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id="toc-Түрлендіру" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Түрлендіру"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Түрлендіру</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Түрлендіру-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Кеңістіктегі_қатынастар" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Кеңістіктегі_қатынастар"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Кеңістіктегі қатынастар</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Кеңістіктегі_қатынастар-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дискреттік_математика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дискреттік_математика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Дискреттік математика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дискреттік_математика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Бөлімдері" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Бөлімдері"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Бөлімдері</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Бөлімдері-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Бөлімдері суббөлімін көрсету/жасыру</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Бөлімдері-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Арифметика" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Арифметика"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Арифметика</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Арифметика-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Геометрия" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Геометрия"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Геометрия</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Геометрия-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Планиметрия" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Планиметрия"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Планиметрия</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Планиметрия-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Стереометрия" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Стереометрия"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Стереометрия</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Стереометрия-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Алгебра" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Алгебра"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Алгебра</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Алгебра-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Алгебралық_өрнек" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Алгебралық_өрнек"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Алгебралық өрнек</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Алгебралық_өрнек-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Анықталмаған_теңдеу" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Анықталмаған_теңдеу"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Анықталмаған теңдеу</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Анықталмаған_теңдеу-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Дереккөздер" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Дереккөздер"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Дереккөздер</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Дереккөздер-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Әдебиет" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Әдебиет"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Әдебиет</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Әдебиет-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Сілтемелер" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Сілтемелер"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Сілтемелер</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Сілтемелер-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Мазмұны" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Мазмұнды көрсету/жасыру</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Математика</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Басқа тілдегі мақалаға өту. 254 тілде қолжетімді" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-254" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">254 тіл</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – африкаанс тілі" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="африкаанс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – неміс тілі (Швейцария)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі (Швейцария)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%B5%E1%88%9D%E1%88%85%E1%88%AD%E1%89%B0_%E1%88%82%E1%88%B3%E1%89%A5" title="ትምህርተ ሂሳብ – амхар тілі" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ትምህርተ ሂሳብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="амхар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas – арагон тілі" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Matematicas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="арагон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%ABmcr%C3%A6ft" title="Rīmcræft – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Rīmcræft" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – ангика тілі" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="ангика тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رياضيات – араб тілі" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رياضيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="араб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B7" title="لماط – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لماط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="رياضيات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رياضيات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত – ассам тілі" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="ассам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tiques" title="Matemátiques – астурия тілі" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Matemátiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="астурия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solokseropa" title="Solokseropa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Solokseropa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – авадхи тілі" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="авадхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakhu" title="Jakhu – аймара тілі" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jakhu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="аймара тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaziyyat" title="Riyaziyyat – әзірбайжан тілі" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Riyaziyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="әзірбайжан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ریاضیات – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریاضیات" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – башқұрт тілі" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="башқұрт тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat%C4%97ka" title="Matematėka – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Matematėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматыка – беларусь тілі" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Матэматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="беларусь тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Матэматыка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Матэматыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – болгар тілі" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="болгар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikis" title="Matematikis – бислама тілі" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Matematikis" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="бислама тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamatika" title="Matamatika – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Matamatika" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သင်္ချာ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="သင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiki" title="Matematiki – бамбара тілі" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Matematiki" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="бамбара тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত – бенгал тілі" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="бенгал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82" title="རྩིས་རིག – тибет тілі" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྩིས་རིག" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="тибет тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4" title="গণিত – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গণিত" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – бретон тілі" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="бретон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – босния тілі" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="босния тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%86%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%80" title="ᨆᨈᨛᨆᨈᨗᨀ – бугис тілі" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨆᨈᨛᨆᨈᨗᨀ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="бугис тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Тоогой ухаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тоогой ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tiques" title="Matemàtiques – каталан тілі" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matemàtiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="каталан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B3-h%C5%8Fk" title="Só-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Só-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – шешен тілі" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="шешен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isip" title="Isip – себуано тілі" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Isip" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="себуано тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – чаморро тілі" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="чаморро тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ماتماتیک – сорани тілі" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ماتماتیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="сорани тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – корсика тілі" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="корсика тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riyaziyat" title="Riyaziyat – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Riyaziyat" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – чех тілі" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="чех тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%B3%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Маѳиматїка – шіркеулік славян тілі" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Маѳиматїка" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="шіркеулік славян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – чуваш тілі" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="чуваш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathemateg" title="Mathemateg – валлий тілі" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Mathemateg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="валлий тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – дат тілі" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="дат тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laasabu_malibu" title="Laasabu malibu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Laasabu malibu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – неміс тілі" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aku%C3%ABnk%C3%A4%C5%8B" title="Akuënkäŋ – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Akuënkäŋ" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – төменгі лужица тілі" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="төменгі лужица тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%9F%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%94%DE%A7%DE%8C%DE%AA" title="ރިޔާޟިއްޔާތު – дивехи тілі" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ރިޔާޟިއްޔާތު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="дивехи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Μαθηματικά – грек тілі" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μαθηματικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="грек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A2tica" title="Matemâtica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Matemâtica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – ағылшын тілі" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ағылшын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiko" title="Matematiko – эсперанто тілі" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Matematiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="эсперанто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas – испан тілі" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="испан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemaatika" title="Matemaatika – эстон тілі" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Matemaatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="эстон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – баск тілі" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="баск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ریاضیات – парсы тілі" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریاضیات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="парсы тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiikka" title="Matematiikka – фин тілі" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matematiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="фин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%B5maatiga" title="Matõmaatiga – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Matõmaatiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fika" title="Fika – фиджи тілі" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Fika" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="фиджи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%B8ddfr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Støddfrøði – фарер тілі" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Støddfrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="фарер тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Math%C3%A9matiques" title="Mathématiques – француз тілі" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mathématiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="француз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A8matiques" title="Matèmatiques – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Matèmatiques" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiik" title="Matematiik – солтүстік фриз тілі" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Matematiik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="солтүстік фриз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiche" title="Matematiche – фриуль тілі" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Matematiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="фриуль тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – батыс фриз тілі" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="батыс фриз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamaitic" title="Matamaitic – ирланд тілі" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Matamaitic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="ирланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matik" title="Matématik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Matématik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamataig" title="Matamataig – шотландиялық гэль тілі" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Matamataig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="шотландиялық гэль тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1ticas" title="Matemáticas – галисия тілі" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Matemáticas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="галисия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papapykuaa" title="Papapykuaa – гуарани тілі" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Papapykuaa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="гуарани тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗಣಿತ್ – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ಗಣಿತ್" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – горонтало тілі" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="горонтало тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%A3%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4" title="ગણિત – гуджарати тілі" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગણિત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="гуджарати тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddaght" title="Maddaght – мэн тілі" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Maddaght" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="мэн тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lissafi" title="Lissafi – хауса тілі" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lissafi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="хауса тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Su-ho̍k – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Su-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makemakika" title="Makemakika – гавайи тілі" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Makemakika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="гавайи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="מתמטיקה – иврит тілі" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתמטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="иврит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – хинди тілі" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="хинди тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – хорват тілі" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – гаити тілі" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="гаити тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – венгр тілі" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="венгр тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Մաթեմատիկա – армян тілі" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մաթեմատիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="армян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica" title="Mathematica – интерлингва тілі" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Mathematica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="интерлингва тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – ибан тілі" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ибан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – индонезия тілі" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="индонезия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – интерлингве тілі" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="интерлингве тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cm%C3%BAm%C3%BA-%C3%B3n%C3%BA%E1%BB%8Dg%E1%BB%A5g%E1%BB%A5" title="Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ – игбо тілі" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="игбо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – илоко тілі" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="илоко тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – ингуш тілі" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ингуш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiko" title="Matematiko – идо тілі" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Matematiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="идо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A6r%C3%B0fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Stærðfræði – исланд тілі" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stærðfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="исланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – итальян тілі" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="итальян тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 – жапон тілі" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="жапон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matimatix" title="Matimatix – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Matimatix" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/cmaci" title="cmaci – ложбан тілі" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="cmaci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ложбан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matika" title="Matématika – ява тілі" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Matématika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="ява тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მათემატიკა – грузин тілі" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მათემატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="грузин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnakt" title="Tusnakt – кабил тілі" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tusnakt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="кабил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikki" title="Matematikki – калаалисут тілі" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Matematikki" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="калаалисут тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kalaallisut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="គណិតវិទ្យា – кхмер тілі" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គណិតវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="кхмер тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಗಣಿತ – каннада тілі" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="каннада тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%ED%95%99" title="수학 – корей тілі" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="корей тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – қарашай-балқар тілі" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="қарашай-балқар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A0%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AA" title="گرٛؠندُت – кашмир тілі" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گرٛؠندُت" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="кашмир тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat%C3%AEk" title="Matematîk – күрд тілі" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Matematîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="күрд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awgrym" title="Awgrym – корн тілі" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Awgrym" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="корн тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедия:Сомо/Математика – қырғыз тілі" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Википедия:Сомо/Математика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="қырғыз тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematica" title="Mathematica – латын тілі" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mathematica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="латын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika – ладино тілі" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ладино тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – люксембург тілі" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="люксембург тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – лезгин тілі" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="лезгин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekibalangulo" title="Ekibalangulo – ганда тілі" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekibalangulo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ганда тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematiek" title="Mathematiek – лимбург тілі" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mathematiek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="лимбург тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – лигур тілі" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="лигур тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematega" title="Matematega – Ломбард" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Matematega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Ломбард" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ຄະນິດສາດ – лаос тілі" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຄະນິດສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="лаос тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – литва тілі" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="литва тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C4%81tika" title="Matemātika – латыш тілі" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Matemātika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="латыш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – мадур тілі" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="мадур тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – майтхили тілі" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="майтхили тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – малагаси тілі" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="малагаси тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Математике – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Математике" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – минангкабау тілі" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="минангкабау тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – македон тілі" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="македон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഗണിതം – малаялам тілі" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗണിതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="малаялам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Математик – моңғол тілі" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Математик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="моңғол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A9%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯆꯩꯁꯤꯡꯂꯣꯟ – манипури тілі" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯆꯩꯁꯤꯡꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="манипури тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%81%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သၚ်္ချာ – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="သၚ်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ဘာသာမန်</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – маратхи тілі" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="маратхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – малай тілі" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="малай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – мальта тілі" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="мальта тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemática – миранд тілі" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Matemática" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="миранд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B9%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="သင်္ချာ – бирма тілі" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင်္ချာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="бирма тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – эрзя тілі" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="эрзя тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85" title="رقم – мазандеран тілі" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="رقم" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="мазандеран тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlap%C5%8Dhualmatiliztli" title="Tlapōhualmatiliztli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tlapōhualmatiliztli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – төменгі неміс тілі" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="төменгі неміс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – төменгі саксон тілі" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="төменгі саксон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4" title="गणित – непал тілі" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गणित" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="непал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ल्याःज्या – невар тілі" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ल्याःज्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="невар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – ниас тілі" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="ниас тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – нидерланд тілі" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="нидерланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk – норвегиялық нюнорск тілі" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Matematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық нюнорск тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematikk" title="Matematikk – норвегиялық букмол тілі" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matematikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="норвегиялық букмол тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematike" title="Matematike – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Matematike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caltchul" title="Caltchul – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Caltchul" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%82hii%CA%BCn%C3%ADn%C3%A1%CA%BCiidz%C3%B3%C3%B3h" title="Ałhiiʼnínáʼiidzóóh – навахо тілі" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Ałhiiʼnínáʼiidzóóh" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="навахо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas – окситан тілі" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Matematicas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="окситан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiekku" title="Matematiekku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Matematiekku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrega" title="Herrega – оромо тілі" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Herrega" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="оромо тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A4" title="ଗଣିତ – ория тілі" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗଣିତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="ория тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%C3%A6" title="Математикæ – осетин тілі" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Математикæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="осетин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%A3%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਣਿਤ – пенджаб тілі" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਣਿਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="пенджаб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematiks" title="Matematiks – пангасинан тілі" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Matematiks" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="пангасинан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematica" title="Matematica – пампанга тілі" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Matematica" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="пампанга тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika – папьяменто тілі" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="папьяменто тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mat%C3%A9matikes" title="Matématikes – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Matématikes" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82" title="गणितं – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="गणितं" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maethamatiks" title="Maethamatiks – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Maethamatiks" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematyka" title="Matematyka – поляк тілі" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matematyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="поляк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tica" title="Matemàtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Matemàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%90%D8%B1%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="شمېرپوهنه – пушту тілі" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شمېرپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="пушту тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tica" title="Matemática – португал тілі" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matemática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="португал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yupay_yachay" title="Yupay yachay – кечуа тілі" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yupay yachay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="кечуа тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematic%C4%83" title="Matematică – румын тілі" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Matematică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="румын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematic%C3%A2" title="Mathematicâ – арумын тілі" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Mathematicâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="арумын тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – орыс тілі" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="орыс тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математіка – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Математіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="गणितम् – санскрит тілі" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गणितम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="санскрит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – саха тілі" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="саха тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ – сантали тілі" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱮᱞᱠᱷᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="сантали тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tica" title="Matemàtica – сардин тілі" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Matemàtica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="сардин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matim%C3%A0tica" title="Matimàtica – сицилия тілі" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Matimàtica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="сицилия тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – шотланд тілі" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="шотланд тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="رياضي – синдхи тілі" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="رياضي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="синдхи тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – серб-хорват тілі" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="серб-хорват тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusnakt" title="Tusnakt – ташелхит тілі" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tusnakt" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="ташелхит тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="ගණිතය – сингал тілі" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගණිතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="сингал тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mathematics" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – словак тілі" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="словак тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – словен тілі" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="словен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – самоа тілі" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="самоа тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masvomhu" title="Masvomhu – шона тілі" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Masvomhu" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="шона тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiromaal" title="Tiromaal – сомали тілі" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Tiromaal" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="сомали тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – албан тілі" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="албан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – серб тілі" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="серб тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabi_fu_Teri" title="Sabi fu Teri – сранан тонго тілі" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Sabi fu Teri" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="сранан тонго тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekubala" title="Tekubala – свати тілі" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Tekubala" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="свати тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematik" title="Mathematik – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Mathematik" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – сундан тілі" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="сундан тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – швед тілі" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="швед тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hisabati" title="Hisabati – суахили тілі" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hisabati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="суахили тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matymatyka" title="Matymatyka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Matymatyka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கணிதம் – тамил тілі" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கணிதம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="тамил тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A4" title="ಗಣಿತ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗಣಿತ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%AD%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%99%E1%A5%B3" title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥘᥙᥳ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥙᥣᥭᥰ ᥘᥙᥳ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="గణితం – телугу тілі" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గణితం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="телугу тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A1tika" title="Matemátika – тетум тілі" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Matemátika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="тетум тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%91%D1%82" title="Риёзиёт – тәжік тілі" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Риёзиёт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="тәжік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="คณิตศาสตร์ – тай тілі" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณิตศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="тай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – түрікмен тілі" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="түрікмен тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rijozijot" title="Rijozijot – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Rijozijot" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipalo" title="Dipalo – тсвана тілі" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Dipalo" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="тсвана тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ol_matematik" title="Ol matematik – ток-писин тілі" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Ol matematik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="ток-писин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – түрік тілі" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="түрік тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyondzo-Tinhlayo" title="Dyondzo-Tinhlayo – тсонга тілі" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Dyondzo-Tinhlayo" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="тсонга тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – татар тілі" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="татар тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – удмурт тілі" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="удмурт тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – украин тілі" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="украин тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B6%DB%8C" title="ریاضی – урду тілі" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریاضی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="урду тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – өзбек тілі" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="өзбек тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matem%C3%A0tega" title="Matemàtega – венеция тілі" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Matemàtega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="венеция тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Matematik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="жақсы мақалалар"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C3%A1n_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Toán học – вьетнам тілі" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Toán học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="вьетнам тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="таңдаулы мақалалар"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matemat" title="Matemat – волапюк тілі" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Matemat" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="волапюк тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematike" title="Matematike – валлон тілі" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Matematike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="валлон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matematika" title="Matematika – варай тілі" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Matematika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="варай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xayma" title="Xayma – волоф тілі" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Xayma" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="волоф тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 – қытай тілі (У)" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі (У)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математика – қалмақ тілі" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Математика" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="қалмақ тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Mathematics" title="I-Mathematics – кхоса тілі" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Mathematics" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="кхоса тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="მათემატიკა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მათემატიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מאטעמאטיק – идиш тілі" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאטעמאטיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="идиш тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathim%C3%A1t%C3%ADk%C3%AC" title="Mathimátíkì – йоруба тілі" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Mathimátíkì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="йоруба тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soqyoz" title="Soqyoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Soqyoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiskunde" title="Wiskunde – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Wiskunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ – марокколық стандартты тамазигхт тілі" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵙⵏⴰⴽⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="марокколық стандартты тамазигхт тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学 – қытай тілі" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="数学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="қытай тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B2%CD%98-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Sò͘-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sò͘-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" title="數學 – кантон тілі" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="數學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="кантон тілі" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umchazazibalo" title="Umchazazibalo – зулу тілі" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umchazazibalo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="зулу тілі" 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Көрініс</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">бүйірлік тақтаға жылжыту</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">жасыру</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Уикипедия — ашық энциклопедиясынан алынған мәлімет</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="kk" dir="ltr"><p><b>Математика</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Грек тілі">гр.</a> <span lang="el"><i>μάθημα</i></span> — <i>ғылым</i>, <i>білім</i>, <i>оқу</i>; <span lang="el"><i>μαθηματικός</i></span> — <i>білуге құштарлық</i>) — ақиқат дүниенің <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сан">сандық</a> қатынастары мен кеңістік <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D1%88%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Пішін">пішіндері</a> жайлы <a href="/wiki/%D2%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Ғылым">ғылым</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Математика абстрактілендіру және логикалық қорыту: есептеу, санау, <a href="/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Өлшеу">өлшеу</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Физика">физикалық</a> нәрселерді жүйелі түрде орнықтыру, бейнелеу мен өзгерістерді оқыту арқылы көрініс табады.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Математика_тарихы"><span id=".D0.9C.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0_.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.85.D1.8B"></span>Математика тарихы</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Математика тарихы" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Математика тарихы"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Математика тарихы">Математика тарихы</a></i></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Egyptian_A%27h-mos%C3%A8_or_Rhind_Papyrus_(1065x1330).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Egyptian_A%27h-mos%C3%A8_or_Rhind_Papyrus_%281065x1330%29.png/220px-Egyptian_A%27h-mos%C3%A8_or_Rhind_Papyrus_%281065x1330%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Egyptian_A%27h-mos%C3%A8_or_Rhind_Papyrus_%281065x1330%29.png/330px-Egyptian_A%27h-mos%C3%A8_or_Rhind_Papyrus_%281065x1330%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Egyptian_A%27h-mos%C3%A8_or_Rhind_Papyrus_%281065x1330%29.png/440px-Egyptian_A%27h-mos%C3%A8_or_Rhind_Papyrus_%281065x1330%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1065" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption>Көне Мысырдың Ахмосе немесе Райнд папирусы</figcaption></figure> <p>Математиканың даму тарихы шартты түрде төрт кезеңге бөлінеді. </p><p>Бірінші кезең — математиканың білім-дағдыларының қорлану, жинақталу дәуірі. Ол ерте кезден басталып б.з.б. 7-6 ғасырларына дейін созылды. Бұл дәуірде математика адамзат тәжірибесіне тікелей тәуелді болды, содан қорытылған ережелер жинағынан тұрды. </p><p>Екінші кезең — математиканың өз алдына дербес теориялық ғылым болып туу, қалыптасу кезеңі. Мұнда <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика">арифметика</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геометрия">геометрия</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Алгебра">алгебра</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тригонометрия">тригонометрия</a> айрықша теориялық пән болып қалыптасты. Бұл кезең <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Тұрақты шама">тұрақты шамалар</a> математикасының, кейде <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Элементар математика">элементар математика</a> кезеңі деп аталады. Ол екі мың жылға жуық мерзімге созылып, шамамен XVII ғасырда аяқталады. </p><p>Үшінші кезең — <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Айнымалы шама">айнымалы шамалар</a> математикасы немесе <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%BE%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Жоғары математика">жоғары математиканың</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Математикалық талдау">математикалық талдау</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитикалық геометрия">аналитикалық геометрия</a> т.б.) туу, қалыптасу кезеңі. Бұл XVII ғасырда басталып, XIX ғасырдың 2-жартысына дейін созылды. </p><p>Математиканың қарастыратын сан қатынастары мен кеңістік пішіндерінің шеңбері ұлғая келіп, XIX ғасырдың орта тұсынан бастап математикалық зерттеулерді саналы түрде кеңейту мәселесі күн тәртібіне қойылды. <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Николай Иванович Лобачевский">Н.И. Лобачевский</a> ашқан <a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Лобачевский геометриясы">евклидтік емес геометрия жүйесі</a> бұл бағыттағы алғашқы қадам болды. <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жиындар теориясы">Жиындар теориясына</a> байланысты талдаудың, геометрияның және алгебраның жаңа сападағы салалары шыққаннан кейін, математиканың негізгі мәселелерін жалпы қарастыру кезеңін төртінші кезеңге жатқызуға болады.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Сандар"><span id=".D0.A1.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B4.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Сандар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Сандар" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Сандар"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сан">Сан</a></i></div> <p>0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1_%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Араб цифрлары">араб сандары</a> деп аталады. Олар ондық санау системасы бойынша сан жазудың негізі. Араб сандарын үнділер тапқан, кейін келе ол арабтардың арасында таралған. XII ғасырдың басында Италия ғалымы <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%87%D0%B8" title="Фибоначчи">Фибоначчи</a> (Leonardo Fibonacci, 1170-1250 жж.) латын тілінде жазылған «Есеп шот» деген кітабында үнді сандарын еуропалықтарға таныстырған. Еуропалықтар бұл сандарды арабтардан қабылдағандықтан, мұны араб сандары деп атап кеткен. </p><p>Әртүрлі заттарды, денелерді санағанда, біз <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Натурал сан">натурал сандарды</a> қолданамыз. Натурал сандардың айырымы түрінде өрнектеуге болатын сандар жиынын <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бүтін сан">бүтін сандар</a> дейміз. Бүтін сандар мен оларды бір-біріне бөлу кезінде пайда болатын <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Бөлшек">бөлшек</a> сандарды <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рационал сан">рационал сандар</a> жиыны біріктіреді. Рационал сандарды және <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Иррационал сандар">иррационал сандарды</a> біріктіретін жиынды <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нақты сан">нақты сандар</a> дейміз. Нақты сандардың кеңейтуі <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кешен сан">кешен сандар</a> және т.б болып табылады. </p> <table class="simple" style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" width="70%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="simple" style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="simple" style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="simple" style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table class="simple" style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,\;2,\;\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,\;2,\;\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7126646837b811eedc258bff8a99f5bcd62480af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.406ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,\;2,\;\ldots }"></span></td> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Натурал сан">Натурал сандар</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0,\;1,\;-1,\;\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>0</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0,\;1,\;-1,\;\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9248fe8fa1bebdfe6c154cc8a3d17144182f8af" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:13.056ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0,\;1,\;-1,\;\ldots }"></span></td> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бүтін сан">Бүтін сандар</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;{\frac {2}{3}},\;0{,}12,\;\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>2</mn> <mn>3</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>12</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;{\frac {2}{3}},\;0{,}12,\;\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/659eb45e85f30861f199f00fd4756bcfee3f5753" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:23.383ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;{\frac {2}{3}},\;0{,}12,\;\ldots }"></span></td> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рационал сан">Рационал сандар</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;{\sqrt {2}},\;\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>12</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>π</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;{\sqrt {2}},\;\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3b4935336105102553578c5d49adf099913fcb13" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:27.494ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,\;-1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;{\sqrt {2}},\;\ldots }"></span></td> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Нақты сан">Нақты сандар</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;3i+2,\;e^{i\pi /3},\;\ldots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>0</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>,</mo> </mrow> <mn>12</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>π</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mn>3</mn> <mi>i</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>i</mi> <mi>π</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;3i+2,\;e^{i\pi /3},\;\ldots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b927ec0d4b4cc42f519b686524a8ad52ff4647a9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:33.67ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -1,\;{\frac {1}{2}},\;0{,}12,\;\pi ,\;3i+2,\;e^{i\pi /3},\;\ldots }"></span></td> <td width="50%"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1,\;i,\;j,\;k,\;\pi j-{\frac {1}{2}}k,\;\dots }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>i</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>j</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>k</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mi>π</mi> <mi>j</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mn>2</mn> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>k</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="thickmathspace" /> <mo>…</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1,\;i,\;j,\;k,\;\pi j-{\frac {1}{2}}k,\;\dots }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4e5c64ccf605090807a4fb7127b7ffbb69e39ed" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:23.593ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1,\;i,\;j,\;k,\;\pi j-{\frac {1}{2}}k,\;\dots }"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кешен сан">Кешен сандар</a></td> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Кватернион">Кватерниондар</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Түрлендіру"><span id=".D0.A2.D2.AF.D1.80.D0.BB.D0.B5.D0.BD.D0.B4.D1.96.D1.80.D1.83"></span>Түрлендіру</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Түрлендіру" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Түрлендіру"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Түрлендіру">Түрлендіру</a></i></div> <table style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="20"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 36\div 9=4}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>36</mn> <mo>÷</mo> <mn>9</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mn>4</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 36\div 9=4}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1927f3750bbea89721de9e0987bb661fd30aa145" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.589ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 36\div 9=4}"></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/85px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/128px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg/170px-Integral_as_region_under_curve.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}y={\frac {d}{dx}}y+c}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>d</mi> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mi>y</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>c</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}y={\frac {d}{dx}}y+c}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7c39a795b688a10a2c5099c73f9c087979cc90e6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:17.074ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {d^{2}}{dx^{2}}}y={\frac {d}{dx}}y+c}"></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика">Арифметика</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Дифференциалдық есептеу">Дифференциалдық</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Интегралдық есептеу">интегралдық есептеу</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Дифференциалдық теңдеу">Дифференциалдық теңдеулер</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \int 1_{S}\,d\mu =\mu (S)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>∫</mo> <msub> <mn>1</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>S</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="thinmathspace" /> <mi>d</mi> <mi>μ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>μ</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \int 1_{S}\,d\mu =\mu (S)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6fc8d8706127b633b714b3a3d7d0a41ffd6f06fa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.849ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \int 1_{S}\,d\mu =\mu (S)}"></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Vector_field.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/85px-Vector_field.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/128px-Vector_field.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Vector_field.svg/170px-Vector_field.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="394" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Limitcycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/85px-Limitcycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/128px-Limitcycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Limitcycle.svg/170px-Limitcycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="315" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Математикалық талдау">Математикалық талдау</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Вектор">Векторлық</a> талдау</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Динамикалық жүйе (мұндай бет жоқ)">Динамикалық жүйелер</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Кеңістіктегі_қатынастар"><span id=".D0.9A.D0.B5.D2.A3.D1.96.D1.81.D1.82.D1.96.D0.BA.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.B3.D1.96_.D2.9B.D0.B0.D1.82.D1.8B.D0.BD.D0.B0.D1.81.D1.82.D0.B0.D1.80"></span>Кеңістіктегі қатынастар</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Кеңістіктегі қатынастар" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Кеңістіктегі қатынастар"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_(%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Кеңістік (математика)">Кеңістік (математика)</a></i></div> <table style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Pythagorean.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/111px-Pythagorean.svg.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/167px-Pythagorean.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Pythagorean.svg/222px-Pythagorean.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="466" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png/100px-Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png/150px-Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png/200px-Sinusv%C3%A5g_400px.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Hyperbolic_triangle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/128px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/192px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Hyperbolic_triangle.svg/256px-Hyperbolic_triangle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="809" data-file-height="559" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Torus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Torus.jpg/128px-Torus.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Torus.jpg/192px-Torus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Torus.jpg/256px-Torus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="168" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg/111px-Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg" decoding="async" width="111" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg/167px-Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg/222px-Mandel_zoom_07_satellite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Measure_illustration.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Measure_illustration.png/80px-Measure_illustration.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Measure_illustration.png/120px-Measure_illustration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Measure_illustration.png/160px-Measure_illustration.png 2x" data-file-width="364" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геометрия">Геометрия</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тригонометрия">Тригонометрия</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дифференциалдық геометрия">Дифференциалдық геометрия</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топология">Топология</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Фрактал">Фракталдар</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Жиын өлшемі">Өлшем қатынастары</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дискреттік_математика"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B8.D1.81.D0.BA.D1.80.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.82.D1.96.D0.BA_.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B5.D0.BC.D0.B0.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Дискреттік математика</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Дискреттік математика" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Дискреттік математика"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Толық мақаласы: <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дискреттік математика">Дискреттік математика</a></i></div> <table style="border:1px solid #999; text-align:center;" cellspacing="15"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \forall x(P(x)\Rightarrow P(x'))}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∀</mi> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>x</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">⇒</mo> <mi>P</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msup> <mi>x</mi> <mo>′</mo> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \forall x(P(x)\Rightarrow P(x'))}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7a25e9b305115fc6798afea27ecba3b84d6f39ce" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.499ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \forall x(P(x)\Rightarrow P(x'))}"></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:DFAexample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/128px-DFAexample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/192px-DFAexample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/DFAexample.svg/256px-DFAexample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="299" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Caesar3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Caesar3.svg/128px-Caesar3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Caesar3.svg/192px-Caesar3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Caesar3.svg/256px-Caesar3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="856" data-file-height="361" /></a></span></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:6n-graf.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/128px-6n-graf.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/192px-6n-graf.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/256px-6n-graf.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="220" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математикалық логика">Математикалық логика</a></td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Есептелімділік теориясы (мұндай бет жоқ)">Есептелімділік теориясы</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Криптография">Криптография</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Графтар теориясы">Графтар теориясы</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Бөлімдері"><span id=".D0.91.D3.A9.D0.BB.D1.96.D0.BC.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80.D1.96"></span>Бөлімдері</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Бөлімдері" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Бөлімдері"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Арифметика"><span id=".D0.90.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.84.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D0.B8.D0.BA.D0.B0"></span>Арифметика</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Арифметика" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Арифметика"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Арифме́тика</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Грек тілі">гр.</a> <span lang="el"><i>ἀριθμός</i></span> «сан») — математиканың, қарапайым <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сан">сандар</a> түрлерін (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="Натурал сан">натурал сандар</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D2%AF%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Бүтін сан">бүтін сандар</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Рационал сан">рационал сандар</a>) және оларға қолданатын қарапайым арифметикалық операцияларды (<a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83" title="Қосу">қосу</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Алу (мұндай бет жоқ)">алу</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%83" title="Көбейту">көбейту</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%83" title="Бөлу">бөлу</a>) зерттейтін саласы. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Геометрия"><span id=".D0.93.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Геометрия</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Геометрия" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Геометрия"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Планиметрия"><span id=".D0.9F.D0.BB.D0.B0.D0.BD.D0.B8.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Планиметрия</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Планиметрия" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Планиметрия"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Планиметрия</b> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Латын тілі">лат.</a> <span lang="la"><i>planum</i></span> — жазықтық, <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B3%D1%96_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Ежелгі грек тілі">көне грекше</a>: <span lang="grc" style="font-family: Athena Unicode, Gentium, Palatino Linotype, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode, Lucida Grande, Code2000; font-size: 110%;"><span lang="grc"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mu \varepsilon \tau \rho \varepsilon \omega }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>μ</mi> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>τ</mi> <mi>ρ</mi> <mi>ε</mi> <mi>ω</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mu \varepsilon \tau \rho \varepsilon \omega }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/864b0d60746baab8265f459eb880212f312997d4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.418ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mu \varepsilon \tau \rho \varepsilon \omega }"></span></span></span>) — екі өлшемді фигураларды, яки <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B" title="Жазықтық">жазықтықта</a> жатқан фигураларды, олардың қасиеттерін зерттейтін <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геометрия">геометрия</a> бөлімі. </p><p>Планиметрия туралы алғашқы жүйелі түрде зерттелген шығарма <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Евклид">Евклидтің</a> «<a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%96%D2%A3_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Евклидтің Негіздері">Негіздері</a>» (<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Латын тілі">лат.</a> <span lang="la">'<b>Elementa'</b></span>) атты еңбегі болып табылады. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Стереометрия"><span id=".D0.A1.D1.82.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BE.D0.BC.D0.B5.D1.82.D1.80.D0.B8.D1.8F"></span>Стереометрия</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Стереометрия" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Стереометрия"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Стереометрия</b> (грек. stereo — «кеңістік» + metreo — «өлшеу») — кеңістіктегі фигуралардың қасиеттері қарастырылатын, евклидтік геометрия бөлімі. Кеңістіктегі негізгі (қарапайым) фигураларға нүктелер, түзулер мен жазықтықтар жатады. Стереометриядағы басты ерекшеліктердің бірі - түзулердің өзара орналасуының жаңа түрі: айқас түзулер қарастырылады. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Алгебра"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0"></span>Алгебра</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Алгебра" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Алгебра"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Newton-Principia-Mathematica_1-500x700.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Newton-Principia-Mathematica_1-500x700.jpg/220px-Newton-Principia-Mathematica_1-500x700.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Newton-Principia-Mathematica_1-500x700.jpg/330px-Newton-Principia-Mathematica_1-500x700.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Newton-Principia-Mathematica_1-500x700.jpg/440px-Newton-Principia-Mathematica_1-500x700.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон">Исаак Ньютонның</a> «Табиғи пәлсапаның математикалық бастамалары» атты кітабының мұқабасы.</figcaption></figure> <p>Алгебра (арабша әл-жәбр) — Математиканың теңдеулерді шешу жөніндегі есептерге байланысты дамыған негізгі бөлімдерінің бірі. Алгебра атау және жеке ғылым саласы ретінде Әбу Абдаллаһ әл-Хорезмидің 1-ші, 2-ші дәрежелі теңдеулерге келтірілетін есептердің жалпы шешімі көрсетілген «Әл-жәбр уә-л-Мұқабала» атты еңбегінен бастау алады. Ал, Омар Хайям（1038/48-1123/24）— 3-ші дәрежелі теңдеулерді зерттеуді жүйелеп, өзінің «Алгебрасын» жазған. Орта ғасырлық шығыс ғұламалары гректер мен үнділердің математикасын түрлендіріп, қайта өңдеп <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Еуропа">Еуропаға</a> табыс еткен. Амалдарды белгілейтін таңбалар енгізу нәтижесінде алгебра одан әрі дамыды. XVII ғасырдың ортасында қазіргі алгебрада қолданылатын таңбалар, әріптер толық орнықты. Ал 18-ші ғасырдың басында алгебра математиканың жеке бөлімі ретінде қалыптасты. 17-18—ші ғасырларда теңдеулердің жалпы теориясы (көпмүшеліктер алгебрасы, т. б) қарқындап дамыды. Оған сол кездегі ірі ғалымдар — <a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Рене Декарт">Рене Декарт</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%9D%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Исаак Ньютон">Исаак Ньютон</a>, Жан Даламбер мен Жозеф Лагранж үлкен үлес қосты. Неміс математигі Карл Гаусс кез келген n дәрежелі алгебралық теңдеудің нақты не жорамал n түбірі болатындығын анықтаған (1799). XIX ғасырдың басында норвег математигі <a href="/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Нильс Хенрик Абель">Нильс Абель</a> және француз математигі Эварист Галуа дәрежесі 4 тен жоғары болатын теңдеулердің шешуін алгебралық амалдар көмегімен теңдеудің коэффиценті арқылы өрнектеуге болмайтындығын дәлелдеген. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Алгебралық_өрнек"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BB.D0.B3.D0.B5.D0.B1.D1.80.D0.B0.D0.BB.D1.8B.D2.9B_.D3.A9.D1.80.D0.BD.D0.B5.D0.BA"></span>Алгебралық өрнек</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Алгебралық өрнек" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Алгебралық өрнек"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Algebraic expression Саны шекті әріптермен сандардан құралған және бір–бірімен қосу, азайту, көбейту, бөлу бүтін санға дәрежелеу сондай-ақ түбір табу амалдарының таңбалары арқылы біріктірілген өрнек. Егер өрнекке енетін әріптер түбір астында болмаса, онда алгебралық өрнек сол әріптерге қарағанда рационал алгебралық өрнек деп аталады. (мысалға өрнегі ға қарағанда рационал алгебралық өрнек). Егер белгілі бір әріптер енетін өрнекте бөлу амалы болмаса, онда алгебралық өрнек сол әріптерге қарағанда бүтін алгебралық өрнек деп аталады. Егер кейбір әріптерді(не бәрін) айнымалы деп санасақ онда алгебралық өрнек алгебралық функцияға болады. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Анықталмаған_теңдеу"><span id=".D0.90.D0.BD.D1.8B.D2.9B.D1.82.D0.B0.D0.BB.D0.BC.D0.B0.D2.93.D0.B0.D0.BD_.D1.82.D0.B5.D2.A3.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.83"></span>Анықталмаған теңдеу</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Анықталмаған теңдеу" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Анықталмаған теңдеу"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Сандар теориясының аса маңызға ие, бай тарихы бар, мазмұны мол саласының бірі. Анықталмаған теңдеу деп белгісіздің саны теңдеудің санынан көп болатын теңдеулер жүйесін не теңдеуді айтамыз. Көне <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Грек">Гректің</a> атақты математигі Диофант сонау III ғасырдың басында-ақ осындай түрдегі теңдеулерді зеріттей бастаған, сондықтан кейде анықталмаған теңдеу Диофант теңдеуі деп те аталады. 1969 жылғы, Л.Ж.Модердің «Диофант теңдеуі» атты кітабы осы саладағы зеріттеулердің нәтижесін бір ретке келтіріп берді. Соңғы он жылда осы салада аса зор дамушылық байқалады. Дегенменен, жалпы жағдайға алып қарағанда, екінші дәрежеден жоғары анықталмаған теңдеулер туралы адамдардің білері шамалы. Енді бір жағынан, анықталмаған теңдеумен математиканың басқа салалары, мысалға, алгебралық сандар теориясы, <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алгебралық геометрия">алгебралық геометрия</a>, терулер математикасы қатарлылармен тығыз байланысы бар, шекті топтар мен көркем модудауға да осы анықталмаған теңдеулерді қолдануға болады, осы себептен де математиканың осы бір көне саласы әлі де көптеген математиктердің назарын өзіне аударуда. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Дереккөздер"><span id=".D0.94.D0.B5.D1.80.D0.B5.D0.BA.D0.BA.D3.A9.D0.B7.D0.B4.D0.B5.D1.80"></span>Дереккөздер</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Дереккөздер" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Дереккөздер"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Қазақстан энциклопедиясы</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Рахимбекова З.М. Материалдар механикасы терминдерінің ағылшынша-орысша-қазақша түсіндірме сөздігі <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B:%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B/9965769672" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9965-769-67-2</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Әдебиет"><span id=".D3.98.D0.B4.D0.B5.D0.B1.D0.B8.D0.B5.D1.82"></span>Әдебиет</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Бөлімді өңдеу: Әдебиет" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>өңдеу</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Әдебиет"><span>қайнарын өңдеу</span></a><span 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/24px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Template_alt_full_black_22.svg/32px-Template_alt_full_black_22.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><div style="font-size:114%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Математика</a></div></th></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Негіздері</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Сандар теориясы">Сандар теориясы</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Арифметика">Арифметика</a>)<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математикалық логика">Математикалық логика</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Буль алгебрасы">Буль алгебрасы</a>)<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D2%9B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ақпарат теориясы">Ақпарат теориясы</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Жиындар теориясы">Жиындар теориясы</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Типтер теориясы">Типтер теориясы</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Алгебра">Алгебра</a> және <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Математикалық талдау">талдау</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D2%9B%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Бастапқы алгебра (мұндай бет жоқ)">Бастапқы алгебра</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сызықтық алгебра">Сызықтық алгебра</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Абстрактылық алгебра (мұндай бет жоқ)">Абстрактылық алгебра</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Интегралдық есептеу">Интегралдық есептеу</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Интегралдық теңдеулер">Интегралдық теңдеулер</a>)<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Дифференциалдық есептеу">Дифференциалдық есептеу</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Дифференциалдық теңдеу">Дифференциалдық теңдеулер</a>)<span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Функционалдық талдау">Функционалдық талдау</a> (<a href="/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Вариациялық есептеу">Вариациялық есептеу</a>)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Геометрия">Геометрия</a> және топология</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Алгебралық геометрия">Алгебралық</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Аналитикалық геометрия">Аналитикалық</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дифференциалдық геометрия">Дифференциалдық</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Дискреттік геометрия (мұндай бет жоқ)">Дискреттік</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Евклидтік геометрия">Евклидтік геометрия</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Планиметрия">Планиметрия</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стереометрия">Стереометрия</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Топология">Топология</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Дискреттік математика">Дискреттік математика</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Комбинаторика">Комбинаторика</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Графтар теориясы">Графтар теориясы</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Реттер теориясы (мұндай бет жоқ)">Реттер теориясы</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ойындар теориясы">Ойындар теориясы</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Қолданбалы математика">Қолданбалы математика</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математикалық физика">Математикалық физика</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Математикалық модельдеу">Математикалық модельдеу</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математикалық экономика">Математикалық экономика</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Математикалық статистика">Математикалық статистика</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Сандық талдау">Сандық талдау</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%AB%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ықтималдық теориясы">Ықтималдық теориясы</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Басқару теориясы (мұндай бет жоқ)">Басқару теориясы</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Алгоритмдер теориясы (мұндай бет жоқ)">Алгоритмдер теориясы</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%83_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Есептеу математикасы">Есептеу математикасы</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td colspan="2"></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82:Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/20px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg/30px-Nuvola_apps_edu_mathematics_blue-p.svg.png 1.5x, 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