Pin Factory, 40,000 BC

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url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/October.jpg); } .class-september{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/September.jpg); } .class-august{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/August.jpg); } .class-july{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/July.jpg); } .class-june{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/June.jpg); } .class-may{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/May.jpg); } .class-april{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/April.jpg); } .class-march{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/March.jpg); } .class-february{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/February.jpg); } .class-january{ background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0), rgba(255, 255, 255, 0)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2018/02/January.jpg); }*/ .section-title{ max-width:1280px; margin:auto; text-align:center; } .boxed-article{ width:100%; margin-right:40px; height:auto; } .section-title h2{ margin:60px auto; font-size:22px; } .section-title h2.featured{ margin:2px auto 50px auto; } .section-title h5{ margin:40px auto 0 auto; } .boxed-article:last-child{ margin-right:0; } .boxed-article .ba-title{ text-align:center; margin:10px 0 40px 0; } .boxed-article .ba-title a{ font-family:Arial; font-size:16px; font-weight:600; color:#000; } .boxed-article img{ width:100%; height:200px; object-fit:cover; } .ul-article{ /*list-style:none;*/ padding-left:20px; height:70%; } .ul-article a, .ul-article li{ font-weight:bold; font-size:16px; color:#000; } .ul-article a:hover{ text-decoration:underline; } .article-issue{ font-weight:600; font-size:24px; color:#fff; text-shadow:2px 2px 4px #000000; } .bio-links a{ display:inline-block; } .econlib_logo span{ display:none !important; } footer h6{ display:none !important; } .torch-text2{ color: #dbecf1 !important; font-size: 14px; margin-bottom:40px; } div.networking{ padding-top:40px; } .torch-text{ margin-bottom:2px; } h2.lined{ display:block; max-width:1280px; width: 100%; text-align: center; border-bottom: 2px solid #72bdca; line-height: 0.1em; margin: 10px auto 40px auto; } h2.lined span { background:#fff; padding:0 10px; } .oak-more-entries{ text-align:center; } #btn-more-entries{ background:#d8d8d8; border:1px solid #979797; padding:10px 60px; margin:20px; color:#000; cursor:pointer; border-radius:10px; font-size:18px; font-weight:600; } .title-category{ padding-top:20px; } .title-category h3{ font-size:16px; } #econtal-page-banner{ display:block !important; padding-bottom:20px; } #econtal-page-banner .col-md-6, #econtal-page-banner .col-md-12, #econtal-page-banner .col-lg-6{ padding-left:0 !important; padding-right:0 !important; } .econtalk-page.econtalk.main-banner:before{ left:0; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline{ font-size:18px; margin-bottom:0; line-height:normal; display:inline-block; } a.author.url{ font-size:18px; line-height:normal; color:#212529; } .card-block .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline, .card-block a.author.url{ font-size:14px; } .card-title a{ color:#000000; } h2.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline{ font-weight:normal; } #label_total_shown{ display:none; } .facet_span_ctr, .search_result_facet_counter{ font-family:Arial, sans-serif; font-style:normal; font-size:14px; color:#27baae; font-weight:bold; cursor:pointer; } /*body{ max-width:1920px; margin:auto; }*/ .econtalk-container{ padding-right:0; padding-left:0; display:block; } #econtalks{ display:block; overflow:auto; } #econtalks .grid-masonry-item{ width:100%; } #econtalk-recent-wrap{ clear:both; margin-bottom:20px; } #econtalk-recent-image{ display:block; width:100%; height:30vh; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:right center; } #econtalk-recent-content{ width:100%; } /*#econtalk-recent-content, #econtalk-recent-image{ float:left; }*/ #wrap-content-head{ background:#0e0c0c; padding:10px; } #wrap-content-body{ padding:20px; background:#f0f0f0; } /*#wrap-content-head span{ color:#72bdca; font-size:22px; font-weight:600; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:15px }*/ span.wrap-title{ color:#72bdca; font-size:22px; font-weight:700; text-transform:uppercase; display:block; margin-bottom:15px } span.lwe-title{ color:#000; padding:20px 0 0 20px; } span.lwe-related{ padding:20px 0 0 0; } span.newsletter-title{ color:#fff; } .econtalk-archive-titles{ font-size:28px; font-weight:600; } #wrap-content-head h2{ margin-bottom:20px; } #wrap-content-head h2 a{ color:#fff; } .btn_pill{ background:#fff; color:#72bdca; border-radius:25px; border:0; padding:7px 30px; font-weight:600; margin-right:15px; cursor:pointer; text-align:center; display:block; margin-bottom:5px; } .lw_btn_pill{ padding:7px 7px; float:left; margin-left:-20px; border-radius:0; } #twe-date{ font-size:16px; font-weight:bold; } #twe-excerpt{ font-size:18px; font-weight:500; } .econtalk-action-btn{ display:block; width:85%; margin:auto; margin-bottom:5px; text-align:center; color:#fff; padding:15px 40px; border:0; text-transform:uppercase; font-size:16px; /*margin-right:10px;*/ cursor:pointer; border-radius:0; vertical-align:top; } .econtalk-action-btn:hover{ color:#fff; } .btn-listen{ background:#00c29d; } .btn-transcript{ background:#44c3da; } .btn-share{ background:#282e2f; } #wrap-btn-pills{ display:none; margin-bottom:16px; } .lw-col{ width:100%; } #last-week-epi-wrap{ background:#e8fbff; } #newsletter-wrap{ background:#363636; } #newsletter-wrap p{ color: #fff; padding: 20px 0 20px 20px; font-size:34px; line-height:1.2; } #newsletter-wrap form{ display:flex; padding:0 20px 20px 20px } #newsletter-wrap form .email{ width:70%; margin-right:20px; border-radius:0; } #newsletter-wrap form .btn{ width:30%; border-radius:0;; } #lw-image{ width:300px; height:300px; display:block; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; background-position:center } #episode-archive-wrap{ background:#adf0ff; padding:20px 60px; } #single-episode-archive-wrap{ padding:20px; } #episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title, #single-episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title, #episode-archive-wrap p, #single-episode-archive-wrap p{ text-align:center; } #episode-archive-wrap p, #single-episode-archive-wrap p{ font-size:20px; font-weight:500; } #single-episode-archive-wrap .lwe-title{ padding:20px 0 0 0; } #featured-guest-wrap{ margin-top:20px; background:#f6f6f6; height:763px; } #lw-article-wrap{ display:blok; padding:0 20px 20px 20px; } #lw-image, #lw-content{ width:100%; } #lw-content p{ font-weight:500; } #lw-content h2 a, #lw-content h2 a:hover{ color:#000; } #econtalk-related-wrap{ background:#fff; padding:0 20px 20px 20px; } #wrap-rel-article a{ color:#000; font-weight:600; } #wrap-rel-article .lw_btn_pill{ color:#72bdca; } #browse-by-wrap{ display:block; } #browse-by-wrap a#bb-guest{ background-image:url(../wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/img/social.png); } #browse-by-wrap a#bb-date{ background-image:url(../wp-content/themes/econlib/assets/img/monthly-calendar.png); } #browse-by-wrap a{ display:block; position:relative; height:45px; width:100%; margin-top:30px; margin-bottom:30px; background-size:cover; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap a{ width:100%; height:200px; } #browse-by-wrap span{ position:absolute; bottom:0; color:#fff; background:#241919; font-size:18px; padding:10px; border:0; display:block; width:100%; text-align:center; margin-top:120px; } span.featured-guest-title{ color:#000000; text-align:center; padding-top:20px; } .carousel-control-next, .carousel-control-next:hover, .carousel-control-prev, .carousel-control-prev:hover{ color:#44c3da; } .carousel-indicators li { width: 15px; height: 15px; border-radius: 20px; background-color: rgba(105, 105, 105, 0.5); } .carousel-indicators .active { background-color: #44c3da; } .carousel-item .card a, .carousel-item .card-title{ text-align:center; } .carousel-item .card{ background:none; padding:40px 20px; border:0; } .carousel-item .card-text{ font-size:16px; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color:#000; } .carousel-item .card-title{ font-size:21px; font-weight:500; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color:#000; } .carousel-item .card-body{ padding:20px 15%; } span.econ-extra-title, span.past-epi-title{ text-align:center; color:#000; display:block; } span.econ-extra-title{ margin-bottom:0; padding:20px; } span.past-epi-title{ padding:20px; } #bg-wrap-econ-extras{ margin:auto; margin-top:20px; max-width:1230px; background:#f8f6f6; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-block, #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-comment, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-block, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-comment{ padding:10px !important; } /*#econtalk-extras-wrap .col-xl-3:first-child{ flex:0 0 50%; max-width:50%; }*/ #econtalk-extras-wrap .col-md-6{ max-width:100%; } #econtalk-extras-wrap h4 a, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap h4 a{ font-weight:600; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .card-block *, #econtalk-past-epi-wrap .card-block *{ font-family:Arial, sans-serif; } #econtalk-past-epi-wrap, .fa-caret-down{ color: #44c3da; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap{ display:flex; padding:0; flex-direction:column-reverse; } #podcast-wrap{ width:100%; padding:20px; background:#f0f0f0; display:none; } #podcast-wrap-mobile .clear-fix{ padding:20px; background:#000; } #podcast-wrap-mobile #econtalk-desc-wrap{ padding:20px; } #podcast-wrap-mobile #single-econtalk-title a{ color:#fff; font-size:22px; } #podcast-img{ display:block; width:100%; height:220px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: cover; background-position: right center; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap{ margin-top:20px; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav{ background:#fff; margin-top:20px; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav a{ margin-left:0; margin-right:5px; margin-bottom:5px; background:#e1e1e1; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link{ color:#000; text-transform:uppercase; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link:hover{ color:#fff; background-color:#231f1f; border-radius:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap .nav-tabs .nav-link.active{ color:#fff; background-color:#231f1f; border:0; border-radius:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #nav-tabContent{ width:100%; } #single-econtalk{ width:100%; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #single-econtalk-tab-sidebar{ width:100%; } #single-econtalk-audio-wrap{ margin:20px 0; } #single-econtalk-title a{ color:#000; } #single-econtalk-date{ font-weight:600; } #single-econtalk-desc{ font-weight:500; } #single-about-the-guest{ padding:20px; margin-bottom:20px; background:#e8fbff; } #single-related-episodes{ padding:20px; } #single-about-the-guest span, #single-related-episodes span{ text-align:center; color:#000; } #single-about-the-guest-img{ text-align:center; margin-bottom:20px; } #single-related-episodes a{ color: #000; font-weight: 600; font-size: 20px; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-transcript, #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-listen{ display:none; } #single-about-the-guest h5 a{ display:block; text-align:center; color:#00c29d; } #checkbox_toggle{ font-family: Arial; font-size: 13px; color: #1ca5e9; cursor:pointer; } .woo_subscribe_now_btn{ background-color: #44c3da; border-radius: 2px; box-shadow: none; border: none; color: #fff !important; font-family: Lato; font-size: 16px; padding:20px 40px; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: 0.6px; text-transform: uppercase; cursor: pointer; } .woocommerce *{ font-family: Lato !important; } .cart-collaterals{ padding-bottom:40px; } #customer_details .col-1, #customer_details .col-2{ max-width:100%; } #customer_details .form-row{ display:block; } .year-picker .col-8, .year-picker .col-4{ padding-left:0; display:inline-block; max-width:50%; flex:0 0 50%; } .year-picker .row{ padding-bottom:5px; } .year-picker .col-8 h3, .year-picker .col-4 h3{ font-size:14px; font-weight:600; } .dropdown-filter-wrap, .dropdown-filter-wrap2{ width:50%; position:relative; } .dropdown-filter-wrap2{ width:33.33%; } .dropdown-filter-wrap .btn-secondary, .dropdown-filter-wrap2 .btn-secondary{ color:#000; background:none; border:0; font-size:16px; } @media (min-width:768px){ .search_tool_bgwrap{ padding-top:40px; } .main-header{ height:64px; padding:0 20px; } section.main-banner, .navbar-search{ display:block !important; } .lg-nextprev{ display:flex !important; } .article-single-page .card-comment{ display:inline-block !important; } .m-featured-image, .s-nextprev{ display:none; } section.articles-page article .main-content, .card-block .article-content{ display: block !important; } .recent-cards .article-text h4, .card-title-container .card-title{ font-size: 18px; } .recent-cards .article-text h4{ white-space:nowrap !important; } .recent-cards .read-more-btn{ display:inline-block !important; float:right !important; } header .logo{ margin-left:5%; } .search-header{ width:auto; } .articles-page .row .col-md-6{ padding-right:15px; padding-left:15px; } .grid-masonry .col-md-6{ padding-left:15px; padding-right:15px; } article.grid-card .card-block{ min-height:250px !important; } .articles-grid .title-date{ padding:20px; } /* search tool desktop */ .search_tool_wrap{ max-width: 815px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 20px; border-radius: 12px; } .search_tool_wrap form{ padding: 55px 165px 10px 165px; } .search_tool_wrap h4{ font-size: 30px; text-align: center; margin-bottom:32px; } .search_result_article h4{ text-align: left; margin-bottom:5px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap #search_term{ margin-bottom:27px; } .sp_searchterm_wrap #search_term{ font-size:20px; font-weight:500; } .sp_searchterm_wrap .close{ top:10px; } .search_tool_wrap #refine_search{ display:block; width:80%; margin:45px auto 0 auto; padding:14px 50px; font-size:18px; } .search_results h4{ /*display:none;*/ text-align:left; } .sortbytoggle-wrap{ width:41.5%; float:left; margin-right:1%; /*display:block;*/ } .sort-total-wrap{ width:57.5%; float:left; } #results-orderby a{ text-align:left; } #divResultSummary{ display:block; /*justify-content:flex-end;*/ } .page_subcat_wrap{ padding:25px; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol{ display:block; width:50%; float:left; padding:10px 15px; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ padding:30px; height:auto; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a{ /*text-align:center;*/ font-size:18px; color:#fff; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat{ color:#4a90e2; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap .oakcol a.active-subcat::before{ content:"> "; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap h4{ display:block; } .subcat{ display:none; } .page_subcat_wrap .subcat_wrap{ /*overflow-y:scroll;*/ } /*.grey-section{ padding:40px 0 100px 0; }*/ .div-container{ display:flex; } .section-title h2{ font-size:32px; } .boxed-article .ba-title{ margin:25px 0 0 0; } #cee_subcat_wrap{ /*background:linear-gradient(0deg, rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.5), rgba(1, 1, 1, 0.3)), url(../wp-content/uploads/2021/08/image-3.png); background-size:cover; background-repeat:no-repeat; background-position: bottom center;*/ } #label_total_shown{ display:inline-block; } .sortbytoggle-wrap, #results-orderby{ background:#4a90e2; } .results-header{ background:none; } } .category-list .category-card{ margin-bottom:0; } html { scroll-behavior: smooth; } @media (min-width:992px){ .article-single-page section .post-content .highlight{ float:right; margin: 20px 0 20px 20px; width:220px; } .mobile-related{ display:none; } .desktop-related{ display:block; } .econtalk-container{ display:flex; padding-right:15px; padding-left:15px; } #econtalk-extras-wrap .col-xl-3:first-child{ flex:0 0 50%; max-width:50%; } #econtalk-recent-image{ height:auto; width:40%; } #econtalk-recent-content{ width:60%; } #econtalk-recent-content, #econtalk-recent-image{ float:left; } #wrap-content-head{ padding:40px 40px 20px 40px; } #wrap-content-body{ padding:40px; } .btn_pill{ display:inline-block; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; } .econtalk-action-btn{ display:inline-block; margin-bottom:0; width:auto; text-align:left; } .lw-col{ width:50%; } .lw-col:first-child{ margin-right:20px; } #lw-article-wrap{ display:flex; } #lw-image{ display:block; width:45%; } #lw-content{ width:55%; margin-left:10px; } #browse-by-wrap{ display:flex; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap a:first-child{ margin-right:5%; } #browse-by-wrap a:first-child{ margin-right:8%; } #browse-by-wrap a{ height:225px; width:46%; } #econtalks .grid-masonry-item{ width:305px; float:left; } #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap{ display:flex; flex-direction:row; } #podcast-wrap-mobile{ display:none; } #podcast-wrap{ display:block; float:left; width:60%; padding:40px; } #podcast-img{ float:left; width:40%; height:auto; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #nav-tabContent{ width:60%; float:left; padding:20px !important; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap #single-econtalk-tab-sidebar{ width:40%; float:left; padding:20px !important; } #single-episode-archive-wrap #browse-by-wrap div{ width:43%; } #wrap-btn-pills{ display:block; } .econtalk-archive-titles{ font-size:32px; } #econtalk-related-wrap{ background:none; } .lw_btn_pill{ float:right; border-radius:25px; margin-right:0; } #econtalk-single-tabs-wrap nav a{ margin-left:15px; margin-right:15px; margin-bottom:0; background:#fff; } /*#econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-transcript, #econtalk-single-podcast-wrap .btn-listen{ display:inline-block; }*/ } @media (min-width:1180px){ .econlib_logo, .econlib_logo span{ display:block; } header .navbar-toggler{ display:none; } .navbar{ position:static; } .navbar-nav{ flex-direction:row; } .navbar-collapse{ display:block; } #menu-top-menu > .menu-item{ min-width:130px; text-align:center; flex-grow:1; } .navbar-nav .dropdown-menu{ /*position:absolute;*/ background:#72bdca; /*top:100%;*/ /*left:0; width:100%;*/ margin:0; border:0; border-radius:0; } li.menu-item-has-children{ position:static; } .main-header{ position:relative; } ul.dropdown-menu li{ /*float:none !important; display:inline-block !important; */ } ul.dropdown-menu li a{ padding:10px 20px; } .nav-wrap #menu-top-mobile li{ /*min-width:130px;*/ flex-grow:1; text-align:center; } /*.nav-wrap{ display:flex; } .nav-mobile-wrap{ display:none; }*/ #template_submenu{ padding:0; text-align:center; } #template_submenu ul{ display:inline-block; position:static; width:auto; height:45px; padding:0; margin:0 auto; /*display:inline-block; height:45px; line-height:45px; list-style:none; text-align:center; margin:0; padding:0;*/ } #template_submenu ul li{ display:inline-block; } #template_submenu .subnav-parent, #template_submenu .subnav-toggler{ display:none; } /*.previous-month, .previous-month2{ width:25%; } .current-month{ width:50%; }*/ .current-month, .previous-month, .previous-month2, .previous-month3{ width:25%; } .article-second-container .div-item{ width:49%; float:left; } .article-second-container .div-item:nth-child(even){ margin-right:0; } .div-item{ margin-bottom:0; } .video-container .div-item{ width:31%; float:left; height:auto !important; } } /* ##Device = Tablets, Ipads (portrait) ##Screen = B/w 768px to 1024px */ @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px) { /* CSS */ } /* ##Device = Tablets, Ipads (landscape) ##Screen = B/w 768px to 1024px */ @media (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1024px) and (orientation: landscape) { .site-container{ max-width:100%; } .econtalk-container{ padding-left:0; padding-right:0; } .btn_pill:last-child, #btnGroupDrop1{ margin-top:10px; } } div.smcx-modal{top:0 !important;left:0 !important;max-width:100% !important;width:100% !important;height:100% !important;max-height:100% !important;background:rgba(0,0,0,0.5) !important;margin-top:0 !important;margin-left:0 !important;margin:0 !important;}.smcx-modal-invitation>.smcx-modal-content{margin:12% auto 0 auto !important;} #_customize-input-cee_page_header{ width:100% !important; } /* Econlog Archive Page - 2024 */ .econ-arch-filter-wrap{ padding:0 0 40px 0; margin-bottom:40px; } #econ-arch-sort-dd{ margin-right:20px; } .econ-arch-postwrap{ display:flex; flex-wrap:wrap; } .econarch-items{ width:100%; padding:5px; } .econarch-items h4 a{ color:#000; display:block; margin:5px 0; font-size:20px; line-height:24px; } .econarch-items .econarch-img{ background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:cover; border:1px solid #cecece; display:block; width:100%; height:200px; } .econarch-items p.econ_mr_author{ margin-bottom:5px; font-size:14px; } .econarch-items .pad-right{ padding-right:15px; } .econarch-sortfilter-wrap{ display:flex; } #econ-arch-filter-cat{ width:100%; } #econ-arch-filter-cat option{ overflow: hidden; white-space: pre; text-overflow: ellipsis; } #econarch-pagination-wrap{ padding:20px 0; } #econarch-pagination-wrap a{ color:#2F9985; font-weight:500; } .el-relpost-wrap{ background:#f7f7f7ff; } @media screen and (min-width: 654px) { #econ-arch-filter-cat{ width:auto; } } @media screen and (min-width: 680px) { .econarch-items{ width:50%; } } @media screen and (min-width: 980px) { .econarch-items{ width:33%; } } @media screen and (min-width: 1381px) { .econarch-items{ width:25%; } } /* End - Econlog Archive Page */ </style>  <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/6.6.0/css/all.min.css" /> </head> <body> <header id="econ_header_wrap"> <div class="secondary_top_menu_wrap"> <div class="site-container"> <div class="menu-secondary-top-menu-container"><ul id="menu-secondary-top-menu" class="menu"><li id="menu-item-62159" class="menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom 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Neanderthals, productivity, Razib Khan, specialization </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <section class="article-single-page site-container post-container"> <div class="row"> <section class="col-lg-8"> <article class="post"> <div class="row post-header"> <h1 class="col-11 post-title">Pin Factory, 40,000 BC</h1> <div class="card-comment"> <a href="#comments" class="card-comment-container"> <span class="card-comment-count"> 8 </span> <i class="fa card-comment-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </div> <h5 class="col-12 post-author">  <span class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline multiple-authors-target-shortcode box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1 ppma_boxes_69046" data-post_id="69046" data-instance_id="1" data-additional_class="pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode" data-original_class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1"> <span class="ppma-layout-prefix"></span> <span class="ppma-author-category-wrap"> <span class="ppma-category-group ppma-category-group-1 category-index-0"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-avatar-details"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-name multiple-authors-name"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/author/ssumner/" rel="author" title="Scott Sumner" class="author url fn">Scott Sumner</a></span> </span> </span> </span> <span class="ppma-layout-suffix"></span> </span>  <style> .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .pp-author-boxes-avatar img { width: 80px !important; height: 80px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .pp-author-boxes-avatar img { border-radius: 50% !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .pp-author-boxes-meta a { background-color: #655997 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.ppma-category-group { margin-right: px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap { font-size: px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap .ppma-category-group-title { font-weight: !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul { display: flex; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul li { margin-right: 10px }.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-post-id-69046.box-instance-id-1.ppma_boxes_69046 ul li > div:nth-child(1) {flex: 1 !important;} </style> </h5> </div> <div class="m-featured-image"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/"><img src="https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-06-at-9.07.45-PM.png" alt="Pin Factory, 40,000 BC" width="100%"></a> <div class="post-categories"> Categories: <a href='https://www.econlib.org/econlog-by-category/#adam-smith'> Adam Smith</a> <a href='https://www.econlib.org/econlog-by-category/#economic-history'> Economic History</a> <a href='https://www.econlib.org/econlog-by-category/#spontaneous-order-and-social-coordination'> Spontaneous Order and Social Coordination</a> <a href='https://www.econlib.org/econlog-by-category/#technology'> Technology</a> </div> <div class="m-metawrap"> <p class="m-meta-stuff"> By Scott Sumner, Oct 10 2024 </p> <div class="share-post-widget share-post-widget-top"> <div class="share-text"> SHARE <br/> POST: </div> <a class="fa-regular fa-envelope fa-2x" href="mailto:?Subject=Check out this Econlib page&Body=I thought you might be interested in Pin Factory, 40,000 BC By Scott Sumner. You can view it at https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/"></a> <a class="fa fa-print fa-2x" href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/?to_print=true"></a> <a class="fa-brands fa-facebook-f fa-2x" style="color: #FFF" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/" target="_blank"></a>  <a href="https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/" class="fa-brands fa-x-twitter fa-2x" style="color: #FFF" target="_blank" data-show-count="false"></a> <script async src="https://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js" charset="utf-8"></script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content"> <p style="text-align: left;"><a href="https://conversableeconomist.com/2022/08/23/adam-smith-and-pin-making-some-inconvenient-truths/"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong>Adam Smith</strong></span></a> famously commented on how specialization increased productivity in <a href="https://www.adamsmithworks.org/pin_factory.html">a pin factory</a>, where different individuals specialized in each subtask involved in manufacturing even a simple object.<br /><br />I thought of that anecdote when reading <a href="https://www.razibkhan.com/p/all-together-now-did-human-joiners"><span style="color: #0000ff;"><strong>Razib Khan’s account</strong></span></a> of the difference between Neanderthals and early modern humans in Europe:</p> <blockquote> <p>Though Neanderthals made effective tools, they were never standardized, skillfully and cunningly fashioned, yes, but always seeming to reflect creative choices by their individual makers. Tools created by our anatomically modern ancestors have a monotonous but efficient uniformity that distinguishes them from Neanderthal blades. In Slimak’s reading, the indigenous Neanderthals were individualistic artisans, while the intrusive modern humans were collective creatures, prone to producing lines of standardized tools as if they were Paleolithic factory workers.</p> </blockquote> <p>You might assume that modern humans were more productive because they were more intelligent. In fact, there are increasing hints that the decisive factor was their greater sociability, which allowed them to work together in larger cooperative groups:</p> <blockquote> <p>Neanderthals famously had brains about 10% larger, on average than our own species, so it is unlikely that they were unintelligent. However, it is quite plausible that they had different cognitive strengths and were comparatively antisocial. And this antisociality is likely the cause of their greater socio-cultural stasis vis-à-vis the human populations coming out of Africa, who proved much more protean and changeable. . . . </p> <p>Anatomically modern humans spreading across Eurasia and into Australia clearly organized their societies differently from Neanderthals. Genetic results <a href="https://www.science.org/cms/asset/cb72a1c5-f3ae-45bb-8f44-c95808474c93/pap.pdf" rel="">from sites</a> in Upper Paleolithic Europe ~35,000 years ago show the bare minimum of within-band inbreeding, with mates consistently being wholly unrelated to each other, which requires access to widespread social networks. . . .</p> <p>And yet evidence is now accumulating that Neanderthal social groups were both smaller and more isolated 50,000 years ago than our ancestors’ were. They simply seem to have been less social than their African cousins.</p> </blockquote> <p>In a previous post, I argued that America’s economic success was partly due to its ability to assimilate highly talented people from all over the world. Perhaps the same was true of early modern humans. Indeed, modern descendants of early Eurasians are roughly 2% Neanderthal, and the genetic share was probably at least 10% around the time Neanderthals went extinct. (Of course these events happened in a very different world, and we cannot assume that this example has important implications for modern political issues like immigration.) </p> <p>The comment about the intelligence of Neanderthal artisans vs. modern human cooperators reminds me a bit of similar comparisons in the modern world. Compare an English worker in a Smithian pin factory circa 1770 to a Native American living in what is now Montana. Which was more intelligent, in the sense of capable of doing a wide range of complex tasks?</p> <p>Khan ends with some interesting comments on how the intelligence of the modern world is embedded in the institutions of society:</p> <blockquote> <p>Because of information technology, the modern world is to a great extent a collective brain, with synergies of innovation across many societies driving aggregate gains in productivity. Maybe this sort of transition, or cultural phase change, was also what marked the rise of our species as lone survivors, a collective borg-brain in contrast to our quirkier Neanderthal cousins with their isolated geniuses and bespoke creations. Rather than individual intelligence, a cultural shift to a collective brain may have occurred. Perhaps IUP humans pioneered mass-production, forgoing individual social status for the more lasting victories of the tribe.</p> </blockquote> <p>Read the whole thing.</p> </div> <div class="mobile-related"> </div> </article> <div id="comments" class="comments-section"> <div class="row reader-comments"> <h4 class="col-md-7 col-lg-8" id="read-comments">READER COMMENTS</h4>  </div> <div class="col-md-6"> <ul class="list-inline"><li class="list-inline-item"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/library/commentpolicy.html">READ COMMENT POLICY</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="comment even thread-even depth-1 extra-content-bordered parent" id="comment-357609"> <div class="extra-content-bordered-top-text"> <div class="comment-info"> <h5 class="comment-author-name">Jeff G.</h5> <h6 class="comment-date"> Oct 10 2024 at 7:30pm </h6> </div> <div class="comment-btn-block pull-right"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/#comment-357609" class="fa fa-link fa-2x comment-link"></a> </div> </div> <div class="extra-content-text"> <p>And the next big divergence will occur with cultures who are able to integrate with artificial intelligence vs. those who do not.</p> </div> <div class="comment odd alt depth-2 extra-content-bordered parent" id="comment-357616"> <div class="extra-content-bordered-top-text"> <div class="comment-info"> <h5 class="comment-author-name">Matthias</h5> <h6 class="comment-date"> Oct 10 2024 at 11:01pm </h6> </div> <div class="comment-btn-block pull-right"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/#comment-357616" class="fa fa-link fa-2x comment-link"></a> </div> </div> <div class="extra-content-text"> <p>The world is too interconnected for such a divergence to form or persist for more than a few years.<br /> At least if you are talking about a difference as large as between modern humans and Neanderthals. If you are talking about a difference about as large as between eg Singapore and Somalia, yes, that’s definitely possible.</p> </div> </div> <div class="comment even depth-2 extra-content-bordered parent" id="comment-357624"> <div class="extra-content-bordered-top-text"> <div class="comment-info"> <h5 class="comment-author-name">Mark Brophy</h5> <h6 class="comment-date"> Oct 11 2024 at 6:41am </h6> </div> <div class="comment-btn-block pull-right"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/#comment-357624" class="fa fa-link fa-2x comment-link"></a> </div> </div> <div class="extra-content-text"> <p>Governments might force chatbot makers to respect the rights of copyright owners, sharply reducing the value of automated plagiarism machines. AI progress will come from other apps and might not be as great as people think. In other words, AI won’t be as important as the invention of the PC and Internet.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1 extra-content-bordered parent" id="comment-357615"> <div class="extra-content-bordered-top-text"> <div class="comment-info"> <h5 class="comment-author-name">Matthias</h5> <h6 class="comment-date"> Oct 10 2024 at 10:59pm </h6> </div> <div class="comment-btn-block pull-right"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/#comment-357615" class="fa fa-link fa-2x comment-link"></a> </div> </div> <div class="extra-content-text"> <p>Btw, Adam Smith just made up the pin factory story. Actually historical pin manufacturing practices were a bit different, and very interesting to look into.</p> </div> <div class="comment even depth-2 extra-content-bordered parent" id="comment-357617"> <div class="extra-content-bordered-top-text"> <div class="comment-info"> <h5 class="comment-author-name">Matthias</h5> <h6 class="comment-date"> Oct 10 2024 at 11:10pm </h6> </div> <div class="comment-btn-block pull-right"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/#comment-357617" class="fa fa-link fa-2x comment-link"></a> </div> </div> <div class="extra-content-text"> <p>Found it at <a href="https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2014/06/michael-perelman-fraud-adam-smiths-pin-factory.html" rel="nofollow ugc">https://www.nakedcapitalism.com/2014/06/michael-perelman-fraud-adam-smiths-pin-factory.html</a><br /> That’s an investigation into the pin manufacturing that I mentioned.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="comment odd alt thread-even depth-1 extra-content-bordered parent" id="comment-357634"> <div class="extra-content-bordered-top-text"> <div class="comment-info"> <h5 class="comment-author-name"><a href="https://gwern.net" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">gwern</a></h5> <h6 class="comment-date"> Oct 11 2024 at 2:29pm </h6> </div> <div class="comment-btn-block pull-right"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/#comment-357634" class="fa fa-link fa-2x comment-link"></a> </div> </div> <div class="extra-content-text"> <p>I don’t really buy this fun counterintuitive “actually, Neanderthals were smarter” revisionism.</p> <p>The evidence here is flimsy: ‘cranial volume’ has a loose correlation with intelligence cross-species, one you could drive a dump truck through, and if you draw a single random sample from the cranial/cross-species correlation to represent the specific datapoint of humans vs neanderthals, the probability that the smaller-skull species is more intelligent will not be that far from 50%. (And thus, is it <em>some</em> evidence? Sure. But the Bayes factor there will shift your priors hardly at all.)</p> <p>And the ‘creativity’ argument for things like tools is weaker still. You know what we call ‘being creative’ in making a tool like a knife? ‘Being wrong’ or ‘being inefficient’. For many things, there are just a few right ways to do it, while there are countless wrong ways to do it. This is true in sports and games and many things: people who are bad at it can have highly distinct styles and approaches, while the people who are best at it increasingly all look the same. (Children learning to write letters will draw them in all sorts of varied ways compared to adults; would you want to argue that therefore, children must be smarter than adults?) You can see this in AIs too: the better they are, the more their strategies ‘converge’. (There are many more possible strategies than Nash equilibria, it turns out.)</p> <p>Meanwhile, the most compelling evidence that humans were smarter remains the simple fact: we did not go extinct and we developed all modern technology and civilization, unlike them. Compared to <em>that</em> all-important fact, one had better bring some real evidence.</p> </div> <div class="comment byuser comment-author-ssumner bypostauthor even depth-2 extra-content-bordered parent" id="comment-357645"> <div class="extra-content-bordered-top-text"> <div class="comment-info"> <h5 class="comment-author-name">Scott Sumner</h5> <h6 class="comment-date"> Oct 11 2024 at 10:37pm </h6> </div> <div class="comment-btn-block pull-right"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/#comment-357645" class="fa fa-link fa-2x comment-link"></a> </div> </div> <div class="extra-content-text"> <p>On the cranial volume question, isn’t the correlation fairly strong when you confine yourself to a given genus, like hominids? (Not my area of expertise, to put it mildly.)</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1 extra-content-bordered parent" id="comment-357694"> <div class="extra-content-bordered-top-text"> <div class="comment-info"> <h5 class="comment-author-name"><a href="https://studentofliberty.com" class="url" rel="ugc external nofollow">Student of Liberty</a></h5> <h6 class="comment-date"> Oct 13 2024 at 7:52am </h6> </div> <div class="comment-btn-block pull-right"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/#comment-357694" class="fa fa-link fa-2x comment-link"></a> </div> </div> <div class="extra-content-text"> <p>“Indeed, modern descendants of early Eurasians are roughly 2% Neanderthal, and the genetic share was probably at least 10% around the time Neanderthals went extinct”<br /> This may sound good but does that even mean something if we share 98.8% of our DNA with the <a href="https://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/permanent/human-origins/understanding-our-past/dna-comparing-humans-and-chimps#:~:text=If%20human%20and%20chimp%20DNA,equals%20about%2035%20million%20differences." rel="nofollow ugc">bonobos</a> and 90% with <a href="https://www.amacad.org/publication/daedalus/unequal-nature-geneticists-perspective-human-differences" rel="nofollow ugc">elephants</a> ?</p> </div> </div>  <div class="row leave-comment-section"> <div class="col-lg-12 col-xl-10 reader-comments">  <p class="no-comments">Comments are closed.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div id='econlog-single-article-cards'><h4>RECENT POST</h4> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top econlog-logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/slot-machine-win-300x200.jpg)"> <div class="article-info"> <p></p> <p class="article-date">Oct 11 2024</p> </div> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Books: Reviews and Suggested Readings</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/being-responsible-vs-being-deserving">Decoupling Desert and Responsibility</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon econlog-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author">  <span class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline multiple-authors-target-shortcode box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1 ppma_boxes_69046" data-post_id="69046" data-instance_id="1" data-additional_class="pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode" data-original_class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1"> <span class="ppma-layout-prefix"></span> <span class="ppma-author-category-wrap"> <span class="ppma-category-group ppma-category-group-1 category-index-0"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-avatar-details"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-name multiple-authors-name"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/author/kcorcoran/" rel="author" title="Kevin Corcoran" class="author url fn">Kevin Corcoran</a></span> </span> </span> </span> <span class="ppma-layout-suffix"></span> </span>  <style> .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .pp-author-boxes-avatar img { width: 80px !important; 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} .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap .ppma-category-group { margin-right: px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap { font-size: px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap .ppma-category-group-title { font-weight: !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul { display: flex; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul li { margin-right: 10px }.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-post-id-69046.box-instance-id-1.ppma_boxes_69046 ul li > div:nth-child(1) {flex: 1 !important;} </style> </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> One of the differences in how people analyze the world I've found most interesting has been called high decoupling vs low decoupling. What is decoupling? In this context, it means an ability to consider ideas in isolation, disconnecting them from other variables and influences. Low decouplers think of ideas as embedded... </p> </div> <div class="card-comment"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/being-responsible-vs-being-deserving#comments" class="card-comment-container"> <span class="card-comment-count">14</span> <i class="fa card-comment-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/being-responsible-vs-being-deserving" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top econlog-logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/question-and-answer-300x200.jpg)"> <div class="article-info"> <p></p> <p class="article-date">Oct 11 2024</p> </div> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Economic Education</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/introducing-econlog-price-theory-cutsingers-solution/">Introducing EconLog Price Theory: Cutsinger's Solu...</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon econlog-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author">  <span class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline multiple-authors-target-shortcode box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1 ppma_boxes_69046" data-post_id="69046" data-instance_id="1" data-additional_class="pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode" data-original_class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1"> <span class="ppma-layout-prefix"></span> <span class="ppma-author-category-wrap"> <span class="ppma-category-group ppma-category-group-1 category-index-0"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-avatar-details"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-name multiple-authors-name"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/author/bcutsinger/" rel="author" title="Bryan Cutsinger" class="author url fn">Bryan Cutsinger</a></span> </span> </span> </span> <span class="ppma-layout-suffix"></span> </span>  <style> .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .pp-author-boxes-avatar img { width: 80px !important; 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} .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap .ppma-category-group { margin-right: px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap { font-size: px !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .ppma-author-category-wrap .ppma-category-group-title { font-weight: !important; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul { display: flex; } .pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline ul.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-ul li { margin-right: 10px }.pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode.box-post-id-69046.box-instance-id-1.ppma_boxes_69046 ul li > div:nth-child(1) {flex: 1 !important;} </style> </h6> <p class="card-text article-content"> [Editor's Note: Dear readers, you delighted us with all your responses to Professor Cutsinger's inaugural EconLog Price Theory Problem. Thanks! We reprint that question below, followed by his suggested solution. Next week, we'll post problem #2. Long live price theory!] Question: In his book, Basic Economics... </p> </div> <div class="card-comment"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/introducing-econlog-price-theory-cutsingers-solution/#comments" class="card-comment-container"> <span class="card-comment-count">1</span> <i class="fa card-comment-icon" aria-hidden="true"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-btn-block"> <a href="https://www.econlib.org/introducing-econlog-price-theory-cutsingers-solution/" class="btn btn-info">Read More</a> </div> </article> <article class="card grid-card "> <div class="card-img-top econlog-logo-standart" style="background-image: url(https://www.econlib.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/Screen-Shot-2024-10-06-at-9.07.45-PM-300x205.png)"> <div class="article-info"> <p></p> <p class="article-date">Oct 10 2024</p> </div> <div class="article-label transparent-bg">Adam Smith</div> </div> <div class="card-block"> <div class="row card-title-container"> <h4 class="col-10 card-title"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/pin-factory-40000-bc/">Pin Factory, 40,000 BC</a></h4> <span class="col-2 article-icon econlog-icon-grey"></span> </div> <h6 class="article-author">  <span class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline multiple-authors-target-shortcode box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1 ppma_boxes_69046" data-post_id="69046" data-instance_id="1" data-additional_class="pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode" data-original_class="pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper pp-multiple-authors-wrapper box-post-id-69046 box-instance-id-1"> <span class="ppma-layout-prefix"></span> <span class="ppma-author-category-wrap"> <span class="ppma-category-group ppma-category-group-1 category-index-0"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-avatar-details"> <span class="pp-author-boxes-name multiple-authors-name"><a href="https://www.econlib.org/author/ssumner/" rel="author" title="Scott Sumner" class="author url fn">Scott Sumner</a></span> </span> </span> </span> <span class="ppma-layout-suffix"></span> </span>  <style> .pp-multiple-authors-boxes-wrapper.pp-multiple-authors-layout-inline.multiple-authors-target-shortcode .pp-author-boxes-avatar img { width: 80px !important; 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