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id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Group practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_and_national_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_and_national_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Growth and national expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_and_national_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_medicine_and_science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_medicine_and_science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Contributions to medicine and science </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_medicine_and_science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_art_collection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_art_collection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Architecture and art collection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_art_collection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Educational programs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 Current practice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Criticism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Criticism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_the_"Keeping_Nurses_at_the_Bedside_Act"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_the_"Keeping_Nurses_at_the_Bedside_Act""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Opposition to the "Keeping Nurses at the Bedside Act" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_the_"Keeping_Nurses_at_the_Bedside_Act"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Innovation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Innovation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Innovation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Innovation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Rankings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" > 30 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%83" title="مايو كلينك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مايو كلينك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مایو کلینیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مایو کلینیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%E2%80%9E%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BE%E2%80%9C" title="Клиника „Мейо“ – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Клиника „Мейо“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinika_Mayo" title="Klinika Mayo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Klinika Mayo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%ADnica_Mayo" title="Clínica Mayo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Clínica Mayo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Klinika" title="Mayo Klinika – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Mayo Klinika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مایو کلینیک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مایو کلینیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%98%A4_%ED%81%B4%EB%A6%AC%EB%8B%89" title="메이오 클리닉 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메이오 클리닉" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A7" title="מאיו קליניק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מאיו קליניק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88" title="عيادة مايو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيادة مايو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AA%E3%83%8B%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="メイヨー・クリニック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メイヨー・クリニック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BE" title="Клиника Мейо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Клиника Мейо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Майо Клиник – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Майо Клиник" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mayo Clinic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%86_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="مایۆ کلینیک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مایۆ کلینیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klinika_Mayo" title="Klinika Mayo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Klinika Mayo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayo-klinikka" title="Mayo-klinikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Mayo-klinikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayokliniken" title="Mayokliniken – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mayokliniken" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="เมโยคลินิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมโยคลินิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A6%99%E4%BD%91%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85" title="妙佑医疗国际 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="妙佑医疗国际" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1130172#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Mayo_Clinic&params=44_1_20_N_92_28_0_W_region:US_type:landmark">44°1′20″N 92°28′0″W / 44.02222°N 92.46667°W / 44.02222; -92.46667</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American academic medical center</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mayo Clinic</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayo_Clinic_Logo_2023.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mayo_Clinic_Logo_2023.png/150px-Mayo_Clinic_Logo_2023.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mayo_Clinic_Logo_2023.png/225px-Mayo_Clinic_Logo_2023.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Mayo_Clinic_Logo_2023.png/300px-Mayo_Clinic_Logo_2023.png 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="2555" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">Health care</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">January 27, 1864; 160 years ago (1864-01-27) <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality">Rochester, Minnesota</div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name">U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Area served</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>/<a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Gianrico Farrugia (CEO)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell_(lobbyist)" title="Michael Powell (lobbyist)">Michael Powell</a> (Chairman)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$16.3 billion (2022)<a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic_2018_Consolidated_Financial_Report-3">[3]</a>: 13 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> US$20.305 billion (2021)<a href="#cite_note-Mayo_Clinic_2018_Consolidated_Financial_Report-3">[3]</a>: 13 </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">76,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Division_(business)" title="Division (business)">Divisions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_College_of_Medicine_and_Science" title="Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science">Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Health_System" title="Mayo Clinic Health System">Mayo Clinic Health System</a></li><li>Mayo Clinic Laboratories</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mayoclinic.org">mayoclinic.org</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130172#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Mayo Clinic (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmeɪjoʊ/</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">private</a> American <a href="/wiki/Academic_health_science_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic health science centre">academic</a> <a href="/wiki/Medical_centers_in_the_United_States" title="Medical centers in the United States">medical center</a> focused on integrated <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_College_of_Medicine_and_Science" title="Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science">education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It maintains three major campuses in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix</a>/<a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale, Arizona</a>. Mayo Clinic employs over 7,300 <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scientist" title="Scientist">scientists</a>, along with another 66,000 administrative and <a href="/wiki/Allied_health" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied health">allied health</a> staff.<a href="#cite_note-Highlights-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-mayoinfo-7">[7]</a> The practice specializes in treating difficult cases through <a href="/wiki/Health_care#Tertiary_care" title="Health care">tertiary care</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism#United_States" title="Medical tourism">destination medicine</a>. It is home to the top-15 ranked <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Alix_School_of_Medicine" title="Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine">Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine</a> in addition to many of the highest regarded residency education programs in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> It spends over $660 million a year on research and has more than 3,000 full-time research personnel.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Worrall_Mayo" title="William Worrall Mayo">William Worrall Mayo</a> settled his family in Rochester in 1864 and opened a <a href="/wiki/Sole_proprietorship" title="Sole proprietorship">sole proprietorship</a> medical practice that evolved under his sons, <a href="/wiki/William_James_Mayo" title="William James Mayo">Will</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Horace_Mayo" title="Charles Horace Mayo">Charlie Mayo</a>, along with practice partners <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Stinchfield" title="Augustus Stinchfield">Stinchfield</a>, Graham, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanley_Plummer" title="Henry Stanley Plummer">Plummer</a>, Millet, Judd, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Balfour" title="Donald Balfour">Balfour</a>, into Mayo Clinic. Today, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Hospital_(Rochester)" title="Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)">the hospital at Rochester</a>, Mayo Clinic has major campuses in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Florida" title="Mayo Clinic Florida">Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Most recently, in 2020, the Mayo Clinic bought a facility in central <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, UK.<a href="#cite_note-beckershospitalreview.com-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org-16">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Health_System" title="Mayo Clinic Health System">Mayo Clinic Health System</a> also operates affiliated facilities throughout <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Mayo Clinic has been ranked number one in the United States for seven consecutive years in <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>'s Best Hospitals Honor Roll,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> maintaining a position at or near the top for more than 35 years.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It has been on the list of "<a href="/wiki/100_Best_Companies_to_Work_For" title="100 Best Companies to Work For">100 Best Companies to Work For</a>" published by <a href="/wiki/Fortune_(magazine)" title="Fortune (magazine)"> Fortune</a> magazine for fourteen consecutive years and has continued to achieve this ranking through 2017.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Drawing in patients from around the globe, Mayo Clinic performs near the highest number of transplants in the country, including both solid organ and hematologic transplantation. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operations">edit</a>]</div> Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit hospital system with campuses in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scottsdale,_Arizona" title="Scottsdale, Arizona">Scottsdale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Jacksonville,_Florida" title="Jacksonville, Florida">Jacksonville, Florida</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Stubbe14-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Expand-23">[23]</a> Mayo Clinic employs 76,000 people, including more than 7,300 physicians and clinical residents and over 66,000 allied health staff, as of 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Highlights-5">[5]</a> In addition, Mayo Clinic partially owns and operates the Mayo Clinic Health System, which consists of more than 70 hospitals and clinics across <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Advisory14-24">[24]</a> Mayo Clinic also operates the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_College_of_Medicine_and_Science" title="Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science">Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science</a>, a nonprofit college dedicated to training medical and allied health professionals at Mayo Hospitals in Minnesota, Arizona, and Florida.<a href="#cite_note-USNWR-2018-25">[25]</a> The clinic created an independent business subsidiary in London in partnership with Oxford University Clinic, a collaboration between the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Hospitals_NHS_Foundation_Trust" title="Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust">Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust</a> to operate a clinic starting in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Mayo Clinic is led by president and CEO Gianrico Farrugia, M.D.<a href="#cite_note-Karnowski-081018-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_H._Noseworthy" title="John H. Noseworthy">John H. Noseworthy</a>, M.D., retired as president and CEO in December 2018; his predecessor, Denis A. Cortese, M.D., retired in November 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Newmarker-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Powell_(lobbyist)" title="Michael Powell (lobbyist)">Michael Powell</a>, former chair of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a>, is chair of Mayo's governing board of trustees.<a href="#cite_note-Chair-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clinical_practice">Clinical practice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clinical practice">edit</a>]</div> In 2022, more than 1.3 million different patients from all 50 states and 138 countries were seen at Mayo Clinic facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Highlights-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Mayo Clinic researchers contribute to understanding disease processes, best clinical practices, and translating findings from the laboratory to clinical practice. As of 2022,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit">[update]</a> research personnel included about 5,500 physicians and scientists.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Mayo Clinic's 2022 research funding exceeded $1 billion.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> These research initiatives led to 9,275 research publications and review articles in peer-reviewed journals.<a href="#cite_note-mayoinfo-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_College_of_Medicine_and_Science" title="Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science">Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science</a></div> The Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science (MCCMS), established in 1915,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> offers educational programs embedded in Mayo Clinic's clinical practice and biomedical research activities.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> MCCMS consists of five accredited schools: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Alix_School_of_Medicine" title="Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine">Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine</a> provides training for medical students seeking a medical degree (M.D.).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_College_of_Medicine_and_Science#Graduate_Medical_Education" title="Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science">Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education</a>, established in 1915, offers more than 300 <a href="/wiki/Graduate_medical_education" title="Graduate medical education">residences and fellowships</a> in all medical and surgical specialties with 1,791 active trainees.<a href="#cite_note-mcfacts-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-boes-36">[36]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_School_of_Health_Sciences" title="Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences">Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences</a> provides training in 60 health sciences career fields.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_College_of_Medicine_and_Science#Continuous_Professional_Development" title="Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science">Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development</a> provides continuing education for practicing medical professionals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Graduate_School_of_Biomedical_Sciences" title="Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences">Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences</a> is for graduate students (master's degree, M.D.-Ph.D., or Ph.D.) pursuing biomedical research training.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Worrall_Mayo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/William_Worrall_Mayo.jpg/190px-William_Worrall_Mayo.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/William_Worrall_Mayo.jpg/285px-William_Worrall_Mayo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/William_Worrall_Mayo.jpg/380px-William_Worrall_Mayo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Worrall_Mayo" title="William Worrall Mayo">William Worrall Mayo</a>, founder of Mayo Clinic</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early years">edit</a>]</div> Mayo Clinic originated with the medical practice of <a href="/wiki/William_Worrall_Mayo" title="William Worrall Mayo">William Worrall Mayo</a>, M.D. (1819–1911).<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 5  Born near <a href="/wiki/Manchester,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchester, England">Manchester, England</a>, he was mentored by the eminent British scientist <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a><a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 11–13  and immigrated to the United States in 1846.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-38">[38]</a>: 29  He worked his way west, earning two medical degrees at a time when formal education for physicians was limited.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 20–21, 31  Mayo settled in Indiana, and he married Louise Abigail Wright in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 25  They moved to Minnesota Territory in 1854, seeking a more healthful climate.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 32–33  The family relocated within Minnesota several times until Mayo's appointment as an examining surgeon for the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> military draft board during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> brought them to Rochester.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 78  On January 27, 1864, Mayo advertised in the Rochester City Post the opening of a private medical practice "over the Union Drug Store on Third Street" with "all calls answered by day or night".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Both of W. W. Mayo's sons, <a href="/wiki/William_James_Mayo" title="William James Mayo">William James Mayo</a> (1861–1939) and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Horace_Mayo" title="Charles Horace Mayo">Charles Horace Mayo</a> (1865–1939), who became known as Dr. Will and Dr. Charlie, grew up in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester</a> and attended medical school. William graduated in 1883 and joined his father's practice, with Charles joining in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> On August 21, 1883, a <a href="/wiki/1883_Rochester_tornado" title="1883 Rochester tornado">tornado</a> struck Rochester, causing at least 37 deaths and over 200 injuries.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> One-third of the town was destroyed, but the Mayo family escaped serious harm. Relief efforts began immediately in a variety of makeshift facilities. Mayo was placed in charge of organizing medical care for the wounded survivors. Needing nurses, he reached out to <a href="/wiki/Mother_Alfred_Moes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Alfred Moes">Mother Alfred Moes</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Saint_Francis_of_Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Sisters of Saint Francis of Rochester, Minnesota">Sisters of Saint Francis of Rochester, Minnesota</a> (a teaching order).<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 244  After the crisis subsided, Mother Alfred approached W. W. Mayo with a proposal: The Sisters of St. Francis would raise funds to build a hospital in Rochester if he and his sons provided medical and surgical care.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 246–247  The agreement was made over a handshake.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-38">[38]</a>: 51  On September 30, 1889, <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Hospital_(Rochester)" title="Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)">Saint Mary's Hospital</a> was opened by the Sisters with the three Mayo physicians on staff.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-38">[38]</a>: 11–22  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1910StMarysHospitalRochesterMNcopyrightCarlAHolland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1910StMarysHospitalRochesterMNcopyrightCarlAHolland.jpg/220px-1910StMarysHospitalRochesterMNcopyrightCarlAHolland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1910StMarysHospitalRochesterMNcopyrightCarlAHolland.jpg/330px-1910StMarysHospitalRochesterMNcopyrightCarlAHolland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/1910StMarysHospitalRochesterMNcopyrightCarlAHolland.jpg/440px-1910StMarysHospitalRochesterMNcopyrightCarlAHolland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1182" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>St. Mary's Hospital in 1910</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_practice">Group practice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Group practice">edit</a>]</div> The growing specialization of medicine and the expanding use of railroads, automobiles, and mass communications provided context for the development of integrated multi-specialty practice.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 481–485, 497 <a href="#cite_note-Burns-38">[38]</a>: 134 <a href="#cite_note-Fye-43">[43]</a>: 28–30  Starting in the 1890s, the Mayo brothers welcomed other physicians to join them. W. W. Mayo's solo practice had evolved into a family practice with his sons' participation which then became a group practice with other medical colleagues.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 359  Mayo Clinic's first partners were physicians <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Stinchfield" title="Augustus Stinchfield">Augustus W. Stinchfield</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Lennon11-44">[44]</a> Christopher Graham,<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-Graham-45">[45]</a> Melvin C. Millet,<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-Millet-46">[46]</a> Henry Plummer,<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-Plummer-47">[47]</a> E. Star Judd,<a href="#cite_note-Nelson-Judd-48">[48]</a> and Donald Balfour.<a href="#cite_note-GastroJournal-Balfour-49">[49]</a> Preeminent among the early physicians who joined the practice was Henry Stanley Plummer, M.D. A specialist in thyroid disease, he made contributions to the treatment of goiter.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 632, 634–636  In terms of organizational development, he collaborated with the Mayo brothers in coordinating the introduction of specialties that expanded the scope of the Mayo practice beyond its origins in surgery.<a href="#cite_note-Fye-43">[43]</a>: 19  A polymath whose interests included architecture, engineering, and art, Plummer also created many of the systems and procedures that remain central to Mayo Clinic today, such as the integrated "dossier" medical record.<a href="#cite_note-Fye-43">[43]</a>: 37  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_and_national_expansion">Growth and national expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Growth and national expansion">edit</a>]</div> The Mayo brothers both served as president of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_American_Medical_Association" title="List of presidents of the American Medical Association">American Medical Association</a> and achieved recognition as surgeons.<a href="#cite_note-Fye-43">[43]</a>: 23–25  In 1919, the brothers and their wives donated the assets of the medical practice including land, buildings, and equipment, as well as the majority of their life savings, to transform the private partnership into a not-for-profit organization.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-38">[38]</a>: 105 <a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-medicinehistory-52">[52]</a> Following World War II, Mayo Clinic continued to expand in Rochester, Minnesota. In 1972, the Mayo Medical School (now <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Alix_School_of_Medicine" title="Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine">Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine</a>) opened.<a href="#cite_note-MayoHistory-091713-53">[53]</a> In 1986, Mayo Clinic formally united with Saint Marys Hospital and Rochester Methodist Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-PostBulletin-Timeline-54">[54]</a> That same year, Mayo Clinic expanded to Florida partly because of a donation of 400 acres of land in Jacksonville from the Davis family.<a href="#cite_note-FloridaPatients-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> This was followed by expansion to Scottsdale, Arizona, in 1987;<a href="#cite_note-AZHospitals-57">[57]</a> the Phoenix, Arizona, campus opened in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-AZHospitals-57">[57]</a> In 1992, Mayo Clinic Health System began as a network of community-based medical services in Minnesota, Iowa, and Wisconsin.<a href="#cite_note-USNWR-Best-58">[58]</a> In 2011, Mayo Clinic launched the Mayo Clinic Care Network, a collection of facilities with access to Mayo Clinic protocols and experts.<a href="#cite_note-CareNetwork-59">[59]</a> In November 2019, the Mayo Clinic, in a joint partnership with <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates#Emirate_of_Abu_Dhabi" title="Healthcare in the United Arab Emirates">SEHA Abu Dhabi Health Services Co</a>, invested $50 million into a 741-bed hospital in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> for a 25% stake.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> At the beginning of 2020, the Mayo Clinic opened a health clinic in central <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a> Clinic. It was officially named Mayo Clinic Healthcare.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In July 2020 it was reported that the Mayo Clinic had bought Oxford University Clinic's share of the facility, to become the sole owner and its first overseas clinic operated as a Mayo Clinic entity.<a href="#cite_note-beckershospitalreview.com-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-mayoclinic.org-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DrsMayoStamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/DrsMayoStamp.jpg/220px-DrsMayoStamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/DrsMayoStamp.jpg/330px-DrsMayoStamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/DrsMayoStamp.jpg/440px-DrsMayoStamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="794" /></a><figcaption>Mayo Brothers U.S. Commemorative Stamp issued 1964</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_medicine_and_science">Contributions to medicine and science</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Contributions to medicine and science">edit</a>]</div> In the early 20th century, Henry Plummer developed Mayo Clinic's multi-specialty <a href="/wiki/Group_medical_practice_in_the_United_States" title="Group medical practice in the United States">group practice</a> model and an integrated medical record system.<a href="#cite_note-Snowbeck-09152017-65">[65]</a> Plummer's system allowed physicians to share patient information better.<a href="#cite_note-Snowbeck-09152017-65">[65]</a> Before Plummer's system, physicians worked solo. They shared patient information when necessary, either verbally or by letter.<a href="#cite_note-Snowbeck-09152017-65">[65]</a> Plummer also helped design and fabricate building systems innovations, such as steam sterilization rooms, metal surgical tools and equipment, pneumatic tube systems, and knee operated sinks.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-082817-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grayson-042519-67">[67]</a> In 1905, Mayo Clinic advanced a technique of using frozen <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissue</a> during surgery to determine if a patient had cancer while the patient was still in the operating room.<a href="#cite_note-Hansel-070514-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-Becker's-091214-69">[69]</a> Mayo Clinic offered the first graduate medical education program in 1915 and the first nonprofit practice aligned with medical education and research.<a href="#cite_note-Becker's-091214-69">[69]</a> In the 1920s, Albert Compton Broders of the Mayo Clinic created the first index to grade tumors.<a href="#cite_note-APLM-12-70">[70]</a> Mayo Clinic opened the first hospital-based blood bank in Rochester in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-MayoHistory-091713-53">[53]</a> Early in Mayo Clinic's history, the hospital designed the one-legged mobile instrument stand known as the Mayo stand.<a href="#cite_note-Meals2010-71">[71]</a> In the 1930s, Mayo Clinic associates Walter M. Boothby, Randolph Lovelace, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Bulbulian" title="Arthur H. Bulbulian">Arthur H. Bulbulian</a> developed a high-altitude oxygen therapy mask known as the BLB flight mask.<a href="#cite_note-Dill54-72">[72]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the U.S. Army tasked Mayo Clinic with finding a solution for dying pilots after suffering blackouts. Mayo Clinic hired a team of physicians to research and define the specific physiologic effects causing blackout and unconsciousness during high G forces.<a href="#cite_note-Hansel-G-Suit-73">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">Physiologists</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Wood" title="Earl Wood">Earl H. Wood</a>, Edward Baldes, Charles Code, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_H._Lambert" title="Edward H. Lambert">Edward H. Lambert</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/G-suit" title="G-suit">G-suit</a> with air bladders that prevented blood from pooling in pilots' legs.<a href="#cite_note-Hansel-G-Suit-73">[73]</a> The suit was worn by U.S. pilots toward the end of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Two Mayo Clinic physicians were among three people awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in medicine</a> in 1950 for the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">cortisone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hilchey080696-75">[75]</a> Professor <a href="/wiki/Edward_C._Kendall" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward C. Kendall">Edward C. Kendall</a>, Ph.D., and <a href="/wiki/Philip_S._Hench" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip S. Hench">Philip S. Hench</a> of Mayo Clinic were jointly awarded the Nobel Prize in medicine alongside <a href="/wiki/Tadeus_Reichstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Tadeus Reichstein">Tadeus Reichstein</a>, a Swiss chemist who conducted independent research, for the discovery.<a href="#cite_note-Hilchey080696-75">[75]</a> They separated and identified compounds from the adrenal cortex that produced cortisone and <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-05051972-76">[76]</a> Later in the decade, Mayo Clinic began using and refining the Gibbon heart–lung machine in cardiac surgery. It is now known as the Mayo–Gibbon heart–lung machine.<a href="#cite_note-NMAH-Mayo-Gibbon-77">[77]</a> Mayo Clinic associates Edward Howard Lambert, Lealdes (Lee) McKendree Eaton, and Edward Douglas Rooke were the first physicians to substantially describe the clinic and electrophysiological findings of what is known as <a href="/wiki/Lambert%E2%80%93Eaton_myasthenic_syndrome" title="Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome">Lambert–Eaton myasthenic syndrome</a> in 1956.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In 1972, the clustering of LEMS with other autoimmune diseases led to the hypothesis that it was caused by autoimmunity.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 1969, Mayo Clinic doctors performed the first <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>-approved hip replacement in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Hansel-031007-81">[81]</a> In 1973, Mayo Clinic bought the first <a href="/wiki/CT_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="CT scanner">CT scanner</a> in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-LAT-090708-82">[82]</a> Mayo Clinic and Roche Molecular Biochemicals developed a rapid <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> test in 2001 to detect anthrax in humans and in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-CNN-110501-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Center_for_Innovation" title="Mayo Clinic Center for Innovation">Mayo Clinic Center for Innovation</a>, was established in 2008 and has since worked on over 270 projects.<a href="#cite_note-Bhatti-030218-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Silvis-111615-85">[85]</a> In 2013, Mayo Clinic specialists in regenerative medicine began the "first-in-human study," whereby patient cells are used to attempt to heal heart damage.<a href="#cite_note-MayoHistory-091713-53">[53]</a> After several years of using Apple Inc.'s Macintosh computers and mobile devices for patient care and test results, Mayo partnered with Apple in 2014 to develop the Apple Health and HealthKit apps as a central location for personal health information.<a href="#cite_note-Ungerleider-060514-86">[86]</a> Mayo Clinic and Delos Living launched the <a href="/wiki/Well_Living_Lab" title="Well Living Lab">Well Living Lab</a> in September 2015. This research facility is designed to simulate real-world, non-hospital environments, allowing Mayo Clinic researchers to study the interaction between indoor spaces and human health.<a href="#cite_note-Stinson-87">[87]</a> Mayo Clinic's Advanced Care at Home Model of Care launched in 2020 and assists patients in their own homes through virtual care.<a href="#cite_note-Launches-88">[88]</a> In 2020, Mayo Clinic began running a federally sponsored Expanded Access Program for Convalescent Plasma to treat hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Convalescent-89">[89]</a> In 2018, Mayo Clinic and UCLA used spinal cord stimulation and physical therapy that allowed a man paralyzed since 2013 to briefly regain his ability to stand and walk with assistance. The patient was able to walk 111 yards for a total of 16 minutes when given artificial electrical stimulation, although he was unable to continue that mobility once the artificial stimulation was removed. The results were published in the journal Nature Medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Paralyzed-90">[90]</a> As of 2023, Mayo Clinic had treated more than 10,000 patients with <a href="/wiki/Proton_therapy" title="Proton therapy">proton beam therapy</a> across two of its facilities. According to <a href="/wiki/Post-Bulletin" title="Post-Bulletin">Post-Bulletin</a> reporting, proton beam therapy is limited in the U.S., with only 2 percent of radiation patients being treated with the technology.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MayoClinicPlummerBldg16floor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MayoClinicPlummerBldg16floor.JPG/200px-MayoClinicPlummerBldg16floor.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MayoClinicPlummerBldg16floor.JPG/300px-MayoClinicPlummerBldg16floor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/MayoClinicPlummerBldg16floor.JPG/400px-MayoClinicPlummerBldg16floor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plummer_Building" title="Plummer Building">Plummer Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture_and_art_collection">Architecture and art collection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Architecture and art collection">edit</a>]</div> As the practice grew in the 20th century, it required additional space. Saint Mary's Hospital underwent frequent expansion. Rochester business leader John Kahler built innovative hotel-hospital facilities that served Mayo Clinic patients.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 501–502  In 1914, Mayo Clinic opened the world's first building expressly designed for multispecialty group practice, known as the 1914 "red brick" building.<a href="#cite_note-Lens-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 544  It facilitated ease of movement for patients and staff among specialty areas, brought research and education functions into proximity with clinical practice, and patient amenities.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 544 <a href="#cite_note-Fye-43">[43]</a>: 38–41  This approach was replicated and enhanced with the adjoining 1928 Mayo Clinic building, later named for Plummer,<a href="#cite_note-Fye-43">[43]</a>: 77–80  its principal designer, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.<a href="#cite_note-Clapesattle-37">[37]</a>: 697–698 <a href="#cite_note-HistoricPlaces-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The <a href="/wiki/General_hospital" class="mw-redirect" title="General hospital">General hospital</a> features bronze entry doors designed by artist Charles Brioschi. Each 16-foot high, 5.25-inch thick door weighs 4,000 pounds and features ornamental panels. The doors are closed to memorialize important historical events and influential people, such as the deaths of the Mayo brothers, the assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and the victims of the September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks.<a href="#cite_note-PlummerDoors-95">[95]</a> The 1914 "red brick" building, a National Historic Landmark, was demolished by Mayo Clinic in the 1980s to make way for the <a href="/wiki/Siebens_Building" title="Siebens Building">Siebens Building</a> (completed in 1989).<a href="#cite_note-Lens-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Mayo Clinic's campus has undergone expansion over the years.<a href="#cite_note-Baier-97">[97]</a> Other notable Mayo Clinic buildings include the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Building_(Rochester,_Minnesota)" title="Mayo Building (Rochester, Minnesota)">Mayo Building (Rochester, Minnesota)</a> (construction completed in 1955), <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Building" title="Guggenheim Building">Guggenheim Building</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/Gonda_Building" title="Gonda Building">Gonda Building</a> (2001), <a href="/wiki/Opus_Imaging_Research_Building" title="Opus Imaging Research Building">Opus Imaging Research Building</a> (2007) and a recent addition in 2019 – Discovery Square building. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayo_Clinic_Rochester_Gonda_w_trees_3890p.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gonda Building entrance"><img alt="Gonda Building entrance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mayo_Clinic_Rochester_Gonda_w_trees_3890p.jpg/135px-Mayo_Clinic_Rochester_Gonda_w_trees_3890p.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mayo_Clinic_Rochester_Gonda_w_trees_3890p.jpg/202px-Mayo_Clinic_Rochester_Gonda_w_trees_3890p.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Mayo_Clinic_Rochester_Gonda_w_trees_3890p.jpg/270px-Mayo_Clinic_Rochester_Gonda_w_trees_3890p.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gonda Building entrance</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 115.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 113.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayo_Clinic-Gonda_atrium-20060705.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gonda Building atrium"><img alt="Gonda Building atrium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mayo_Clinic-Gonda_atrium-20060705.jpg/170px-Mayo_Clinic-Gonda_atrium-20060705.jpg" decoding="async" width="114" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mayo_Clinic-Gonda_atrium-20060705.jpg/255px-Mayo_Clinic-Gonda_atrium-20060705.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Mayo_Clinic-Gonda_atrium-20060705.jpg/340px-Mayo_Clinic-Gonda_atrium-20060705.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2058" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Gonda Building atrium</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Mayo_Clinic_Gonda_building_3997.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Patient cafeteria dome"><img alt="Patient cafeteria dome" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mayo_Clinic_Gonda_building_3997.jpg/240px-Mayo_Clinic_Gonda_building_3997.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mayo_Clinic_Gonda_building_3997.jpg/360px-Mayo_Clinic_Gonda_building_3997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Mayo_Clinic_Gonda_building_3997.jpg/480px-Mayo_Clinic_Gonda_building_3997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Patient cafeteria dome</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MayoClinicOpusBldg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Opus Imaging Research Building"><img alt="Opus Imaging Research Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/MayoClinicOpusBldg.JPG/290px-MayoClinicOpusBldg.JPG" decoding="async" width="194" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/MayoClinicOpusBldg.JPG/435px-MayoClinicOpusBldg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/MayoClinicOpusBldg.JPG/580px-MayoClinicOpusBldg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3030" data-file-height="1883" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Opus Imaging Research Building</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:MayoClinicGuggenheimBldg.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Guggenheim Building"><img alt="Guggenheim Building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MayoClinicGuggenheimBldg.JPG/135px-MayoClinicGuggenheimBldg.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MayoClinicGuggenheimBldg.JPG/202px-MayoClinicGuggenheimBldg.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MayoClinicGuggenheimBldg.JPG/270px-MayoClinicGuggenheimBldg.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Guggenheim Building</div> </li> </ul> Mayo Clinic's humanities program was founded on the belief that the arts and healing are linked.<a href="#cite_note-Richert16-98">[98]</a> Over the decades, Mayo Clinic has established an extensive <a href="/wiki/Art_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Art collection">art collection</a>, including these works on display across all campuses: <ul><li>Endangered Species by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Warhol" title="Andy Warhol">Andy Warhol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_d%27Aire" title="Jean d'Aire">John D'Aire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a></li> <li>Fish by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Calder" title="Alexander Calder">Alexander Calder</a></li> <li>Man and Freedom by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a></li> <li>Untitled by <a href="/wiki/Dale_Chihuly" title="Dale Chihuly">Dale Chihuly</a></li> <li>Four Houses by <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Bartlett" title="Jennifer Bartlett">Jennifer Bartlett</a></li> <li>The Archer by <a href="/wiki/Joan_Mir%C3%B3" title="Joan Miró">Joan Miró</a></li> <li>My Brother and I by <a href="/wiki/Tuck_Langland" title="Tuck Langland">Tuck Langland</a></li> <li>Constellation Earth by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Granlund" title="Paul Granlund">Paul Granlund</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_programs">Educational programs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Educational programs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_College_of_Medicine_and_Science#History" title="Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science">Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science § History</a></div> The first medical, educational programs at Mayo Clinic were developed in 1915 with the assistance of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Minnesota" title="University of Minnesota">University of Minnesota</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kennedylab-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-medicinehistory-52">[52]</a> Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education and the Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research were established in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-boes-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> MFMER was established as a department of the University of Minnesota with a $1.5 million donation to offer graduate programs at the Mayo Clinic in Rochester.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The Mayo Clinic School of Graduate Medical Education is part of the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_College_of_Medicine_and_Science" title="Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science">Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science</a>, which is divided into five schools.<a href="#cite_note-porter-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Those schools include Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic School of Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic School of Continuous Professional Development, and Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences.<a href="#cite_note-Burns-38">[38]</a>: 131  In 2011, the foundation that oversees the Mayo Clinic went before the Supreme Court to argue that medical residents should remain exempt from <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)" title="Social Security (United States)">Social Security</a> deductions. In <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Foundation_v._United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayo Foundation v. United States">Mayo Foundation v. United States</a>, the court sided with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">Social Security Administration</a> and required <a href="/wiki/Federal_Insurance_Contributions_Act_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Insurance Contributions Act tax">FICA</a> to be deducted going forward.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_practice">Current practice</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Current practice">edit</a>]</div> Mayo Clinic rules mandate that its CEOs must be physicians and come from within Mayo Clinic.<a href="#cite_note-MayoCEOs-105">[105]</a> John H. Noseworthy, M.D., served as president and CEO from 2009 to 2019.<a href="#cite_note-Newmarker-28">[28]</a> Under his leadership, Mayo Clinic was reorganized into a single operating company with a unified strategy and business plan, which helped the system expand.<a href="#cite_note-Karnowski-081018-27">[27]</a> This included the launch of the Destination Medical Center, a 20-year economic growth plan in Rochester.<a href="#cite_note-Karnowski-081018-27">[27]</a> During this time, annual revenue reached nearly $12 billion, and Mayo Clinic added 7,200 employees.<a href="#cite_note-StarTribune-Snowbeck-200218-106">[106]</a> In 2018, Mayo Clinic announced that Gianrico Farrugia, M.D., a Mayo Clinic physician for more than 30 years, would replace Noseworthy as CEO.<a href="#cite_note-ABC-NewCEO-107">[107]</a> Farrugia had served as CEO of Mayo Clinic in Florida since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Karnowski-081018-27">[27]</a> The replacement adhered to Mayo Clinic's tradition of leadership changes, where a new president or CEO is named every seven to ten years.<a href="#cite_note-ModernHealthcare-Noseworthy-108">[108]</a> By 2018, Mayo Clinic doctors saw approximately 1.3 million patients annually.<a href="#cite_note-ABC-NewCEO-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposition_to_the_"Keeping_Nurses_at_the_Bedside_Act"">Opposition to the "Keeping Nurses at the Bedside Act"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Opposition to the "Keeping Nurses at the Bedside Act"">edit</a>]</div> In May 2023, Mayo Clinic lobbied against two statewide health care bills, the Keeping Nurses at the Bedside Act (KNABA) and the Health Care Affordability Board, threatening to pull over 4 billion dollars in investments into new facilities and infrastructure in the Mayo Clinic Rochester campus unless the Affordability Board bill was scrapped and the KNABA was amended to exempt Mayo Clinic from any staffing mandates.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The KNABA required hospitals to create committees that allowed nurses and other staff to evaluate staffing workloads in order to address a so-called "care crisis" and a shortage in hospital staff.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The Health Care Affordability Board would allow hospitals, doctors, and insurers to be fined for failing to lower costs or allowing costs to run out of control.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> The Minnesota Nurses Association spoke out against Mayo's demands, characterizing them as "unethical" and "attempt(s) to override democracy".<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> These lobbying attempts were successful, with the mandated nurse staffing levels scrapped,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and the Health Care Affordability Board legislation being changed from a board empowered to levy fines to a bill that "requires state health officials to review health care cost growth but gives them no authority to set targets".<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Minnesota state senator <a href="/wiki/Erin_Murphy_(Minnesota_politician)" title="Erin Murphy (Minnesota politician)">Erin Murphy</a> called Mayo's efforts to gut the bill "corporate hijacking" in an op-ed published in the <a href="/wiki/Star_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Star Tribune">Star Tribune</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Innovation">Innovation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Innovation">edit</a>]</div> Mayo Clinic has adopted more than 15,000 mobile devices from <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> for patient care, including the <a href="/wiki/IPad" title="IPad">iPad</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPad_Mini" title="IPad Mini">iPad Mini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a>. Mayo Clinic then created an app for these devices called Synthesis Mobile, which integrated hundreds of their health systems. More apps were created for Mayo Clinic Care Network members to help patients see their medical records or ask clinicians for assistance.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 2014, Mayo Clinic was developing an app for <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple's</a> <a href="/wiki/HealthKit" class="mw-redirect" title="HealthKit">HealthKit</a> to help users maintain healthy lifestyles and warn of certain health signs that need attention.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Center_for_Innovation" title="Mayo Clinic Center for Innovation">Mayo Clinic Center for Innovation</a> was established in 2008. It has since worked on over 270 projects.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> In March 2018, Mayo Clinic and Mytonomy, a healthcare education system company, partnered to provide video content for cancer patients.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In September 2019, Mayo Clinic entered into a partnership with Google for health care innovation and cloud computing, and <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> planned to open its facility in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a> for Mayo Clinic.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In January 2020, Mayo Clinic and NTT Venture Capital joined a $60 million financing for biomedical software startup inference.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In March 2023, Mayo Clinic disclosed that they are using AI technology to write content. The AI content is used to write in plain language, choose words that are inclusive, and optimize content for search applications.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rankings">Rankings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Rankings">edit</a>]</div> Since 2016 the Mayo Clinic, Rochester, has been ranked as the #1 overall hospital in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> by <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. Almost 5,000 hospitals were considered and ranked in 16 specialties, from cancer and heart disease to respiratory disorders and urology; 153 (just over 3 percent of the total) were ranked in at least one of the 16 specialties. Of the 153 hospitals ranked in one or more specialties, 20 qualified for the Honor Roll, earning high scores in at least six specialties. Mayo Clinic, Rochester, was ranked in the top 10 in all but one of 16 specialties, in the top 4 in 13 specialties, and was the #1 ranked hospital in 8 of the 12 data-driven specialties. This year U.S. News expanded its common procedures and conditions list to 9 individual measures. Mayo was one of fewer than 70 hospitals to score High Performing in every category.<a href="#cite_note-Browning-125">[125]</a> Additionally, Mayo was the only hospital on the 2016–2017 honor roll also to receive 5 stars from CMS.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Every Mayo Clinic hospital received an "A" safety rating from Leapfrog in its April 2017 report.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> In 2021–22, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, was ranked again as the #1 overall hospital in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> by <a href="/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report" title="U.S. News & World Report">U.S. News & World Report</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break"> Ranked 1st <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endocrinology" title="Endocrinology">Endocrinology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterology" title="Gastroenterology">Gastroenterology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geriatrics" title="Geriatrics">Geriatrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynecology">Gynecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nephrology" title="Nephrology">Nephrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurology" title="Neurology">Neurology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neurosurgery" title="Neurosurgery">Neurosurgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonology" title="Pulmonology">Pulmonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urology" title="Urology">Urology</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> Ranked 2nd <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiology" title="Cardiology">Cardiology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_Surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart Surgery">Heart Surgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear,_Nose_and_Throat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ear, Nose and Throat">Ear, Nose and Throat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopedics" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthopedics">Orthopedics</a></li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> Ranked 3rd – 6th <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a> (3rd)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">Rheumatology</a> (4th)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychiatry" title="Psychiatry">Psychiatry</a> (5th)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_(neuropsychology)" title="Rehabilitation (neuropsychology)">Rehabilitation</a> (6th)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break"> High-Performing <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmology</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Arizona" title="Mayo Clinic Arizona">Mayo Clinic Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Hospital_(Rochester)" title="Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)">Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Hospital_(Rochester)#Saint_Marys_Campus" title="Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)">Saint Marys Campus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Hospital_(Rochester)#Methodist_Campus" title="Mayo Clinic Hospital (Rochester)">Methodist Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Florida" title="Mayo Clinic Florida">Mayo Clinic Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic_Cancer_Center" title="Mayo Clinic Cancer Center">Mayo Clinic Cancer Center</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved September 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Health+Information+Policy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fabout-this-site%2Fhealth-information-policy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayo+Clinic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browning-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Browning_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://health.usnews.com/best-hospitals/area/mn/mayo-clinic-6610451">"US News / Healthcare / Best Hospitals / Mayo Clinic"</a>. August 3, 2016. Retrieved August 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=US+News+%2F+Healthcare+%2F+Best+Hospitals+%2F+Mayo+Clinic&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhealth.usnews.com%2Fbest-hospitals%2Farea%2Fmn%2Fmayo-clinic-6610451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayo+Clinic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPunke2016" class="citation web cs1">Punke, Heather (August 2, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.beckershospitalreview.com/quality/how-did-cms-rate-us-news-20-honor-roll-hospitals.html">"How did CMS rate US News' 20 Honor Roll hospitals?"</a>. beckershospitalreview.com. Retrieved August 3, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=beckershospitalreview.com&rft.atitle=How+did+CMS+rate+US+News%27+20+Honor+Roll+hospitals%3F&rft.date=2016-08-02&rft.aulast=Punke&rft.aufirst=Heather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.beckershospitalreview.com%2Fquality%2Fhow-did-cms-rate-us-news-20-honor-roll-hospitals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayo+Clinic" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthcarefinancenews.com/news/see-which-hospitals-earned-leapfrog">"See which hospitals earned an 'A' from Leapfrog"</a>. Healthcare Finance News. Retrieved May 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Healthcare+Finance+News&rft.atitle=See+which+hospitals+earned+an+%27A%27+from+Leapfrog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthcarefinancenews.com%2Fnews%2Fsee-which-hospitals-earned-leapfrog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMayo+Clinic" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mayo_Clinic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Mayo_Clinic" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/">Official website</a></li> <li>Salamensky, Shelley, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/09/26/inside-the-mayo-clinic/">"Inside the Mayo Clinic"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" title="The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a>, September 26, 2018.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrySeltman2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Berry_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonard Berry (professor)">Berry, Leonard L.</a>; Seltman, Kent D. (May 31, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zcpCrGTqUx0C">Management Lessons from Mayo Clinic: Inside One of the World's Most Admired Service Organizations</a>. 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000040459167X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/127763366">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/30729-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79026897">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12475616t">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12475616t">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00756076">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35337136">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=nlk20030134105&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90094869">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000188188&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000390261&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007572727505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02400939?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033951632">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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