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href="#Beliefs_and_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Beliefs and practices</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Beliefs_and_practices-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Beliefs and practices subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Beliefs_and_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spirits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Spirits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obeahmen_and_obeahwomen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obeahmen_and_obeahwomen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Obeahmen and obeahwomen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obeahmen_and_obeahwomen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_clients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_clients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Relationship with clients</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_clients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healing_and_herbalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healing_and_herbalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Healing and herbalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healing_and_herbalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Divination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Divination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Divination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Divination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harming_and_poisons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harming_and_poisons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Harming and poisons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harming_and_poisons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_legal_proscription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_legal_proscription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Growing legal proscription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_legal_proscription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-emancipation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-emancipation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Post-emancipation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-emancipation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-colonial_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-colonial_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Post-colonial history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-colonial_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Reception and influence</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Obeah" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Obeah" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Obeah" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Obeah" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obia" title="Obia – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Obia" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Obeah" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Obeah" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Obeah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1774796#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Obeah" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1774796" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Afro-Caribbean healing and spellcasting tradition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Caribbean religious tradition. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Obeah!" title="Obeah!">Obeah!</a> For the racehorse, see <a href="/wiki/Obeah_(horse)" title="Obeah (horse)">Obeah (horse)</a>. For obeah within the context of Thelema, see <a href="/wiki/Obeah_and_wanga" title="Obeah and wanga">Obeah and wanga</a>. For the West African monster, see <a href="/wiki/Obia_(folklore)" title="Obia (folklore)">Obia (folklore)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illustration_at_page_212,_Folk-lore,_volume_1,_1890.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Image of a 19th-century illustration of an obeah figure of a seated figure confiscated from a black man named Alexander Ellis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illustration_at_page_212%2C_Folk-lore%2C_volume_1%2C_1890.png/250px-Illustration_at_page_212%2C_Folk-lore%2C_volume_1%2C_1890.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illustration_at_page_212%2C_Folk-lore%2C_volume_1%2C_1890.png/330px-Illustration_at_page_212%2C_Folk-lore%2C_volume_1%2C_1890.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Illustration_at_page_212%2C_Folk-lore%2C_volume_1%2C_1890.png/500px-Illustration_at_page_212%2C_Folk-lore%2C_volume_1%2C_1890.png 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="1785" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of a figurine confiscated from Alexander Ellis, an accused Obeahman in <a href="/wiki/Morant_Bay" title="Morant Bay">Morant Bay</a>, Jamaica in 1887.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Obeah</b>, also spelled <b>Obiya</b> or <b>Obia</b>, is a broad term for <a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diasporic</a> religious, <a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">spell-casting</a>, and healing traditions found primarily in the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">former British colonies of the Caribbean</a>. These practices derive much from West African traditions but also incorporate elements of European and South Asian origin. Many of those who practice these traditions avoid the term <i>Obeah</i> due to the word's <a href="/wiki/Pejorative" title="Pejorative">pejorative</a> connotations in many Caribbean societies. </p><p>Central to Obeah are ritual specialists who offer a range of services to paying clients. These specialists have sometimes been termed Obeahmen and Obeahwomen, although often refer to themselves in other ways, for instance calling themselves "scientists", "doctors", or "professors". Important in these <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> systems is engagement with the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_(supernatural_entity)" title="Spirit (supernatural entity)">spirits</a> and the manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> forces. A prominent role is played by healing practices, often incorporating herbal and animal ingredients. Other services include attempts to achieve justice for a client or to provide them with spiritual protection. <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Cursing</a> practices have also featured in Obeah, involving the making of objects to cause harm or the production of <a href="/wiki/Poisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Poisons">poisons</a>. There is considerable regional and individual variation in the nature of the rituals that practitioners of Obeah have engaged in. </p><p>Amid the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a> of the 16th to 19th centuries, thousands of West Africans, many <a href="/wiki/Asante_people" title="Asante people">Ashanti</a> were transported to Caribbean colonies controlled by the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>. Here, traditional African religious practices assumed new forms, for instance being employed for the protection of <a href="/wiki/Maroons" title="Maroons">Maroon</a> communities. Enslaved Africans also absorbed British influences, especially from <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and later from the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> introduced by indentured South Asian migrants. The colonial elites disapproved of African traditions and introduced laws to prohibit them, using the term <i>Obeah</i> as a general label for these practices from the 1760s on. This suppression meant that Obeah emerged as a system of practical rituals rather than as a broader communal religion akin to <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> or Cuban <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>. After <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_of_the_British_West_Indies" title="Emancipation of the British West Indies">the British abolition of slavery in the 1830s</a>, new laws were introduced against Obeah, increasingly portraying it as fraud, laws that remained following the end of imperial rule. Since the 1980s, Obeah's practitioners have campaigned to remove these legal restrictions, often under the aegis of <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a>. </p><p>The term <i>Obeah</i> has been used for practices in the Caribbean nations of the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Islands" title="Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a>. Caribbean migrants have also taken these practices elsewhere, to countries like the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom. In many Caribbean countries Obeah remains technically illegal and widely denigrated, especially given the negative assessment towards it evident in religions like <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_and_terminology">Definitions and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obeah incorporates both spell-casting and healing practices, largely of African origin,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although with European and South Asian influences as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169,_171_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169,_171-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is found primarily in the former British colonies of the Caribbean,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> namely Suriname, Jamaica, the Virgin Islands, Trinidad, Tobago, Guyana, Belize, the Bahamas, St Vincent and the Grenadines, and Barbados.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThachilBhugra2009222_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThachilBhugra2009222-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aside from the common use of <i>Obeah</i>, other spellings that have been used include <i>Obiya</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201245_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201245-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Obey</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201527_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201527-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Obi</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201527_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201527-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>Obia</i>, the latter common in Suriname and French Guiana.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201258Paton201527_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201258Paton201527-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i>Obeah</i> encompasses a varied range of traditions that are highly heterogenous and display much regional variation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispanic studies">Hispanic studies</a> scholars Margarite Fernández Olmos and <a href="/wiki/Lizabeth_Paravisini-Gebert" title="Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert">Lizabeth Paravisini-Gebert</a> defined Obeah as "a set of hybrid or creolized beliefs dependent on ritual invocation, fetishes, and charms",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the historian Diana Paton termed it "a very wide range of practices that, broadly speaking, invoke the ritual manipulation of spiritual power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20152_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the historians Jerome Handler and Kenneth Bilby it was "a loosely defined complex involving supernatural practices largely related to healing and protection".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200188_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200188-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Thomas Waters called Obeah a "supernatural tradition",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and described how it "blended West African rituals with herbalism, Islam, Christianity and even a smattering of British folk magic".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term was originally used by Europeans, according to Handler and Bilby, as "a catch-all term for a range of supernatural-related ideas and behaviours that were not of European origin and which they heavily criticized and condemned."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200187_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200187-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout history, the term <i>Obeah</i> has rarely been used as a self-description of a person's own practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20152_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Caribbean, practitioners of folk healing traditions are often reluctant to publicly describe what they do as Obeah;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton200911_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton200911-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are some people who will privately describe what they do as <i>Obeah</i>, but used other words publicly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201247–48_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201247–48-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, those who were accused of practicing Obeah in criminal court rarely used that term itself.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton200910_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton200910-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some practitioners instead refer to it as "Science",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton200910Bilby201271_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton200910Bilby201271-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as working, doing a job, doing some good, practicing, clearing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton200910_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton200910-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jamaica, another term for Obeah is "iniquity," probably deriving from the repeated Protestant admonitions that Obeah was an iniquitous practice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201250_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201250-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relations_with_other_religious_traditions">Relations with other religious traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Relations with other religious traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Paton noted that, in encompassing a broad range of supernaturally-oriented practices, the term <i>Obeah</i> served a "roughly equivalent" role in the Anglophone Caribbean to the terms <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)"><i>conjure</i> and <i>root work</i></a> (or Hoodoo) in the United States and the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quimbois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Quimbois (page does not exist)">Quimbois</a></i> of Francophone Caribbean islands Guadeloupe and Martinique.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201521–22_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201521–22-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fernández Olmos and Paravisini-Gebert suggested that Quimbois was essentially "a variation of Obeah".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011179_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011179-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obeah has both similarities and differences with other Afro-Caribbean religious traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> or Cuban <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20125_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike them, it lacks communal rituals or a system of liturgy,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in contrast to the followers of these traditions, there is little evidence that Obeah's practitioners have regarded it as "their religion".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton201210_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton201210-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fernández Olmos and Paravisini-Gebert took the view that Obeah was not a religion per se, but is a term applied to "any African-derived practice with religious elements".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obeah exists at the borders of what both Christians and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social scientists</a> have typically recognised as "<a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a>,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20127_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20127-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as such it has historically often been classified not as religion but as "magic," "witchcraft," "superstition," or "charlatanism."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20092_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20092-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Across much of the Caribbean it is common for individuals to practise multiple religious traditions simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20127_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20127-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many practitioners of Obeah attend Christian church services and do not see their practice as being at odds with <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161FordePaton20127_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161FordePaton20127-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Trinidad, various Obeah practitioners are also involved in the <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Orisha</a> religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011164_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011164-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In parts of the West Indies, South Asian migration has resulted in syncretisms between Obeah and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011168Waters2019171_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011168Waters2019171-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In places with large South Asian communities like Guyana and Trinidad there are records of some Obeahmen being <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmins</a> who also served as Hindu priests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011168Waters2019171_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011168Waters2019171-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>One can imagine a scenario in which native English speakers in the British Caribbean, in Barbados or another early English colony, adopted the term from some African language[...] without being aware of its full meaning in that language group. The adopted term referred, or was related, to a type of slave healer who was involved with spiritual or magical practices, or the practices themselves which, although not fully understood by Europeans, were known to be of non-European origin. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Handler and Bilby<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200193_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200193-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p><i>Obeah</i> is often used as a general term for Afro-Caribbean religion as a whole.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20094_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20094-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilby noted that in these cases it was "a monolithic signifier for African or neo-African forms of religiosity or spirituality still existing in the Caribbean".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201269–70_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201269–70-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, throughout the Caribbean, there is "considerable disagreement" about the meaning of the term <i>obeah</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201245_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201245-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term is malleable,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage2012150_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2012150-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as Bilby notes, it has no "single, essential meaning".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201248_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201248-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has instead often been used in reference to several different things.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20151_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20151-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is not known exactly how and when the term <i>obeah</i> came to be used in the Anglophone Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200188_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200188-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest unambiguous use of it in the region was in a letter from Barbados from 1710, where it appeared as "<i>Obia</i>", and the term was more widely extant in Barbadian English by the 1720s and 1730s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200188_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200188-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contemporary scholarship, there is general agreement that the word <i>obeah</i> is of West African origin, although there remain different arguments as to which language it derives from.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200189Paton201528_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200189Paton201528-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paton noted that the exact origins of the term were "unlikely to be definitively resolved".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201530_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201530-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One argument is that it stems from <a href="/wiki/Twi" title="Twi">Twi</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Akan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Akan languages">Akan languages</a>. In this case, it may derive from <i>obayifo</i>, a Twi term generally translated as "<a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witch</a>", or from <i>bayi</i>, the term for the morally neutral supernatural force employed by the <i>obayifo</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201528_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201528-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In support of this origin is the fact that the term <i>obeah</i> proved prominent in the British Caribbean colonies, Suriname, and the Danish Virgin Islands, all areas where large numbers of Akan speakers from the Gold Coast were introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201529_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201529-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second possibility is that the word <i>obeah</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik language</a>. If so, it could derive from the Efik word for "doctor,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201529_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201529-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or alternatively from the word <i>ubio</i>, often translated as "fetish".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201530_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201530-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A third option traces it to the <a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo language</a>, where a <i>dibia</i> was a ritual specialist involved in healing and other practices.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200191–92Paton201529_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200191–92Paton201529-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other proposals trace the word <i>obeah</i> to the <a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo language</a> <i>obi</i>, often translated as "poison", or the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba language</a> <i>obi</i>, a term for a type of divination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201529–30_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201529–30-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In support of these non-Akan origins is the fact that captives taken from the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biafra" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Biafra">Bay of Biafra</a> constituted a major part of the population in those parts of the Caribbean where the term <i>obeah</i> is earliest attested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201529_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201529-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rucker_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rucker-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many parts of the Caribbean, the word <i>Obeah</i> is reserved only for destructive ritual practices and regarded as a synonym for sorcery or witchcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20094,_11Bilby201247_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20094,_11Bilby201247-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other places, the term is used in a fairly neutral manner to describe a form of spiritual power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20094,_11_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20094,_11-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the common understanding of the term among Maroon communities in Suriname and French Guiana, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201245_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201245-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilby noted that in this context, <i>obeah</i> was a concept akin to the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba religious</a> notion of <i><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%BA%B9" title="Aṣẹ">aṣẹ</a></i>, which is also found in Santería and <a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201245–46_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201245–46-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He suggested that the positive use of the word <i>obia</i> here was because these Maroon communities had remained largely outside of European cultural domination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201246–47_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201246–47-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Surinamese did believe in the negative use of supernatural power, but they called that <i>wisi</i>, a term derived from the English "witch".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201260_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201260-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Variants of the term <i>Obeah</i> also appeared among African-Americans in the <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Lowcountry" title="South Carolina Lowcountry">South Carolina Lowcountry</a> prior to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200189Young2007125–126_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200189Young2007125–126-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>obeah</i> seems to have been unknown in Francophone societies during the 17th and 18th centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200189Savage2012149–150_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200189Savage2012149–150-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but began to appear among French speakers in Martinique by the early 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage2012149–150_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2012149–150-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beliefs_and_practices">Beliefs and practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Beliefs and practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the period of enslavement, Obeah was primarily directed to goals that the enslaved people would have deemed beneficial, such as healing, locating missing property, protecting against illness and misfortune, and targeting the slave owners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200187_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200187-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obeah revolves around one-to-one consultations between practitioners and their clients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common goals in Obeah include attracting a partner, finding lost objects, resolving legal issues, getting someone out of prison, attracting luck for gambling or games, and wreaking revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011168_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011168-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirits">Spirits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Spirits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Central to Obeah is the relationship between humans and spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011170_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011170-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike other Afro-Caribbean religious traditions, such as <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> and Cuban <a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a>, Obeah does not strictly centre around deities who manifest through divination and the possession of their worshippers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These spirits and deities can be "called" or summoned to assist the Obeah practitioner but are not worshipped.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011170_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011170-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These spiritual forces are often deemed essentially morally neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200187_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200187-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In various Caribbean cultures, it is believed that a spirit can attack someone either on its own initiative or because it has been sent to do so by an Obeah practitioner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201260_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201260-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some contexts, the colour red is explained as countering the presence of duppies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197831_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197831-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obeahmen_and_obeahwomen">Obeahmen and obeahwomen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Obeahmen and obeahwomen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obeahmen and obeahwomen are deemed able to bewitch and unwitch, heal, charm, tell fortunes, detect stolen goods, reveal unfaithful lovers, and command <i>duppies</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Diana Paton referred to them as "spiritual workers" and "ritual specialists".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012191_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012191-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obeah is practiced by both males and females, typically referred to as <i>obeahmen</i> and <i>obeahwomen</i> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, various practitioners avoid calling what they do <i>obeah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20128_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20128-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Bahamas, commonly used terms for a practitioner is <i>Bush man</i> or <i>bush doctor</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Jamaica an <i>iniquity worker</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201250_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201250-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Trinidad a common term is <i>Wanga man</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Grenada they are sometimes called <i>Scientists</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Guyana as <i>Professor</i>, <i>Madame</i>, <i>Pundit</i>, <i>Maraj</i>, and <i>work-man</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historical terms found in Jamaica include "doctors," "professors," "one-eyed men," "doctormen," "do good men," or "four eye men."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton200910_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton200910-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Practitioners of Quimbois are referred to as <i>quimboiseurs</i>, <i>sorciers</i>, and <i>gadé zaffés</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011179_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011179-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of the favored terms, such as "science-man," "scientist," "doctor-man" and "professor", emphasise modernity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20152_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Obeah tradition, it is typically believed that practitioners will be born with special powers; they are sometimes referred to as having been "born with the gift".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is taught that possession of these powers may be revealed to the individual through dreams or visions in late childhood or early adolescence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159–160_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159–160-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Caribbean lore, it is sometimes believed that an Obeah practitioner will bear a physical disability, such as a blind eye, a club foot, or a deformed hand, and that their powers are a compensation for this.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being an Obeah practitioner is often believed to pass hereditarily from a parent to their eldest child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, someone may become a practitioner following a traumatic event.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once they have decided to pursue the practice, a person typically becomes the apprentice of an established obeahman or woman.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160_60-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to folk tradition, this apprenticeship should take place in the forest and last for a year, a notion that derives from older African ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160_60-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, apprenticeships can last up to five or six years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160_60-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A practitioner's success in attracting clients is usually rooted in their reputation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011169_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011169-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Older obeahmen/women are usually regarded more highly than younger ones.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do not normally wear special clothing to mark out their identity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many cases, they have practiced in secret, allowing them to operate even while their practices are illegal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197837_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197837-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Trinidad and Tobago, 21st-century Obeah practitioners often advertise their services in the classified advert columns of newspapers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relationship_with_clients">Relationship with clients</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Relationship with clients"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clients will typically pay for the services of an Obeah practitioner, the size of the fee often being connected to the client's means.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011169_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011169-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This exchange of money for ritual services is long embedded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012198_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012198-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of this fee will be used to buy items necessary for the intended rituals, such as candles, rum, and fowl.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012203_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012203-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a few examples of monetary payment being charged during the era of slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012201_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012201-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an 1831 account from Jamaica, for instance, a slave named Polydore requested two dollars, a cock, and a pint of rum to heal a man he had made ill with his curse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012201_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012201-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further evidence for the monetary nature of these transactions comes from the period after emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012202_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012202-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the Trinidadian cases regarding Obeah recorded from 1890 and 1930, the main reason clients approached a practitioner was work-related worries and aspirations; this was followed by attempts to deal with physical suffering, court cases, and relationship issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012203_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012203-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discussing the situation among Jamaicans and British Jamaicans in the 1970s, Venetia Newall noted that "respectable middle-class people" generally shunned Obeah but would sometimes turn to it during "times of stress".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197845_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197845-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Healing_and_herbalism">Healing and herbalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Healing and herbalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obeah is often used for protection rather than for harm.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20091_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20091-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main social function of an Obeah practitioner is often as a herbalist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To assist with healing a client's ailments, the obeahman/woman will often utilise baths, massages, and mixtures of various ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Bush baths" are often applied to relieve fevers and involve a range of different herbal ingredients placed within hot water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165_69-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These often rely on a knowledge of the properties of various animal and herbal ingredients.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graveyard dirt may be employed to access the spirit world.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012203_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012203-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Obeah traditions, plants are believed to absorb cosmic properties from the sun, moon, and planets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165–166_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165–166-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At a 1755 trial in Martinique, there were reports of amulets incorporating incense, holy water, pieces of the Eucharist, wax from an <a href="/wiki/Easter_candle" class="mw-redirect" title="Easter candle">Easter candle</a>, and small crucifixes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage2012161_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2012161-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Obeah bottles are much like the <a href="/wiki/Witch_bottles" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch bottles">witch bottles</a> used in early modern and modern Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In various cases, Obeah rituals are performed to try and affect the outcome of a court case.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197830Paton2012185_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197830Paton2012185-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Jamaican case recorded in 1911 for instance involved the ritual specialist turning a key in a padlock while saying the name of an individual they wanted to prevent speaking in court.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012185_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012185-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another element of lore, recorded in 1978, maintained that holding a nutmeg in one's mouth while speaking on oath in court will help a person secure legal victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197830_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197830-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These religious practices can also be used in times of war. Various Maroons turned to them amid the <a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Interior_War" title="Surinamese Interior War">Surinamese Interior War</a> of the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201259_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201259-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obeah has also been used by organised crime. When <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> gangster Mark Lambie was put on trial for kidnap and torture in 2002, both his victims and fellow gang members suggested that his powers of Obeah had made him "untouchable".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019320_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019320-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divination">Divination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Divination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One recorded method of divination in Obeah entails placing a key inside a <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>, tying and binding the book to a thread, and then observing how the book turns while <a href="/wiki/Psalm_50" title="Psalm 50">Psalm 50</a> is read.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is very similar to the Bible and key divination method used in Britain since at least the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Guyana, South Asians have added chiromancy or palm reading to the divination styles employed by Obeah practitioners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011171_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011171-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harming_and_poisons">Harming and poisons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Harming and poisons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In various cases, a sudden death has been attributed to a bad spirit being set upon the deceased through Obeah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197846_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197846-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common harming method in Obeah is spiking a person's food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201252_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201252-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One recurring notion is that a woman can win a man from her love rival by placing her own menstrual fluid in his food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201252_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201252-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Caribbean, love spells such as this are often deemed immoral as they are intended to deny a person their <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201252–53_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201252–53-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One method of lifting an Obeah curse, recorded from the Caribbean, involved a person crossing themselves and stating: "Bless the mark, and cross if off."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197846_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197846-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also reported in various 18th and early 19th-century sources was the notion that Christian baptism provided protection from Obeah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197847_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197847-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A continuing source of anxiety related to Obeah was the belief that practitioners were skilled in using poisons, as mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Lewis_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew Lewis (writer)">Matthew Lewis</a>'s <i>Journal of a West India Proprietor</i>. Many Jamaicans accused women of such poisonings; one case Lewis discussed was that of a young woman named Minetta, who was brought to trial for attempting to poison her master.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lewis and others often characterized the women they accused of poisonings as being manipulated by obeahmen, who they contended actually provided the women with the materials for poisonings.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They claimed that Obeah men stole people's shadows, and they set themselves up as the helpers of those who wished to have their shadows restored. Revivalists contacted spirits to expose the evil works they ascribed to the Obeah men and led public parades, which resulted in crowd hysteria that engendered violent antagonism against them. The public "discovery" of buried Obeah charms, presumed to be of evil intent, led on more than one occasion to violence against the rival Obeah practitioners. Conflicts between supposedly "good" and "evil" spiritual work could sometimes be found within plantation communities. In one 1821 case brought before court in <a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a>, an enslaved woman named Madalon allegedly died as a result of being accused of malevolent obeah that caused the drivers at Op Hoop Van Beter plantation to fall ill.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The man implicated in her death, a spiritual worker named Willem, conducted an illegal <a href="/wiki/Mami_Wata" title="Mami Wata">Minje Mama</a> dance to divine the source of the Obeah, and after she was chosen as the suspect, she was tortured to death.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Obeah practices largely derive from Ashanti origins.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ashanti and other Twi-speaking peoples from the <a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_(region)" title="Gold Coast (region)">Gold Coast</a> formed the largest group of enslaved people in the British Caribbean colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obeah was first identified in the British colonies of the Caribbean during the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011156_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011156-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Enslaved Africans who were transported to the Caribbean during the 17th or 18th centuries came from societies where spiritual power played a prominent role.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201522_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201522-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although there was considerable variation in the religious beliefs and practices of these African societies,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201522_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201522-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> all generally shared a belief that ancestors and spirits could act on the physical world and thus should be respected and cared for.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201523_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201523-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All these African societies also had ritual specialists, individuals who engaged in divination and were deemed to have knowledge of powerful substances that could be used to either heal of harm other people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201523–24_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201523–24-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The West Europeans who oversaw Atlantic transportation also believed in an unseen world that could influence humanity, but typically divided it more strictly along ethical lines, adhering to a <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> belief in good forces aligned with <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> and evil forces aligned with <a href="/wiki/The_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Devil">the Devil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201525_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201525-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early modern Europeans had also inherited the idea of the witch as a spiritually evil person.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201526_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201526-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paton noted that these European notions of witchcraft framed "European understandings of African spiritual work and ritual specialists in the Caribbean".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201526_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201526-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In British colonial communities, aside from referring to the set of spiritual practices, "Obeah" also came to refer to a physical object, such as a talisman or charm, that was used for evil magical purposes. The item was referred to as an Obeah-item (e.g. an 'obeah ring' or an 'obeah-stick', translated as: <i>ring used for witchcraft</i> or <i>stick used for witchcraft</i> respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obeah incorporated various beliefs from the religions of later migrants to the colonies where it was present. Obeah also influenced other religions in the Caribbean, e.g. Christianity, which incorporated some Obeah beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Psy_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Psy-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_legal_proscription">Growing legal proscription</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Growing legal proscription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The notion that Obeah might be a force for generating solidarity among slaves and encouraging them to resist colonial domination was brought to the attention of European slave-owners due to several events in the 1730s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201532_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201532-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jamaica, the <a href="/wiki/First_Maroon_War" title="First Maroon War">First Maroon War</a> saw British forces fail to suppress the <a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroons" title="Jamaican Maroons">Jamaican Maroons</a>, free Africans who employed spiritual protection as an important part of their fighting strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201532,_35_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201532,_35-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Obeah ritual specialists had played a prominent role within these Maroon communities;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201532_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201532-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one of the best known was the Akan woman <a href="/wiki/Nanny_of_the_Maroons" title="Nanny of the Maroons">Nanny of the Maroons</a> described as an old 'witch' and a 'Hagg' by English soldier Philip Thicknesse in his memoirs.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colonial sources claimed she could quickly grow food for her starving forces,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to catch British bullets and either fire them back or attack the soldiers with a machete.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, in Antigua in 1736, an alleged slave conspiracy to attack Europeans was exposed, its ringleaders arrested, and 47 people executed. Interrogations revealed that the conspirators engaged in religious ceremonies and offered religious oaths, in at least one case administered by an "Obiaman" named Quawcoo.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201535–36_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201535–36-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to this account, Quawcoo had also used divination to determine an auspicious time for the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201537_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201537-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In various cases, Obeah rituals might encourage "courage and morale" during such rebellions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197846_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197846-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Be it therefore enacted ... that from and after the First Day of June (1760), any Negro or other Slave, who shall pretend to any supernatural Power, and be detected in making use of any Blood, Feathers, Parrots Beaks, Dogs teeth, Alligators Teeth, broken Bottles, Grave Dirt, Rum, Egg-shells, or any other Materials relative to the Practice of Obeah or Witchcraft, in order to delude and impose on the Minds of others, shall upon conviction thereof, before two Magistrates and three Freeholders, suffer Death or Transportation. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— 1760 Jamaican law against Obeah<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197829_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197829-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>Fearing that Obeah's practitioners might incite anti-colonial rebellions, European colonial authorities increasingly saw Obeah as a threat to the stability on their plantations and criminalised it.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011156_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011156-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1733, Governor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Philip_Gardelin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Philip Gardelin (page does not exist)">Philip Gardelin</a> issued a clause to the Danish West Indian slave code proscribing various ritual practices; rather than referring to this as <i>Obeah</i>, he used the word <i>towernarye</i>, probably derived from the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> word <i>tovernery</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201520–21_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201520–21-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was in the aftermath of <a href="/wiki/Tacky%27s_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacky's War">Tacky's War</a>, a rebellion against the colonial authorities, that the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Assembly_of_Jamaica" title="House of Assembly of Jamaica">Jamaican Assembly</a> first passed laws that banned Obeah in 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20094Paton201517Waters2019169_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20094Paton201517Waters2019169-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This law took the term <i>Obeah</i>, which was previously rarely used, and gave it a legal definition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201517_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201517-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the rebellion, Tacky is said to have consulted an Obeahman who prepared for his forces a substance that would make them immune to bullets, which boosted their confidence in executing the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European colonial fear of Afro-Caribbean traditions was furthered following the successful <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a>, in which various revolutionaries were allegedly practitioners of Vodou.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019170_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019170-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early Jamaican laws against Obeah reflected Christian theological viewpoints, characterising it as "pretending to have communication with the devil" or "assuming the art of witchcraft."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20094–5_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20094–5-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative assessments, often reflecting <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racist</a> attitudes, were also apparent in 18th century writings that discussed Obeah, such as <a href="/wiki/Edward_Long_(historian)" title="Edward Long (historian)">Edward Long</a>'s <i>History of Jamaica</i> (1774) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bryan_Edward&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bryan Edward (page does not exist)">Bryan Edward</a>'s <i>History, Civil and Commercial, of the British Colonies in the West Indies</i> (1793), which also emphasised the notion that it was not religion but witchcraft or magic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton201213–14_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton201213–14-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of obeah with regards to healing led to the Jamaican 18th and 19th century traditions of "doctresses", such as Grace Donne (who nursed her lover, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Taylor_(sugar_planter)" title="Simon Taylor (sugar planter)">Simon Taylor (sugar planter)</a>), Sarah Adams, <a href="/wiki/Cubah_Cornwallis" title="Cubah Cornwallis">Cubah Cornwallis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Seacole" title="Mary Seacole">Mary Seacole</a>, and Mrs Grant (who was the mother of Mary Seacole). These doctresses practised the use of hygiene and the applications of herbs decades before they were adopted by European doctors and nurses.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the British Empire expanded through the Caribbean during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, so the term <i>obeah</i> was diffused through these colonies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201531_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201531-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This colonial suppression eradicated the African-derived communal rituals that involved song, dance, and offerings to spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the British Caribbean, communal rituals oriented towards deities only persevered in pockets, as with Obeah in Jamaica and Orisha in Trinidad.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011163_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011163-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The historian Diana Paton has argued that the laws introduced to restrict African-derived practices contributed to the developing idea that these varied traditions could be seen as a singular phenomenon, Obeah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20091–2_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20091–2-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afro-Caribbeans often concealed Obeah from Europeans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019170_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019170-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were nevertheless Europeans who believed in Obeah's power;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019170_110-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019170-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are records of some plantation owners getting Obeah practitioners to cast spells over their fields to deter thieves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-emancipation">Post-emancipation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Post-emancipation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ann_Tuitt_et_Cornelius_Jarvis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ann_Tuitt_et_Cornelius_Jarvis.jpg/250px-Ann_Tuitt_et_Cornelius_Jarvis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ann_Tuitt_et_Cornelius_Jarvis.jpg/330px-Ann_Tuitt_et_Cornelius_Jarvis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Ann_Tuitt_et_Cornelius_Jarvis.jpg/500px-Ann_Tuitt_et_Cornelius_Jarvis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1376" data-file-height="1222" /></a><figcaption>Two imprisoned Obeah practitioners in Antigua, part of a group photographed in 1905.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20121_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20121-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the abolition of slavery in the British Empire in 1834, Europeans in the West Indies continued to be troubled by the influence of Obeah within Afro-Caribbean communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019170_110-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019170-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing laws against Obeah had typically applied only to enslaved people and so new laws to proscribe the practice were required.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20095_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20095-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1838 and 1920 a new raft of measures against Obeah and related practices appeared throughout the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20095_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20095-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jamaica, for example, new legal proscriptions against Obeah, which was to punished with hard labour and the lash, came in 1856.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019170_110-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019170-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These new laws largely downgraded the severity with which Obeah was punished but also expanded the scope of what would be considered part of it;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20096_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20096-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as Forde noted, Obeah became "an extremely inclusive and amorphous criminal category".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012204_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012204-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases authorities also prohibited the publication or circulation of written material pertaining to Obeah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20096_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20096-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these laws, including those in Trinidad and Tobago, British Guiana, Barbados, and Jamaica, emphasised the idea that Obeah would be regarded as fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20096–7Forde2012201_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20096–7Forde2012201-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contributed to the notion of Obeah practitioners as fraudsters and charlatans that became dominant among European-Caribbean elites.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20096–7_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20096–7-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This approach was influenced by ongoing efforts in Britain to suppress fortune tellers and astrologers there;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20098_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20098-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such prosecutions were thought to weed out "superstition" and thus seen as part of the empire's civilising mission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012205_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012205-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176" /><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:25em; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Obeah, or as it is called in some of the islands Wanga, may be described as the art of imposing upon the credulity of ignorant persons by means of feathers, bones, teeth, hairs, cat's claws, rusty nails, pieces of cloth, dirt, and other rubbish, usually contained in a wallet. The obeah man is usually dirty and unkempt, with a slouching gait and averted face. The cult sometimes develops into poisoning, by means of ground glass, arsenic, or prepared vegetable extracts. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Frank Cundall, the British founder of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Jamaica" title="Institute of Jamaica">Institute of Jamaica</a>, in 1908<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20154_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20154-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div> <p>The trials of those prosecuted reveal that in this period, clients were typically approaching Obeah specialists for assistance with health, employment, luck, or success in business or legal entanglements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20098_123-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20098-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In various cases the police used <a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">entrapment</a> to arrest practitioners of Obeah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012201_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012201-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence that the prosecutions were often assisted by those outside the police;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012207Paton2012186_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012207Paton2012186-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to recorded Jamaican cases, at least half of arrests for Obeah practice resulted from co-operation with non-police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012186_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012186-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These individuals may have felt cheated by the Obeah specialist, believing that the latter failed to deliver as promised or had overcharged them, and so turned them into the police.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012186–188_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012186–188-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accused repeatedly defended themselves by maintaining that what they practised did not constitute Obeah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton200910_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton200910-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases, such as that of <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>-based Charles "Tishum" Dolly, who was convicted five times, the prosecutions served to provide them with greater publicity for their services.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton200912_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton200912-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work of police and other state officials often provided much of the evidence used by early scholars of Obeah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012180–181_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012180–181-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An exhibition of material obtained from convicted Obeah practitioners was for instance included at the <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_International_Exhibition" title="Jamaica International Exhibition">Jamaica International Exhibition</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_Jamaica" title="Kingston, Jamaica">Kingston</a> in 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012174_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012174-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This material was used as a partial basis for May Robinson's 1893 article on Obeah in <i><a href="/wiki/Folklore_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore (journal)">Folk-Lore</a></i>, which in turn influenced the research of <a href="/wiki/Martha_Beckwith" class="mw-redirect" title="Martha Beckwith">Martha Beckwith</a> and Joseph Williams in Jamaica in the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012179–180_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012179–180-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hundreds of thousands of South Asians, and a smaller number of Chinese, arrived in the Caribbean largely as indentured laborers. They brought with them their own religions which also fed into Obeah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20125_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20125-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, there is evidence that many Obeah practitioners had travelled between different Caribbean islands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton201224_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton201224-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given certain similarities between Obeah and the Cuban religion of Palo, it is possible that Obeah practices were introduced to adherents of the latter system amid Jamaican migration to Cuba from 1925 onward.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores-Peña2005117_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores-Peña2005117-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-colonial_history">Post-colonial history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Post-colonial history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_(cropped).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg/250px-Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg/330px-Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg/500px-Seaga_at_AFB_Andrews_%28cropped%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Jamaican Prime Minister Edward Seaga described Obeah as part of the Caribbean's cultural heritage</figcaption></figure> <p>Obeah came more into the open with the waning of British colonialism in the Caribbean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the 1940s, Jamaican prosecutions for Obeah began to reduce.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two years after Jamaica became independent, in 1964, the country saw its last conviction for Obeah.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reflecting changing attitudes, Jamaica's Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Edward_Seaga" title="Edward Seaga">Edward Seaga</a> described Obeah as a form of faith healing and a part of Caribbean cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1981, Jamaica's formal gift for <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer" title="Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer">the wedding</a> of Britain's <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles III">Prince Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a> was an obeah-influenced painting by <a href="/wiki/Mallica_Reynolds" title="Mallica Reynolds">Mallica Reynolds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019172_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019172-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The late 20th century saw growing migration from the West Indies to metropolitan urban centres like Miami, New York, Toronto, and London, where practitioners of Obeah interacted with followers of other Afro-Caribbean traditions like Santeria, Vodou, and Espiritismus.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011156_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011156-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some communities of Obeah practitioners are trying to develop communal rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the 1980s there have been efforts to decriminalise Obeah practices throughout many Caribbean countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These calls have sometimes emphasised the idea that Obeah should be permitted under the aegis of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, although critics have objected by maintaining that Obeah is not a religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20093,_16_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20093,_16-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paton noted that Obeah lacked the "self-confident promoters and interpreters" to advance its case that had been found within Vodou, Santería, and Candomblé.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20155_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20155-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The decriminalisation movement has nevertheless had successes; Anguilla removed proscriptions against it in 1980, Barbados in 1998, Trinidad and Tobago in 2000, and St Lucia in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20155Waters2019171–172_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20155Waters2019171–172-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as of the early 21st century these practices remain widely illegal across the region,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20091Fernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20091Fernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including in Jamaica.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20095_118-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20095-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enforcement is often lax and usually only when Obeah practitioners have also infringed on other laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most prosecutions center on accusations of charlatanism against Obeah practitioners who have charged large fees and not produced the promised results.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Practitioners of Obeah are found across the Caribbean as well as in the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is difficult to ascertain the number of clients who employ Obeahmen and Obeahwomen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contexts like London, not all of those employing the Obeah specialists are of African-Caribbean background.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197840–41_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197840–41-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trinidad had fewer cases of people practicing Obeah than Jamaica. In Trinidad, there was discrimination of what was a religion practice or what was considered Obeah. The reason was the cultural differences of the blacks and East Indian races living in Trinidad and Tobago .<sup id="cite_ref-:0_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_influence">Reception and influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reception and influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captain_Mayne_Reid,_The_maroon,_A_tale_of_vodoo_and_obeah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Captain_Mayne_Reid%2C_The_maroon%2C_A_tale_of_vodoo_and_obeah.jpg/250px-Captain_Mayne_Reid%2C_The_maroon%2C_A_tale_of_vodoo_and_obeah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Captain_Mayne_Reid%2C_The_maroon%2C_A_tale_of_vodoo_and_obeah.jpg/330px-Captain_Mayne_Reid%2C_The_maroon%2C_A_tale_of_vodoo_and_obeah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Captain_Mayne_Reid%2C_The_maroon%2C_A_tale_of_vodoo_and_obeah.jpg/500px-Captain_Mayne_Reid%2C_The_maroon%2C_A_tale_of_vodoo_and_obeah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1648" data-file-height="2467" /></a><figcaption>Cover of an 1883 edition of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mayne_Reid" title="Thomas Mayne Reid">Thomas Mayne Reid</a>'s <i>The Maroon: A Tale of Voodoo and Obeah</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Written accounts of Obeah in the 19th and 20th century were largely produced by white visitors to the Caribbean who saw the tradition and its practitioners as being sinister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011162_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011162-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Paton noted, "for a long time obeah was the ultimate signifier of the Caribbean's difference from Europe, a symbol of the region's supposed inability to be part of the modern world."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20151_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20151-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Official views of Obeah throughout the Caribbean have been consistently negative,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20092_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20092-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while many people in the Caribbean regard Obeah as a dangerous and hostile phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20091_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20091-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ongoing stigma surrounding Obeah is partly due to the opposition of <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Protestant Evangelicalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019171-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also hostile to Obeah are <a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a>, who regard it as a reflection of the oppressive and un-Godly forces that they term "Babylon".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201254_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201254-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these critics, Obeah is deemed fundamentally immoral,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201256_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201256-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and often explicitly Satanic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201255_145-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201255-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to repurpose the term <i>Obeah</i> in a more positive fashion have come largely from academia and from culturally nationalist politics.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20152_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20152-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In various Caribbean countries, singers and musical groups have adopted the term "Obeah" in their name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201248_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201248-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An early example of this was the Bahamian singer <a href="/wiki/Exuma_(musician)" title="Exuma (musician)">Tony McKay</a>, who cultivated the nickname "Exuma, the Obeah Man" after the title of his 1970 song.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201262_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201262-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bilby argued that in these cases, the use of the term was a "gesture towards reclaiming ancestral power".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201249_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201249-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere in Caribbean music, Obeah has been used as a theme for the humorous exploration of gender relations, as in <a href="/wiki/Mighty_Sparrow" title="Mighty Sparrow">Mighty Sparrow</a>'s 1966 song "Obeah Wedding,"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201252_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201252-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or has been denounced as harmful, as in <a href="/wiki/The_Ethiopians" title="The Ethiopians">The Ethiopians</a>' 1977 <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a> song "Obeah Book".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201254_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201254-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obeah_and_wanga" title="Obeah and wanga">Obeah and wanga</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folklore04folkuoft"><i>Folklore</i></a>. Vol. IV. Folklore Society of Great Britain. 1893. pp. <span class="nowrap">211–</span>212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folklore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E211-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.pub=Folklore+Society+of+Great+Britain&rft.date=1893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolklore04folkuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011155_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169,_171-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019169,_171_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaters2019">Waters 2019</a>, pp. 169, 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThachilBhugra2009222-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThachilBhugra2009222_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThachilBhugra2009">Thachil & Bhugra 2009</a>, p. 222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201245-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201245_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201245_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201245_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201527-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201527_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201527_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201258Paton201527-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201258Paton201527_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, p. 58; 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<a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201530-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201530_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201530_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201528-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201528_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nathaniel Samuel Murrell<i>, Obeah: Magical Art of Resistance. In Afro-Caribbean Religions: An Introduction to Their Historical, Cultural, and Sacred Traditions</i> (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2010), 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChambers2009" class="citation book cs1">Chambers, Douglas B. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vqpoxEl_0_4C&pg=PA263"><i>Murder at Montpelier: Igbo Africans in Virginia</i></a>. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-246-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60473-246-7"><bdi>978-1-60473-246-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murder+at+Montpelier%3A+Igbo+Africans+in+Virginia&rft.pages=263&rft.pub=Univ.+Press+of+Mississippi&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60473-246-7&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=Douglas+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvqpoxEl_0_4C%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201529-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201529_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201529_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201529_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200191–92Paton201529-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200191–92Paton201529_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandlerBilby2001">Handler & Bilby 2001</a>, pp. 91–92; <a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEltisRichardson1997" class="citation book cs1">Eltis, David; Richardson, David (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kuXEzQZQmawC&pg=PA74"><i>Routes to slavery: direction, ethnicity, and mortality in the transatlantic slave trade</i></a>. 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20094,_11Bilby201247-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20094,_11Bilby201247_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, pp. 4, 11; <a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20094,_11-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20094,_11_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, pp. 4, 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201245–46-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201245–46_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201246–47-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201246–47_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201260-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201260_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201260_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200189Young2007125–126-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200189Young2007125–126_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandlerBilby2001">Handler & Bilby 2001</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFYoung2007">Young 2007</a>, p. 125–126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200189Savage2012149–150-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHandlerBilby200189Savage2012149–150_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHandlerBilby2001">Handler & Bilby 2001</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFSavage2012">Savage 2012</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2012149–150-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage2012149–150_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage2012">Savage 2012</a>, pp. 149–150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159_52-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011168-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011168_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011170-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011170_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011170_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197831-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197831_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewall1978">Newall 1978</a>, p. 31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012191-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012191_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2012">Paton 2012</a>, p. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20128-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20128_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFordePaton2012">Forde & Paton 2012</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159–160-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011159–160_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, pp. 159–160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011161_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160_60-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160_60-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011160_60-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011169-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011169_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011169_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197837-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197837_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewall1978">Newall 1978</a>, p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012198-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012198_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForde2012">Forde 2012</a>, p. 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012203-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012203_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012203_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012203_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForde2012">Forde 2012</a>, p. 203.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012201-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012201_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012201_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012201_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForde2012">Forde 2012</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012202-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012202_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForde2012">Forde 2012</a>, p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197845-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197845_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewall1978">Newall 1978</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20091-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20091_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20091_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165_69-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165–166-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011165–166_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, pp. 165–166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESavage2012161-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESavage2012161_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSavage2012">Savage 2012</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197830Paton2012185-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197830Paton2012185_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewall1978">Newall 1978</a>, p. 30; <a href="#CITEREFPaton2012">Paton 2012</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012185-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012185_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2012">Paton 2012</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197830-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197830_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewall1978">Newall 1978</a>, p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201259-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201259_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019320-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Pan+African+Studies&rft.atitle=Obeah+to+Rastafari%3A+Jamaica+as+a+Colony+of+Ridicule%2C+Oppression+and+Violence%2C+1865-1939&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2017&rft.au=Barima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpanafrican.org%2Fdocs%2Fvol10no1%2F10.1-11-Barima%2520%281%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201532-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201532_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201532_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton201532,_35-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton201532,_35_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, pp. 32, 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Long_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLong1774" class="citation book cs1">Long, Edward (1774). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QLw_AAAAcAAJ&q=edward%20long%20coromantee&pg=PA446"><i>The History of Jamaica Or, A General Survey of the Antient and Modern State of that Island: With Reflexions on Its Situation, Settlements, Inhabitants, Climate, Products, Commerce, Laws, and Government</i></a>. 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Lowndes. pp. <span class="nowrap">445–</span>475.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Jamaica+Or%2C+A+General+Survey+of+the+Antient+and+Modern+State+of+that+Island%3A+With+Reflexions+on+Its+Situation%2C+Settlements%2C+Inhabitants%2C+Climate%2C+Products%2C+Commerce%2C+Laws%2C+and+Government&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E445-%3C%2Fspan%3E475&rft.pub=T.+Lowndes&rft.date=1774&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQLw_AAAAcAAJ%26q%3Dedward%2520long%2520coromantee%26pg%3DPA446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMendezCuetoDeynes2003" class="citation book cs1">Mendez, Serafin; Cueto, Gail; Deynes, Neysa Rodríguez (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NLPrMMKmynwC"><i>Notable Caribbeans and Caribbean Americans: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313314438" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313314438"><bdi>978-0313314438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notable+Caribbeans+and+Caribbean+Americans%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0313314438&rft.aulast=Mendez&rft.aufirst=Serafin&rft.au=Cueto%2C+Gail&rft.au=Deynes%2C+Neysa+Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNLPrMMKmynwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Thicknesse, <i><a href="//archive.org/details/memoirsanecdotes00thic" class="extiw" title="iarchive:memoirsanecdotes00thic">Memoirs and anecdotes of Philip Thicknesse, late lieutenant governor of Land Guard Fort, and unfortunately father to George Touchet, Baron Audley</a></i> (Dublin: Graisberry and Campbell, 1790), 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth M. 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href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20091–2-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20091–2_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20121-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton20121_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFordePaton2012">Forde & Paton 2012</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20095-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20095_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20095_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20095_118-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20096-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20096_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20096_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012204-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012204_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForde2012">Forde 2012</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20096–7Forde2012201-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20096–7Forde2012201_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, pp. 6–7; <a href="#CITEREFForde2012">Forde 2012</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20096–7-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20096–7_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20098-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20098_123-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20098_123-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012205-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012205_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForde2012">Forde 2012</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20154-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20154_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForde2012207Paton2012186-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForde2012207Paton2012186_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForde2012">Forde 2012</a>, p. 207; <a href="#CITEREFPaton2012">Paton 2012</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012186-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012186_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2012">Paton 2012</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012186–188-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012186–188_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2012">Paton 2012</a>, pp. 186–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton200912-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton200912_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012180–181-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012180–181_130-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2012">Paton 2012</a>, pp. 180–181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012174-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012174_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2012">Paton 2012</a>, p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton2012179–180-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton2012179–180_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2012">Paton 2012</a>, pp. 179–180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFordePaton201224-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFordePaton201224_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFordePaton2012">Forde & Paton 2012</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores-Peña2005117-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores-Peña2005117_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlores-Peña2005">Flores-Peña 2005</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaters2019172-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaters2019172_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaters2019">Waters 2019</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20093,_16-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20093,_16_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, pp. 3, 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20155-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20155_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20155Waters2019171–172-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20155Waters2019171–172_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2015">Paton 2015</a>, p. 5; <a href="#CITEREFWaters2019">Waters 2019</a>, pp. 171–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaton20091Fernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaton20091Fernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011158_139-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaton2009">Paton 2009</a>, p. 1; <a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENewall197840–41-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENewall197840–41_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNewall1978">Newall 1978</a>, pp. 40–41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRocklin2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rocklin, Alexander (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/25436027">"Obeah and the Politics of Religion's Making and Unmaking in Colonial Trinidad"</a>. <i>Journal of the American Academy of Religion</i>. <b>83</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">697–</span>721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfv022">10.1093/jaarel/lfv022</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7189">0002-7189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Obeah+and+the+Politics+of+Religion%27s+Making+and+Unmaking+in+Colonial+Trinidad&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E697-%3C%2Fspan%3E721&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjaarel%2Flfv022&rft.issn=0002-7189&rft.aulast=Rocklin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F25436027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011162-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011162_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011">Fernández Olmos & Paravisini-Gebert 2011</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201254-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201254_143-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201254_143-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201256-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201256_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201255-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201255_145-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201262-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201262_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilby201249-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilby201249_147-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBilby2012">Bilby 2012</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBilby2012" class="citation book cs1">Bilby, Kenneth (2012). "An (Un)natural Mystic in the Air: Images of Obeah in Caribbean Song". In Paton, Diana; Forde, Maarit (eds.). <i>Obeah and Other Powers: The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing</i>. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">45–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822351337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822351337"><bdi>978-0822351337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+%28Un%29natural+Mystic+in+the+Air%3A+Images+of+Obeah+in+Caribbean+Song&rft.btitle=Obeah+and+Other+Powers%3A+The+Politics+of+Caribbean+Religion+and+Healing&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0822351337&rft.aulast=Bilby&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFernández_OlmosParavisini-Gebert2011" class="citation book cs1">Fernández Olmos, Margarite; Paravisini-Gebert, Lizabeth (2011). <i>Creole Religions of the Caribbean: An Introduction from Vodou and Santería to Obeah and Espiritismo</i> (second ed.). New York and London: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6228-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6228-8"><bdi>978-0-8147-6228-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Creole+Religions+of+the+Caribbean%3A+An+Introduction+from+Vodou+and+Santer%C3%ADa+to+Obeah+and+Espiritismo&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.edition=second&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6228-8&rft.aulast=Fern%C3%A1ndez+Olmos&rft.aufirst=Margarite&rft.au=Paravisini-Gebert%2C+Lizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFlores-Peña2005" class="citation book cs1">Flores-Peña, Ysamur (2005). "Lucumí: The Second Diaspora". In Helen A. Berger (ed.). <i>Witchcraft and Magic: Contemporary North America</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">102–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812238778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812238778"><bdi>978-0812238778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lucum%C3%AD%3A+The+Second+Diaspora&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Magic%3A+Contemporary+North+America&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0812238778&rft.aulast=Flores-Pe%C3%B1a&rft.aufirst=Ysamur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForde2012" class="citation book cs1">Forde, Maarit (2012). "The Moral Economy of Spiritual Work: Money and Rituals in Trinidad and Tobago". In Paton, Diana; Forde, Maarit (eds.). <i>Obeah and Other Powers: The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing</i>. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">198–</span>219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822351337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822351337"><bdi>978-0822351337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Moral+Economy+of+Spiritual+Work%3A+Money+and+Rituals+in+Trinidad+and+Tobago&rft.btitle=Obeah+and+Other+Powers%3A+The+Politics+of+Caribbean+Religion+and+Healing&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E198-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0822351337&rft.aulast=Forde&rft.aufirst=Maarit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFordePaton2012" class="citation book cs1">Forde, Maarit; Paton, Diana (2012). "Introduction". In Paton, Diana; Forde, Maarit (eds.). <i>Obeah and Other Powers: The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing</i>. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822351337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822351337"><bdi>978-0822351337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Obeah+and+Other+Powers%3A+The+Politics+of+Caribbean+Religion+and+Healing&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0822351337&rft.aulast=Forde&rft.aufirst=Maarit&rft.au=Paton%2C+Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHandlerBilby2001" class="citation journal cs1">Handler, Jerome S.; Bilby, Kenneth M. (2001). "On the Early Use and Origin of the Term "Obeah" in Barbados and the Anglophone Caribbean". <i>Slavery and Abolition</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>100. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714005192">10.1080/714005192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18782932">18782932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavery+and+Abolition&rft.atitle=On+the+Early+Use+and+Origin+of+the+Term+%22Obeah%22+in+Barbados+and+the+Anglophone+Caribbean&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E100&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F714005192&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18782932&rft.aulast=Handler&rft.aufirst=Jerome+S.&rft.au=Bilby%2C+Kenneth+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaton2009" class="citation journal cs1">Paton, Diana (2009). "Obeah Acts: Producing and Policing the Boundaries of Religion in the Caribbean". <i>Small Axe</i>. <b>13</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F07990537-2008-002">10.1215/07990537-2008-002</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Small+Axe&rft.atitle=Obeah+Acts%3A+Producing+and+Policing+the+Boundaries+of+Religion+in+the+Caribbean&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E18&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F07990537-2008-002&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaton2012" class="citation book cs1">Paton, Diana (2012). "The Trials of Inspector Thomas: Policing and Ethnography in Jamaica". In Paton, Diana; Forde, Maarit (eds.). <i>Obeah and Other Powers: The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing</i>. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">172–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822351337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822351337"><bdi>978-0822351337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Trials+of+Inspector+Thomas%3A+Policing+and+Ethnography+in+Jamaica&rft.btitle=Obeah+and+Other+Powers%3A+The+Politics+of+Caribbean+Religion+and+Healing&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E172-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0822351337&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaton2015" class="citation book cs1">Paton, Diana (2015). <i>The Cultural Politics of Obeah: Religion, Colonialism, and Modernity in the Caribbean World</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107025653" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107025653"><bdi>978-1107025653</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cultural+Politics+of+Obeah%3A+Religion%2C+Colonialism%2C+and+Modernity+in+the+Caribbean+World&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107025653&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Diana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSavage2012" class="citation book cs1">Savage, John (2012). "Slave Poison/Slave Medicine: The Persistence of Obeah in Early Nineteenth-Century Martinique". In Paton, Diana; Forde, Maarit (eds.). <i>Obeah and Other Powers: The Politics of Caribbean Religion and Healing</i>. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">149–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822351337" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822351337"><bdi>978-0822351337</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Slave+Poison%2FSlave+Medicine%3A+The+Persistence+of+Obeah+in+Early+Nineteenth-Century+Martinique&rft.btitle=Obeah+and+Other+Powers%3A+The+Politics+of+Caribbean+Religion+and+Healing&rft.place=Durham+and+London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0822351337&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThachilBhugra2009" class="citation book cs1">Thachil, Ajoy; Bhugra, Dinesh (2009). "Globalization and Mental Health - Traditional Medicine in Pathways to Care in the United Kingdom". In Incayawar, Mario; Wintrob, Ronald; Bouchard, Lise (eds.). <i>Psychiatrists and Traditional Healers: Unwitting Partners in Global Mental Health</i>. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. <span class="nowrap">215–</span>227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0470741061" title="Special:BookSources/978-0470741061"><bdi>978-0470741061</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Globalization+and+Mental+Health+-+Traditional+Medicine+in+Pathways+to+Care+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.btitle=Psychiatrists+and+Traditional+Healers%3A+Unwitting+Partners+in+Global+Mental+Health&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E215-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0470741061&rft.aulast=Thachil&rft.aufirst=Ajoy&rft.au=Bhugra%2C+Dinesh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNewall1978" class="citation journal cs1">Newall, Venetia (1978). "Some Examples of the Practice of Obeah by West Indian Immigrants in London". <i>Folklore</i>. <b>89</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0015587X.1978.9716086">10.1080/0015587X.1978.9716086</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1260092">1260092</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folklore&rft.atitle=Some+Examples+of+the+Practice+of+Obeah+by+West+Indian+Immigrants+in+London&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E29-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0015587X.1978.9716086&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1260092%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Newall&rft.aufirst=Venetia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWaters2019" class="citation book cs1">Waters, Thomas (2019). <i>Cursed Britain: A History of Witchcraft and Black Magic in Modern Times</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300221404" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300221404"><bdi>978-0300221404</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cursed+Britain%3A+A+History+of+Witchcraft+and+Black+Magic+in+Modern+Times&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0300221404&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYoung2007" class="citation book cs1">Young, Jason R. (2007). <i>Rituals of Resistance: African Atlantic Religion in Kongo and the Lowcountry South in the Era of Slavery</i>. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807137192" title="Special:BookSources/9780807137192"><bdi>9780807137192</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rituals+of+Resistance%3A+African+Atlantic+Religion+in+Kongo+and+the+Lowcountry+South+in+the+Era+of+Slavery&rft.place=Baton+Rouge&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780807137192&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Jason+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBilbyHandler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Bilby, Kenneth M.; Handler, Jerome S. (2004). "Obeah: Healing and Protection in West Indian Slave Life". <i>Journal of Caribbean History</i>. <b>38</b>: <span class="nowrap">153–</span>83.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Caribbean+History&rft.atitle=Obeah%3A+Healing+and+Protection+in+West+Indian+Slave+Life&rft.volume=38&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E153-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bilby&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft.au=Handler%2C+Jerome+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown2003" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Vincent (2003). "Spiritual Terror and Sacred Authority in Jamaican Slave Society". <i>Slavery and Abolition</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">24–</span>53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavery+and+Abolition&rft.atitle=Spiritual+Terror+and+Sacred+Authority+in+Jamaican+Slave+Society&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCrosson2020" class="citation book cs1">Crosson, J. Brent (2020). <i>Experiments with Power: Obeah and the Remaking of Religion in Trinidad</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiments+with+Power%3A+Obeah+and+the+Remaking+of+Religion+in+Trinidad&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Crosson&rft.aufirst=J.+Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPayne-Jackson2004" class="citation book cs1">Payne-Jackson, Arvilla (2004). <i>Jamaican Folk Medicine: A Source of Healing</i>. University of the West Indies Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/976-640-123-3" title="Special:BookSources/976-640-123-3"><bdi>976-640-123-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jamaican+Folk+Medicine%3A+A+Source+of+Healing&rft.pub=University+of+the+West+Indies+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=976-640-123-3&rft.aulast=Payne-Jackson&rft.aufirst=Arvilla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AObeah" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obeah&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/obeah" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/obeah">obeah</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://obeahhistories.org/">obeahhistories.org</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Afro-American_Religions" title="Template talk:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American_Religions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Afro-American Religions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_diaspora_religions175" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">African diaspora religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">African traditional religion-<br />derived systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaku%C3%A1" title="Abakuá">Abakuá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arar%C3%A1_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arará (religion)">Arará</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birongo" title="Birongo">Birongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Vud%C3%BA" title="Dominican Vudú">Dominican Vudú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou_in_Cuba" title="Haitian Vodou in Cuba">in Cuba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Voodoo_Revival" title="New Orleans Voodoo Revival">New Orleans Voodoo Revival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Lionza" title="María Lionza">María Lionza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Maroon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyotunji" title="Oyotunji">Orisha-Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Vodunu" title="Trinidadian Vodunu">Trinidadian Vodunu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiwara_male_drawing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/40px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Chiwara_male_drawing.png/60px-Chiwara_male_drawing.png 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="676" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Abrahamic<br /> and other new religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheism_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Atheism in the African diaspora">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_church" title="Black church">Black church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hebrew_Israelites" title="Black Hebrew Israelites">Black Hebrew Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Catholicism" title="Black Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_African_diaspora" title="Islam in the African diaspora">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_Jews" title="African-American Jews">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Science Temple of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuwaubian_Nation" title="Nuwaubian Nation">Nuwaubian Nation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%">Practices and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice#Traditional_African_and_Afro-American_religions" title="Animal sacrifice">Animal sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedwardism" title="Bedwardism">Bedwardism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetish_priest" title="Fetish priest">Fetish priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birongo" title="Birongo">Birongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bokor" title="Bokor">Bokor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houngan" class="mw-redirect" title="Houngan">Houngan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mambo_(Vodou)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mambo (Vodou)">Mambo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_foot_powder" title="Hot foot powder">Hot foot powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_funeral" title="Jazz funeral">Jazz funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kromanti_dance" title="Kromanti dance">Kromanti dance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macumba" title="Macumba">Macumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michari" title="Michari">Michari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myal" title="Myal">Myal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_nights" title="Nine nights">Nine nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #BFEAF9;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Diverse roots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alusi">Alusi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Igbo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu spirituality">Bantu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loa" class="mw-redirect" title="Loa">Loa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orisha" title="Orisha">Orisha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemi" title="Zemi">Zemi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Jamaica23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Jamaica" title="Christianity in Jamaica">Christianity</a> (see below)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_West_Indies#Jamaica" title="Hinduism in the West Indies">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Jamaica" title="Islam in Jamaica">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Jamaica" title="History of the Jews in Jamaica">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myal" title="Myal">Myal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Jamaica">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Jamaica" title="Protestantism in Jamaica">Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Diocese_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Diocese of Jamaica">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Baptist_Union" title="Jamaica Baptist Union">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_the_United_Brethren_in_Christ,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of the United Brethren in Christ, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_God_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of God in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Church of God (Anderson, Indiana)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jehovah%27s_Witness,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jehovah's Witness, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Methodist_District&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamaica Methodist District (page does not exist)">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Province_of_the_Moravian_Church" title="Jamaica Province of the Moravian Church">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_Church_of_God,_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New Testament Church of God, Jamaica (page does not exist)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God_in_Jamaica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Council of the Assemblies of God in Jamaica (page does not exist)">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamaica_Union_Conference_of_Seventh-day_Adventists&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamaica Union Conference of Seventh-day Adventists (page does not exist)">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Church_in_Jamaica_and_the_Cayman_Islands" title="United Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands">United Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Trinidad_and_Tobago&#124;link=Trinidad_and_Tobago_Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C8102E, inset -2px -2px 0 black;;background: white; box-shadow: inset 2px 2px 0 #C8102E, inset -2px -2px 0 black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago"><img alt="Trinidad and Tobago" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/40px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg/60px-Flag_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Religion in Trinidad and Tobago</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Trinidad and Tobago">Bahá'í Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Hinduism in Trinidad and Tobago">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Islam in Trinidad and Tobago">Islam</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Trinidad and Tobago">Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_the_Nazarene_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="The Church of the Nazarene in Trinidad and Tobago">Nazarene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Presbyterian Church of Trinidad and Tobago">Presbyterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Diocese of Trinidad and Tobago">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Baptist" title="Spiritual Baptist">Spiritual Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_Vodunu" title="Trinidadian Vodunu">Trinidadian Vodunu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Odinala82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #ACE1AF"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Odinala" title="Template:Odinala"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Odinala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Odinala (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Odinala" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Odinala"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Odinala82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Establishments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chukwu" title="Chukwu">Chukwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arusi" title="Arusi">Arusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani#Chi" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Chi</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/100px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/150px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg/200px-Igbo_ancestral_shrine_Onica_Olona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">(Primary) <a href="/wiki/Arusi" title="Arusi">Arusi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agwu_Nsi" title="Agwu Nsi">Agwu Nsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ala_(odinani)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ala (odinani)">Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadioha" title="Amadioha">Amadioha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyanwu" title="Anyanwu">Anyanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekwensu" title="Ekwensu">Ekwensu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikenga" title="Ikenga">Ikenga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njoku_Ji" title="Njoku Ji">Njoku Ji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inouwa" title="Inouwa">Inouwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinani#Minor_spirits" class="mw-redirect" title="Odinani">Mmuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogu_na_Ofo" title="Ogu na Ofo">Ogu na Ofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo calendar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpe" title="Ekpe">Ekpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mmanwu" title="Mmanwu">Mmanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nze_na_Ozo" title="Nze na Ozo">Nze na Ozo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nri" title="Kingdom of Nri">Nri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibini_Ukpabi" title="Ibini Ukpabi">Ibini Ukpabi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #ACE1AF;width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jonkonnu_parades" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonkonnu parades">Jonkonnu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obeah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion220" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azalism" title="Azalism">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_shamanism" title="Gurung shamanism">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism" title="Orphism">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turkic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li>Demographics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_religious_groups" title="Major religious groups">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_religions" title="World religions">World</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_gender" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_LGBTQ_people" title="Religion and LGBTQ people">LGBTQ people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_people_and_religion" title="Intersex people and religion">Intersex people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_and_religion" title="Transgender people and religion">Transgender people</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_school" title="Religious school">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_suicide" title="Religious views on suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country220" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1042705/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1058582488">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85093623">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12351669v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12351669v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007541004405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th 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