michael+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Farticles%2Fs41586-024-07293-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTreidelDeemSalcedoDickinson2024" class="citation journal cs1">Treidel, Lisa A; Deem, Kevin D; Salcedo, Mary K; Dickinson, Michael H; Bruce, Heather S; Darveau, Charles-A; Dickerson, Bradley H; Ellers, Olaf; Glass, Jordan R; Gordon, Caleb M; Harrison, Jon F; Hedrick, Tyson L; Johnson, Meredith G; Lebenzon, Jacqueline E; Marden, James H (2024-08-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/icb/article-abstract/64/2/533/7710115?redirectedFrom=fulltext">"Insect Flight: State of the Field and Future Directions"</a>. <i>Integrative and Comparative Biology</i>. <b>64</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">533–</span>555. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficae106">10.1093/icb/icae106</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1540-7063">1540-7063</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> 11406162. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38982327">38982327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Integrative+and+Comparative+Biology&rft.atitle=Insect+Flight%3A+State+of+the+Field+and+Future+Directions&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E533-%3C%2Fspan%3E555&rft.date=2024-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11406162%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1540-7063&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38982327&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ficb%2Ficae106&rft.aulast=Treidel&rft.aufirst=Lisa+A&rft.au=Deem%2C+Kevin+D&rft.au=Salcedo%2C+Mary+K&rft.au=Dickinson%2C+Michael+H&rft.au=Bruce%2C+Heather+S&rft.au=Darveau%2C+Charles-A&rft.au=Dickerson%2C+Bradley+H&rft.au=Ellers%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Glass%2C+Jordan+R&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Caleb+M&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Jon+F&rft.au=Hedrick%2C+Tyson+L&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Meredith+G&rft.au=Lebenzon%2C+Jacqueline+E&rft.au=Marden%2C+James+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Ficb%2Farticle-abstract%2F64%2F2%2F533%2F7710115%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/group/stanfordbirds/text/essays/Swimming.html">"Swimming"</a>. Stanford.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swimming&rft.pub=Stanford.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stanford.edu%2Fgroup%2Fstanfordbirds%2Ftext%2Fessays%2FSwimming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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id="Fins,_limbs_and_wings105" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">Fins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">limbs</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">wings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fin" title="Fin">Fins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_locomotion" title="Aquatic locomotion">Aquatic locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_fin" title="Cephalopod fin">Cephalopod fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_locomotion" title="Fish locomotion">Fish locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fin_and_flipper_locomotion" title="Fin and flipper locomotion">Fin and flipper locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caudal_fin" class="mw-redirect" title="Caudal fin">Caudal fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_fin" title="Dorsal fin">Dorsal fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_fin" title="Fish fin">Fish fin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flipper_(anatomy)" title="Flipper (anatomy)">Flipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcopterygii" title="Sarcopterygii">Lobe-finned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinopterygii" title="Actinopterygii">Ray-finned fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pectoral_fins" class="mw-redirect" title="Pectoral fins">Pectoral fins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelvic_fin" title="Pelvic fin">Pelvic fin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Fin and limb"><img alt="Fin and limb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg/140px-Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg/210px-Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg/280px-Crossopterygii_fins_tetrapod_legs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="957" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Limb_(anatomy)" title="Limb (anatomy)">Limbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limb_development" title="Limb development">Limb development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_foot_morphology" title="Comparative foot morphology">Limb morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digitigrade" title="Digitigrade">digitigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plantigrade" title="Plantigrade">plantigrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unguligrade" class="mw-redirect" title="Unguligrade">unguligrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniped" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniped">uniped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipedalism" title="Bipedalism">biped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_biped" class="mw-redirect" title="Facultative biped">facultative biped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripedal" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripedal">triped</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrupedalism" title="Quadrupedalism">quadruped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthropod_leg" title="Arthropod leg">Arthropod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cephalopod_limb" title="Cephalopod limb">Cephalopod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapod#Limbs" title="Tetrapod">Tetrapod</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dactyly" title="Dactyly">dactyly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digit_(anatomy)" title="Digit (anatomy)">Digit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webbed_foot" title="Webbed foot">Webbed foot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flying_and_gliding_animals" title="Flying and gliding animals">Flying and gliding animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bat_wing_development" title="Bat wing development">Bat wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_wing" title="Bird wing">Bird wing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keel_(bird_anatomy)" title="Keel (bird anatomy)">keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_anatomy#Skeletal_system" title="Bird anatomy">skeleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_feather" title="Flight feather">feathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insect_wing" title="Insect wing">Insect wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterosaur#Wings" title="Pterosaur">Pterosaur wing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">Wingspan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Evolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_fish" title="Evolution of fish">Evolution of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_tetrapods" title="Evolution of tetrapods">Evolution of tetrapods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_birds" title="Evolution of birds">Evolution of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_avian_flight" title="Origin of avian flight">Origin of avian flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cetaceans" title="Evolution of cetaceans">Evolution of cetaceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">Convergent evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analogy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Analogy (biology)">Analogous structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homology_(biology)" title="Homology (biology)">Homologous structures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_locomotion" title="Animal locomotion">Animal locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gait" title="Gait">Gait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robot_locomotion" title="Robot locomotion">Robot locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara_(fruit)" title="Samara (fruit)">Samara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_locomotion" title="Terrestrial locomotion">Terrestrial locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradeoffs_for_locomotion_in_air_and_water" title="Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water">Tradeoffs for locomotion in air and water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_locomotion_in_living_systems" title="Rotating locomotion in living systems">Rotating locomotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undulatory_locomotion" title="Undulatory locomotion">Undulatory locomotion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wing&oldid=1279874882">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wing&oldid=1279874882</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerodynamics" title="Category:Aerodynamics">Aerodynamics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aerospace_engineering" 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