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type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">United Nations Security Council</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Security Council" and "UNSC" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Security_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Security Council (disambiguation)">Security Council (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/UNSC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="UNSC (disambiguation)">UNSC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is one of the <a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_United_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Organs of the United Nations">six principal organs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> (UN)<a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a> and is charged with ensuring <a href="/wiki/International_security" title="International security">international peace and security</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a> recommending the admission of new <a href="/wiki/UN_members" class="mw-redirect" title="UN members">UN members</a> to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">General Assembly</a>,<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> and approving any changes to the <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> Its powers as outlined in the United Nations Charter include establishing <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeeping</a> operations, enacting <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions" title="International sanctions">international sanctions</a>, and authorizing <a href="/wiki/Military_action" class="mw-redirect" title="Military action">military action</a>. The UNSC is the only UN body with authority to issue <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution" title="United Nations Security Council resolution">resolutions</a> that are binding on member states. <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:normal;font-size:84%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">United Nations Security Council</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox" style="font-size:77%;font-weight:normal;"><tbody><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">مجلس الأمن للأمم المتحدة</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Chinese</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">联合国安全理事会</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Conseil de Sécurité des Nations Unies</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Совет Безопасности Организации Объединённых Наций</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>:</th><td class="infobox-data">Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas</td></tr></tbody></table></li></ul> </div></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><div style="display:inline-block;border-style: solid;padding: 3px;border-color: transparent;border-width: 0px;background-color: transparent;color: black;margin: 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/180px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg/240px-Emblem_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436"></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_Security_Council_Nov_16_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/UN_Security_Council_Nov_16_2023.jpg/250px-UN_Security_Council_Nov_16_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/UN_Security_Council_Nov_16_2023.jpg/375px-UN_Security_Council_Nov_16_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/UN_Security_Council_Nov_16_2023.jpg/500px-UN_Security_Council_Nov_16_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2556"></a><div class="infobox-caption">UN Security Council Chamber in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">UNSC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">24 October 1945</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_System#Six_principal_organs" title="United Nations System">Principal organ</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Legal status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Permanent members</a>:</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><a href="#cite_note-roc-1">[a]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><a href="#cite_note-ussr-2">[b]</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council#Non-permanent_(1966%E2%80%93present)" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">Non-permanent members on rotation</a>:</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960"> <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"> <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Presidency</div></th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom (November 2024)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data">United Nations</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://un.org/securitycouncil/">un.org/securitycouncil/</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Security_Council_regional_groups.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/United_Nations_Security_Council_regional_groups.svg/250px-United_Nations_Security_Council_regional_groups.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/United_Nations_Security_Council_regional_groups.svg/375px-United_Nations_Security_Council_regional_groups.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/United_Nations_Security_Council_regional_groups.svg/500px-United_Nations_Security_Council_regional_groups.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="345"></a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> African States (3)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Asia-Pacific States (3)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Eastern European States (2)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Latin American and Caribbean States (2)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend" style="text-align:left;"> Western European and Other States (5)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Like the UN as a whole, the Security Council was created after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> to address the failings of the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> in maintaining <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a>. It held its first session on 17 January 1946 but was largely paralyzed in the following decades by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between the United States and the Soviet Union (and their allies). Nevertheless, it authorized military interventions in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> and peacekeeping missions in <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="West New Guinea">West New Guinea</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Peninsula" title="Sinai Peninsula">Sinai Peninsula</a>. With the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">collapse of the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/UN_peacekeeping" class="mw-redirect" title="UN peacekeeping">UN peacekeeping</a> efforts increased dramatically in scale, with the Security Council authorizing major military and peacekeeping missions in <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group" title="United Nations Transition Assistance Group">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transitional_Authority_in_Cambodia" title="United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">Rwanda</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Somalia_II" title="United Nations Operation in Somalia II">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">Sudan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. The Security Council consists of <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">fifteen members</a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">five are permanent</a>:<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. These were the <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great powers</a> that were the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">victors of World War II</a> (or their recognized successor states). Permanent members can <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">veto</a> (block) any substantive Security Council resolution, including those on the admission of new member states to the United Nations or nominees for the office of <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General</a>. This veto right does not carry over into General Assembly matters or votes, which are non-binding. The other ten members are elected on a regional basis for a term of two years. The body's <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Presidency of the United Nations Security Council">presidency</a> rotates monthly amongst its members. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_resolution" title="United Nations resolution">Resolutions</a> of the Security Council are typically enforced by <a href="/wiki/UN_peacekeepers" class="mw-redirect" title="UN peacekeepers">UN peacekeepers</a>, which consist of military forces voluntarily provided by member states and funded independently of the main UN budget. As of November 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit">[update]</a>, there have been 12 peacekeeping missions with over 87,000 personnel from 121 countries, with a total annual budget of approximately $6.3 billion.<a href="#cite_note-8">[6]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History">1 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Background_and_creation">1.1 Background and creation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Cold_War">1.2 Cold War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Post-Cold_War">1.3 Post-Cold War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Role">2 Role</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Members">3 Members</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Permanent_members">3.1 Permanent members</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Veto_power">3.1.1 Veto power</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Non-permanent_members">3.2 Non-permanent members</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#President">3.3 President</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Meeting_locations">4 Meeting locations</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Consultation_room">4.1 Consultation room</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Subsidiary_organs/bodies">5 Subsidiary organs/bodies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#United_Nations_peacekeepers">6 United Nations peacekeepers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Criticism_and_evaluations">7 Criticism and evaluations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Membership_reform">8 Membership reform</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Explanatory_notes">10 Explanatory notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Citations">11.1 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Sources">11.2 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Further_reading">12 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#External_links">13 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background_and_creation">Background and creation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background and creation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_Nations" title="History of the United Nations">History of the United Nations</a></div> In the century prior to the UN's creation, several international treaty organizations and conferences had been formed to regulate conflicts between nations, such as the <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hague_Conventions_of_1899_and_1907" title="Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907">Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy20065-9">[7]</a> Following the catastrophic loss of life in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a> established the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a> to maintain harmony between the nations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy20068-10">[8]</a> This organization successfully resolved some territorial disputes and created international structures for areas such as postal mail, aviation, and opium control, some of which would later be absorbed into the UN.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200610-11">[9]</a> However, the League lacked representation for colonial peoples (then half the world's population) and significant participation from several major powers, including the US, the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, Germany, and Japan; it failed to act against the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a> in 1935, the 1937 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of China">Japanese occupation of China</a>, and Nazi expansions under <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> that escalated into <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200613%E2%80%9324-12">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairo_conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/220px-Cairo_conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="1551"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 170px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/220px-Cairo_conference.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="170" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/330px-Cairo_conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cairo_conference.jpg/440px-Cairo_conference.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> met at the <a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference_(1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairo Conference (1943)">Cairo Conference</a> in 1943 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yalta_Conference_(Churchill,_Roosevelt,_Stalin)_(B%26W).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2720" data-file-height="2239"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/220px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/330px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg/440px-Yalta_Conference_%28Churchill%2C_Roosevelt%2C_Stalin%29_%28B%26W%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>, US President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and Soviet general secretary <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a>, February 1945</figcaption></figure> On New Year's Day 1942, President Roosevelt, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Litvinov" title="Maxim Litvinov">Maxim Litvinov</a> of the USSR, and <a href="/wiki/T._V._Soong" title="T. V. Soong">T. V. Soong</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, signed a short document, based on the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">London Declaration</a>,<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[12]</a> which later came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Declaration">United Nations Declaration</a>. The next day the representatives of 22 other nations added their signatures.<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> The term "United Nations" was first officially used when 26 governments had signed the Declaration. By 1 March 1945, 21 additional states had signed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOsma%C5%84czyk20042445-16">[14]</a> The term "<a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Four Powers</a>" was coined to refer to the four major Allied countries: the United States, the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-sheriff-17">[15]</a> and became the foundation of an executive branch of the United Nations, the Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaddis2000-18">[16]</a> Following the 1943 <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Moscow Conference</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a>, in mid-1944, the delegations from the Allied "<a href="/wiki/Four_Policemen" title="Four Policemen">Big Four</a>", the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the UK, the US and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, met for the <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> in Washington, D.C. to negotiate the UN's structure,<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a> and the composition of the UN Security Council quickly became the dominant issue. France, the Republic of China, the Soviet Union, the UK and US were selected as permanent members of the Security Council; the US attempted to add <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> as a sixth member but was opposed by the heads of the Soviet and British delegations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler19959-20">[18]</a> The most contentious issue at Dumbarton and in successive talks proved to be the veto rights of permanent members. The Soviet delegation argued that each nation should have an absolute veto that could block matters from even being discussed, whilst the British argued that nations should not be able to veto resolutions on disputes to which they were a party. At the <a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a> of February 1945, the American, British and Russian delegations agreed that each of the "Big Five" could veto any action by the council, but not procedural resolutions, meaning that the permanent members could not prevent debate on a resolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler199510%E2%80%9313-21">[19]</a> On 25 April 1945, the <a href="/wiki/UN_Conference_on_International_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Conference on International Organization">UN Conference on International Organization</a> began in San Francisco, attended by fifty governments and a number of non-governmental organizations involved in drafting the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">United Nations Charter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-unmilestones-22">[20]</a> At the conference, <a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">H. V. Evatt</a> of the Australian delegation pushed to further restrict the veto power of Security Council permanent members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchlesinger2003196-23">[21]</a> Due to the fear that rejecting the strong veto would cause the conference's failure, his proposal was defeated twenty votes to ten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler199518%E2%80%9319-24">[22]</a> The UN officially came into existence on 24 October 1945 upon ratification of the Charter by the five then-permanent members of the Security Council and by a majority of the other 46 signatories.<a href="#cite_note-unmilestones-22">[20]</a> On 17 January 1946, the Security Council met for the first time at <a href="/wiki/Church_House,_Westminster" title="Church House, Westminster">Church House, Westminster</a>, in London, United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-about-25">[23]</a> Subsequently, during the 1946–1951 period it conducted sessions at the United Nation's interim headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Success,_New_York" title="Lake Success, New York">Lake Success, New York</a>, which were televised live on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a> by the journalist <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Chester" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund Chester">Edmund Chester</a> in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-1951-05-19-26">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cold War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_House_Westminister_London_2016_(02).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Church_House_Westminister_London_2016_%2802%29.JPG/220px-Church_House_Westminister_London_2016_%2802%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4270" data-file-height="2665"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Church_House_Westminister_London_2016_%2802%29.JPG/220px-Church_House_Westminister_London_2016_%2802%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Church_House_Westminister_London_2016_%2802%29.JPG/330px-Church_House_Westminister_London_2016_%2802%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Church_House_Westminister_London_2016_%2802%29.JPG/440px-Church_House_Westminister_London_2016_%2802%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Church_House,_Westminster" title="Church House, Westminster">Church House</a> in London where the first Security Council Meeting took place on 17 January 1946</figcaption></figure> The Security Council was largely paralyzed in its early decades by the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in between the US and USSR and their allies and the Council generally was only able to intervene in unrelated conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler199535-29">[27]</a> (A notable exception was the 1950 Security Council resolution authorizing a US-led coalition to repel the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">North Korean invasion of South Korea</a>, passed in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_boycott_of_the_United_Nations" title="Soviet Union boycott of the United Nations">absence of the USSR</a>.)<a href="#cite_note-unmilestones-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler199558%E2%80%9359-30">[28]</a> In 1956, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Emergency_Force" title="United Nations Emergency Force">first UN peacekeeping force</a> was established to end the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>;<a href="#cite_note-unmilestones-22">[20]</a> however, the UN was unable to intervene against the USSR's simultaneous invasion of Hungary following <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">that country's revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler1995114-31">[29]</a> Cold War divisions also paralysed the Security Council's <a href="/wiki/Military_Staff_Committee" title="Military Staff Committee">Military Staff Committee</a>, which had been formed by Articles 45–47 of the UN Charter to oversee UN forces and create UN military bases. The committee continued to exist on paper but largely abandoned its work in the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200638,_55%E2%80%9356-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chapter7-33">[31]</a> In 1960, the UN deployed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_the_Congo" title="United Nations Operation in the Congo">United Nations Operation in the Congo</a> (UNOC), the largest military force of its early decades, to restore order to the breakaway <a href="/wiki/State_of_Katanga" title="State of Katanga">State of Katanga</a>, restoring it to the control of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> by 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler1995115%E2%80%93134-34">[32]</a> However, the Security Council found itself bypassed in favour of direct negotiations between the superpowers in some of the decade's larger conflicts, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200661%E2%80%9362-35">[33]</a> Focusing instead on smaller conflicts without an immediate Cold War connection, the Security Council deployed the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Temporary_Executive_Authority" title="United Nations Temporary Executive Authority">United Nations Temporary Executive Authority</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="West New Guinea">West New Guinea</a> in 1962 and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Peacekeeping_Force_in_Cyprus" title="United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus">United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus</a> in 1964, the latter of which would become one of the UN's longest-running peacekeeping missions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler1995156%E2%80%93157-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200659-37">[35]</a> On 25 October 1971, over US opposition, but with the support of many <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> nations, along with the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Republic of Albania">Socialist People's Republic of Albania</a>, the mainland, communist <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> with a seat on the Security Council; the vote was widely seen as a sign of waning US influence in the organization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler1995195%E2%80%93197-38">[36]</a> With an increasing Third World presence and the failure of UN mediation in conflicts in the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1965" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1965">Kashmir</a>, the UN increasingly shifted its attention to its ostensibly secondary goals of economic development and cultural exchange. By the 1970s, the UN budget for social and economic development was far greater than its budget for peacekeeping.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler1995167%E2%80%93168,_224%E2%80%93225-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-Cold_War">Post-Cold War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-Cold War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg/220px-Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="171"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 149px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg/220px-Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="149" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Colin_Powell_anthrax_vial._5_Feb_2003_at_the_UN.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>US Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a> holds a model vial of <a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">anthrax</a> whilst giving a presentation to the Security Council in February 2003.</figcaption></figure> After the Cold War, the UN saw a radical expansion in its peacekeeping duties, taking on more missions in ten years than it had in the previous four decades.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler1995286-40">[38]</a> Between 1988 and 2000, the number of adopted Security Council resolutions more than doubled, and the peacekeeping budget increased more than tenfold.<a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> The UN negotiated an end to the <a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Civil_War" title="Salvadoran Civil War">Salvadoran Civil War</a>, launched a successful <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Transition_Assistance_Group" title="United Nations Transition Assistance Group">peacekeeping mission in Namibia</a>, and oversaw democratic elections in post-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Apartheid in South Africa">apartheid</a> South Africa and post-<a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> Cambodia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler1995252%E2%80%93256-42">[40]</a> In 1991, the Security Council demonstrated its renewed vigor by condemning the Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invasion of Kuwait</a> on the same day of the attack and later authorizing a <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">US-led coalition</a> that successfully repulsed the Iraqis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler1995264%E2%80%93277-43">[41]</a> Undersecretary-General <a href="/wiki/Brian_Urquhart" title="Brian Urquhart">Brian Urquhart</a> later described the hopes raised by these successes as a "false renaissance" for the organization, given the more troubled missions that followed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler1995334-44">[42]</a> Though the UN Charter had been written primarily to prevent aggression by one nation against another, in the early 1990s, the UN faced a number of simultaneous, serious crises within nations such as Haiti, Mozambique and the former Yugoslavia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200666%E2%80%9367-45">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Protection_Force" title="United Nations Protection Force">UN mission to Bosnia</a> faced "worldwide ridicule" for its indecisive and confused mission in the face of ethnic cleansing.<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> In 1994, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Assistance_Mission_for_Rwanda" title="United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda">United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda</a> failed to intervene in the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> in the face of Security Council indecision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006104-47">[45]</a> In the late 1990s, UN-authorized international interventions took a wider variety of forms. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Mission_in_Sierra_Leone" title="United Nations Mission in Sierra Leone">UN mission</a> in the 1991–2002 <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_Civil_War" title="Sierra Leone Civil War">Sierra Leone Civil War</a> was supplemented by British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> and the UN-authorized <a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001 invasion of Afghanistan</a> was overseen by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006110%E2%80%93111-48">[46]</a> In 2003, the US <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">invaded Iraq</a> despite failing to pass a UN Security Council resolution for authorization, prompting a new round of questioning of the organization's effectiveness.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006111-49">[47]</a> In the same decade, the Security Council intervened with peacekeepers in crises including the <a href="/wiki/War_in_Darfur" title="War in Darfur">War in Darfur</a> in Sudan and the <a href="/wiki/Kivu_conflict" title="Kivu conflict">Kivu conflict</a> in the Democratic Republic of Congo. In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General%27s_Internal_Review_Panel_on_United_Nations_Action_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Secretary-General's Internal Review Panel on United Nations Action in Sri Lanka">an internal review</a> of UN actions in <a href="/wiki/Alleged_war_crimes_during_the_final_stages_of_the_Sri_Lankan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Alleged war crimes during the final stages of the Sri Lankan Civil War">the final battles</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a> in 2009 concluded that the organization had suffered "systemic failure".<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> In November/December 2014, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> presented a motion proposing an expansion of the NPT (<a href="/wiki/Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Proliferation Treaty">non-Proliferation Treaty</a>), to include <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>; this proposal was due to increasing hostilities and destruction in the Middle-East connected to the Syrian Conflict as well as others. All members of the Security Council are signatory to the NPT, and all permanent members are <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons states">nuclear weapons states</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Role">Role</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Role" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"> The UN's role in international <a href="/wiki/Collective_security" title="Collective security">collective security</a> is defined by the UN Charter, which authorizes the Security Council to investigate any situation threatening international peace; recommend procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute; call upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt economic relations as well as sea, air, postal and radio communications, or to sever diplomatic relations; and enforce its decisions militarily, or by any means necessary. The Security Council also recommends the new Secretary-General to the General Assembly and recommends new states for admission as <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_United_Nations" title="Member states of the United Nations">member states of the United Nations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-chapter5-53">[51]</a> The Security Council has traditionally interpreted its mandate as covering only military security, though US Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Richard_Holbrooke" title="Richard Holbrooke">Richard Holbrooke</a> controversially persuaded the body to pass a resolution on <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Africa" title="HIV/AIDS in Africa">HIV/AIDS in Africa</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFasulo200446-54">[52]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Chapter_VI_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VI</a> of the Charter, "Pacific Settlement of Disputes", the Security Council "may investigate any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international friction or give rise to a dispute". The Council may "recommend appropriate procedures or methods of adjustment" if it determines that the situation might endanger international peace and security.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> These recommendations are generally considered to not be binding, as they lack an enforcement mechanism.<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> A minority of scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Zunes" title="Stephen Zunes">Stephen Zunes</a>, have argued that resolutions made under Chapter VI are "still directives by the Security Council and differ only in that they do not have the same stringent enforcement options, such as the use of military force".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZunes2004291-57">[55]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/Chapter_VII_of_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter">Chapter VII</a>, the council has broader power to decide what measures are to be taken in situations involving "threats to the peace, breaches of the peace, or acts of aggression."<a href="#cite_note-Chapter7-33">[31]</a> In such situations, the council is not limited to recommendations but may take action, including the use of armed force "to maintain or restore international peace and security."<a href="#cite_note-Chapter7-33">[31]</a> This was the legal basis for UN armed action in Korea in 1950 during the Korean War and the use of coalition forces in Iraq and Kuwait in 1991 and Libya in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200656%E2%80%9357-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a> Decisions taken under Chapter VII, such as <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a>, are binding on UN members; the Security Council is the only UN body with authority to issue binding resolutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFomerand2009287-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFasulo200439-61">[59]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rome_Statute_of_the_International_Criminal_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court">Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court</a> recognizes that the Security Council has authority to refer cases to the Court in which the Court could not otherwise exercise jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> The Council exercised this power for the first time in March 2005, when it referred to the Court "the situation prevailing in <a href="/wiki/Darfur" title="Darfur">Darfur</a> since 1 July 2002"; since Sudan is not a party to the Rome Statute, the Court could not otherwise have exercised jurisdiction.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> The Security Council made its second such referral in February 2011 when it asked the ICC to investigate the Libyan government's violent response to the <a href="/wiki/2011_Libyan_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Libyan Civil War">Libyan Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1674" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1674">Security Council Resolution 1674</a>, adopted on 28 April 2006, "reaffirms the provisions of paragraphs 138 and 139 of the 2005 <a href="/wiki/World_Summit_Outcome_Document" class="mw-redirect" title="World Summit Outcome Document">World Summit Outcome Document</a> regarding the responsibility to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity".<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> The Security Council reaffirmed this <a href="/wiki/Responsibility_to_protect" title="Responsibility to protect">responsibility to protect</a> in <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1706" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1706">Resolution 1706</a> on 31 August of that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikulaschek201020-67">[65]</a> These resolutions commit the Security Council to protect civilians in an armed conflict, including taking action against genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMikulaschek201049-68">[66]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Members">Members</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Members" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Permanent_members">Permanent members</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Permanent members" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China and the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_and_the_United_Nations" title="France and the United Nations">France and the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">Russia and the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_and_the_United_Nations" title="Soviet Union and the United Nations">Soviet Union and the United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_and_the_United_Nations" title="United Kingdom and the United Nations">United Kingdom and the United Nations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United States and the United Nations</a></div> The Security Council's five permanent members, below, have the power to <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">veto</a> any substantive resolution; this allows a permanent member to block adoption of a resolution, but not to prevent or end debate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFasulo200440%E2%80%9341-69">[67]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="14%">Country </th> <th width="18%">Regional group </th> <th width="34%">Current state representation </th> <th width="34%">Former state representation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EAECF0"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Asia_and_the_Pacific_Small_Island_Developing_States" title="Group of Asia and the Pacific Small Island Developing States">Asia-Pacific</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><noscript><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="China" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><noscript><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" data-alt="Taiwan" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations#Republic_of_China_in_the_United_Nations_(1945%E2%80%931971)" title="China and the United Nations">Republic of China</a><a href="#cite_note-China-70">[c]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">1945–1949</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">1949–1971</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EAECF0"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western Europe and Others</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/French_Fifth_Republic" title="French Fifth Republic">French Republic</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><noscript><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="France" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Govt.</a> (1945–1946) <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a> (1946–1958) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EAECF0"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern Europe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><noscript><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Russia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian Federation</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><noscript><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" data-alt="Soviet Union" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a> (1945–1991)<a href="#cite_note-ussr-2">[b]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EAECF0"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western Europe and Others</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><noscript><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="United Kingdom" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#EAECF0"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western Europe and Others</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><noscript><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="United States" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States of America</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr></tbody></table> At the UN's founding in 1945, the five permanent members of the Security Council were the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government of the French Republic</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the United Kingdom, and the United States. There have been two major seat changes since then. <a href="/wiki/China_and_the_United_Nations" title="China and the United Nations">China's seat</a> was originally held by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Government">Nationalist Government</a>, the Republic of China. However, the Nationalists were forced to retreat to the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">island of Taiwan</a> in 1949, during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> assumed control of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, thenceforth known as the People's Republic of China. In 1971, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_2758" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2758">General Assembly Resolution 2758</a> recognized the People's Republic as the <a href="/wiki/One-China_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="One-China policy">rightful representative of China</a> in the UN and gave it the seat on the Security Council that had been held by the Republic of China, which was expelled from the UN altogether with <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_and_the_United_Nations" title="Taiwan and the United Nations">no opportunity for membership as a separate nation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeisler1995195%E2%80%93197-38">[36]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized as the <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">legal successor state</a> of the Soviet Union and maintained the latter's position on the Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlum1992-71">[68]</a> The five permanent members of the Security Council were the victorious powers in World War II<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200670-72">[69]</a> and have maintained the world's most powerful military forces ever since. They annually topped the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_military_expenditures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by military expenditures">list of countries with the highest military expenditures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-73">[70]</a> In 2013, they spent over US$1 trillion combined on defence, accounting for over 55% of global military expenditures (the US alone accounting for over 35%).<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI-73">[70]</a> They are also amongst the world's <a href="/wiki/Arms_industry#World's_largest_arms_exporters" title="Arms industry">largest arms exporters</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> and are the only nations officially recognized as "<a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_nuclear_weapons" title="List of states with nuclear weapons">nuclear-weapon states</a>" under the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a> (NPT), though there are other states known or believed to be in possession of nuclear weapons.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The block of Western democratic and generally aligned permanent members (France, the UK and the US) is styled as the "P3". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Veto_power">Veto power</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Veto power" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">United Nations Security Council veto power</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_vetoed_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions" title="List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions">List of vetoed United Nations Security Council resolutions</a></div> Under <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power#UN_Charter" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">Article 27</a> of the UN Charter, Security Council decisions on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of nine (i.e. three-fifths) of the members. A negative vote or a "veto" by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFasulo200440%E2%80%9341-69">[67]</a> Abstention is not regarded as a veto in most cases, though all five permanent members must vote for adopting any amendment of the UN Charter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFomerand2009287-60">[58]</a> Procedural matters cannot be vetoed, so the veto right cannot be used to avoid discussion of an issue. The same holds for certain non-binding decisions that directly regard permanent members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFasulo200440%E2%80%9341-69">[67]</a> Most vetoes have been used for blocking a candidate for Secretary-General or the admission of a member state, not in critical international security situations.<a href="#cite_note-Veto-75">[72]</a> In the negotiations leading up to the creation of the UN, the veto power was opposed by many small countries and was in fact forced on them by the veto nations—the United States, the United Kingdom, China, France, and the Soviet Union—by threatening that the UN would otherwise not be founded. Here is a description of the situation by Francis O. Wilcox, an adviser to the US delegation to the 1945 conference: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">At San Francisco, the issue was made crystal clear by the leaders of the Big Five: it was either the Charter with the veto or no Charter at all. Senator Connally [from the U.S. delegation] dramatically tore up a copy of the Charter during one of his speeches and reminded the small states that they would be guilty of that same act if they opposed the unanimity principle. "You may, if you wish," he said, "go home from this Conference and say that you have defeated the veto. But what will be your answer when you are asked: 'Where is the Charter?'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilcox1945-76">[73]</a></blockquote> As of 2012<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit">[update]</a>, 269 vetoes had been cast since the Security Council's inception.<a href="#cite_note-77">[d]</a> In this period, China used the veto 9 times, France 18, the Soviet Union or Russia 128, the United Kingdom 32, and the United States 89. Roughly two-thirds of Soviet and Russian combined vetoes were in the first ten years of the Security Council's existence. Between 1996 and 2012, the United States vetoed 13 resolutions, Russia 7, and China 5, whilst France and the United Kingdom did not use the veto.<a href="#cite_note-Veto-75">[72]</a> An early veto by Soviet Commissar <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Vishinsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrei Vishinsky">Andrei Vishinsky</a> blocked a resolution on the withdrawal of French forces from Syria and Lebanon which were under <a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">French mandate</a> in February 1946; this veto established the precedent that permanent members could use the veto on matters outside of immediate concerns of war and peace. The Soviet Union went on to veto matters including the admission of Austria, Cambodia, Ceylon, Finland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Laos, Libya, Nepal,<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> Portugal, South Vietnam and Transjordan as UN member states, delaying their joining by several years. The United Kingdom and France used the veto to avoid Security Council condemnation of their actions in the 1956 Suez Crisis. The first veto by the United States came in 1970, blocking General Assembly action in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia" title="Southern Rhodesia">Southern Rhodesia</a>. From 1985 to 1990, the US vetoed 27 resolutions, primarily to block resolutions perceived as anti-Israel but also to protect its interests in Panama and Korea. The Soviet Union, the United States and China have all vetoed candidates for Secretary-General, with the US using the veto to block the re-election of <a href="/wiki/Boutros_Boutros-Ghali" title="Boutros Boutros-Ghali">Boutros Boutros-Ghali</a> in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200652%E2%80%9354-79">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-permanent_members">Non-permanent members</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Non-permanent members" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="List of members of the United Nations Security Council">List of members of the United Nations Security Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">United Nations Security Council elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2023 United Nations Security Council election">2023</a>, <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2024 United Nations Security Council election">2024</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2025_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2025 United Nations Security Council election">2025</a></div> Along with the five permanent members, the Security Council of the United Nations has temporary members that hold their seats on a rotating basis by geographic region. Non-permanent members may be involved in global security briefings.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> In its first two decades, the Security Council had six non-permanent members, the first of which were Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands and Poland. In 1965, the number of non-permanent members was expanded to ten.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> These ten non-permanent members are <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_elections" title="United Nations Security Council elections">elected</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> for two-year terms starting on 1 January, with five replaced each year.<a href="#cite_note-Current-82">[78]</a> To be approved, a candidate must receive at least two-thirds of all votes cast for that seat, which can result in deadlock if there are two roughly evenly matched candidates. In 1979, a standoff between Cuba and Colombia only ended after three months and a record 154 rounds of voting; both eventually withdrew in favour of Mexico as a compromise candidate.<a href="#cite_note-SCR-83">[79]</a> A retiring member is not eligible for immediate re-election.<a href="#cite_note-chapter5-53">[51]</a> The African Group is represented by three members; the <a href="/wiki/Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" title="Latin America and the Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</a>, Asia-Pacific, and <a href="/wiki/Western_European_and_Others_Group" title="Western European and Others Group">Western European and Others</a> groups by two apiece; and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_Group" title="Eastern European Group">Eastern European Group</a> by one. Traditionally, one of the seats assigned to either the Asia-Pacific Group or the African Group is filled by a nation from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, alternating between the groups.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> Currently, elections for terms beginning in even-numbered years select two African members, and one each within Eastern Europe, Asia-Pacific, and Latin America and the Caribbean; the traditional "Arab seat" is elected for this term. Terms beginning in odd-numbered years consist of two Western European and Other members, and one each from Asia-Pacific, Africa, and Latin America and the Caribbean.<a href="#cite_note-SCR-83">[79]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Nations_Security_Council_election" title="2016 United Nations Security Council election">2016 United Nations Security Council election</a>, neither Italy nor the Netherlands met the required two-thirds majority for election. They subsequently agreed to split the term of the Western European and Others Group. It was the first time in over five decades that two members agreed to do so.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> Usually, intractable deadlocks are resolved by the candidate countries withdrawing in favour of a third member state. The current elected members, with the regions they were elected to represent, are as follows:<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th colspan="3">Africa </th> <th colspan="2">Asia-Pacific </th> <th>Eastern Europe </th> <th colspan="2">Latin America and Caribbean </th> <th colspan="2">Western Europe and Other </th></tr> <tr> <th>2022 </th> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/20px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/31px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Flag_of_Gabon.svg/40px-Flag_of_Gabon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> </td> <th> </th> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> </td> <th> </th> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/21px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Flag_of_Albania.svg/42px-Flag_of_Albania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 22px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="22" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <th> </th> <th> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th>2023 </th> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_Ecuador.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ecuador.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2024 </th> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria </a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Korea">Republic of Korea</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>2025 </th> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/23px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/35px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Flag_of_Panama.svg/45px-Flag_of_Panama.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President">President</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: President" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United Nations Security Council">President of the United Nations Security Council</a></div> The role of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the United Nations Security Council">president of the Security Council</a> involves setting the agenda, presiding at its meetings and overseeing any crisis. The president is authorized to issue both <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Statement" title="Presidential Statement">Presidential Statements</a> (subject to consensus amongst Council members) and notes,<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-un.org-92">[88]</a> which are used to make declarations of intent that the full Security Council can then pursue.<a href="#cite_note-un.org-92">[88]</a> The presidency of the council is held by each of the members in turn for one month, following the English alphabetical order of the member states' names.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> The list of nations that will hold the Presidency in 2024 is as follows:<a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Presidency in 2024 </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccc"> <th>Month </th> <th>Country </th></tr> <tr> <td>January </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>February </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_Guyana.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guyana.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>March </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>April </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Malta.svg/45px-Flag_of_Malta.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>May </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Mozambique.svg/45px-Flag_of_Mozambique.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>June </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>July </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>August </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg/45px-Flag_of_Sierra_Leone.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>September </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>October </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 16px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/16px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="16" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/24px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/32px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>November </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>December </td> <td><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Meeting_locations">Meeting locations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Meeting locations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg/220px-Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg/330px-Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg/440px-Barack_Obama_chairs_a_United_Nations_Security_Council_meeting.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> chairs a United Nations Security Council meeting.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_security_council_2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UN_security_council_2005.jpg/220px-UN_security_council_2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="749"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UN_security_council_2005.jpg/220px-UN_security_council_2005.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UN_security_council_2005.jpg/330px-UN_security_council_2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/UN_security_council_2005.jpg/440px-UN_security_council_2005.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The meeting room exhibits Untitled (Mural for Peace), the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural" title="United Nations Security Council mural">United Nations Security Council mural</a> by <a href="/wiki/Per_Krohg" title="Per Krohg">Per Krohg</a> (1952).</figcaption></figure> Unlike the General Assembly, the Security Council is not bound to <a href="/wiki/Meeting_(parliamentary_procedure)#Session" title="Meeting (parliamentary procedure)">sessions</a>. Each Security Council member must have a representative available at UN Headquarters at all times in case an emergency meeting becomes necessary.<a href="#cite_note-Whatis-95">[91]</a> The Security Council generally meets in a designated chamber in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Headquarters" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Headquarters">United Nations Conference Building</a> in New York City. The chamber was designed by the Norwegian architect <a href="/wiki/Arnstein_Arneberg" title="Arnstein Arneberg">Arnstein Arneberg</a> and was a gift from Norway. The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_mural" title="United Nations Security Council mural">United Nations Security Council mural</a> by Norwegian artist <a href="/wiki/Per_Krohg" title="Per Krohg">Per Krohg</a> (1952) depicts a <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(mythology)" title="Phoenix (mythology)">phoenix</a> rising from its ashes, symbolic of the world's rebirth after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> The Security Council has also held meetings in cities including <a href="/wiki/Nairobi" title="Nairobi">Nairobi</a>, Kenya; <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa" title="Addis Ababa">Addis Ababa</a>, Ethiopia; <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama City</a>, Panama; and <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-Whatis-95">[91]</a> In March 2010, the Security Council moved into a temporary facility in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Building" title="United Nations General Assembly Building">General Assembly Building</a> as its chamber underwent renovations as part of the UN Capital Master Plan.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a> The renovations were funded by Norway, the chamber's original donor, for a total cost of US$5 million.<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> The chamber reopened on 16 April 2013.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> The representatives of the member states are seated on a horseshoe-shaped table, with the president in the very middle flanked by the Secretary on the right and the Undersecretary on the left. The other representatives are placed in clockwise order alphabetically from the president leaving two seats at the ends of the table for guest speakers. The seating order of the members is then rotated each month as the presidency changes. Because of the public nature of meetings in the Security Council Chamber, delegations use the chamber to voice their positions in different ways, such as with <a href="/wiki/Walkout" title="Walkout">walkouts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-haidar2015-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consultation_room">Consultation room</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Consultation room" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Due to the public scrutiny of the Security Council Chamber,<a href="#cite_note-hovell2016-101">[97]</a> much of the work of the Security Council is conducted behind closed doors in "informal consultations".<a href="#cite_note-dewet2003-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-bosco2009-103">[99]</a> In 1978, West Germany funded the construction of a conference room next to the Security Council Chamber. The room was used for "informal consultations", which soon became the primary meeting format for the Security Council. In 1994, the French ambassador complained to the Secretary-General that "informal consultations have become the Council's characteristic working method, whilst public meetings, originally the norm, are increasingly rare and increasingly devoid of content: everyone knows that when the Council goes into public meeting everything has been decided in advance".<a href="#cite_note-elgebeily2017-104">[100]</a> When Russia funded the renovation of the consultation room in 2013, the Russian ambassador called it "quite simply, the most fascinating place in the entire diplomatic universe".<a href="#cite_note-sievers2014-105">[101]</a> Only members of the Security Council are permitted in the conference room for consultations. The press is not admitted, and other members of the United Nations cannot be invited into the consultations.<a href="#cite_note-unsc_glossary-106">[102]</a> No formal record is kept of the informal consultations.<a href="#cite_note-unsc_meetings-107">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-unsc_faq-108">[104]</a> As a result, the delegations can negotiate with each other in secret, striking deals and compromises without having their every word transcribed into the permanent record. The privacy of the conference room also makes it possible for the delegates to deal with each other in a friendly manner. In one early consultation, a new delegate from a Communist nation began a propaganda attack on the United States, only to be told by the Soviet delegate, "We don't talk that way in here."<a href="#cite_note-bosco2009-103">[99]</a> A permanent member can cast a "pocket veto" during the informal consultation by declaring its opposition to a measure. Since a veto would prevent the resolution from being passed, the sponsor will usually refrain from putting the resolution to a vote. Resolutions are vetoed only if the sponsor feels so strongly about a measure that it wishes to force the permanent member to cast a formal veto.<a href="#cite_note-dewet2003-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-scr2015-109">[105]</a> By the time a resolution reaches the Security Council Chamber, it has already been discussed, debated and amended in the consultations. The open meeting of the Security Council is merely a public ratification of a decision that has already been reached in private.<a href="#cite_note-reid1999-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-dewet2003-102">[98]</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1373" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373">Resolution 1373</a> was adopted without public debate in a meeting that lasted just five minutes.<a href="#cite_note-dewet2003-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> The Security Council holds far more consultations than public meetings. In 2012, the Security Council held 160 consultations, 16 private meetings and 9 public meetings. In times of crisis, the Security Council still meets primarily in consultations, but it also holds more public meetings. After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a> in 2014, the Security Council returned to the patterns of the Cold War, as Russia and the Western countries engaged in verbal duels in front of the television cameras. In 2016, the Security Council held 150 consultations, 19 private meetings and 68 public meetings.<a href="#cite_note-unite2016-112">[108]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Subsidiary_organs/bodies">Subsidiary organs/bodies</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Subsidiary organs/bodies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Article 29 of the Charter provides that the Security Council can establish subsidiary bodies in order to perform its functions. This authority is also reflected in Rule 28 of the Provisional Rules of Procedure. The subsidiary bodies established by the Security Council are extremely heterogenous. On the one hand, they include bodies such as the Security Council Committee on Admission of New Members. On the other hand, both the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_Rwanda" title="International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda">International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda</a> were also created as subsidiary bodies of the Security Council. The by now numerous Sanctions Committees established in order to oversee implementation of the various sanctions regimes are also subsidiary bodies of the council. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="United_Nations_peacekeepers">United Nations peacekeepers</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Nations peacekeepers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_peacekeeping" title="United Nations peacekeeping">United Nations peacekeeping</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">List of United Nations peacekeeping missions</a></div> After approval by the Security Council, the UN may send <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeepers</a> to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" for their distinctive gear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFasulo200452-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoulon1998ix-114">[110]</a> The peacekeeping force as a whole received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in 1988.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_combat_troops_of_South_African_Contingent_in_MONUSCO_on_robust_foot_and_moblile_patrols_62.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Female_combat_troops_of_South_African_Contingent_in_MONUSCO_on_robust_foot_and_moblile_patrols_62.jpg/220px-Female_combat_troops_of_South_African_Contingent_in_MONUSCO_on_robust_foot_and_moblile_patrols_62.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Female_combat_troops_of_South_African_Contingent_in_MONUSCO_on_robust_foot_and_moblile_patrols_62.jpg/220px-Female_combat_troops_of_South_African_Contingent_in_MONUSCO_on_robust_foot_and_moblile_patrols_62.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Female_combat_troops_of_South_African_Contingent_in_MONUSCO_on_robust_foot_and_moblile_patrols_62.jpg/330px-Female_combat_troops_of_South_African_Contingent_in_MONUSCO_on_robust_foot_and_moblile_patrols_62.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Female_combat_troops_of_South_African_Contingent_in_MONUSCO_on_robust_foot_and_moblile_patrols_62.jpg/440px-Female_combat_troops_of_South_African_Contingent_in_MONUSCO_on_robust_foot_and_moblile_patrols_62.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>South African soldiers patrolling as part of <a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a> in 2018</figcaption></figure> As of 28 February 2023, the UN had 86,903 uniformed and civilian personnel serving in 12 peacekeeping missions, with 121 countries contributing military personnel.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> The largest was the United Nations Organization Stabilization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (<a href="/wiki/MONUSCO" title="MONUSCO">MONUSCO</a>), which included 20,688 uniformed personnel. The smallest, United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (<a href="/wiki/UNMOGIP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMOGIP">UNMOGIP</a>), included 42 uniformed personnel responsible for monitoring the ceasefire in <a href="/wiki/Jammu_and_Kashmir_(state)" title="Jammu and Kashmir (state)">Jammu and Kashmir</a>. Peacekeepers with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">United Nations Truce Supervision Organization</a> (UNTSO) have been stationed in the Middle East since 1948, the longest-running active peacekeeping mission.<a href="#cite_note-UNPO-117">[113]</a> UN peacekeepers have also drawn criticism in several postings. Peacekeepers have been accused of child rape, soliciting prostitutes, or sexual abuse during various peacekeeping missions in the Democratic Republic of the Congo,<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> Haiti,<a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> Liberia,<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> Sudan and what is now South Sudan,<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> Burundi and Ivory Coast.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> Scientists cited UN peacekeepers from Nepal as the likely source of the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932013_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2010–2013 Haiti cholera outbreak">2010–2013 Haiti cholera outbreak</a>, which killed more than 8,000 Haitians following the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_earthquake" title="2010 Haiti earthquake">2010 Haiti earthquake</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> The budget for peacekeeping is assessed separately from the main UN organisational budget; in the fiscal year 1 July 2021 - 30 June 2022 peacekeeping expenditures amounts for $6.38 billion.<a href="#cite_note-:0-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFasulo2004115-125">[121]</a> UN peace operations are funded by assessments, using a formula derived from the regular funding scale, but including a weighted surcharge for the five permanent Security Council members. This surcharge serves to offset discounted peacekeeping assessment rates for less developed countries. This amount finances 10 of the 12 ongoing <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_peacekeeping_missions" title="List of United Nations peacekeeping missions">UN peacekeeping missions</a>, along the liquidation of the UN African Union Hybrid Operation in Darfur (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a>) and logistics support for the African Union Mission in Somalia (<a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a>), providing the technology, logistics and general support to all peace operations through global service centres in <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>) and a regional service centre in <a href="/wiki/Entebbe" title="Entebbe">Entebbe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>). The UN Truce Supervision Organisation (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Truce_Supervision_Organization" title="United Nations Truce Supervision Organization">UNTSO</a>) and the UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan (<a href="/wiki/UNMOGIP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNMOGIP">UNMOGIP</a>) are excluded from the Peacekeeping Operations budged and are financed through the regular UN budget.<a href="#cite_note-:0-124">[120]</a> For the 2020–2021 budget, the top 10 providers of assessed financial contributions to United Nations peacekeeping operations were the US (27.89%), China (15.21%), Japan (8.56%), Germany (6.09%), the United Kingdom (5.79%), France (5.61%), Italy (3.30%), Russian Federation (3.04%), Canada (2.73%) and South Korea (2.26%).<a href="#cite_note-:0-124">[120]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Criticism_and_evaluations">Criticism and evaluations</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Criticism and evaluations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_United_Nations" title="Criticism of the United Nations">Criticism of the United Nations</a></div> In examining the first sixty years of the Security Council's existence, British historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Paul Kennedy</a> concludes that "glaring failures had not only accompanied the UN's many achievements, they overshadowed them", identifying as particular failures the lack of will to prevent ethnic massacres in Bosnia and Rwanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006101%E2%80%93103,_110-126">[122]</a> Kennedy attributes the failures to the UN's lack of reliable military resources, writing that "above all, one can conclude that the practice of announcing (through a Security Council resolution) a new peacekeeping mission without ensuring that sufficient armed forces will be available has usually proven to be a recipe for humiliation and disaster."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy2006110-127">[123]</a> Several studies have examined the Security Council's responsiveness to armed conflict. Findings suggests that the Council is more likely to meet and deliberate on conflicts that are more intense and have led to more humanitarian suffering, but that its responsiveness is also shaped by the political interests of member states and in particular of the permanent members.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> A 2005 <a href="/wiki/RAND_Corporation" title="RAND Corporation">RAND Corporation</a> study found the UN to be successful in two out of three peacekeeping efforts. It compared UN nation-building efforts to those of the United States, and found that 88% of UN cases had led to lasting peace.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> Also in 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Human_Security_Report_2005" title="Human Security Report 2005">Human Security Report</a> documented a decline in the number of wars, genocides and human rights abuses since the end of the Cold War, and presented evidence, albeit circumstantial, that international activism—mostly spearheaded by the UN—had been the main cause of the decline in armed conflict since the end of the Cold War.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> Scholar Sudhir Chella Rajan argued in 2006 that the five permanent members of the Security Council, all of which are nuclear powers, had created an exclusive <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear club">nuclear club</a> that predominantly addresses the strategic interests and political motives of the permanent members—for example, protecting the oil-rich Kuwaitis in 1991 but poorly protecting the resource-poor Rwandans in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> Since three of the five permanent members are European, and four are predominantly white developed nations, the Security Council has been described as a pillar of <a href="/wiki/Global_apartheid" title="Global apartheid">global apartheid</a> by Titus Alexander, former Chair of the Westminster United Nations Association.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlexander1996158%E2%80%93160-132">[128]</a> The Security Council's effectiveness and relevance are questioned by some because, in most high-profile cases, there are essentially no consequences for violating a Security Council resolution. During the <a href="/wiki/Darfur_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Darfur crisis">Darfur crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janjaweed" title="Janjaweed">Janjaweed</a> militias, allowed by elements of the Sudanese government, committed violence against an indigenous population, killing thousands of civilians. In the <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica_massacre" title="Srebrenica massacre">Srebrenica massacre</a>, Serbian troops committed genocide against <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Srebrenica" title="Srebrenica">Srebrenica</a> had been declared a UN <a href="/wiki/Safe_area_(Bosnian_War)" class="mw-redirect" title="Safe area (Bosnian War)">safe area</a>, protected by 400 armed Dutch peacekeepers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeni200771-133">[129]</a> In his 2009 speech, <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a> criticized the Security Council's veto powers and the wars that permanent members of the Security Council had engaged in. The <a href="/wiki/UN_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Charter">UN Charter</a> gives all three powers of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a>, executive and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judiciary</a> branches to the Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a> In his inaugural speech at the <a href="/wiki/16th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">16th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement</a> in August 2012, <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Ali Khamenei">Ayatollah Ali Khamenei</a> criticized the Security Council as having an "illogical, unjust and completely undemocratic structure and mechanism" and called for a complete reform of the body.<a href="#cite_note-test-135">[131]</a> The Security Council has been criticized for failure in resolving many conflicts—including <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian conflict</a>—reflecting the wider shortcomings of the UN. For example; at the 68th Session of the UN General Assembly, New Zealand Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/John_Key" title="John Key">John Key</a> heavily criticized the UN's inaction on <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, more than two years after the Syrian civil war had begun.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> There is evidence of <a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">bribery</a> in the Security Council. Countries that are elected to the Security Council see a large increase in foreign aid from the US, averaging 59%. They also see an 8% increase in aid from the UN, mainly from <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> The increase most strongly correlates to years in which the Security Council addresses issues relevant to the US. There is also evidence of increased foreign aid to elected countries from Japan and Germany. One study found membership on the Security Council correlates with reduced economic growth for a given country over the course of its two-year term—3.5% growth during membership compared to 8.7% over four years of non-membership—although the effect is mainly driven by African authoritarian countries. Elected members also experience a reduction in democracy and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Membership_reform">Membership reform</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Membership reform" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">Reform of the United Nations Security Council</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G4_Nations.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/G4_Nations.svg/220px-G4_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 113px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/G4_Nations.svg/220px-G4_Nations.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="113" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/G4_Nations.svg/330px-G4_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/G4_Nations.svg/440px-G4_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4 nations</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uniting_for_Consensus_core.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uniting_for_Consensus_core.png/200px-Uniting_for_Consensus_core.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5784" data-file-height="2594"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 90px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uniting_for_Consensus_core.png/200px-Uniting_for_Consensus_core.png" data-width="200" data-height="90" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uniting_for_Consensus_core.png/300px-Uniting_for_Consensus_core.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Uniting_for_Consensus_core.png/400px-Uniting_for_Consensus_core.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a>: <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and others</figcaption></figure> Proposals to reform the Security Council began with the conference that wrote the UN Charter and have continued to the present day. As British historian Paul Kennedy writes, "Everyone agrees that the present structure is flawed. But consensus on how to fix it remains out of reach."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy200676-139">[135]</a> There has been discussion of increasing the number of permanent members. The countries which have made the strongest demands for permanent seats are Brazil, Germany, India and Japan. Japan and Germany, the main defeated powers in WWII, had been the UN's second- and third-largest funders, respectively, before China took over as the second largest funder in recent years, whilst Brazil and India are two of the largest contributors of troops to UN-mandated peace-keeping missions. Italy, another main defeated power in WWII and now the UN's sixth-largest funder, leads a movement known as <a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a> in opposition to the possible expansion of permanent seats. Core members of the group include Canada, South Korea, Spain, Indonesia, Mexico, Pakistan, Turkey, Argentina and Colombia. Their proposal is to create a new category of seats, still non-permanent, but elected for an extended duration (semi-permanent seats). As far as traditional categories of seats are concerned, the UfC proposal does not imply any change, but only the introduction of small and medium size states amongst groups eligible for regular seats. This proposal includes even the question of veto, giving a range of options that goes from abolition to limitation of the application of the veto only to Chapter VII matters. Former UN Secretary-General <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> asked a team of advisers to come up with recommendations for reforming the United Nations by the end of 2004. One proposed measure is to increase the number of permanent members by five, which, in most proposals, would include Brazil, Germany, India and Japan (known as the <a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4 nations</a>), one seat from Africa (most likely between Egypt, Nigeria or South Africa), and/or one seat from the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> On 21 September 2004, the G4 nations issued a joint statement mutually backing each other's claim to permanent status, together with two African countries. Currently the proposal has to be accepted by two-thirds of the General Assembly (128 votes). The permanent members, each holding the right of veto, announced their positions on Security Council reform reluctantly. The United States has unequivocally supported the permanent membership of Japan and lent its support to India and a small number of additional non-permanent members. The United Kingdom and France have essentially supported the G4 position, with the expansion of permanent and non-permanent members and the accession of Germany, Brazil, India and Japan to permanent member status, as well as an increase in the presence of African countries on the Council. China has supported stronger representation of developing countries and has firmly opposed Japan's membership.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> In 2017, it was reported that the G4 nations were willing temporarily to forgo <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">veto power</a> if granted <a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">permanent UNSC seats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> In September 2017, <a href="/wiki/US_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="US Representatives">US Representatives</a> <a href="/wiki/Ami_Bera" title="Ami Bera">Ami Bera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Pallone" title="Frank Pallone">Frank Pallone</a> introduced a resolution (H.Res.535) in the <a href="/wiki/US_House_of_Representatives" class="mw-redirect" title="US House of Representatives">US House of Representatives</a> (<a href="/wiki/115th_United_States_Congress" title="115th United States Congress">115th United States Congress</a>), seeking support for the elevation of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> to permanent membership of the United Nations Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-US_Congress_India_UNSC-143">[139]</a> Whilst discussions on expanding permanent membership to individual nations such as the G4 continue, alternative proposals have been put forward to reconsider the structure of the Security Council. The Noble World Foundation (NWF) proposes a novel approach, suggesting that UNSC membership and veto power be shifted from individual states to sovereignty-pooling organizations like the European Union (EU). This proposal aligns with the UNSC's practice of regionally-based selection of non-permanent members, aiming to improve the Council's decision-making and effectiveness. The EU serves as a primary example of such pooled sovereignty, especially following the European Court of Justice's 1964 ruling that established the precedence of EU law over national laws of its member states. The NWF advocates that regional entities like the EU could be eligible for UN membership in the Security Council, enabling a significant reform without necessitating an amendment to the UN Charter.<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" 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data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/30px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="30" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/46px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/61px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations" title="Reform of the United Nations">Reform of the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Five_Group" title="Small Five Group">Small Five Group</a>, a group formed to improve the working methods of the Security Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Political_and_Peacebuilding_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs">United Nations Department of Political and Peacebuilding Affairs</a>, provides secretarial support to the Security Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Counter-Terrorism_Committee" title="United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee">United Nations Security Council Counter-Terrorism Committee</a>, a standing committee of the Security Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passblue" title="Passblue">PassBlue</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-roc-1"><a href="#cite_ref-roc_1-0">^</a> The People's Republic of China was <a href="/wiki/Accession_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_to_the_United_Nations" title="Accession of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations">admitted</a> to the UN and the Security Council in 1971, replacing and expelling the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a> still lists the Republic of China as the member. </li> <li id="cite_note-ussr-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ussr_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ussr_2-1">b</a> The Russian Federation succeeded the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Russia_and_the_United_Nations" title="Russia and the United Nations">Russia and the United Nations</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a> still lists the Soviet Union as the member. </li> <li id="cite_note-China-70"><a href="#cite_ref-China_70-0">^</a> On 25 October 1971, with opposition from the United States, the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">People's Republic of China</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland</a> was given the Chinese seat on the Security Council in place of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan (island)">island of Taiwan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">Charter of the United Nations</a> still lists the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> as the member. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> This figure and the figures that follow exclude vetoes cast to block candidates for Secretary-General, as these occur in closed session; 43 such vetoes have occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Veto-75">[72]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/">"Article 7 (1) of Charter of the United Nations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+7+%281%29+of+Charter+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fun-charter%2Fun-charter-full-text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/">"Article 24 (1) of Charter of the United Nations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+24+%281%29+of+Charter+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fun-charter%2Fun-charter-full-text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/">"Article 4 (2) of Charter of the United Nations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Article+4+%282%29+of+Charter+of+the+United+Nations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsections%2Fun-charter%2Fun-charter-full-text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/">"Article 108 of Charter of the United Nations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190410130442/https://www.un.org/en/sections/un-charter/un-charter-full-text/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2019. 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Retrieved 29 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+unrecognizable+Security+Council+Chamber&rft.pub=Norway+Mission+to+the+UN&rft.date=2012-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norway-un.org%2FNorwayandUN%2FUNBodies%2FThe-Security-Council%2FAn-unrecognizable-Security-Council-Chamber%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419111003/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sgsm14951.doc.htm">"Secretary-General, at inauguration of renovated Security Council Chamber, says room speaks 'language of dignity and seriousness'"</a>. United Nations. 16 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2013/sgsm14951.doc.htm">the original</a> on 19 April 2013. Retrieved 26 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Secretary-General%2C+at+inauguration+of+renovated+Security+Council+Chamber%2C+says+room+speaks+%27language+of+dignity+and+seriousness%27&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2FNews%2FPress%2Fdocs%2F2013%2Fsgsm14951.doc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-haidar2015-100"><a href="#cite_ref-haidar2015_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaidar2015" class="citation news cs1">Haidar, Suhasini (1 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-walkout-from-unsc-was-a-turning-point-natwar/article7601027.ece">"India's walkout from UNSC was a turning point: Natwar"</a>. The Hindu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170929214950/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/indias-walkout-from-unsc-was-a-turning-point-natwar/article7601027.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2016. <q>According to Mr. Singh, posted at India's permanent mission at the U.N. then, 1965 was a "turning point" for the U.N. on Kashmir, and a well-planned "walkout" from the U.N. Security Council by the Indian delegation as a protest against Pakistani Foreign Minister (and later PM) Zulfikar Ali Bhutto's speech ensured Kashmir was dropped from the UNSC agenda for all practical purposes.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindu&rft.atitle=India%27s+walkout+from+UNSC+was+a+turning+point%3A+Natwar&rft.date=2015-09-01&rft.aulast=Haidar&rft.aufirst=Suhasini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehindu.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Findias-walkout-from-unsc-was-a-turning-point-natwar%2Farticle7601027.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hovell2016-101"><a href="#cite_ref-hovell2016_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovell2016" class="citation book cs1">Hovell, Devika (2016). The Power of Process: The Value of Due Process in Security Council Sanctions Decision-making. Oxford University Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871767-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-871767-6"><bdi>978-0-19-871767-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power+of+Process%3A+The+Value+of+Due+Process+in+Security+Council+Sanctions+Decision-making&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-871767-6&rft.aulast=Hovell&rft.aufirst=Devika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dewet2003-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dewet2003_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewet2003_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewet2003_102-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dewet2003_102-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_WetNollkaemperDijkstra2003" class="citation book cs1">De Wet, Erika; Nollkaemper, André; Dijkstra, Petra, eds. (2003). Review of the Security Council by member states. Antwerp: Intersentia. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-307-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-5095-307-8"><bdi>978-90-5095-307-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Review+of+the+Security+Council+by+member+states&rft.place=Antwerp&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Intersentia&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-90-5095-307-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bosco2009-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bosco2009_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bosco2009_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosco2009" class="citation book cs1">Bosco, David L. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc/page/138">Five to Rule Them All: the UN Security Council and the Making of the Modern World</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc/page/138">138–139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532876-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532876-9"><bdi>978-0-19-532876-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+to+Rule+Them+All%3A+the+UN+Security+Council+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=138-139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532876-9&rft.aulast=Bosco&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffivetorulethemal00bosc%2Fpage%2F138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-elgebeily2017-104"><a href="#cite_ref-elgebeily2017_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElgebeily2017" class="citation book cs1">Elgebeily, Sherif (2017). 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"Informal consultations" mostly refer to "consultations of the whole", but in different contexts may also refer to consultations among the 15 Council members or only some of them held without a Journal announcement and interpretation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Security+Council&rft.atitle=Security+Council+Handbook+Glossary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsc%2Fabout%2Fmethods%2Fglossary.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unsc_meetings-107"><a href="#cite_ref-unsc_meetings_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/sc/meetings/">"United Nations Security Council Meeting records"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170131194210/http://www.un.org/en/sc/meetings/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017. <q>The preparatory work for formal meetings is conducted in informal consultations for which no public record exists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Nations+Security+Council+Meeting+records&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsc%2Fmeetings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unsc_faq-108"><a href="#cite_ref-unsc_faq_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/en/sc/about/faq.shtml">"Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. United Nations Security Council. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905205244/http://www.un.org/en/sc/about/faq.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2018. Retrieved 29 June 2017. <q>Both open and closed meetings are formal meetings of the Security Council. Closed meetings are not open to the public and no verbatim record of statements is kept, instead the Security Council issues a Communiqué in line with Rule 55 of its Provisional Rules of Procedure. Consultations are informal meetings of the Security Council members and are not covered in the Repertoire.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations+Security+Council&rft.atitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fen%2Fsc%2Fabout%2Ffaq.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-scr2015-109"><a href="#cite_ref-scr2015_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.securitycouncilreport.org/atf/cf/%7B65BFCF9B-6D27-4E9C-8CD3-CF6E4FF96FF9%7D/research_report_3_the_veto_2015.pdf">"The Veto"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 11 December 2011. <q>[I]t would be difficult for the Chinese public to accept Japan as a permanent member of the UNSC.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+embassy+cables%3A+China+reiterates+%27red+lines%27&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Fus-embassy-cables-documents%2F204917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/08/india-offers-to-temporarily-forgo-veto-power-if-granted-permanen/">"India Offers To Temporarily Forgo Veto Power If Granted Permanent UNSC Seat"</a>. <a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170308181726/http://www.huffingtonpost.in/2017/03/08/india-offers-to-temporarily-forgo-veto-power-if-granted-permanen/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2017. Retrieved 9 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=India+Offers+To+Temporarily+Forgo+Veto+Power+If+Granted+Permanent+UNSC+Seat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.in%2F2017%2F03%2F08%2Findia-offers-to-temporarily-forgo-veto-power-if-granted-permanen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Congress_India_UNSC-143"><a href="#cite_ref-US_Congress_India_UNSC_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/us-congressmen-move-resolution-in-support-of-india-s-un-security-council-claim/story-EMDxUAGQjsP8PYFgcBWeFN.html">"US congressmen move resolution in support of India's UN security council claim"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a>. 27 September 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171001002149/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/us-congressmen-move-resolution-in-support-of-india-s-un-security-council-claim/story-EMDxUAGQjsP8PYFgcBWeFN.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=US+congressmen+move+resolution+in+support+of+India%27s+UN+security+council+claim&rft.date=2017-09-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia-news%2Fus-congressmen-move-resolution-in-support-of-india-s-un-security-council-claim%2Fstory-EMDxUAGQjsP8PYFgcBWeFN.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiapost.com/the-urgent-need-for-unsc-reform-a-path-to-global-peace/">"The urgent need for UNSC reform: A path to global peace". India Post"</a>. India Post. 15 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221065201/https://indiapost.com/the-urgent-need-for-unsc-reform-a-path-to-global-peace/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Post&rft.atitle=The+urgent+need+for+UNSC+reform%3A+A+path+to+global+peace%22.+India+Post&rft.date=2023-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findiapost.com%2Fthe-urgent-need-for-unsc-reform-a-path-to-global-peace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnion2023" class="citation web cs1">Union, The European (14 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world101.cfr.org/understanding-international-system/building-blocks/european-union-worlds-biggest-sovereignty">"The European Union: The World's Biggest Sovereignty Experiment", CFR World 101"</a>. The European Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231221065204/https://world101.cfr.org/understanding-international-system/building-blocks/european-union-worlds-biggest-sovereignty">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2023. Retrieved 21 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+European+Union%3A+The+World%27s+Biggest+Sovereignty+Experiment%22%2C+CFR+World+101&rft.pub=The+European+Union&rft.date=2023-02-14&rft.aulast=Union&rft.aufirst=The+European&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld101.cfr.org%2Funderstanding-international-system%2Fbuilding-blocks%2Feuropean-union-worlds-biggest-sovereignty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander1996" class="citation book cs1">Alexander, Titus (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unravellinggloba0000alex">Unravelling Global Apartheid: An Overview of World Politics</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Polity Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1353-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-1353-6"><bdi>978-0-7456-1353-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unravelling+Global+Apartheid%3A+An+Overview+of+World+Politics&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Polity+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7456-1353-6&rft.aulast=Alexander&rft.aufirst=Titus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funravellinggloba0000alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum1992" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Zvi_Blum" title="Yehuda Zvi Blum">Blum, Yehuda Z.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/3/2/2045.pdf">"Russia Takes Over the Soviet Union's Seat at the United Nations"</a> (PDF). European Journal of International Law. 3 (2): 354–362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejil%2F3.2.354">10.1093/ejil/3.2.354</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120324194024/http://www.ejil.org/pdfs/3/2/2045.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 March 2012. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=Russia+Takes+Over+the+Soviet+Union%27s+Seat+at+the+United+Nations&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=354-362&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejil%2F3.2.354&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Yehuda+Z.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ejil.org%2Fpdfs%2F3%2F2%2F2045.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulon1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Coulon" title="Jocelyn Coulon">Coulon, Jocelyn</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/soldiersofdiplom0000coul">Soldiers of Diplomacy: The United Nations, Peacekeeping, and the New World Order</a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0899-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-0899-2"><bdi>978-0-8020-0899-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldiers+of+Diplomacy%3A+The+United+Nations%2C+Peacekeeping%2C+and+the+New+World+Order&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-0899-2&rft.aulast=Coulon&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsoldiersofdiplom0000coul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeni2007" class="citation book cs1">Deni, John R. (2007). Alliance Management and Maintenance: Restructuring NATO for the 21st Century. Aldershot, England: Ashgate Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7039-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-7039-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-7039-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alliance+Management+and+Maintenance%3A+Restructuring+NATO+for+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-7039-1&rft.aulast=Deni&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFasulo2004" class="citation book cs1">Fasulo, Linda (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insidersguidetou00lind">An Insider's Guide to the UN</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10155-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10155-3"><bdi>978-0-300-10155-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Insider%27s+Guide+to+the+UN&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10155-3&rft.aulast=Fasulo&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsidersguidetou00lind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFomerand2009" class="citation book cs1">Fomerand, Jacques (2009). The A to Z of the United Nations. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5547-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-5547-2"><bdi>978-0-8108-5547-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+United+Nations&rft.place=Lanham%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-5547-2&rft.aulast=Fomerand&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaddis2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Gaddis" title="John Lewis Gaddis">Gaddis, John Lewis</a> (2000) [1972]. The United States and the Origins of the Cold War, 1941–1947. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12239-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-12239-9"><bdi>978-0-231-12239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+and+the+Origins+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1941%E2%80%931947&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-231-12239-9&rft.aulast=Gaddis&rft.aufirst=John+Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHillier1998" class="citation book cs1">Hillier, Timothy (1998). Sourcebook on Public International Law. Sourcebook Series. London: Cavendish Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85941-050-9"><bdi>978-1-85941-050-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sourcebook+on+Public+International+Law&rft.place=London&rft.series=Sourcebook+Series&rft.pub=Cavendish+Publishing&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85941-050-9&rft.aulast=Hillier&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoopesBrinkley2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Townsend_Hoopes" title="Townsend Hoopes">Hoopes, Townsend</a>; <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Brinkley" title="Douglas Brinkley">Brinkley, Douglas</a> (2000) [1997]. FDR and the Creation of the U.N. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08553-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-08553-2"><bdi>978-0-300-08553-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=FDR+and+the+Creation+of+the+U.N.&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-300-08553-2&rft.aulast=Hoopes&rft.aufirst=Townsend&rft.au=Brinkley%2C+Douglas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kennedy" title="Paul Kennedy">Kennedy, Paul</a> (2006). <a href="/wiki/The_Parliament_of_Man" title="The Parliament of Man">The Parliament of Man</a>: The Past, Present, and Future of the United Nations. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50165-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-50165-4"><bdi>978-0-375-50165-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Parliament+of+Man%3A+The+Past%2C+Present%2C+and+Future+of+the+United+Nations&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-375-50165-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöchler2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a> (2001). The Concept of Humanitarian Intervention in the Context of Modern Power: Is the Revival of the Doctrine of "Just War" Compatible with the International Rule of Law?. Studies in International Relations 26. Vienna: International Progress Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-900704-20-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-900704-20-9"><bdi>978-3-900704-20-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+Humanitarian+Intervention+in+the+Context+of+Modern+Power%3A+Is+the+Revival+of+the+Doctrine+of+%22Just+War%22+Compatible+with+the+International+Rule+of+Law%3F&rft.place=Vienna&rft.series=Studies+in+International+Relations+26&rft.pub=International+Progress+Organization&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-900704-20-9&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6chler&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagliveras1999" class="citation book cs1">Magliveras, Konstantinos D. (1999). Exclusion from Participation in International Organisations: The Law and Practice behind Member States' Expulsion and Suspension of Membership. Studies and Materials on the Settlement of International Disputes. Vol. 5. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1239-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1239-2"><bdi>978-90-411-1239-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exclusion+from+Participation+in+International+Organisations%3A+The+Law+and+Practice+behind+Member+States%27+Expulsion+and+Suspension+of+Membership&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.series=Studies+and+Materials+on+the+Settlement+of+International+Disputes&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1239-2&rft.aulast=Magliveras&rft.aufirst=Konstantinos+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManchesterReid2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/William_Manchester" title="William Manchester">Manchester, William</a>; <a href="/wiki/Paul_Reid_(writer)" title="Paul Reid (writer)">Reid, Paul</a> (2012). <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Lion:_Winston_Spencer_Churchill" title="The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill">The Last Lion: Winston Spencer Churchill</a>. Vol. 3: Defender of the Realm. New York: Little Brown and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-316-54770-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-316-54770-3"><bdi>978-0-316-54770-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Lion%3A+Winston+Spencer+Churchill&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Little+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-316-54770-3&rft.aulast=Manchester&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Reid%2C+Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1993" class="citation book cs1">Matthews, Ken (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gulfconflictinte0000matt">The Gulf Conflict and International Relations</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07519-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-07519-0"><bdi>978-0-415-07519-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gulf+Conflict+and+International+Relations&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-415-07519-0&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgulfconflictinte0000matt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisler1995" class="citation book cs1">Meisler, Stanley (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_z7w4">United Nations: The First Fifty Years</a>. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Nations%3A+The+First+Fifty+Years&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Meisler&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_z7w4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikulaschek2010" class="citation book cs1">Mikulaschek, Christoph (2010). "Report from the 39th International Peace Institute Vienna Seminar on Peacemaking and Peacekeeping". In Winkler, Hans; <a href="/wiki/Terje_R%C3%B8d-Larsen" title="Terje Rød-Larsen">Rød-Larsen, Terje</a>; Mikulaschek, Christoph (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/favorita_paper_2010.pdf">The UN Security Council and the Responsibility to Protect: Policy, Process, and Practice</a> (PDF). Favorita Papers. Diplomatic Academy of Vienna. pp. 20–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-902021-67-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-902021-67-0"><bdi>978-3-902021-67-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160213172615/http://www.ipinst.org/wp-content/uploads/publications/favorita_paper_2010.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 February 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Report+from+the+39th+International+Peace+Institute+Vienna+Seminar+on+Peacemaking+and+Peacekeeping&rft.btitle=The+UN+Security+Council+and+the+Responsibility+to+Protect%3A+Policy%2C+Process%2C+and+Practice&rft.series=Favorita+Papers&rft.pages=20-49&rft.pub=Diplomatic+Academy+of+Vienna&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-902021-67-0&rft.aulast=Mikulaschek&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipinst.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2Ffavorita_paper_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMires2013" class="citation book cs1">Mires, Charlene (2013). Capital of the World: The Race to Host the United Nations. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0794-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-0794-4"><bdi>978-0-8147-0794-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Capital+of+the+World%3A+The+Race+to+Host+the+United+Nations&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-0794-4&rft.aulast=Mires&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeuhold2001" class="citation book cs1">Neuhold, Hanspeter (2001). "The United Nations System for the Peaceful Settlement of International Disputes". In Cede, Frank; Sucharipa-Behrmann, Lilly (eds.). The United Nations: Law and Practice. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1563-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1563-8"><bdi>978-90-411-1563-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+United+Nations+System+for+the+Peaceful+Settlement+of+International+Disputes&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations%3A+Law+and+Practice&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1563-8&rft.aulast=Neuhold&rft.aufirst=Hanspeter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsmańczyk2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Osma%C5%84czyk" title="Edmund Osmańczyk">Osmańczyk, Edmund Jan</a> (2004). Mango, Anthony (ed.). Encyclopedia of the United Nations and International Agreements. Vol. 4. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93924-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-93924-9"><bdi>978-0-415-93924-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+United+Nations+and+International+Agreements&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-93924-9&rft.aulast=Osma%C5%84czyk&rft.aufirst=Edmund+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlesinger2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schlesinger" title="Stephen Schlesinger">Schlesinger, Stephen C.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/actofcreationfou00schl_0">Act of Creation: The Founding of the United Nations: A Story of Super Powers, Secret Agents, Wartime Allies and Enemies, and Their Quest for a Peaceful World</a>. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3324-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-3324-3"><bdi>978-0-8133-3324-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Act+of+Creation%3A+The+Founding+of+the+United+Nations%3A+A+Story+of+Super+Powers%2C+Secret+Agents%2C+Wartime+Allies+and+Enemies%2C+and+Their+Quest+for+a+Peaceful+World&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-3324-3&rft.aulast=Schlesinger&rft.aufirst=Stephen+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Factofcreationfou00schl_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilcox1945" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Francis_O._Wilcox" title="Francis O. 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American Political Science Review. 39 (5): 943–956. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1950035">10.2307/1950035</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1950035">1950035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143510142">143510142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=The+Yalta+Voting+Formula&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=943-956&rft.date=1945&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143510142%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1950035%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1950035&rft.aulast=Wilcox&rft.aufirst=Francis+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZunes2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Zunes" title="Stephen Zunes">Zunes, Stephen</a> (2004). "International Law, the UN and Middle Eastern Conflicts". Peace Review: A Journal of Social Justice. 16 (3): 285–292. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1040265042000278513">10.1080/1040265042000278513</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1040-2659">1040-2659</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143010895">143010895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Peace+Review%3A+A+Journal+of+Social+Justice&rft.atitle=International+Law%2C+the+UN+and+Middle+Eastern+Conflicts&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-292&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143010895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1040-2659&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1040265042000278513&rft.aulast=Zunes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaileyDaws1998" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Sydney D.; Daws, Sam (1998). The Procedure of the UN Security Council (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-828073-6"><bdi>978-0-19-828073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Procedure+of+the+UN+Security+Council&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-828073-6&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Sydney+D.&rft.au=Daws%2C+Sam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosco2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Bosco" title="David Bosco">Bosco, David L.</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fivetorulethemal00bosc">Five to Rule Them All: The UN Security Council and the Making of the Modern World</a>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532876-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-532876-9"><bdi>978-0-19-532876-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+to+Rule+Them+All%3A+The+UN+Security+Council+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-532876-9&rft.aulast=Bosco&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffivetorulethemal00bosc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockayneMikulaschekPerry2010" class="citation book cs1">Cockayne, James; Mikulaschek, Christoph; Perry, Chris (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/298-the-united-nations-security-council-and-civil-war-first-insights-from-a-new-dataset.html">The United Nations Security Council and Civil War: First Insights from a New Dataset</a>. New York: International Peace Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418051722/http://ipinst.org/publication/policy-papers/detail/298-the-united-nations-security-council-and-civil-war-first-insights-from-a-new-dataset.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2014. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Security+Council+and+Civil+War%3A+First+Insights+from+a+New+Dataset&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=International+Peace+Institute&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cockayne&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Mikulaschek%2C+Christoph&rft.au=Perry%2C+Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipinst.org%2Fpublication%2Fpolicy-papers%2Fdetail%2F298-the-united-nations-security-council-and-civil-war-first-insights-from-a-new-dataset.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrieger2013" class="citation book cs1">Grieger, Gisela (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130451/LDM_BRI(2013)130451_REV1_EN.pdf">Reform of the UN Security Council</a> (PDF). Library of the European Parliament. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615203132/http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/bibliotheque/briefing/2013/130451/LDM_BRI(2013)130451_REV1_EN.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reform+of+the+UN+Security+Council&rft.pub=Library+of+the+European+Parliament&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Grieger&rft.aufirst=Gisela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2FRegData%2Fbibliotheque%2Fbriefing%2F2013%2F130451%2FLDM_BRI%282013%29130451_REV1_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannay2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Hannay,_Baron_Hannay_of_Chiswick" title="David Hannay, Baron Hannay of Chiswick">Hannay, David</a> (2008). New World Disorder: The UN after the Cold War – An Insider's View. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-719-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-719-1"><bdi>978-1-84511-719-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+World+Disorder%3A+The+UN+after+the+Cold+War+%E2%80%93+An+Insider%27s+View&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84511-719-1&rft.aulast=Hannay&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurd2007" class="citation book cs1">Hurd, Ian (2007). After Anarchy: Legitimacy and Power in the United Nations Security Council. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12866-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12866-5"><bdi>978-0-691-12866-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Anarchy%3A+Legitimacy+and+Power+in+the+United+Nations+Security+Council&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12866-5&rft.aulast=Hurd&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöchler1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_K%C3%B6chler" title="Hans Köchler">Köchler, Hans</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Voting_Procedure-UN_Security_Council.pdf">The Voting Procedure in the United Nations Security Council: Examining a Normative Contradiction in the UN Charter and its Consequences on International Relations</a> (PDF). Studies in International Relations. Vol. 17. Vienna: International Progress Organization. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-900704-10-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-900704-10-0"><bdi>978-3-900704-10-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906014909/http://i-p-o.org/Koechler-Voting_Procedure-UN_Security_Council.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 September 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Voting+Procedure+in+the+United+Nations+Security+Council%3A+Examining+a+Normative+Contradiction+in+the+UN+Charter+and+its+Consequences+on+International+Relations&rft.place=Vienna&rft.series=Studies+in+International+Relations&rft.pub=International+Progress+Organization&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-3-900704-10-0&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6chler&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fi-p-o.org%2FKoechler-Voting_Procedure-UN_Security_Council.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoweRobertsWelshZaum2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Vaughan_Lowe" title="Vaughan Lowe">Lowe, Vaughan</a>; <a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Roberts, Adam</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Welsh" title="Jennifer Welsh">Welsh, Jennifer</a>; Zaum, Dominik, eds. (2008). The United Nations Security Council and War: The Evolution of Thought and Practice since 1945. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953343-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-953343-5"><bdi>978-0-19-953343-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+Nations+Security+Council+and+War%3A+The+Evolution+of+Thought+and+Practice+since+1945&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-953343-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalone1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Malone" title="David M. Malone">Malone, David</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/decisionmakingin0000malo">Decision-Making in the UN Security Council: The Case of Haiti, 1990–1997</a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829483-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-829483-2"><bdi>978-0-19-829483-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decision-Making+in+the+UN+Security+Council%3A+The+Case+of+Haiti%2C+1990%E2%80%931997&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-829483-2&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdecisionmakingin0000malo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatheson2006" class="citation book cs1">Matheson, Michael J. (2006). Council Unbound: The Growth of UN Decision Making on Conflict and Postconflict Issues after the Cold War. Washington: US Institute of Peace Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-78-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929223-78-7"><bdi>978-1-929223-78-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Council+Unbound%3A+The+Growth+of+UN+Decision+Making+on+Conflict+and+Postconflict+Issues+after+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=US+Institute+of+Peace+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-929223-78-7&rft.aulast=Matheson&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsZaum2008" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Roberts_(scholar)" title="Adam Roberts (scholar)">Roberts, Adam</a>; Zaum, Dominik (2008). "Selective Security: War and the United Nations Security Council since 1945". Strategic Survey: The Annual Review of World Affairs. Adelphi Paper. 395. Abingdon, England: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47472-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-47472-6"><bdi>978-0-415-47472-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0567-932X">0567-932X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Survey%3A+The+Annual+Review+of+World+Affairs&rft.atitle=Selective+Security%3A+War+and+the+United+Nations+Security+Council+since+1945&rft.volume=395&rft.date=2008&rft.issn=0567-932X&rft.isbn=978-0-415-47472-6&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Zaum%2C+Dominik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVreelandDreher2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Vreeland" title="James Vreeland">Vreeland, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Axel_Dreher" title="Axel Dreher">Dreher, Axel</a> (2014). The Political Economy of the United Nations Security Council: Money and Influence. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51841-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-51841-3"><bdi>978-0-521-51841-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+United+Nations+Security+Council%3A+Money+and+Influence&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-521-51841-3&rft.aulast=Vreeland&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Dreher%2C+Axel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+Nations+Security+Council" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=United_Nations_Security_Council&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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00:21 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veiligheidsraad" title="Veiligheidsraad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Veiligheidsraad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsrat_der_Vereinten_Nationen" title="Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجلس الأمن التابع للأمم المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D4%B1%D4%BF-%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4" title="ՄԱԿ-ի Ապահովութեան Խորհուրդ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="ՄԱԿ-ի Ապահովութեան Խորհուրդ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cons%C3%A8ly_de_s%C3%A8curit%C3%A2t_des_Nacions_unies" title="Consèly de sècuritât des Nacions unies – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Consèly de sècuritât des Nacions unies" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseyu_de_Segurid%C3%A1_de_les_Naciones_Xun%C3%ADes" title="Conseyu de Seguridá de les Naciones Xuníes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Conseyu de Seguridá de les Naciones Xuníes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%93%D3%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80%D1%86%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BA%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Цолъарал Миллатазул ГӀуцӀцӀиялъул ХӀинкъибукӀунгутӀиялъул Мажлис – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Цолъарал Миллатазул ГӀуцӀцӀиялъул ХӀинкъибукӀунгутӀиялъул Мажлис" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Mill%C9%99tl%C9%99r_T%C9%99%C5%9Fkilat%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_T%C9%99hl%C3%BCk%C9%99sizlik_%C5%9Euras%C4%B1" title="Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatının Təhlükəsizlik Şurası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birləşmiş Millətlər Təşkilatının Təhlükəsizlik Şurası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%B1_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="بیرلشمیش میلتلر گوونلیک شوراسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرلشمیش میلتلر گوونلیک شوراسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A6" title="জাতিসংঘ নিরাপত্তা পরিষদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাতিসংঘ নিরাপত্তা পরিষদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A2n-ha%CC%8Dp-kok_An-cho%C3%A2n_L%C3%AD-s%C5%AB-h%C5%8De" title="Liân-ha̍p-kok An-choân Lí-sū-hōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Liân-ha̍p-kok An-choân Lí-sū-hōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%9C%D0%9E-%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="БМО-ның Именлек Советы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="БМО-ның Именлек Советы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%90%D0%90%D0%9D" title="Савет Бяспекі ААН – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Савет Бяспекі ААН" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%90%D0%90%D0%9D" title="Рада Бясьпекі ААН – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рада Бясьпекі ААН" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Съвет за сигурност на ООН – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съвет за сигурност на ООН" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vije%C4%87e_sigurnosti_Ujedinjenih_nacija" title="Vijeće sigurnosti Ujedinjenih nacija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vijeće sigurnosti Ujedinjenih nacija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuzul_Surentez_ar_Broado%C3%B9_Unanet" title="Kuzul Surentez ar Broadoù Unanet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kuzul Surentez ar Broadoù Unanet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consell_de_Seguretat_de_les_Nacions_Unides" title="Consell de Seguretat de les Nacions Unides – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consell de Seguretat de les Nacions Unides" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_bezpe%C4%8Dnosti_OSN" title="Rada bezpečnosti OSN – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rada bezpečnosti OSN" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyngor_Diogelwch_y_Cenhedloedd_Unedig" title="Cyngor Diogelwch y Cenhedloedd Unedig – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyngor Diogelwch y Cenhedloedd Unedig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN%27s_sikkerhedsr%C3%A5d" title="FN's sikkerhedsråd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="FN's sikkerhedsråd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicherheitsrat_der_Vereinten_Nationen" title="Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sicherheitsrat der Vereinten Nationen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9CRO_Julgeolekun%C3%B5ukogu" title="ÜRO Julgeolekunõukogu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="ÜRO Julgeolekunõukogu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%91%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%95%CE%B8%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Συμβούλιο Ασφαλείας Ηνωμένων Εθνών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Συμβούλιο Ασφαλείας Ηνωμένων Εθνών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consejo_de_Seguridad_de_las_Naciones_Unidas" title="Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsilio_pri_Sekureco_de_Unui%C4%9Dintaj_Nacioj" title="Konsilio pri Sekureco de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konsilio pri Sekureco de Unuiĝintaj Nacioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazio_Batuen_Segurtasun_Kontseilua" title="Nazio Batuen Segurtasun Kontseilua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazio Batuen Segurtasun Kontseilua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF" title="شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورای امنیت سازمان ملل متحد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trygdarr%C3%A1%C3%B0_ST" title="Trygdarráð ST – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Trygdarráð ST" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conseil_de_s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9_des_Nations_unies" title="Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conseil de sécurité des Nations unies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consello_de_Seguridade_das_Naci%C3%B3ns_Unidas" title="Consello de Seguridade das Nacións Unidas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Consello de Seguridade das Nacións Unidas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%97%94_%EC%95%88%EC%A0%84_%EB%B3%B4%EC%9E%A5_%EC%9D%B4%EC%82%AC%ED%9A%8C" title="유엔 안전 보장 이사회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유엔 안전 보장 이사회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D4%B1%D4%BF-%D5%AB_%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A4" title="ՄԱԿ-ի Անվտանգության խորհուրդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ՄԱԿ-ի Անվտանգության խորհուրդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vije%C4%87e_sigurnosti_Ujedinjenih_naroda" title="Vijeće sigurnosti Ujedinjenih naroda – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vijeće sigurnosti Ujedinjenih naroda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekureso-Konsilistaro_dil_Unionita_Nacioni" title="Sekureso-Konsilistaro dil Unionita Nacioni – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sekureso-Konsilistaro dil Unionita Nacioni" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Keamanan_Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dewan Keamanan Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilio_de_Securitate_del_Nationes_Unite" title="Consilio de Securitate del Nationes Unite – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Consilio de Securitate del Nationes Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibhunga_lezokhuseleko_leZizwe_eziManyeneyo" title="Ibhunga lezokhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Ibhunga lezokhuseleko leZizwe eziManyeneyo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96ryggisr%C3%A1%C3%B0_Sameinu%C3%B0u_%C3%BEj%C3%B3%C3%B0anna" title="Öryggisráð Sameinuðu þjóðanna – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Öryggisráð Sameinuðu þjóðanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiglio_di_sicurezza_delle_Nazioni_Unite" title="Consiglio di sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consiglio di sicurezza delle Nazioni Unite" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%99%D7%98%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%95%D7%97%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA" title="מועצת הביטחון של האומות המאוחדות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מועצת הביטחון של האומות המאוחדות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dh%C3%A9wan_Kaamanan_PBB" title="Dhéwan Kaamanan PBB – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Dhéwan Kaamanan PBB" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D" title="გაეროს უშიშროების საბჭო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გაეროს უშიშროების საბჭო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D2%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D2%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%96" title="Біріккен Ұлттар Ұйымының Қауіпсіздік Кеңесі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Біріккен Ұлттар Ұйымының Қауіпсіздік Кеңесі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baraza_la_Usalama_la_Umoja_wa_Mataifa" title="Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Baraza la Usalama la Umoja wa Mataifa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konseya_Ewlekariy%C3%AA_ya_Netewey%C3%AAn_Yekb%C3%BBy%C3%AE" title="Konseya Ewlekariyê ya Neteweyên Yekbûyî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Konseya Ewlekariyê ya Neteweyên Yekbûyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D1%8E%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8" title="Бириккен Улуттар Уюмунун Коопсуздук Кеңеши – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бириккен Улуттар Уюмунун Коопсуздук Кеңеши" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consilium_securitatis" title="Consilium securitatis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Consilium securitatis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ANO_Dro%C5%A1%C4%ABbas_padome" title="ANO Drošības padome – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="ANO Drošības padome" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cherheetsrot_vun_de_Vereenten_Natiounen" title="Sécherheetsrot vun de Vereenten Natiounen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sécherheetsrot vun de Vereenten Natiounen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungtini%C5%B3_Taut%C5%B3_Saugumo_Taryba" title="Jungtinių Tautų Saugumo Taryba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jungtinių Tautų Saugumo Taryba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az_Egyes%C3%BClt_Nemzetek_Szervezete_Biztons%C3%A1gi_Tan%C3%A1csa" title="Az Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete Biztonsági Tanácsa – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az Egyesült Nemzetek Szervezete Biztonsági Tanácsa" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Совет за безбедност на ООН – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Совет за безбедност на ООН" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filankevi-Pilaminan%27_ny_Firenena_Mikambana" title="Filankevi-Pilaminan' ny Firenena Mikambana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filankevi-Pilaminan' ny Firenena Mikambana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%90%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്രസഭ സുരക്ഷാസമിതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഐക്യരാഷ്ട്രസഭ സുരക്ഷാസമിതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्रे सुरक्षा परिषद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संयुक्त राष्ट्रे सुरक्षा परिषद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3" title="გოეროშ უშქურანჯალაშ სხუნუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გოეროშ უშქურანჯალაშ სხუნუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86" title="مجلس الامن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مجلس الامن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B6%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B3%E1%80%82%E1%80%AE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%81%A0%E1%80%AE%E1%80%AF" title="ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="ကံင်သဳဂီုကၠီု" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="امنیت شورا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="امنیت شورا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majlis_Keselamatan_Pertubuhan_Bangsa-Bangsa_Bersatu" title="Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Majlis Keselamatan Pertubuhan Bangsa-Bangsa Bersatu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewan_Kaamanan_Pasarikatan_Banso-Banso" title="Dewan Kaamanan Pasarikatan Banso-Banso – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dewan Kaamanan Pasarikatan Banso-Banso" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D2%AE%D0%91-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%90%D1%8E%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B3%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%97%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="НҮБ-ын Аюулгүйн Зөвлөл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="НҮБ-ын Аюулгүйн Зөвлөл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%82%E1%80%B9%E1%80%82_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%80%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AE" title="ကုလသမဂ္ဂ လုံခြုံရေးကောင်စီ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကုလသမဂ္ဂ လုံခြုံရေးကောင်စီ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veiligheidsraad_van_de_Verenigde_Naties" title="Veiligheidsraad van de Verenigde Naties – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Veiligheidsraad van de Verenigde Naties" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D" title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद् – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="संयुक्त राष्ट्र सुरक्षा परिषद्" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%80%A3%E5%90%88%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A" title="国際連合安全保障理事会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国際連合安全保障理事会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/FNs_sikkerhetsr%C3%A5d" title="FNs sikkerhetsråd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="FNs sikkerhetsråd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryggingsr%C3%A5det_i_SN" title="Tryggingsrådet i SN – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tryggingsrådet i SN" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselh_de_Securitat_de_las_Nacions_Unidas" title="Conselh de Securitat de las Nacions Unidas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Conselh de Securitat de las Nacions Unidas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birlashgan_Millatlar_Tashkilotining_Xavfsizlik_Kengashi" title="Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Birlashgan Millatlar Tashkilotining Xavfsizlik Kengashi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B2" title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਕੌਂਸਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੰਯੁਕਤ ਰਾਸ਼ਟਰ ਸੁਰੱਖਿਆ ਕੌਂਸਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88_%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="د ملګرو ملتونو امنيت شورا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ملګرو ملتونو امنيت شورا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B9%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7" title="ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ក្រុមប្រឹក្សាសន្តិសុខអង្គការសហប្រជាជាតិ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rada_Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa_Organizacji_Narod%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Rada Bezpieczeństwa Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rada Bezpieczeństwa Organizacji Narodów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conselho_de_Seguran%C3%A7a_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas" title="Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conselho de Segurança das Nações Unidas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consiliul_de_Securitate_al_ONU" title="Consiliul de Securitate al ONU – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consiliul de Securitate al ONU" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%97%D0%9D" title="Рада безпечности ОЗН – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Рада безпечности ОЗН" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Совет Безопасности ООН – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Совет Безопасности ООН" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitit_Naitions_Security_Cooncil" title="Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Unitit Naitions Security Cooncil" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ABshilli_i_Sigurimit_i_Organizat%C3%ABs_s%C3%AB_Kombeve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara" title="Këshilli i Sigurimit i Organizatës së Kombeve të Bashkuara – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Këshilli i Sigurimit i Organizatës së Kombeve të Bashkuara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%9A_%E0%B6%86%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%9A_%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක මණ්ඩලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="එක්සත් ජාතීන්ගේ ආරක්ෂක මණ්ඩලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United Nations Security Council" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bezpe%C4%8Dnostn%C3%A1_rada_Organiz%C3%A1cie_Spojen%C3%BDch_n%C3%A1rodov" title="Bezpečnostná rada Organizácie Spojených národov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bezpečnostná rada Organizácie Spojených národov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varnostni_svet_Zdru%C5%BEenih_narodov" title="Varnostni svet Združenih narodov – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Varnostni svet Združenih narodov" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golaha_Amniga_Qaramada_Midoobay" title="Golaha Amniga Qaramada Midoobay – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Golaha Amniga Qaramada Midoobay" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%88%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئەنجومەنی ئاسایشی نەتەوە یەکگرتووەکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەنجومەنی ئاسایشی نەتەوە یەکگرتووەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A3%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Савет безбедности Уједињених нација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Савет безбедности Уједињених нација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savet_bezbednosti_Ujedinjenih_nacija" title="Savet bezbednosti Ujedinjenih nacija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Savet bezbednosti Ujedinjenih nacija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdistyneiden_kansakuntien_turvallisuusneuvosto" title="Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien turvallisuusneuvosto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien turvallisuusneuvosto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/FN:s_s%C3%A4kerhetsr%C3%A5d" title="FN:s säkerhetsråd – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="FN:s säkerhetsråd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsehong_Panseguridad_ng_mga_Nagkakaisang_Bansa" title="Konsehong Panseguridad ng mga Nagkakaisang Bansa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Konsehong Panseguridad ng mga Nagkakaisang Bansa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் பாதுகாப்பு அவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஐக்கிய நாடுகள் பாதுகாப்பு அவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aseqqamu_n_T%C9%A3ellist_n_Ye%C9%A3lanen_Yeddukklen" title="Aseqqamu n Tɣellist n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aseqqamu n Tɣellist n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BA%D3%99%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Берләшкән Милләтләр Оешмасының Иминлек Шурасы – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Берләшкән Милләтләр Оешмасының Иминлек Шурасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4" title="คณะมนตรีความมั่นคงแห่งสหประชาชาติ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะมนตรีความมั่นคงแห่งสหประชาชาติ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D3%AF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D2%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Шӯрои Амнияти Созмони Милали Муттаҳид – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шӯрои Амнияти Созмони Милали Муттаҳид" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BE_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಭದ್ರತಾ ಮಂಡಳಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭದ್ರತಾ ಮಂಡಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birle%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_Milletler_G%C3%BCvenlik_Konseyi" title="Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Birleşmiş Milletler Güvenlik Konseyi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9E%D0%9E%D0%9D" title="Рада Безпеки ООН – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рада Безпеки ООН" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%DB%81_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%84" title="اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اقوام متحدہ سلامتی کونسل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_B%E1%BA%A3o_an_Li%C3%AAn_H%E1%BB%A3p_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Hội đồng Bảo an Liên Hợp Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hội đồng Bảo an Liên Hợp Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%83" title="聯合國安全理事會 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="聯合國安全理事會" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%89%E7%90%86%E4%BC%9A" title="联合国安理会 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="联合国安理会" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A1_%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98" title="זיכערהייטס ראט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="זיכערהייטס ראט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="United Nations Security Council" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E6%9C%83" title="聯合國安全理事會 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聯合國安全理事會" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jongt%C4%97niu_Taut%C5%AB_Saugoma_Tar%C4%ABba" title="Jongtėniu Tautū Saugoma Tarība – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Jongtėniu Tautū Saugoma Tarība" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%89%E5%85%A8%E7%90%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BC%9A" title="联合国安全理事会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="联合国安全理事会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 00:21 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-565f7699fc-cs6vf","wgBackendResponseTime":336,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.197","walltime":"2.553","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19584,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":537160,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":32219,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":48,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":490291,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2165.091 1 -total"," 30.31% 656.272 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.41% 441.805 2 Template:Infobox"," 14.80% 320.524 54 Template:Cite_web"," 13.96% 302.263 1 Template:Infobox_United_Nations"," 10.65% 230.689 52 Template:Sfn"," 9.17% 198.483 36 Template:Cite_book"," 7.18% 155.504 1 Template:Collapsible_list"," 5.86% 126.923 5 Template:Lang"," 5.13% 111.072 1 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1,\n [\"CITEREFHurd2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuziemko2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöchler1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöchler2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoweRobertsWelshZaum2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLundgrenKlamberg2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagliveras1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalone1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalone2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFManchesterReid2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatheson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatthews1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeisler1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikulaschek2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMires2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeuhold2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNobel_Prize\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOsmańczyk2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRAND_Corporation\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRajan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReid1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertsZaum2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenthal1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlesinger2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSieversDaws2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTandonTandon1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTimes1949\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnion2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrquhart1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVreeland2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVreelandDreher2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWadhams,_Nick2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson,_Ivan_and_Joe_Vaccarello2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilcox1945\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZunes2004\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Box\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 36,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 54,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 5,\n [\"Flag\"] = 17,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 20,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 8,\n [\"Flaglist\"] = 15,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 10,\n [\"Infobox\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox United Nations\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 5,\n [\"Leftlegend\"] = 5,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Mdash\"] = 5,\n [\"N/A\"] = 2,\n [\"Nobr\"] = 20,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Official website\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Resize\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 3,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 52,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"UN Charter\"] = 1,\n [\"UN Security Council\"] = 1,\n [\"UNSCR\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 2,\n [\"United Nations\"] = 1,\n [\"United Nations Security Council elections\"] = 1,\n [\"Usd\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Oxford spelling\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 3,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","340","23.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","300","20.3"],["recursiveClone 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