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Using examples, discuss whether and how MNEs from developed countries adapt their ethical conduct and... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6367052" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Discuss how developing countries and developed countries pose distinct challenges for multinational enterprises' ethical behaviour? Using examples, discuss whether and how MNEs from developed countries adapt their ethical conduct and corporate social responsibility practices according to local expectations in developing countries.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6367052" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="29310638fa8354c6ea9dc6e0ba06f7f5" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":33185527,"asset_id":6367052,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33185527/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9955152" href="https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente">patricia puente</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9955152" type="text/json">{"id":9955152,"first_name":"patricia","last_name":"puente","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"patriciapuente","display_name":"patricia puente","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6367052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6367052"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6367052, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6367052", }); });</script></li><li class="js-percentile-work_6367052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden u-tcGrayDark"><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x percentile-widget" style="display: none">•</span><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6367052; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-percentile-work_6367052"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></li><li class="js-view-count-work_6367052 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><div><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6367052"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6367052; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6367052]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6367052").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6367052").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6367108" data-work_id="6367108" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6367108/Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning_toxins_in_bivalve_molluscs_in_Ireland">Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs in Ireland</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">In December 1999, domoic acid (DA) a potent neurotoxin, responsible for the syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) was detected for the first time in shellfish harvested in Ireland. Two liquid chromatography (LC) methods were applied... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6367108" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">In December 1999, domoic acid (DA) a potent neurotoxin, responsible for the syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) was detected for the first time in shellfish harvested in Ireland. Two liquid chromatography (LC) methods were applied to quantify DA in shellfish after sample clean-up using solid-phase extraction (SPE) with strong anion exchange (SAX) cartridges. Toxin detection was achieved using photodiode array ultraviolet (LC-UV) and multiple tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS n ). DA was identified in four species of bivalve shellfish collected along the west and south coastal regions of the Republic of Ireland.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6367108" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="486e1dc7496857543ae88e8531f012d3" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48899567,"asset_id":6367108,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48899567/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9955152" href="https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente">patricia puente</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9955152" type="text/json">{"id":9955152,"first_name":"patricia","last_name":"puente","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"patriciapuente","display_name":"patricia puente","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6367108 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6367108"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6367108, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6367108", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6367108]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6367108").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6367108").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6367108"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">17</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1081" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Safety">Food Safety</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1081" type="text/json">{"id":1081,"name":"Food Safety","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Safety","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry">Mass Spectrometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5769" type="text/json">{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="11801" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Monitoring">Environmental Monitoring</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="11801" type="text/json">{"id":11801,"name":"Environmental Monitoring","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Monitoring","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="29842" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ireland">Ireland</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="29842" type="text/json">{"id":29842,"name":"Ireland","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ireland","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6367108]'), work: {"id":6367108,"title":"Amnesic shellfish poisoning toxins in bivalve molluscs in Ireland","created_at":"2014-03-10T20:07:50.324-07:00","owner_id":9955152,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/6367108/Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning_toxins_in_bivalve_molluscs_in_Ireland","slug":"Amnesic_shellfish_poisoning_toxins_in_bivalve_molluscs_in_Ireland","dom_id":"work_6367108","summary":"In December 1999, domoic acid (DA) a potent neurotoxin, responsible for the syndrome Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP) was detected for the first time in shellfish harvested in Ireland. 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the influence of wool bleaching with hydrogen peroxide on the kinetics of wool dyeing, using a milling dye CI Acid Blue 80. The dyeing kinetics were studied at different temperatures on both unbleached and bleached... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6367114" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This study investigates the influence of wool bleaching with hydrogen peroxide on the kinetics of wool dyeing, using a milling dye CI Acid Blue 80. The dyeing kinetics were studied at different temperatures on both unbleached and bleached wool [15 and 30 ml hydrogen peroxide (35% w/w)] and the following parameters determined: kinetics of adsorption, diffusion coefficient and apparent activation energies of the dyeing system for each type of wool. The results show that the values of these parameters are greater for the unbleached wools than for the bleached ones and that the values decrease as the bleaching intensity increases.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6367114" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="c3385e2cb8f0c3770b937e43dfdc96d8" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48899557,"asset_id":6367114,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48899557/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9955152" href="https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente">patricia puente</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9955152" type="text/json">{"id":9955152,"first_name":"patricia","last_name":"puente","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"patriciapuente","display_name":"patricia puente","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6367114 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6367114"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6367114, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6367114", }); 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The dyeing kinetics were studied at different temperatures on both unbleached and bleached wool [15 and 30 ml hydrogen peroxide (35% w/w)] and the following parameters determined: kinetics of adsorption, diffusion coefficient and apparent activation energies of the dyeing system for each type of wool. The results show that the values of these parameters are greater for the unbleached wools than for the bleached ones and that the values decrease as the bleaching intensity increases.","publication":"Coloration Technology","publication_with_fallback":"Coloration Technology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48899557,"asset_id":6367114,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48899557/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48899557/j.1478-4408.2005.tb00243.x20160916-7722-1ahmg89-libre.pdf?1474086858=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfluence_of_wool_bleaching_with_hydroge.pdf\u0026Expires=1740061525\u0026Signature=Ba6e~D-TjZmmQooCQix0XPITv5~IQ3ig7UCThIWuGK4vKMCrXHOqbFiISnmHRdAxgGjrVgG~cHlrbAZczUuQb0-PmCqUh0-vEID8q4rVo1XCM5B5uDq1Ukd71Qb6uWroqw~dYbX0PTmjURWV9YHq8HyGPT4Eez2Vr-1NWH-cmahAagVETCYt0T3gE~dB0YZKVn8w3qsHg3iOEkgj1YeVSAETB1UgrOY4Qc3YF1y~UVwbAO50qI5S-Cia4FpMge9nvQ-A7QUXD1M4SINr7FjaXpViwoLbCqSJL5i4ofpI5MjGmc7GKYlUimLyluZoTvYdS~brjufq10QWDqYV1L~AVA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48899557/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48899557/mini_magick20190202-28343-1dca7ew.png?1549109343"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":48899557,"asset_id":6367114,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48899557/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48899557/j.1478-4408.2005.tb00243.x20160916-7722-1ahmg89-libre.pdf?1474086858=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DInfluence_of_wool_bleaching_with_hydroge.pdf\u0026Expires=1740061525\u0026Signature=Ba6e~D-TjZmmQooCQix0XPITv5~IQ3ig7UCThIWuGK4vKMCrXHOqbFiISnmHRdAxgGjrVgG~cHlrbAZczUuQb0-PmCqUh0-vEID8q4rVo1XCM5B5uDq1Ukd71Qb6uWroqw~dYbX0PTmjURWV9YHq8HyGPT4Eez2Vr-1NWH-cmahAagVETCYt0T3gE~dB0YZKVn8w3qsHg3iOEkgj1YeVSAETB1UgrOY4Qc3YF1y~UVwbAO50qI5S-Cia4FpMge9nvQ-A7QUXD1M4SINr7FjaXpViwoLbCqSJL5i4ofpI5MjGmc7GKYlUimLyluZoTvYdS~brjufq10QWDqYV1L~AVA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48899557/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48899557/mini_magick20190202-28343-1dca7ew.png?1549109343"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":4,"ordered_authors":[{"id":9955152,"first_name":"patricia","last_name":"puente","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"patriciapuente","display_name":"patricia puente","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering","nofollow":true},{"id":274826,"name":"Hydrogen Peroxide","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hydrogen_Peroxide","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":2005,"publication_year_with_fallback":2005,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":63,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6367115" data-work_id="6367115" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6367115/Modelling_of_integration_dyeing_of_a_wool_package_with_acid_dyes">Modelling of integration dyeing of a wool package with acid dyes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">This paper describes the behaviour observed during integration dyeing of a cross-wound wool package with an anionic dye of the supermilling type. The relationships between levelness and the variables dosing time, temperature, liquor flow... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6367115" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">This paper describes the behaviour observed during integration dyeing of a cross-wound wool package with an anionic dye of the supermilling type. The relationships between levelness and the variables dosing time, temperature, liquor flow rate and dye concentration in the fibre, at pH conditions corresponding to the isoelectric point of wool were examined. An increase in the flow rate and of the dye concentration during the dosing was found to improve dyeing levelness, while an increase in temperature and a decrease in dosing time impaired levelness.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6367115" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="69747d02aa721f88812bfc3c3292f93a" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48899559,"asset_id":6367115,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48899559/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9955152" href="https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente">patricia puente</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9955152" type="text/json">{"id":9955152,"first_name":"patricia","last_name":"puente","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"patriciapuente","display_name":"patricia puente","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6367115 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6367115"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6367115, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6367115", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6367115]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6367115").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6367115").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6367115"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">2</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl9x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="56" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering">Materials Engineering</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="56" type="text/json">{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="72" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering">Chemical Engineering</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="72" type="text/json">{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6367115]'), work: {"id":6367115,"title":"Modelling of integration dyeing of a wool package with acid dyes","created_at":"2014-03-10T20:07:57.459-07:00","owner_id":9955152,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/6367115/Modelling_of_integration_dyeing_of_a_wool_package_with_acid_dyes","slug":"Modelling_of_integration_dyeing_of_a_wool_package_with_acid_dyes","dom_id":"work_6367115","summary":"This paper describes the behaviour observed during integration dyeing of a cross-wound wool package with an anionic dye of the supermilling type. The relationships between levelness and the variables dosing time, temperature, liquor flow rate and dye concentration in the fibre, at pH conditions corresponding to the isoelectric point of wool were examined. An increase in the flow rate and of the dye concentration during the dosing was found to improve dyeing levelness, while an increase in temperature and a decrease in dosing time impaired levelness.","publication":"Coloration Technology","publication_with_fallback":"Coloration Technology","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48899559,"asset_id":6367115,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48899559/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48899559/j.1478-4408.1999.tb00302.x20160916-12045-1p238jo-libre.pdf?1474086856=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DModelling_of_integration_dyeing_of_a_woo.pdf\u0026Expires=1738977086\u0026Signature=eVkJWnepNm42qqKnHeIG5mgdreumgfR6quW~Kic5VBPpj112DNAPUTt4HLykDQq-je77ud8ErTWSNy0hThL8T4vK9-lqsRUJu6ymMTs5KG8xk2elZVHMkgSY4r9uO0b9Gbm-c5L43cl5y1TKn89Lh7Y6EhDwaL4K5pBhjw28TZYw~SHHaMNGYBS4cYFd4vf8EO6iZO3ih~qSbklIAR04mL8EoUz0Mtoi7x0QPwFzKY5LTfXHo7Ly5391qRk9jJtFlMXx6pdJ8x7ILjmtyhir66zPwz94JtqyqioppdoHp7AIWjeG2tq7H5aJUG8V-xgeCjJrfBEs3JfIK4lrOwmTWA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48899559/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48899559/mini_magick20190202-27083-1279a69.png?1549109338"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":48899559,"asset_id":6367115,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48899559/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48899559/j.1478-4408.1999.tb00302.x20160916-12045-1p238jo-libre.pdf?1474086856=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DModelling_of_integration_dyeing_of_a_woo.pdf\u0026Expires=1738977086\u0026Signature=eVkJWnepNm42qqKnHeIG5mgdreumgfR6quW~Kic5VBPpj112DNAPUTt4HLykDQq-je77ud8ErTWSNy0hThL8T4vK9-lqsRUJu6ymMTs5KG8xk2elZVHMkgSY4r9uO0b9Gbm-c5L43cl5y1TKn89Lh7Y6EhDwaL4K5pBhjw28TZYw~SHHaMNGYBS4cYFd4vf8EO6iZO3ih~qSbklIAR04mL8EoUz0Mtoi7x0QPwFzKY5LTfXHo7Ly5391qRk9jJtFlMXx6pdJ8x7ILjmtyhir66zPwz94JtqyqioppdoHp7AIWjeG2tq7H5aJUG8V-xgeCjJrfBEs3JfIK4lrOwmTWA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48899559/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48899559/mini_magick20190202-27083-1279a69.png?1549109338"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":3,"ordered_authors":[{"id":9955152,"first_name":"patricia","last_name":"puente","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"patriciapuente","display_name":"patricia puente","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":56,"name":"Materials Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Materials_Engineering","nofollow":true},{"id":72,"name":"Chemical Engineering","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemical_Engineering","nofollow":true}],"publication_year":1999,"publication_year_with_fallback":1999,"paper_rank":null,"all_time_views":46,"active_discussion":{}}, }) } })();</script></ul></li></ul></div></div><div class="u-borderBottom1 u-borderColorGrayLighter"><div class="clearfix u-pv7x u-mb0x js-work-card work_6367118" data-work_id="6367118" itemscope="itemscope" itemtype="https://schema.org/ScholarlyArticle"><div class="header"><div class="title u-fontSerif u-fs22 u-lineHeight1_3"><a class="u-tcGrayDarkest js-work-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6367118/Pharmacoproteomic_study_of_the_effects_of_chondroitin_and_glucosamine_sulfate_on_human_articular_chondrocytes">Pharmacoproteomic study of the effects of chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate on human articular chondrocytes</a></div></div><div class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Introduction Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine sulfate (GS) are symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis (OA) widely used in clinic. Despite their widespread use, knowledge of the specific molecular mechanisms of their... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_6367118" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Introduction Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine sulfate (GS) are symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis (OA) widely used in clinic. Despite their widespread use, knowledge of the specific molecular mechanisms of their action is limited. The aim of this work is to explore the utility of a pharmacoproteomic approach for the identification of specific molecules involved in the pharmacological effect of GS and CS. Methods Chondrocytes obtained from three healthy donors were treated with GS 10 mM and/or CS 200 μg/mL, and then stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) 10 ng/mL. Whole cell proteins were isolated 24 hours later and resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The gels were stained with SYPRORuby. Modulated proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to validate our results. Results A total of 31 different proteins were altered by GS or/and CS treatment when compared to control. Regarding their predicted biological function, 35% of the proteins modulated by GS are involved in signal transduction pathways, 15% in redox and stress response, and 25% in protein synthesis and folding processes. Interestingly, CS affects mainly energy production (31%) and metabolic pathways (13%), decreasing the expression levels of ten proteins. The chaperone GRP78 was found to be remarkably increased by GS alone and in combination with CS, a fact that unveils a putative mechanism for the reported anti-inflammatory effect of GS in OA. On the other hand, the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) was significantly decreased by both drugs and synergistically by their combination, thus suggesting a drug-induced decrease of the oxidative stress caused by IL-1β in chondrocytes. Conclusions CS and GS differentially modulate the proteomic profile of human chondrocytes. This pharmacoproteomic approach unravels the complex intracellular mechanisms that are modulated by these drugs on IL1β-stimulated human articular chondrocytes.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/6367118" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="848b691eb8c31552bba2ab3b95330839" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":48899568,"asset_id":6367118,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48899568/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="9955152" href="https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente">patricia puente</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="9955152" type="text/json">{"id":9955152,"first_name":"patricia","last_name":"puente","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"patriciapuente","display_name":"patricia puente","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_6367118 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="6367118"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 6367118, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_6367118", }); 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$(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6367118]").text(description); $(".js-view-count-work_6367118").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span><script>$(function() { $(".js-view-count-work_6367118").removeClass('hidden') })</script></div></li><li class="InlineList-item u-positionRelative" style="max-width: 250px"><div class="u-positionAbsolute" data-has-card-for-ri-list="6367118"><i class="fa fa-tag InlineList-item-icon u-positionRelative"></i>  <a class="InlineList-item-text u-positionRelative">26</a>  </div><span class="InlineList-item-text u-textTruncate u-pl10x"><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="1290" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology">Immunology</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="1290" type="text/json">{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="5769" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry">Mass Spectrometry</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="5769" type="text/json">{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="9786" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics">Proteomics</a>, <script data-card-contents-for-ri="9786" type="text/json">{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics","nofollow":true}</script><a class="InlineList-item-text" data-has-card-for-ri="35637" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics">Molecular Mechanics</a><script data-card-contents-for-ri="35637" type="text/json">{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics","nofollow":true}</script></span></li><script>(function(){ if (true) { new Aedu.ResearchInterestListCard({ el: $('*[data-has-card-for-ri-list=6367118]'), work: {"id":6367118,"title":"Pharmacoproteomic study of the effects of chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate on human articular chondrocytes","created_at":"2014-03-10T20:08:11.465-07:00","owner_id":9955152,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/6367118/Pharmacoproteomic_study_of_the_effects_of_chondroitin_and_glucosamine_sulfate_on_human_articular_chondrocytes","slug":"Pharmacoproteomic_study_of_the_effects_of_chondroitin_and_glucosamine_sulfate_on_human_articular_chondrocytes","dom_id":"work_6367118","summary":"Introduction Chondroitin sulfate (CS) and glucosamine sulfate (GS) are symptomatic slow-acting drugs for osteoarthritis (OA) widely used in clinic. Despite their widespread use, knowledge of the specific molecular mechanisms of their action is limited. The aim of this work is to explore the utility of a pharmacoproteomic approach for the identification of specific molecules involved in the pharmacological effect of GS and CS. Methods Chondrocytes obtained from three healthy donors were treated with GS 10 mM and/or CS 200 μg/mL, and then stimulated with interleukin-1β (IL-1β) 10 ng/mL. Whole cell proteins were isolated 24 hours later and resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The gels were stained with SYPRORuby. Modulated proteins were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to validate our results. Results A total of 31 different proteins were altered by GS or/and CS treatment when compared to control. Regarding their predicted biological function, 35% of the proteins modulated by GS are involved in signal transduction pathways, 15% in redox and stress response, and 25% in protein synthesis and folding processes. Interestingly, CS affects mainly energy production (31%) and metabolic pathways (13%), decreasing the expression levels of ten proteins. The chaperone GRP78 was found to be remarkably increased by GS alone and in combination with CS, a fact that unveils a putative mechanism for the reported anti-inflammatory effect of GS in OA. On the other hand, the antioxidant enzyme superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) was significantly decreased by both drugs and synergistically by their combination, thus suggesting a drug-induced decrease of the oxidative stress caused by IL-1β in chondrocytes. Conclusions CS and GS differentially modulate the proteomic profile of human chondrocytes. This pharmacoproteomic approach unravels the complex intracellular mechanisms that are modulated by these drugs on IL1β-stimulated human articular chondrocytes.","publication":"Arthritis Research \u0026 Therapy","publication_with_fallback":"Arthritis Research \u0026 Therapy","downloadable_attachments":[{"id":48899568,"asset_id":6367118,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48899568/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48899568/Pharmacoproteomic_study_of_the_effects_o20160916-12041-138tidz-libre.pdf?1474086864=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPharmacoproteomic_study_of_the_effects_o.pdf\u0026Expires=1740667975\u0026Signature=QMyEU3UT6lo-6fGEUbBDBwkOELvGusQzUCCyt4hor96m7GmZhsVROKXo3pvUcqp1MXcx6~eyXURbgDUMr1UF5Q0IZV7o26PcmE~IaAmikOnWs5lrOuUZwobug3mhedl57loxRTWI1ay6k-ZcZa5EkajVjZ1s37hEJVGUrT0CbWLnoeznII6s6W6fezwIDnQP8Q3NYmGUyaAWqSkv7BbIhain8FVqvRsDJhCUvKJWGu7xlGF7wSB1nSvzlMDEO-APz2zZv6ncJNYbHsRoz3x6Qm4hvoskKEiPfFKKS1kkGcdytPNoatG1UtnOZxBT6p~yrEHEtEke-0pQx8mMcb48sA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48899568/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48899568/mini_magick20190202-4313-pv00pg.png?1549109368"}],"downloadable_attachments_with_full_thumbnails":[{"id":48899568,"asset_id":6367118,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/48899568/thumbnails/1.jpg","download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/48899568/Pharmacoproteomic_study_of_the_effects_o20160916-12041-138tidz-libre.pdf?1474086864=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPharmacoproteomic_study_of_the_effects_o.pdf\u0026Expires=1740667975\u0026Signature=QMyEU3UT6lo-6fGEUbBDBwkOELvGusQzUCCyt4hor96m7GmZhsVROKXo3pvUcqp1MXcx6~eyXURbgDUMr1UF5Q0IZV7o26PcmE~IaAmikOnWs5lrOuUZwobug3mhedl57loxRTWI1ay6k-ZcZa5EkajVjZ1s37hEJVGUrT0CbWLnoeznII6s6W6fezwIDnQP8Q3NYmGUyaAWqSkv7BbIhain8FVqvRsDJhCUvKJWGu7xlGF7wSB1nSvzlMDEO-APz2zZv6ncJNYbHsRoz3x6Qm4hvoskKEiPfFKKS1kkGcdytPNoatG1UtnOZxBT6p~yrEHEtEke-0pQx8mMcb48sA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA","download_file_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/48899568/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","full_thumbnail_url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/48899568/mini_magick20190202-4313-pv00pg.png?1549109368"}],"has_pdf":true,"has_fulltext":true,"page_count":12,"ordered_authors":[{"id":9955152,"first_name":"patricia","last_name":"puente","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"patriciapuente","display_name":"patricia puente","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/patriciapuente","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1290,"name":"Immunology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Immunology","nofollow":true},{"id":5769,"name":"Mass Spectrometry","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mass_Spectrometry","nofollow":true},{"id":9786,"name":"Proteomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Proteomics","nofollow":true},{"id":35637,"name":"Molecular Mechanics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Mechanics","nofollow":true},{"id":35830,"name":"Osteoarthritis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Osteoarthritis"},{"id":38139,"name":"Protein synthesis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein_synthesis"},{"id":51784,"name":"real time PCR","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/real_time_PCR"},{"id":78188,"name":"Cartilage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cartilage"},{"id":98707,"name":"Stress 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class="u-pb4x u-mt3x"><div class="summary u-fs14 u-fw300 u-lineHeight1_5 u-tcGrayDarkest"><div class="summarized">Microcredit is a tool to reduce poverty. It is documented that microfinance leads to improvements in health, education, improving businesses and standard of living of the poor. This research tries to look at a possible second channel of... <a class="more_link u-tcGrayDark u-linkUnstyled" data-container=".work_14790224" data-show=".complete" data-hide=".summarized" data-more-link-behavior="true" href="#">more</a></div><div class="complete hidden">Microcredit is a tool to reduce poverty. It is documented that microfinance leads to improvements in health, education, improving businesses and standard of living of the poor. This research tries to look at a possible second channel of microfinance linked to social expenditures. These comprise festivals, other ceremonies, weddings and funerals. This dissertation estimates the effect of microfinance on household social expenditure by re examining data from a randomised control trial, previously used to evaluate the impact of a well-known microfinance intervention: the provision of microcredit to poor in Hyderabad by Spandana, a leading Microfinance institution (MFI) in India. Recent literature suggests that this social expenditure can be largely ‘unwanted’ and caused by social pressure; it has also been shown that it can make poor households poorer. This dissertation finds large and statistically significant effects of microcredit on social expenditures; in some cases microcredit indices an increase in these expenditures that is larger than its effect on education and healthcare.</div></div></div><ul class="InlineList u-ph0x u-fs13"><li class="InlineList-item logged_in_only"><div class="share_on_academia_work_button"><a class="academia_share Button Button--inverseBlue Button--sm js-bookmark-button" data-academia-share="Work/14790224" data-share-source="work_strip" data-spinner="small_white_hide_contents"><i class="fa fa-plus"></i><span class="work-strip-link-text u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Bookmark</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><div class="download"><a id="37b4131f9bca3e08b06873ba40eb875c" rel="nofollow" data-download="{"attachment_id":38425996,"asset_id":14790224,"asset_type":"Work","always_allow_download":false,"track":null,"button_location":"work_strip","source":null,"hide_modal":null}" class="Button Button--sm Button--inverseGreen js-download-button prompt_button doc_download" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/38425996/download_file?st=MTc0MDY2NDM3NSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=work_strip"><i class="fa fa-arrow-circle-o-down fa-lg"></i><span class="u-textUppercase u-ml1x" data-content="button_text">Download</span></a></div></li><li class="InlineList-item"><ul class="InlineList InlineList--bordered u-ph0x"><li class="InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered"><span class="InlineList-item-text">by <span itemscope="itemscope" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person"><a class="u-tcGrayDark u-fw700" data-has-card-for-user="25583835" href="https://sussex.academia.edu/GargiRao">Gargi Rao</a><script data-card-contents-for-user="25583835" type="text/json">{"id":25583835,"first_name":"Gargi","last_name":"Rao","domain_name":"sussex","page_name":"GargiRao","display_name":"Gargi Rao","profile_url":"https://sussex.academia.edu/GargiRao","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/25583835/6993264/20619558/s65_gargi.rao.jpg"}</script></span></span></li><li class="js-paper-rank-work_14790224 InlineList-item InlineList-item--bordered hidden"><span class="js-paper-rank-view hidden u-tcGrayDark" data-paper-rank-work-id="14790224"><i class="u-m1x fa fa-bar-chart"></i><strong class="js-paper-rank"></strong></span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 14790224, container: ".js-paper-rank-work_14790224", }); 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It is documented that microfinance leads to improvements in health, education, improving businesses and standard of living of the poor. This research tries to look at a possible second channel of microfinance linked to social expenditures. These comprise festivals, other ceremonies, weddings and funerals. This dissertation estimates the effect of microfinance on household social expenditure by re examining data from a randomised control trial, previously used to evaluate the impact of a well-known microfinance intervention: the provision of microcredit to poor in Hyderabad by Spandana, a leading Microfinance institution (MFI) in India. Recent literature suggests that this social expenditure can be largely ‘unwanted’ and caused by social pressure; it has also been shown that it can make poor households poorer. This dissertation finds large and statistically significant effects of microcredit on social expenditures; in some cases microcredit indices an increase in these expenditures that is larger than its effect on education and 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