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class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Oekra%C3%AFne" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a 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Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Oekra%C3%AFne" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Oekra%C3%AFne" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Etimologie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Etimologie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landsnaam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landsnaam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Landsnaam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landsnaam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volksnaam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volksnaam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Volksnaam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volksnaam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Landskapsvorme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landskapsvorme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Landskapsvorme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landskapsvorme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grensland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grensland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Grensland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grensland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oekraïne_as_geografiese_entiteit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oekraïne_as_geografiese_entiteit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Oekraïne as geografiese entiteit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oekraïne_as_geografiese_entiteit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekologiese_vraagstukke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekologiese_vraagstukke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ekologiese vraagstukke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ekologiese_vraagstukke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Klimaat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klimaat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Klimaat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klimaat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geskiedenis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geskiedenis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Geskiedenis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Geskiedenis subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geskiedenis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burgeroorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burgeroorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Burgeroorlog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burgeroorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poolse_aanval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poolse_aanval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Poolse aanval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poolse_aanval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oekraïne_as_Sowjetrepubliek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oekraïne_as_Sowjetrepubliek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Oekraïne as Sowjetrepubliek</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oekraïne_as_Sowjetrepubliek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tweede_Wêreldoorlog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tweede_Wêreldoorlog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tweede Wêreldoorlog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tweede_Wêreldoorlog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Onafhanklikheid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Onafhanklikheid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Onafhanklikheid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Onafhanklikheid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russies-Oekraïense_konflik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russies-Oekraïense_konflik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Russies-Oekraïense konflik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russies-Oekraïense_konflik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politiek" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politiek"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politiek</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Politiek subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politiek-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administratiewe_indeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administratiewe_indeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Administratiewe indeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administratiewe_indeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demografie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Demografie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Etniese_samestelling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etniese_samestelling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Etniese samestelling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etniese_samestelling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografiese_ontwikkeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografiese_ontwikkeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Demografiese ontwikkeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografiese_ontwikkeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasie_en_staat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasie_en_staat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Nasie en staat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasie_en_staat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oekraïners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oekraïners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Oekraïners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oekraïners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Boere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Godsdiens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Godsdiens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Godsdiens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Godsdiens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ekonomie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Ekonomie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kenmerke" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenmerke"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Kenmerke</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenmerke-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Struktuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Struktuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Struktuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Struktuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landboupotensiaal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landboupotensiaal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Landboupotensiaal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landboupotensiaal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kultuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kultuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Kultuur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Kultuur subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Kultuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verwysings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verwysings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Verwysings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verwysings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronnelys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronnelys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bronnelys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronnelys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eksterne_skakels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eksterne_skakels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Eksterne skakels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eksterne_skakels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Oekraïne</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 298 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-298" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">298 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Abkasies" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkasies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Atsjenees" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Atsjenees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Украинэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Украинэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AC%E1%8A%95" title="ዩክሬን – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዩክሬን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%ADna" title="Ucraína – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Ucraína" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A6gna" title="Ucrægna – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ucrægna" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukeren" title="Yukeren – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Yukeren" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Obolo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="أوكرانيا – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوكرانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%98%DC%A9%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%A2%DC%90" title="ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܘܩܪܐܝܢܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A4%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ؤكرانيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="ؤكرانيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="اوكرانيا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوكرانيا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ইউক্ৰেইন – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইউক্ৰেইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%ADna" title="Ucraína – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ucraína" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Avaries" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraniya" title="Ukraniya – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Ukraniya" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna" title="Ukrayna – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ukrayna" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اوکراین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوکراین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okraina" title="Okraina – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Okraina" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украіна – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Украіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украіна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Украіна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain" title="Ukrain – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Ukrain" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйна – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Украйна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="यूक्रेन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="यूक्रेन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukren" title="Yukren – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Yukren" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ယူကရေင်းခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ယူကရေင်းခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain" title="Ukrain – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Ukrain" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ইউক্রেন – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউক্রেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨུཀ་རཡི་ནི། – Tibettaans" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨུཀ་རཡི་ནི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibettaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="ইউক্রেন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইউক্রেন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%98%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%8A%E1%A8%99" title="ᨕᨘᨀᨑᨕᨗᨊᨙ – Buginees" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨘᨀᨑᨕᨗᨊᨙ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%AFna" title="Ucraïna – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ucraïna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrania" title="Ucrania – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Ucrania" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Tsjetsjeens" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tsjetsjeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrania" title="Ukrania – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Ukrania" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chamoru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%A7%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%82" title="ᏳᎧᎴᏂ – Cherokees" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏳᎧᎴᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Cheyennees" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyennees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ئوکراینا – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئوکراینا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Korsikaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Korsikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%99krajina" title="Ùkrajina – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ùkrajina" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Оукраина – Kerkslawies" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Оукраина" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Kerkslawies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wcr%C3%A1in" title="Wcráin – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Wcráin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna" title="Ukrayna – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Ukrayna" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Benedesorbies" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Benedesorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%94%DE%AB%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0" title="ޔޫކްރެއިން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޔޫކްރެއިން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ουκρανία – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουκρανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucragna" title="Ucragna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Ucragna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainio" title="Ukrainio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ukrainio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrania" title="Ucrania – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ucrania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrania" title="Ucrania – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Ucrania" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اوکراین – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوکراین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayiina" title="Ukrayiina – Fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Ukrayiina" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Fidjiaans" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidjiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A8na" title="Ucrèna – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ucrèna" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraine" title="Ucraine – Friuliaans" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Ucraine" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_%C3%9Acr%C3%A1in" title="An Úcráin – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Úcráin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna" title="Ukrayna – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Ukrayna" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="烏克蘭 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="烏克蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oukr%C3%A8n" title="Oukrèn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Oukrèn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ucr%C3%A0in" title="An Ucràin – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An Ucràin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%ADna" title="Ucraína – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ucraína" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uky%C3%A1%C3%B1a" title="Ukyáña – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ukyáña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BE%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐌿𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌾𐌽𐌰 – Goties" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌿𐌺𐍂𐌰𐌾𐌽𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Goties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%87%E0%AA%A8" title="યૂક્રેઇન – Goedjarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="યૂક્રેઇન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Goedjarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guw mw-list-item"><a href="https://guw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Gun" lang="guw" hreflang="guw" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Gungbe" data-language-local-name="Gun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gungbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Ookraan" title="Yn Ookraan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Ookraan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraniya" title="Ukraniya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ukraniya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBUkelena" title="ʻUkelena – Hawais" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻUkelena" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="אוקראינה – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוקראינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Oppersorbies" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Oppersorbies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikr%C3%A8n" title="Ikrèn – Haïtiaans" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Ikrèn" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajna" title="Ukrajna – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ukrajna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1" title="Ուկրաինա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուկրաինա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D6%84%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Ուքրանիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ուքրանիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukrain" title="Yukrain – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Yukrain" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukrain" title="Yukrain – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Yukrain" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrania" title="Ukrania – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ukrania" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Akra%C3%ADna" title="Úkraína – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Úkraína" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%94%AA%E1%91%AF%E1%95%8B%E1%90%83%E1%93%90" title="ᔪᑯᕋᐃᓐ – Inoektitoet" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᔪᑯᕋᐃᓐ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inoektitoet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8A" title="ウクライナ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウクライナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuukrien" title="Yuukrien – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Yuukrien" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/vurgu%27e" title="vurgu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="vurgu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უკრაინა – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უკრაინა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayin" title="Ukrayin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ukrayin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8D" title="Украинэ – Kabardiaans" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Украинэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukur%C9%9Bn%C9%A9" title="Ukurɛnɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Ukurɛnɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuki%CC%B1ren" title="Yuki̱ren – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Yuki̱ren" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uklenyi" title="Uklenyi – Kongolees" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Uklenyi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongolees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%93" title="អ៊ុយក្រែន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ុយក្រែន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯುಕ್ರೇನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯುಕ್ರೇನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%ED%81%AC%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%82%98" title="우크라이나 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우크라이나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Komi-Permyaks" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%97%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%86" title="یوٗکریٖن – Kasjmirs" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="یوٗکریٖن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kasjmirs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Bkrayna" title="Ûkrayna – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Ûkrayna" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayn" title="Ukrayn – Kornies" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ukrayn" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Kirgisies" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="voorbladartikel"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain" title="Ukrain – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ukrain" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Lezghies" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrainn-a" title="Ucrainn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Ucrainn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດອູແກຣນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອູແກຣນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Madurees" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okraina" title="Okraina – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Okraina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAkareinga" title="Ūkareinga – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ūkareinga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%89%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="ഉക്രൈൻ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഉക്രൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Украин – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Украин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯌꯨꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯌꯨꯀ꯭ꯔꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajna" title="Ukrajna – Maltees" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Ukrajna" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oucr%C3%A1nia" title="Oucránia – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Oucránia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%80%80%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ယူကရိန်းနိုင်ငံ – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယူကရိန်းနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اکراین – Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اکراین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Neapolitaans" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Nedersaksies" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="युक्रेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="युक्रेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8E%DF%9E%DF%99%DF%8D%DF%A3%DF%8C%DF%B2%DF%AB" title="ߎߞߙߍߣߌ߲߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߎߞߙߍߣߌ߲߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukra%C3%AEne" title="Ukraîne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ukraîne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C3%ADtso_Hatsohnii_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dzítso Hatsohnii Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dzítso Hatsohnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucra%C3%AFna" title="Ucraïna – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ucraïna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainu" title="Ukrainu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Ukrainu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuukireen" title="Yuukireen – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yuukireen" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AD%9F%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ୟୁକ୍ରେନ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ୟୁକ୍ରେନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%C3%A6" title="Украинæ – Osseties" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Украинæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osseties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A8" title="ਯੂਕਰੇਨ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਯੂਕਰੇਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraniya" title="Ukraniya – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Ukraniya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrania" title="Ukrania – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Ukrania" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oucrinne" title="Oucrinne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Oucrinne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcm mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukrain" title="Yukrain – Nigeriese Pidgin" lang="pcm" hreflang="pcm" data-title="Yukrain" data-language-autonym="Naijá" data-language-local-name="Nigeriese Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Naijá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucrain-a" title="Ucrain-a – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ucrain-a" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="یوکرین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یوکرین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ουκρανία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Ουκρανία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="اوکراین – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اوکراین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A2nia" title="Ucrânia – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ucrânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ukelan" title="ukelan – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="ukelan" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayina" title="Ukrayina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ukrayina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Reto-Romaans" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Romaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna" title="Ukrayna – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Ukrayna" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Aromanies" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraine" title="Ucraine – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Ucraine" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Україна – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Україна" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikerene" title="Ikerene – Rwandees" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikerene" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Rwandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украйиина – Sakhaans" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Украйиина" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakhaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱣᱠᱨᱮᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Sardinies" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucraina" title="Ucraina – Sisiliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Ucraina" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisiliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86" title="يوڪرين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="يوڪرين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Noord-Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Noord-Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B6%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B5%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းယူႇၶရဵၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းယူႇၶရဵၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="යුක්‍රේනය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="යුක්‍රේනය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iukureini" title="Iukureini – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iukureini" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vukireni" title="Vukireni – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Vukireni" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukrayn" title="Yukrayn – Somalies" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Yukrayn" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украјина – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Украјина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainakondre" title="Ukrainakondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Ukrainakondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYukhureni" title="IYukhureni – Swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IYukhureni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Suid-Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Suid-Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraini" title="Ukraini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ukraini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajina" title="Ukrajina – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ukrajina" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="உக்ரைன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உக்ரைன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%89%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఉక్రెయిన్ – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఉక్రెయిన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukr%C3%A1nia" title="Ukránia – Tetoem" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Ukránia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetoem" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Укроин – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Укроин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศยูเครน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศยูเครน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A9%E1%8A%AD%E1%88%AC%E1%8A%95" title="ዩክሬን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ዩክሬን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Turkmeens" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrajn%C9%99" title="Ukrajnə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ukrajnə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BB%C5%AAkala%CA%BBine" title="ʻŪkalaʻine – Tongaans" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻŪkalaʻine" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukren" title="Yukren – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Yukren" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrayna" title="Ukrayna – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ukrayna" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Tuvinees" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Украина – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Украина" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%87%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%86%D8%A7" title="ئۇكرائىنا – Uighur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئۇكرائىنا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uighur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Україна – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Україна" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86" title="یوکرین – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یوکرین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Ukraine" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tshivenda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucr%C3%A0ina" title="Ucràina – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Ucràina" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrain" title="Ukrain – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Ukrain" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukray%C3%A4n" title="Lukrayän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lukrayän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oucrinne" title="Oucrinne – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oucrinne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukranya" title="Ukranya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ukranya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukreen" title="Ukreen – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ukreen" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乌克兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYukreyini" title="IYukreyini – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IYukreyini" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="უკრაინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უკრაინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="אוקראינע – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אוקראינע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukr%C3%A9%C3%ACn" title="Yukréìn – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Yukréìn" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuhgwzlanz" title="Vuhgwzlanz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vuhgwzlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Oekraïne – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Oekraïne" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A2%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ – Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵓⴽⵔⴰⵏⵢⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standaard Marokkaanse Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="乌克兰 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乌克兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="烏克蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="烏克蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ukraina" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD" title="烏克蘭 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="烏克蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IYukreyini" title="IYukreyini – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IYukreyini" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Oekra%C3%AFne" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Afrikaans</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Weergawes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFne&action=edit" title="Hierdie bladsy is beskerm. U kan die bronteks besigtig. [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wys bronteks</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFne&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFne&action=edit"><span>Wys bronteks</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFne&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Oekra%C3%AFne" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Oekra%C3%AFne" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Spesiale_bladsye" title="'n Lys van al die spesiale bladsye [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Spesiale bladsye</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFne&oldid=2717156" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFne&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Oekra%C3%AFne&id=2717156&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOekra%25C3%25AFne"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FOekra%25C3%25AFne"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Oekra%C3%AFne"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Oekra%C3%AFne&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFne&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q212" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox bordered" cellpadding="4" style="width: 250px; font-size: 88%;"> <caption style="margin-left: inherit; font-size: 120%;">Oekraïne<br /><small>Україна<br /><i>Oekrajina</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a>)</small> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"> <table style="text-align: center; margin: 0 auto; background: none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle; font-size: 95%;"><span style="border: 1px solid #bbbbbb; display: table-cell;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Oekraïne"><img alt="Vlag van Oekraïne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/125px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/188px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/250px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> </td> <td style="border: 0; vertical-align: middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wapen van Oekraïne"><img alt="Wapen van Oekraïne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/85px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/128px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg/170px-Lesser_Coat_of_Arms_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="461" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 95%;"> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlag_van_Oekra%C3%AFne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlag van Oekraïne (bladsy bestaan nie)">Vlag</a> </td> <td style="border: 0;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wapen_van_Oekra%C3%AFne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wapen van Oekraïne (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wapen</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size: 95%; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Volkslied" title="Volkslied">Volkslied</a>: <i>Ще не вмерла України</i><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Transliterasie" title="Transliterasie">tr.</a>: <i>Sjtsje ne wmerla Oekrajini</i>)</small><br /><small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a> vir: "Oekraïne het nog nie vergaan nie")</i></small><center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="80" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Ukraine,_instrumental.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source 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srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-hk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-HK" label="中文（香港） ‪(zh-hk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh-sg&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-SG" label="中文（新加坡） ‪(zh-sg)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Ukraine%2C_instrumental.oga&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background: white;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ukraine_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ligging van Oekraïne"><img alt="Ligging van Oekraïne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Ukraine_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Hoofstad" title="Hoofstad">Hoofstad</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kijif" title="Kijif">Kijif</a> <p><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2670708">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion load-gadget" data-gadget="WikiMiniAtlas"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Oekra%C3%AFne&language=af&params=50_27_N_30_30_O_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek"><span class="latitude">50°27′N</span> <span class="longitude">30°30′O</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kaarte, lugfoto's, en ander data vir hierdie plek">50.450°N 30.500°O</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">50.450; 30.500</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Grootste stad</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kijif" title="Kijif">Kijif</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Amptelike_taal" title="Amptelike taal">Amptelike tale</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_regeringstipe" title="Lys van lande volgens regeringstipe">Regering</a></b> <div style="text-align: left;"><br />• <a href="/wiki/President_van_Oekra%C3%AFne" title="President van Oekraïne">President</a><br />• <a href="/wiki/Eerste_minister" title="Eerste minister">Eerste minister</a></div> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;">Unitêre semi-presidensiële<br />grondwetlike <a href="/wiki/Republiek" title="Republiek">republiek</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wolodimir_Zelenski" title="Wolodimir Zelenski">Wolodimir Zelenski</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sjmihal" title="Denis Sjmihal">Denis Sjmihal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_onafhanklikheidsdatum" title="Lys van lande volgens onafhanklikheidsdatum">Onafhanklikheid</a></b> <div style="text-align: left;">Vorming<br />• <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%ABf-Roes" title="Kiëf-Roes">Kiëf-Roes</a><br />• Koninkryk<br />Galisië-Wolinië<br />• Kosak-hetmanaat<br />• Oekraïense<br />Volksrepubliek<br />• Wes-Oekraïense<br />Volksrepubliek<br />• Vereniging<br />• <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFense_Sosialistiese_Sowjetrepubliek" title="Oekraïense Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek">Oekraïense SSR</a><br />• Karpato-Oekraïne<br />• Sowjetse anneskie<br />van Wes-Oekraïne<br />• Onafhanklikheidsverklaring<br />• Onafhanklikheid<br />van die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a><br />• Huidige grondwet</div> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/882" title="882">882</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/1199" title="1199">1199</a><br /><a href="/wiki/18_Augustus" title="18 Augustus">18 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1649" title="1649">1649</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/20_November" title="20 November">20 November</a> <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/1_November" title="1 November">1 November</a> <a href="/wiki/1918" title="1918">1918</a><br /><a href="/wiki/22_Januarie" title="22 Januarie">22 Januarie</a> <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a><br /><a href="/wiki/10_Maart" title="10 Maart">10 Maart</a> <a href="/wiki/1919" title="1919">1919</a><br /><a href="/wiki/8_Oktober" title="8 Oktober">8 Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1938" title="1938">1938</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/15_November" title="15 November">15 November</a> <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a><br /><a href="/wiki/30_Junie" title="30 Junie">30 Junie</a> <a href="/wiki/1941" title="1941">1941</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/24_Augustus" title="24 Augustus">24 Augustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a><br /><a href="/wiki/28_Junie" title="28 Junie">28 Junie</a> <a href="/wiki/1996" title="1996">1996</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Oppervlakte" title="Oppervlakte">Oppervlakte</a></b><br /> - Totaal<br /> <br /> - Water (%) </td> <td> <br /> 603 628<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup>  (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_oppervlak" title="Lys van lande volgens oppervlak">45<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />233 062 myl<sup>2</sup><br />3,8<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">Bevolking</a></b><br /> - 2023-skatting<br /> - 2001-sensus<br /> - <a href="/wiki/Bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Bevolkingsdigtheid">Digtheid</a> </td> <td> <br />36 744 636<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolking" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolking">41<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />48 457 102<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />73,8 / km<sup>2</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_bevolkingsdigtheid" title="Lys van lande volgens bevolkingsdigtheid">115<sup>de</sup></a>)<br />191,1 / myl<sup>2</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">BBP</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Koopkragpariteit" title="Koopkragpariteit">KKP</a>)<br /> - Totaal<br /> - Per capita </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023" title="2023">2023</a>-skatting<br /> <p>$444,194 miljard<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit)">48<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />$13 901<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(Koopkragpariteit)_per_capita" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (Koopkragpariteit) per capita">(108<sup>ste</sup>)</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">BBP</a></b> (nominaal)<br /> - Totaal<br /> - Per capita </td> <td><a href="/wiki/2023" title="2023">2023</a>-skatting<br /> <p>$148,712 miljard<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal)">56<sup>ste</sup></a>)<br />$4 654<sup id="cite_ref-imf2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_BBP_(nominaal)_per_capita" title="Lys van lande volgens BBP (nominaal) per capita">(119<sup>de</sup>)</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Menslike_ontwikkelingsindeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Menslike ontwikkelingsindeks">MOI</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/2021" title="2021">2021</a>) </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/10px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/15px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg/20px-Green_Arrow_Up_Darker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> 0,773<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande_volgens_Menslike_Ontwikkelingsindeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lys van lande volgens Menslike Ontwikkelingsindeks">77<sup>ste</sup></a>)  –  <span style="color:#090">hoog</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Gini-ko%C3%ABffisi%C3%ABnt" title="Gini-koëffisiënt">Gini</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/2020" title="2020">2020</a>) </td> <td>25,6<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lys_van_lande_volgens_Gini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lys van lande volgens Gini (bladsy bestaan nie)">18<sup>de</sup></a>) –  <span style="color:#090">laag</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Geld" title="Geld">Geldeenheid</a></b> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFense_griwnja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oekraïense griwnja (bladsy bestaan nie)">Griwnja</a>, гривня (<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">UAH</a></code>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Tydsone" title="Tydsone">Tydsone</a></b><br /> - <a href="/wiki/Somertyd" title="Somertyd">Somertyd</a> </td> <td>OET (<a href="/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B02:00" title="UTC+02:00">+2</a>)<br />OEST (<a href="/wiki/Geko%C3%B6rdineerde_Universele_Tyd" title="Gekoördineerde Universele Tyd">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B03:00" title="UTC+03:00">+3</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_Internettopvlakdomeine" title="Lys van Internettopvlakdomeine">Internet-TLD</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/.ua" title=".ua">.ua</a>, .укр </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_landskakelkodes" title="Lys van landskakelkodes">Skakelkode</a></b> </td> <td>+380 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Oekraïne</b> (<a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFens" title="Oekraïens">Oekraïens</a>: <i>Україна</i>, <i>Oekrajina</i>, [ʊkrɐˈjinɐ], <span class="metadata"><span class="unicode audiolink"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Uk-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg" class="internal" title="Uk-Україна.ogg">luister</a></span> <span class="audiolinkinfo"><small>(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Mediahulp" title="Wikipedia:Mediahulp">hulp</a>·<a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Uk-%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0.ogg" title="Lêer:Uk-Україна.ogg">inligting</a>)</small></span></span>) is 'n <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oos-Europa" title="Oos-Europa">Oos-Europa</a> wat in die suide aan die <a href="/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee">Swartsee</a>, in die ooste aan <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>, in die noorde aan <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> en in die weste aan <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slowakye" title="Slowakye">Slowakye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye">Hongarye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a> en <a href="/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa">Moldowa</a> grens. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Typical_agricultural_landscape_of_Kherson_Oblast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Typical_agricultural_landscape_of_Kherson_Oblast.jpg/220px-Typical_agricultural_landscape_of_Kherson_Oblast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Typical_agricultural_landscape_of_Kherson_Oblast.jpg/330px-Typical_agricultural_landscape_of_Kherson_Oblast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Typical_agricultural_landscape_of_Kherson_Oblast.jpg/440px-Typical_agricultural_landscape_of_Kherson_Oblast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="532" /></a><figcaption>Die blou hemel en uitgestrekte graanvelde versinnebeeld die nasionale kleure van Oekraïne</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ukraine-CIA_WFB_Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ukraine-CIA_WFB_Map.png/220px-Ukraine-CIA_WFB_Map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ukraine-CIA_WFB_Map.png/330px-Ukraine-CIA_WFB_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Ukraine-CIA_WFB_Map.png/440px-Ukraine-CIA_WFB_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Kaart van Oekraïne</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ukraine_topo_en.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ukraine_topo_en.jpg/220px-Ukraine_topo_en.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ukraine_topo_en.jpg/330px-Ukraine_topo_en.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ukraine_topo_en.jpg/440px-Ukraine_topo_en.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption>Topografiese kaart van Oekraïne</figcaption></figure> <p>Oekraïne is die tweede grootste land in Europa ná die Russiese Federasie en die grootste wat in sy geheel in Europa lê. Die hoofstad is <a href="/wiki/Kijif" title="Kijif">Kijif</a>. Noord van Kijif lê <a href="/wiki/Tsjornobil" title="Tsjornobil">Tsjornobil</a> (vroeër bekend as Tsjernobil) wat met die kernramp van 1986 verbind word. Drie groot riviere deurkruis die land, die <a href="/wiki/Dnjepr" title="Dnjepr">Dnipro</a> (in die weste tot onlangs hoofsaaklik bekend onder sy Russiese naam Dnjepr), die <a href="/wiki/Dnister" title="Dnister">Dnister</a> en die <a href="/wiki/Donets" title="Donets">Donets</a>. </p><p>Deur die loop van die geskiedenis het Oekraïne en sy streke deel uitgemaak van minstens 14 verskillende state voordat dit uiteindelik in die laat 20ste eeu as onafhanklike republiek gevestig is. Die belangrikste van hierdie moondhede was die Koninkryk Pole-Litaue, die Russiese Tsareryk en die Sowjetunie.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volgens oorlewerings was <a href="/wiki/Ki%C3%ABf-Roes" title="Kiëf-Roes">Kiëf-Roes</a>, 'n ryk wat in die 9de eeu deur Skandinawiese <a href="/wiki/Warangi%C3%ABrs" title="Warangiërs">Warangiërs</a> gestig is, die eerste histories gedokumenteerde Oos-Slawiese staat. Dit het in die Middeleeue tot 'n magtige ryk ontwikkel, maar later, in die 12de eeu, verbrokkel. Teen die middel van die 14de eeu het Oekraïense gebiede onder die bewind van drie vreemde moondhede gestaan – die <a href="/wiki/Goue_Horde" title="Goue Horde">Goue Horde</a>, die Grootvorstedom Litaue en die Koninkryk Pole. Ná die <a href="/wiki/Groot_Nordiese_Oorlog" title="Groot Nordiese Oorlog">Groot Nordiese Oorlog</a> (1700–1721) het Oekraïense gebiede deel geword van 'n aantal streeksmoondhede. In die 19de eeu is die grootste deel van die land by die Russiese Ryk ingelyf, terwyl die res onder Oostenryks-Hongaarse bewind gestaan het. </p><p>Ná die <a href="/wiki/Eerste_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Eerste Wêreldoorlog">Eerste Wêreld-</a> en die Russiese Burgeroorlog is Oekraïne deur gewapende konflikte geteister, terwyl tussen 1917 en 1921 verskeie pogings onderneem is om die land as onafhanklike staat te herstel. Ondanks internasionale erkenning het Oekraïne onder Sowjet-Russiese invloed gekom om op 30 Desember 1922 as <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFense_Sosialistiese_Sowjetrepubliek" title="Oekraïense Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek">Oekraïense Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek</a> een van die stigtersrepublieke van die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> te word. Kort voor en ná die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> is gebiede langs die westelike grens by die Oekraïense SSR ingelyf. In 1954 het die <a href="/wiki/Krim" title="Krim">Krimskiereiland</a> onder Oekraïense administrasie gekom. Die Oekraïense SSR was in 1945 een van die stigterslede van die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a>. </p><p>Oekraïne het sy onafhanklikheid ná die verbrokkeling van die Sowjetunie in 1991 herwin. Die oorskakeling na 'n <a href="/wiki/Markekonomie" class="mw-redirect" title="Markekonomie">markekonomie</a> was 'n moeilike proses wat met 'n lang resessie gepaard gegaan het. Die globale ekonomiese krisis in 2008 het die land nog eens in 'n resessie gedompel. Intussen toon die Oekraïense <a href="/wiki/Bruto_binnelandse_produk" title="Bruto binnelandse produk">bruto binnelandse produk</a> hoë jaarlikse groeisyfers. Oekraïne het tot 'n belangrike mark van globale betekenis ontwikkel en was in 2011 die derde grootste <a href="/wiki/Graan" title="Graan">graanuitvoerder</a> ter wêreld. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologie">Etimologie</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landsnaam">Landsnaam</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Poland_under_Jagello.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Poland_under_Jagello.jpg/220px-Poland_under_Jagello.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Poland_under_Jagello.jpg/330px-Poland_under_Jagello.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Poland_under_Jagello.jpg/440px-Poland_under_Jagello.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption><i>Oekraïne</i> onder Władysław II Jagiełło van Pole as "Ukraine"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ukraina-1556.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ukraina-1556.jpg/220px-Ukraina-1556.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ukraina-1556.jpg/330px-Ukraina-1556.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ukraina-1556.jpg/440px-Ukraina-1556.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1587" data-file-height="1051" /></a><figcaption>Uittreksel uit die Evangelie van Peresopnytsia (Matteus 19,1) (1556), waar die woord "ukrainy" (оукраины) met "kus" (KJV-Bybel) of "streek "(NIV-Bybel) ooreenstem</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kiovia_Palatinatus._Beauplan_1664.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kiovia_Palatinatus._Beauplan_1664.jpg/220px-Kiovia_Palatinatus._Beauplan_1664.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kiovia_Palatinatus._Beauplan_1664.jpg/330px-Kiovia_Palatinatus._Beauplan_1664.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Kiovia_Palatinatus._Beauplan_1664.jpg/440px-Kiovia_Palatinatus._Beauplan_1664.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="554" /></a><figcaption>Titel van die Beauplan-kaart "Ukrainae pars" uit 1648</figcaption></figure> <p>Die eerste historiese verwysing na die landsnaam "Oekraïne" kom in die Kiëfse Hypatius-kroniek van 1187 voor, in 'n teksgedeelte oor die Suid-Russiese prinsdom Perejaslaf.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In latere kronieke word die naam met betrekking tot verskillende geweste van die Roes gebruik, insluitende gebiede wat ver buite die huidige Oekraïense staatsgebied geleë is. </p><p>'n Tradisionele etimologiese verklaring vir <i>Oekraïne</i> is die Oud-Oos-Slawiese woord <i>ukraina</i> wat as "grensgebied, militêre grens" vertaal kan word en dieselfde betekenis het soos sy westerse eweknie <i>Mark</i> (byvoorbeeld in <i>Ostmark</i>, 'n ouer benaming vir Oostenryk, of <i>Mark Brandenburg</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie sienswyse oorheers sowel die internasionale asook die Oekraïense geskiedskrywing, veral aangesien dit onder meer deur die bekende geskiedkundige Michailo Hroesjefski en die "Ensiklopedie van Oekraïne" (<i>Енциклопедія українознавства</i>) gedeel word.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die meeste outeurs is hulle daaroor eens dat hierdie benaming, wat aanvanklik na die sogenaamde Wilde Veld, 'n grensgebied met Turkse ruiternomades verwys het, oor 'n lang tydperk nie met 'n bepaalde etniese groep verbind is nie. Daar is verskillende opvattings oor die tydperk waarin dié naam vir die eerste keer as sinoniem vir Klein-Rusland gebruik is, soos Oekraïne in die Russiese Ryk in die kerklike en amptelike taalgebruik genoem is. </p><p>Die Oos-Slawiese etimologiese wortel <i>krai</i> verwys egter sowel na 'n "rand, grens" asook na "gebied, land". Die moderne nasionale geskiedskrywing in Oekraïne beweer dan ook dikwels dat die naam <i>Ukraina</i> in kronieke vanaf die 12de eeu eerder na 'n "selfstandige gebied" of "prinsdom" verwys het, terwyl 'n "grensland" <i>okraina</i> genoem is.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie hipotese word egter nie deur die meeste ander navorsers of primêre historiese bronne gedeel nie.<sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Haal_bronne_aan" title="Wikipedia:Haal bronne aan"><span title="hierdie bewering benodig verwysings na betroubare bronne" style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i>verwysing benodig</i>]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volksnaam">Volksnaam</h3></div> <p>In teenstelling met die landsnaam het die etnoniem "Oekraïner" eers teen die begin van die 20ste eeu gebruiklik geraak. Nog in die Middeleeue is na alle Oos-Slawiese volke – <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFners" title="Oekraïners">Oekraïners</a> en <a href="/wiki/Wit-Russe" class="mw-redirect" title="Wit-Russe">Wit-Russe</a> – as <i>Rus</i> verwys. Hiervan is die etnonieme Rusyn/Rusak/Roeteen (Roeteniër) afgelei wat in Oekraïne en Wit-Rusland nog tot in die 20ste eeu algemeen gebruik was, net soos die Russiese benamings vir Rus (<i>russkij</i>) en Rusland (<i>Rossija</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Oekraïne is na Russe tradisioneel as "Moskouers" (<i>moskali</i>) verwys om hulle van die "eintlike Rus" te onderskei. </p><p>Vanaf die 16de eeu is die term Klein-Rusland (<i>Malorossija</i>) vir Oekraïne gebruik – 'n benaming wat aan die Middeleeuse Griekse taalgebruik ontleen is. Klein-Rusland en Klein-Russe was in die Russiese Ryk vanaf die middel van die 17de eeu die amptelike terme waarmee na Oekraïne en Oekraïners verwys is. Eers vanaf die laat 19de eeu is aan dié terme 'n negatiewe konnotasie van "klein" en "minderwaardig" geheg. </p><p>In die Habsburgse Ryk is na Oekraïners steeds as Roetene (Roeteniërs) verwys. Die Oekraïense nasionale beweging het ten gunste van die benamings Oekraïne en Oekraïners gepleit wat egter eers ná 1917 in die Oekraïense Volksrepubliek, in die Oekraïense Sowjetrepubliek en uiteindelik in die onafhanklike Republiek Oekraïne algemeen gebruiklik geraak het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landskapsvorme">Landskapsvorme</h3></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Gaspra-AiPetri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gaspra-AiPetri.jpg/300px-Gaspra-AiPetri.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gaspra-AiPetri.jpg/450px-Gaspra-AiPetri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Gaspra-AiPetri.jpg/600px-Gaspra-AiPetri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption>Die Swartsee en die dorp Gaspri, soos gesien vanaf die bergpiek Ai-Petri in die Krimgebergte</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg/220px-%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg/330px-%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg/440px-%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7273" data-file-height="4802" /></a><figcaption>Digtersnarsings (<i>Narcissus poeticus</i>) was naamgewers vir die Narsingvallei in die Transkarpatestreek</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Carpathians_in_Ukraine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Carpathians_in_Ukraine.JPG/220px-Carpathians_in_Ukraine.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Carpathians_in_Ukraine.JPG/330px-Carpathians_in_Ukraine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Carpathians_in_Ukraine.JPG/440px-Carpathians_in_Ukraine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Die Karpate-bergreeks in Wes-Oekraïne</figcaption></figure> <p>Met 'n oppervlakte van meer as 600 000 km² is Oekraïne die tweede grootste land in Europa ná Rusland. Ten opsigte van sy bevolking van meer as 46 miljoen neem dit die sesde plek in Europa in, alhoewel sy bevolkingsdigtheid van sowat 73 inwoners per km² laer is as in die meeste ander Europese lande. Opvallend hoog is die aandeel van landbougrond wat in die woudsteppe en steppe meer as 90 persent beloop. </p><p>Die Swartsee en die Karpate-bergreeks vorm 'n natuurlike grens in die suide, net soos die waterryke Pripjat-rivier met sy moerasgebiede in Noordwes-Oekraïne. Daarteenoor is Oekraïne in die ooste, noorde en weste 'n uitgestrekte oop land wat in sy geskiedenis steeds weer deur vreemde magte binnegeval is – van die <a href="/wiki/Mongole" title="Mongole">Mongole</a>-inval in die 13de eeu tot die Duitse inval in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aangesien die grootste deel van die staatsgebied (sowat 95 persent) in die Oos-Europese Vlakte geleë is, word Oekraïne tradisioneel by <a href="/wiki/Oos-Europa" title="Oos-Europa">Oos-Europa</a> gereken. Die res van die land word by Sentraal-Europa (die Karpate-begreeks en die gebied van Lemberg) en Suidoos-Europa (Odessa en die <a href="/wiki/Krim" title="Krim">Krim</a>-skiereiland) gereken. </p><p>Daar is min landskapsvorme buite die groot uitgestrekte vlaktes met hul vrugbare swart grond en die steppelandskappe, hoofsaaklik in Suidwes-Oekraïne en in die uiterste suide van die land. In die suid-weste strek die Oekraïense staatsgebied tot in die Woudkarpate en die <a href="/wiki/Pannoniese_Laagvlakte" title="Pannoniese Laagvlakte">Pannoniese Laagvlakte</a>. Die hoogste bergpiek is die Howerla in die oostelike Karpate-reeks op 2 061 m bo seevlak. Roman Kosj (1545 m) is die hoogste piek op die Krim-skiereiland. Minder as twee persent van die staatsgebied is hoër geleë as 1 000 m. </p><p>Oekraïne se aandeel aan die Oos-Europa Vlakte word veral in die noorde en suide deur uitgestrekte laaglande (Oekraïens Низовина) soos die Dnipro-laagland en die Swartseevlakte oorheers wat tussen 0 en 200 m bo seevlak geleë is. Weens die klein hoogteverskille in dié gebied vloei riviere hier besonder stadig. Veral in die Sentraal-Oekraïense Oblast Poltawa is kleiner <a href="/wiki/Aardgas" title="Aardgas">aardgas</a>- en olievelde ontdek wat egter by verre nie in die land se behoeftes aan fossiele brandstowwe kan voorsien nie. Olievelde in die Swartsee, wat tans nog nie ontgin word nie, het moontlik baie groot potensiaal. Hul ontginning word onder meer deur 'n grensgeskil met die suid-westelike buurland Roemenië bemoeilik. </p><p>Die sentrale landsdele word deur hoër geleë gebiede oorheers wat in Oekraïens plate (Височина) genoem word, waaronder die Podoliese of die Donetsplaat met hoogtes van tussen 200 en 500 m bo seevlak. Die gesteentes in hierdie streke is al in die <a href="/wiki/Paleoso%C3%AFkum" title="Paleosoïkum">Paleosoïkum</a> gevorm en eers gedurende die laaste tien miljoen jaar tydens die ontstaan van die Alpidiese bergreekse weer na die oppervlak opgehef. Hulle is ryk aan minerale en fossiele energiebronne soos <a href="/wiki/Yster" title="Yster">ystererts</a> en <a href="/wiki/Steenkool" title="Steenkool">steenkool</a>. Baie groot ysterertsreserwes word in die gebied van Kriwoi Rog in die Oblast Dnipro aangetref, terwyl steenkool hoofsaaklik in die omgewing van <a href="/wiki/Donetsk" title="Donetsk">Donetsk</a> ontgin word. Ystererts en steenkool het die basis vir Oekraïne se swaar nywerhede gevorm. Van die riviere in die gebied het diep in die platelandskap ingesny. </p><p>Die noord-weste van Oekraïne staan tradisioneel as Wolhinië bekend, 'n gebied wat saam met Galisië as die bakermat van die onafhanklike Oekraïense republiek beskou word. Hierdie streke is eers gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog deur Pole aan die destydse Sowjetunie afgestaan. Dele van Wes-Oekraïne het, met klein uitsonderings, nooit deel uitgemaak van 'n ryk wat vanuit Moskou geregeer is nie. Nadat die russofiele beweging in Galisië deur die Oostenryks-Hongaarse owerheid vernietig is, was die bevolking merendeels gereserveerd teenoor Rusland. Die bakermat van die Oekraïense taal en kultuur is egter in die Dniprogebied suidwes van Kiëf geleë waar in die 17de eeu 'n tyd lank 'n <a href="/wiki/Kosakke" title="Kosakke">Kosakkestaat</a> bestaan het. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grensland">Grensland</h3></div> <p>Die tradisionele vertaling van Oekraïne as <i>Grensland</i> verwys na die belangrike feit dat die land al duisende jare lank 'n soort grens tussen geografiese, kulturele, politieke, godsdienstige en ekonomiese ruimtes gevorm het. Oorspronklik was dit 'n grens tussen die uitgestrekte oop vlaktes en die beskermende bosgebiede. Later was dit 'n kulturele grensland tussen <a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katolieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katolieke Kerk">Rooms-Katolisisme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oosters-Ortodokse_Kerk" title="Oosters-Ortodokse Kerk">Oosterse Ortodoksie</a> en <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Gedurende die 19de en 20ste eeu het die grenslyn tussen die verdrukkende bewind van die Russiese Tsareryk en sy meer demokraties gesinde westelike buurlande, tussen die politieke en ekonomiese stelsels van Sowjet-Russiese kommunisme en Westerse kapitalisme deur Oekraïne geloop. </p><p>Die politieke gebeure in Februarie 2014, waartydens die outokratiese en Moskou-georiënteerde bewind van president Janoekowitsj deur betogers omvergewerp is, het gewys dat vandag weer 'n ideologiese en politieke grenslyn dwarsdeur die land loop – dié tussen liberale Westerse demokrasieë, met die Europese Unie as politieke hoofrolspeler, en die meer outeritêre regeringstyl in die Russiese Federasie, met president <a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Poetin" title="Wladimir Poetin">Wladimir Poetin</a> as hoofrolspeler.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oekraïne_as_geografiese_entiteit"><span id="Oekra.C3.AFne_as_geografiese_entiteit"></span>Oekraïne as geografiese entiteit</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:1800_Novoros_gov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1800_Novoros_gov.jpg/220px-1800_Novoros_gov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1800_Novoros_gov.jpg/330px-1800_Novoros_gov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/1800_Novoros_gov.jpg/440px-1800_Novoros_gov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1409" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>Die goewermente van "Nieu-Rusland" omstreeks 1800</figcaption></figure> <p>Soos hierbo aangedui, was Oekraïne oorspronklik 'n oorgangsgebied tussen die Poolse, Russiese en Osmaanse Ryk wat deur etniese diversiteit en – tot in die 17de eeu – deur swak politieke strukture gekenmerk is. Die Dniprorivier is tradisioneel as die grenslyn tussen die Poolse en Russiese invloedsfere beskou, terwyl die Osmaanse Ryk sy politieke, kulturele en ekonomiese belange in die suidweste van die land en op die Krim-skiereiland deur middel van <a href="/wiki/Vasalstaat" title="Vasalstaat">vasalstate</a> behartig het. Kosakke het tydelik daarin geslaag om hul eie samelewings tussen die buitelandse invloedsfere te vestig. </p><p>Vaste administratiewe strukture in die gebied is eers in die loop van die 18de eeu gevestig toe die Russiese Ryk sy staatsgebied in suidelike en westelike rigting uitgebrei en saam met Oostenryk-Hongarye en Pruise tydens die Poolse Delinge 'n einde aan Pole as selfstandige nasie gemaak het. Tegelykertyd is die Krim- en Jedisan-khanate vernietig. Met uitsondering van Galisië, wat ná die Poolse Delinge by Oostenryk ingesluit is, het die grootste deel van Oekraïne onder Russiese bewind gekom. Die Kosakke het hul politieke outonomie kwytgeraak. </p><p>Vir administratiewe doeleindes is die gebied sonder inagneming van etniese, kulturele of historiese besonderhede in goewermente ingedeel. Tot en met 1917 was daar amptelik geen sprake van Oekraïne as administratiewe of geografiese entiteit nie. In intellektuele kringe is daar egter reeds vanaf die vroeë 19de eeu 'n onderskeiding tussen Russe en Oekraïners, Russies en Oekraïens asook Russiese en Oekraïense kultuur gemaak. So is ook die idee van 'n Oekraïense gebied gebore wat volgens romantiese voorstellings uit die 1890's "vanaf die Boeg- tot die Donrivier" sou strek. </p><p>Hierdie soort patriotiese gedagtes het sterk met die politieke en etniese realiteit in die gebied gekontrasteer. So het in 1897, toe die eerste sensus in die Russiese Keiserryk gehou is, net twee derdes van die bewoners Oekraïens of "Klein-Russies", soos dit amptelik genoem is, as hul huistaal gepraat. Die res het Russies, Pools of ander idiome as huistale aangedui. Oekraïenssprekendes was hoofsaaklik in die noordelike dekle van die gebied saamgetrek – 'n feit wat die Russiese beleid weerspieël het waarvolgens in streke, wat relatief laat by die Tsareryk ingelyf is, oorwegend Russiese setlaars gevestig is. Sodoende is na dié streke as "Nieu-Rusland" verwys.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ekologiese_vraagstukke">Ekologiese vraagstukke</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Skadovsk_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Skadovsk_sunset.jpg/220px-Skadovsk_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Skadovsk_sunset.jpg/330px-Skadovsk_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Skadovsk_sunset.jpg/440px-Skadovsk_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>Sononder in Skadofsk</figcaption></figure> <p>Dekades ná die verbrokkeling van die Sowjetunie sit Oekraïne steeds met die ekologiese nalatenskap van die ou Sowjetstelsel. Veral in die oostelike dele van die land het energieintensiewe nywerheidsbedrywe die ekologiese ewewig versteur en die grond, lug en waterliggame besoedel. Maar ook in ander dele van die land is die landbougrond versleg en het baie plant- en dierspesies verdwyn. Alhoewel die ekologiese krisis ook bygedra het tot Oekraïne se demografiese krisis, het die regering min stappe gedoen om 'n ekologiese bewussyn te kweek.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intensiewe landbouaktiwiteite, wat deur agro-industriële bedrywe beoefen is, en omvangryke hidrotegniese skema's het Oekraïense se natuurlike landskappe ingrypend verander. So is die Dniprorivier se bekende stroomversnellings in die vroeë 1960's vir die verwesenliking van die Krementsjoek-dambouprojek geoffer. Vleilande langs die rivier het onder die damwater verdwyn. Die drooglegging van moerasse het nadelige uitwerkings op die rivierstelsel se hidrologiese eienskappe gehad sodat meer as 20 000 klein waterlope en fonteine opgedroog het. Talle dier- en plantspesies is van hul natuurlike habitat ontneem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Klimaat">Klimaat</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%9E%D0%B7.%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%9E%D0%B7.%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/220px-%D0%9E%D0%B7.%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%9E%D0%B7.%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/330px-%D0%9E%D0%B7.%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/%D0%9E%D0%B7.%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg/440px-%D0%9E%D0%B7.%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3374" data-file-height="1475" /></a><figcaption>Die Svitiazmeer in die Nasionale Sjatsk-park, oblast Volyn, teen sonop</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ukraine_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ukraine_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/220px-Ukraine_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ukraine_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/330px-Ukraine_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ukraine_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg/440px-Ukraine_map_of_K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1900" data-file-height="1375" /></a><figcaption>Klimaatsones in Oekraïne volgens die <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen-klimaatklassifikasie" title="Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie">Köppen-klimaatklassifikasie</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Oekraïne het 'n gematigde kontinentale klimaat met koue en sneeuryke winters en warm somers. Lente en herfs is relatief kort met gematigde temperature en dikwels sonnige weer. Veral die sentrale landsdele word met uiterstes verbind. Die koudste winter- en hoogste somertemperature word in die noordooste van die land aangeteken. Die gemiddelde jaarlikse temperatuur is hoër as in die noordelike buurland Rusland. Die gemiddelde temperatuur beweeg tussen -6 °C in die winter en 24 °C in Julie.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die klimaat in die Karpate-bergreeks word deur hoë jaarlikse neerslae van sowat 750 mm en koeler somertemperature as in die res van die land gekenmerk, terwyl die Krimskiereiland 'n droë Mediterreense klimaat het, behalwe vir die subtropiese en vogtige suidkus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geskiedenis">Geskiedenis</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burgeroorlog">Burgeroorlog</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Red_army_in_Kiev,_1920.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Red_army_in_Kiev%2C_1920.jpg/220px-Red_army_in_Kiev%2C_1920.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Red_army_in_Kiev%2C_1920.jpg/330px-Red_army_in_Kiev%2C_1920.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Red_army_in_Kiev%2C_1920.jpg/440px-Red_army_in_Kiev%2C_1920.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>Die Rooi Leër in Kiëf (1920)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dit was in Oekraïne waar die Russiese Rewolusie se teenstrydighede op 'n bloedige manier uitgewys is. Die land het drie jaar lank in 'n burgeroorlog versink wat oorspronklik in Rusland begin het. Die Bolsjewistiese <a href="/wiki/Rooi_Le%C3%ABr" title="Rooi Leër">Rooi Leër</a> het die land vanuit die noorde binnegeval om die rewolusie na die suide uit te brei en die Russiese Ryk onder 'n kommunistiese bewind te herstel. Die plaaslike landadel en monargiste het die kant van die Wit Leër gekies, burgerlike magte wat ook deur buitelandse moondhede soos die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> en <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> gesteun is om kommunisme in die ooste te stuit en die ou bewind te herstel. Albei politieke kampe het hul doelwitte met genadelose bloedvergieting probeer bereik, beslag gelê op perde en voedselvoorrade en mans oorlog toe gedwing. Sodoende het hulle die steun van die proletariaat en kleinboere verloor. </p><p>Geweldpleging het buite beheer geraak. Oekraïense vrouens is verkrag, privaathuise geplunder en hele nedersettings verwoes. In Oekraïense stede is fabrieksarbeiders gedwing om onrealistiese produksiekwotas te vervul om in die behoeftes van die strydende magte te voorsien, anders is hulle geskiet. </p><p>Nasionalistiese Oekraïense magte was in die weste van die land saamgetrek, vasberade om 'n einde te maak aan die inmenging van buitelandse rolspelers en 'n onafhanklike staat te stig. In Desember 1918 is 'n kortstondige nasionalistiese regering, die Direktoraat, gevorm wat net drie maande lank bestaan het. 'n Vroeëre Rada-leier, Petljoera, het vervolgens met sy nasionalistriese beweging as politieke rolspeler opgetree. Ook in Lwif is ná die val van die Habsburg-dinastie 'n onafhanklike Oekraïense republiek geproklameer wat egter nie deur Pole erken is nie. Die Galisiese rebelle het by Petljoera se magte aangesluit om in die burgeroorlog te veg, maar uiteindelik het Petljoera 'n ooreenkoms met Pole gesluit. Petljoera het ingestem om nie langer aanspraak te maak op Galisië nie en het hiervoor militêre steun deur Pole in die stryd teen die Bolsjewiste ontvang. Ná 'n verpletterende nederlaag in Kiëf het Poolse troepe hulle egter aan Oekraïne onttrek. </p><p>Miljoene Oekraïense kleinboere het geen politieke bande met een van die strydende partye gehad nie en hulle slegs aan hul dorpsgemeenskap verbonde gevoel. So het hulle sonder onderskeid teen alle oorlogvoerende magte geveg en nasionaliste, monargiste, Bolsjewiste en <a href="/wiki/Jode" title="Jode">Jode</a> aangeval. Hul sogenaamde "groen" bendes en "swart leërs" het hul deel bygedra tot die algemene bloedvergieting en die Wit en Rooi Leër in voortdurende hewige gevegte gewikkel. Nestor Makhno was een van die mees berugte vegters en 'n bekwame militaris wat deur die boere gerespekteer en ondersteun is. </p><p>1919 was vir Oekraïne 'n jaar van ongekende chaos en bloedvergieting waartydens ses verskillende leërs by oorlogshandelinge betrokke was. Kiëf is tydelik deur vyf verskillende besettingsmagte ingeneem. Die Bolsjewiste het die natuurlike rykdomme van Oekraïne as lewensnoodsaaklik vir hul militêre optrede in ander dele van die Russiese Ryk beskou en pogings onderneem om Oekraïense boerderye te kollektiveer. Intussen was nòg die Rooi nòg die Wit Leër nog in staat om sy soldate van kos, klere en ander voorrade te voorsien nie. So het een miljoen soldate van die Rooi Leër gedros. Dorpsbevolkings wat daarvan verdink is om skuilplek aan drosters te bied, is swaar gestraf. </p><p>Laat in 1919 het die Bolsjewiste met 'n nuwe offensief begin en die hele Oekraïne in die volgende jaar ingeneem. Die Oekraïense Sowjetrepubliek is herstel. Die Wit Leër het die land ontruim, terwyl die nasionalistiese regering na Pole gevlug het. Die Bolsjewiste het 'n oorwinning behaal in 'n oorlog wat die lewens van 1,5 miljoen Oekraïense burgerlikes geëis het. Joodse burgers het die slagoffers van onmenslike geweldpleging deur nasionaliste en anargiste geword. Meer as 50 000 het in <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> gesterf. Die Wit Leër het Jode as die "uitverkore volk" van die Bolsjewiste beskou en 100 000 Joodse Oekraïners vermoor, terwyl Bolsjewiste Jode as burgerlike anti-rewolusionêres bestempel en doodgemaak is, ongeag die feit dat talle leiers in die Bolsjewiste-party Jode was.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poolse_aanval">Poolse aanval</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg/220px-Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg/330px-Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg/440px-Polish_troops_in_Kiev.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>Poolse troepe marsjeer in Mei 1920 Kiëf binne tydens die Pools-Sowjetse oorlog waarin Oekraïners saam met Pole teen die Bolsjewiste geveg het. Na aanleiding van die Vrede van Riga wat op 18 Maart 1921 onderteken is, het Pole beheer oor die hedendaagse Wes-Oekraïne geneem en die Oos-Oekraïne het onder Sowjetse gesag geval</figcaption></figure> <p>Kort ná die einde van die Russiese Burgeroorlog het Pole, wat sy onafhanklikheid ná die Eerste Wêreldoorlog herwin het, op 24 April 1920 sy militêre vuis gebal en in Oekraïne ingeval. Op 7 Mei het Poolse magte die hoofstad Kiëf (nou <a href="/wiki/Kijif" title="Kijif">Kijif</a>) ingeneem. Die Poolse besetting het 'n kortstondige episode gebly. Kiëf is reeds een maand later weer deur die Rooi Leër verower. 'n Russiese teenaanval op Pole het op 18 Augustus net buite Warskou tot stilstand gekom waar die Rooi Leër op die vlug geslaan en die Poolse gebied binnekort ontruim het. </p><p>Die oorspronklike grense is vervolgens herstel. Terwyl die grootste deel van Oekraïne nou onder Sowjet-Russiese bewind was, het die westelike landsdele – Galisië en Wolhinië – Pools gebly. Pogings van Poolse kant om die plaaslike bevolking te assimileer, het die aanleiding tot die stigting van die Organisasie van Oekraïense Nasionaliste (OON) gegee wat 'n gewapende stryd vir 'n onafhanklike staat begin het. In Junie 1930 het die OON sy aktiwiteite tot 'n voluit partisane-oorlog teen die Poolse owerheid uitgebrei, maar hul opstand is binne vier maande volledig neergeslaan. Die OON het nogtans 'n belangrike politieke rolspeler in die Oekraïenssprekende dele van Galisië gebly.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oekraïne_as_Sowjetrepubliek"><span id="Oekra.C3.AFne_as_Sowjetrepubliek"></span>Oekraïne as Sowjetrepubliek</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Children_affected_by_famine_in_Berdyansk,_Ukraine_-_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Children_affected_by_famine_in_Berdyansk%2C_Ukraine_-_1922.jpg/220px-Children_affected_by_famine_in_Berdyansk%2C_Ukraine_-_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Children_affected_by_famine_in_Berdyansk%2C_Ukraine_-_1922.jpg/330px-Children_affected_by_famine_in_Berdyansk%2C_Ukraine_-_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Children_affected_by_famine_in_Berdyansk%2C_Ukraine_-_1922.jpg/440px-Children_affected_by_famine_in_Berdyansk%2C_Ukraine_-_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Oekraïners het al jare voor Stalin se terreurbeleid honger gely, onder meer as gevolg van 'n droogte wat Suid-Oekraïne in 1921 geknel het. Hierdie foto is in 1922 in Berdjansk geneem</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1921 het die Russies-besette Oekraïne 'n Sowjetrepubliek geword wat een jaar later formeel tot die Unie van Sosialistiese Sowjetrepublieke (Sowjetunie) toegetree het. Oekraïners was nou die grootste nie-Russiese etniese groep in die nuutgestigte Sowjetunie, en net soos in ander nie-Russiese Sowjetrepublieke het staat en party moeite gedoen om die nuwe bedeling aantreklik te maak vir die plaaslike bevolking deur hul eie taal, kultuur en tradisies te eerbiedig en te bevorder. Gaandeweg het dié beleid tot 'n groter projek ontwikkel wat Russies as spreektaal in stedelike omgewings teruggedring en Oekraïens as spreek- en kultuurtaal vir mense uit alle lae van die samelewing te vestig. </p><p>Terwyl die ekonomiese en politieke beleid deur Moskou bepaal is, het die amptelike beleid indertyd die Oekraïnisering van die land deur 'n wye verskeidenheid maatreëls en programme bevorder, waaronder die werwing en opleiding van inheemse kommunistiese partykaders, sogenaamde <i>korensatsija</i>, en staatsamptenare, wat almal onderrig in Oekraïens, Oekraïense geskiedenis en tradisies ontvang het, en die stigting van afsonderlike Oekraïense eenhede binne die Rooi Leër met Oekraïens as kommandotaal. </p><p>So was die twintigerjare van die 20ste eeu vir Oekraïne in nasionale en kulturele opsig 'n bloeitydperk waartydens selfs nie-kommunistiese kulturele organisasies deur die staat befonds is – alhoewel tegelykertyd die vorming van 'n kommunisties-gesinde Oekraïense <i>intelligentsia</i> bevorder is wat gaandeweg 'n leidende rol in die kulturele lewe sou speel. Oekraïens het die onderrigmedium in skole geword, en talle publikasies het in Oekraïens verskyn om die status van die taal tot dié van 'n skryf- en hoogstaande literêre taal te verhef. </p><p>Mykola Skrypnik, 'n langjarige rewolusionêr, het 'n leidende rol in die beleid van Oekraïnisering gespeel. Skrypnik het vanaf 1900 in Sint Petersburg gebly en is tydelik na <a href="/wiki/Siberi%C3%AB" title="Siberië">Siberië</a> verban. In 1903 het hy by Lenin se Bolsjewiste aangesluit. Vyf jaar later het Lenin hom as lid van die Tsjeka na Oekraïne gestuur waar hy aanvanklik die amp van volkskommisaris vir binnelandse sake beklee het. Skrypnik het in 1922/23 skerp kritiek op Stalin se nasionaliteitebeleid gelewer, veral die russifiserende invloed van die Rooi Leër. Vir hom was die amptelike beleid niks meer as "Groot-Russiese chauvinisme" nie.<sup id="cite_ref-Stölting_1991,_bl._82_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stölting_1991,_bl._82-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inderdaad is die vreedsame beleid teenoor Oekraïners vanaf 1929 laat vaar, terwyl Skrypnik magteloos moes toekyk. </p><p>Die kollektivering van die landboubedryf was rampsalig vir Oekraïense boere. Hierdie maatreël was nie net daarop gemik om die agrariese sektor volgens die heersende party-ideologie te hervorm nie, maar ook om Oekraïense tradisies en kulturele besonderhede uit te wis. In 1932 het Stalin die saadgoed van Oekraïense boere laat konfiskeer en in die volgende winter alle voedselinvoere na Oekraïne verbied. Die bevolking is deur 'n ongekende hongersnood geteister. Die Oekraïense skrywer Joeri Sjtsjerbak het die getal Oekraïners, wat van honger gesterf het of vermoor is, op tussen vyf en ses miljoen beraam.<sup id="cite_ref-Stölting_1991,_bl._82_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stölting_1991,_bl._82-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uiteindelik het Stalin in die 1930's ook Oekraïense wetenskaplikes, tegnici, intellektueles en partykaders geteiken. Baie van hulle is aangekla en tereggestel. Skrypnik is in 1933 daarvan beskuldig dat hy van voorneme was om die Oekraïense en Russiese taal van mekaar te skei en dit aan die Poolse, Duitse en ander Westerse tale uit te verkoop. Op 7 Julie 1933 het hy selfmoord gepleeg. Sy opvolger Kossior het Stalin se voorbeeld gevolg en sy eie kultuis van persoonlikheid begin. Hy is in 1938 tereggestel. Vervolgens het leidende partykaders soos Kaganowitsj en Chroesjtsjef Oekraïne van politieke teenstanders gesuiwer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tweede_Wêreldoorlog"><span id="Tweede_W.C3.AAreldoorlog"></span>Tweede Wêreldoorlog</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg/220px-Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg/330px-Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg/440px-Ruined_Kiev_in_WWII.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1925" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>Kiëf het gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog aansienlike skade gely, en was vanaf 19 September 1941 tot en met 6 November 1943 deur <a href="/wiki/Nazi-Duitsland" title="Nazi-Duitsland">Nazi-Duitsland</a> beset</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het van Oekraïne weer 'n slagveld vir die strydende partye gemaak. Die Duitse magte het die Joodse bevolking grusaam vermoor en verwoesting in die hele land gesaai. Galisië en Wolhinië is saam met ander Oos-Poolse gebiede by die Sowjetryk ingelyf, net soos Karpato-Oekraïne wat tot en met 1918 deel uitgemaak het van Hongarye en daarna by Slowakye ingesluit is. In hierdie gebiede het Oekraïense nasionaliste, wat hul onafhanklikheidsstryd sowel teen die Poolse asook die Sowjet-Russiese bewind gevoer het, sterk steun onder die bevolking geniet, net soos die Geunieerde Kerk as die belangste Oekraïense instelling.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kort ná die Duitse inval in die Sowjetunie in die somer van 1941 het die OON sy aktiwiteite hervat en op 30 Junie 1941 in Lwif en Kiëf 'n onafhanklike Oekraïense staat geproklameer. Met hierdie stap het hulle 'n sterk politieke sein aan die <a href="/wiki/Duitsers" title="Duitsers">Duitsers</a> gegee – enersyds om nog voor die intog van Hitler se magte nuwe lyne op die Europese landkaart te trek, andersyds om hul bereidwilligheid aan te toon om aan die kant van die Duitsers teen die Sowjet-Russe te veg. Baie OON-lede was selfs bereid om hulle by die SS aan te sluit en aktief betrokke te raak by anti-Joodse pogroms. </p><p>Die Duitsers het egter ander planne gehad. Die OON-leiers Stetsko en Bandera is in hegtenis geneem. Die OON het vervolgens besluit om 'n oorlog op twee fronte teen die Duitse Ryk en die Sowjetunie te voer, alhoewel die Rooi Leër hul hoofteiken was. Toe Sowjet-Russiese troepe in weswaartse rigting beweeg het, het die OON in 1944 die "Oekraïense Opstandsleër (OOL)" gestig wat in Wes-Oekraïne deur die plaaslike bevolking gesteun is. Die OON-leier Roman Sjoechewitsj het homself nou generaal Taras Tsjoeprinko genoem. </p><p>In 1945 is groot dele van Wes-Oekraïne deur die OOU beheer. Die Sowjet-owerheid het groot moeilikhede ondervind by hul pogings om 'n einde aan die partisane-oorlog te maak. So het hulle die OON-opstandelinge tussen 1944 en 1947 altesaam ses keer opgeroep om die wapens neer te lê en 'n algemene amnestie vir almal afgekondig wat bereid was om dié oproepe te volg. Die bevolking het sy solidariteit met die OON-vegters betoon, en in Februarie 1946 het die kiesers in Wes-Oekraïne die eerste na-oorlogse verkiesings geboikot. Die OON het hul operasiegebied nie tot die Sowjetunie beperk nie, maar ook in Oos-Poolse en Slowaakse gebiede binnegedring wat deur Oekraïners bewoon is. OON-vegters het hul gewapende stryd selfs na Oos-Oekraïne gedra. </p><p>In Pole het die kommunistiese regering die Oekraïense minderheid merendeels na die voormalige Duitse gebiede in Wes-Pole gedeporteer, 'n maatreël waarvoor die toestemming van Moskou verkry is. Ook die meeste Poolssprekende bewoners van Galisië, wat as deel van Oekraïne nou onder Sowjet-Russiese bewind was, is verdryf om in Wes-Pole hervestig te word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Onafhanklikheid">Onafhanklikheid</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Die Oekraïense president Leonid Kravtsjoek en die Russiese president <a href="/wiki/Boris_Jeltsin" title="Boris Jeltsin">Boris Jeltsin</a> onderteken die Białowieża-ooreenkoms op 8 Desember 1991, wat tot die <a href="/wiki/Ontbinding_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Ontbinding van die Sowjetunie">Ontbinding van die Sowjetunie</a> en die stigting van die <a href="/wiki/Gemenebes_van_Onafhanklike_State" title="Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State">Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State</a> enkele dae later lei</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Maidan_Nezalezhnosti3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Maidan_Nezalezhnosti3.jpg/220px-Maidan_Nezalezhnosti3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Maidan_Nezalezhnosti3.jpg/330px-Maidan_Nezalezhnosti3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Maidan_Nezalezhnosti3.jpg/440px-Maidan_Nezalezhnosti3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Maidan Nezalezhnosti ("Onafhanklikheidsplein") in Kijif.</figcaption></figure> <p>Ná die ontbinding van die Sowjetunie het Oekraïne met meer as 600 000 vierkante kilometer die grootste staat op die vasteland van Europa geword. Die voormalige KP-funksionaris Leonid Krawtsjoek is in 1991 as die eerste president verkies en het een van die drie medestigters van die Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State geword. Die land het van alle kernwapens op sy gebied ontslae geraak. </p><p>Ondanks die ekonomiese agteruitgang, stagnasie, voortrekkery en korrupsie het die tyd ná die onafhanklikwording anders as in Rusland vreedsaam verloop. Een van die grootste vraagstukke was die etniese diversiteit van die land. Daar is meer as twintig persent <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a> en ander belangrike minderhede soos <a href="/wiki/Pole_(volk)" title="Pole (volk)">Pole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roemene" title="Roemene">Roemene</a>, Wit-Russe en <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamitiese</a> <a href="/wiki/Tartare" title="Tartare">Tartare</a> (veral op die Krim-skiereiland). Die gebrek aan 'n sterk historiese tradisie was 'n ander probleem. </p><p>Met die verkiesing van die tweede president Leonid Koetsjma, 'n voormalige bestuurder van 'n wapenfabriek, was daar hoop dat die ekonomie sou herstel. Alhoewel 'n nuwe geldeenheid, die Hriwnja, ingevoer is, het die skadu-ekonomie steeds die helfte van alle ekonomiese aktiwiteite in Oekraïne beslaan. </p><p>President Koetsjma het in sy buitelandse beleid duidelik in die rigting van die Wes-Europese demokrasieë begin beweeg: Die doodstraf is afgeskaf en die <a href="/wiki/Tsjernobil" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsjernobil">Tsjernobil</a>-kernkragsentrale, een van die land se vyf, is in 2000 gesluit. Politieke verhoudinge met die buurlande Pole en <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a>, wat in die verlede vertroebel was, het beduidend verbeter. </p><p>Nogtans is die politieke bande met Wes-Europa nie vasbeslote ontwikkel nie, en Koetsjma het eerder 'n soort "twee-vektore-beleid" ten opsigte van sy betrekkinge met die buiteland gevolg, en dus steeds noue bande met Rusland gehandhaaf. </p><p>Baie Russiese politici beskou Oekraïne nog steeds as 'n integrale deel van Rusland, en die Russiese optrede teen Oekraïne het by 'n aantal politieke en ekonomiese geskille verskerp. Die Russiese Vloot maak nog steeds gebruik van sy basisse op die Krim-skiereiland, en die deurvoer en invoerpryse van Russiese gas is al jare lank 'n strydpunt tussen die twee lande. Die gas-konflik het teen die einde van 2005 verskerp, toe Rusland sy gasuitvoere na Oekraïne drasties verminder het. Hierdie stap het ook groot dele van Wes-Europa geraak, aangesien die druk in die Russiese gaspyplyne oral op die vasteland duidelik gedaal het soos minder gas ontvang is. </p><p>Koetsjma het ook probeer om beter betrekkinge met die <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Verenigde State">Verenigde State</a> te handhaaf, onder meer deur sowat 1 700 Oekraïense soldate in <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> te stasioneer. </p><p>Eerste Minister Viktor Joesjtsjenko het in 2000 en 2001 ekonomiese hervorming aangepak en het ook die parlementêre verkiesing in 2002 gewen. Hy is egter deur die Kommunistiese en oligargiese opposisiepartye gedwing om te bedank. In 2004 is hy as president ingehuldig, terwyl Viktor Janoekowitsj as eerste minister verkies is. </p><p>Die ekonomie het begin stabiliseer, tog bly die demografiese situasie kommerwekkend. Miljoene Oekraïense burgers bly in die buiteland om daar te werk, en die bevolking het sedert 1991 van 52 tot 44,6 miljoen in 2013 gedaal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russies-Oekraïense_konflik"><span id="Russies-Oekra.C3.AFense_konflik"></span>Russies-Oekraïense konflik</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg/220px-2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg/330px-2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg/440px-2014_Russo-ukrainian-conflict_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4126" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/wiki/Krim" title="Krim">Krimskiereiland</a>, wat in 2014 deur Rusland geannekseer is, in pienk. Pienk in die Donbass-gebied verteenwoordig gebiede wat in September 2014 deur die DPR/LPR-separatiste gehou word (stede in rooi)</figcaption></figure> <p>Daar was vir lank 'n konflik gewees tussen pro- en anti-Russiese partye in die Oekraïene. Minderhede van die bevolking wat Russies praat in die oostelike provinsies en op die Krim het sterker bande met Rusland ondersteun. Die westelike provinsies wat Oekraïens praat wil dit nie aanvaar nie. Ná die <a href="/wiki/Oranje_Rewolusie" title="Oranje Rewolusie">Oranje Rewolusie</a> wat 'n anti-Russiese regering aan die mag gebring het, is <a href="/wiki/Joelia_Tymosjenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Joelia Tymosjenko">Joelia Tymosjenko</a> deur die parlement verdryf en ná verkiesings het Janoekowitsj president geword. </p><p>Ná die val van die pro-Russiese Janoekowitsj-bewind en bloedige onluste, waartydens tientalle betogers deur onbekende eenhede doodgeskiet is, het die Duitse, Franse en Poolse ministers van buitelandse sake – Frank-Walter Steinmeier, Laurent Fabius en Radoslaw Sikorski – as bemiddelaars opgetree. Op 21 Februarie 2014 het Oekraïense politici en die buitelandse ministers 'n ooreenkoms onderteken wat voorsiening vir die ontwapening van onwettige eenhede en die vorming van 'n "regering van nasionale eenheid" gemaak het. Daar is verwag dat ook Russiessprekende landsdele, wat meer as 'n derde van Oekraïne se totale oppervlakte beslaan, in die nuwe oorgangsregering verteenwoordig sou wees. </p><p>Uiteindelik het die nuwe regering in Kiëf en die Werchowna Rada, die Oekraïense parlement, onder die druk van regsgesinde betogers en straatvegters geswig en 'n wet herroep wat die amptelike status van Russies in die suide en ooste van die land gewaarborg het. In plaas van Russiessprekendes is lede van die regsgesinde, anti-Russiese Swoboda-party as ministers in die nuwe oorgangsregering benoem.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Op 3 Maart het Oekraïense politici bevestig dat die regte van Russiessprekendes gewaarborg sal word. </p><p>Die merendeels Russiessprekende Krim het geweier om die nuwe regering te erken, nog voordat Russiese spesiale eenhede strategiese instellings op die skiereiland soos militêre basisse beset het. Volgens die Russiese regering is hierdie stap onderneem om die Russiessprekende bevolking se "menseregte" te beskerm. Analitici het verduidelik dat Moskou se strategiese doelwitte die proklamasie van 'n onafhanklike Krimrepubliek as Russiese satellietstaat insluit.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hierdie verwagting is in Maart 2014 bewaarheid toe die oorgrote meerderheid kiesers op die Krim die aansluiting by Rusland in 'n referendum goedgekeur het. </p><p>Terwyl die Oekraïense regering Moskou daarvan beskuldig dat hulle feitlik oorlog teen Oekraïne verklaar het en die onafhanklikwording van Krim nie aanvaar sal word nie, is Oekraïne se militêre slaankrag beperk. </p><p><b>Die Oekraïense en Russiese weermag se militêre uitrusting in vergelyking</b> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Personeel en Uitrusting<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Oekraïne </th> <th>Rusland </th></tr> <tr> <td>Weermagpersoneel </td> <td>130 000-160 000 </td> <td>800 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reserviste </td> <td>1 000 000 </td> <td>2 000 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Militêre begroting in 2013 </td> <td>1,5 miljard € </td> <td>50 miljard € </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tenks </td> <td>4 000 </td> <td>15 500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vegvliegtuie </td> <td>400 </td> <td>3 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Helikopters </td> <td>90 </td> <td>1 000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politiek">Politiek</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%83_%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96_%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Werchowna Rada, die Oekraïense parlement in Kijif</figcaption></figure> <p>Oekraïne het sy onafhanklikheid op 24 Augustus 1991 verklaar toe die staatsgreep van konserwatiewe magte in die <a href="/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie">Sowjetunie</a> misluk het. Die Oekraïense bevolking het hulle op 1 Desember per referendum ten gunste van onafhanklikheid uitgespreek. Enkele weke later is die Sowjetunie ontbind. </p><p>Enkele staatkundige gegewens: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staatshoof" title="Staatshoof">Staatshoof</a>: President <a href="/wiki/Wolodimir_Zelenski" title="Wolodimir Zelenski">Wolodimir Zelenski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Regeringsleier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Regeringsleier (bladsy bestaan nie)">Regeringsleier</a>: Premier <a href="/wiki/Denis_Sjmihal" title="Denis Sjmihal">Denis Sjmihal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a>: Werchowna Rada. Die 450 parlementslede word vir 'n termyn van vier jaar verkies.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasionale_leuse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasionale leuse (bladsy bestaan nie)">Nasionale leuse</a>: "Volja, Zlahoda, Dobro" (Oekraïens vir: <i>Wilskrag, Eendrag, Tevredenheid</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administratiewe_indeling">Administratiewe indeling</h3></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Deelgebiede_van_Oekra%C3%AFne" title="Deelgebiede van Oekraïne">Deelgebiede van Oekraïne</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Politiek_Oekra%C3%AFne.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Politiek_Oekra%C3%AFne.png/220px-Politiek_Oekra%C3%AFne.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Politiek_Oekra%C3%AFne.png/330px-Politiek_Oekra%C3%AFne.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Politiek_Oekra%C3%AFne.png/440px-Politiek_Oekra%C3%AFne.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption>Nederlandse kaart wat die deelgebiede van Oekraïne aandui</figcaption></figure> <p>Die huidige administratiewe indeling is uit die Sowjet-tydperk oorgeërf. Vanaf 1957 het die vaslegging van distriksgrense binne die Sowjetrepublieke se bevoegdheid geval. Volgens die grondwet van die Oekraïense Sowjetrepubliek van 1981 is die land administratief ingedeel in <i>oblasti</i> (geweste), rajons (distrikte) en munisipaliteite. Die laasgenoemde kategorie het stedelike nedersettings, stadsdistrikte, nedersettings, dorpe en dorpsrade behels. Hierdie gevestigde drieledige administratiewe struktuur is ook ná Oekraïne se onafhanklikwording nie aangetas nie.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die besondere rol, wat groter stede as nywerheidspilpunte in die sentrale planekonomie vervul het, is deur hulle administratiewe status weerspieël. Die belangrikste industriële sentrums is administratief aan die distrikte gelykgestel. Sewastopol – as basis van die Sowjet-Russiese Swartseevloot – en Kiyv as administratiewe setel het nie onder die Oekraïense SSR se grondwet geval nie, maar is regstreeks deur Moskou geadministreer. Alle ander stedelike nedersettings het in die derde administratiewe kategorie geval. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etniese_samestelling">Etniese samestelling</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ukrainian_girls_wearing_vyshyvankas_at_the_Independence_Day_celebration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ukrainian_girls_wearing_vyshyvankas_at_the_Independence_Day_celebration.jpg/220px-Ukrainian_girls_wearing_vyshyvankas_at_the_Independence_Day_celebration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ukrainian_girls_wearing_vyshyvankas_at_the_Independence_Day_celebration.jpg/330px-Ukrainian_girls_wearing_vyshyvankas_at_the_Independence_Day_celebration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ukrainian_girls_wearing_vyshyvankas_at_the_Independence_Day_celebration.jpg/440px-Ukrainian_girls_wearing_vyshyvankas_at_the_Independence_Day_celebration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Oekraïense meisies met tradisionele blommekrone gedurende Onafhanklikheidsdagvierings in 2011</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bortnychi_in_Kyiv.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bortnychi_in_Kyiv.jpg/220px-Bortnychi_in_Kyiv.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bortnychi_in_Kyiv.jpg/330px-Bortnychi_in_Kyiv.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bortnychi_in_Kyiv.jpg/440px-Bortnychi_in_Kyiv.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="2774" /></a><figcaption>Bortnychi, 'n historiese woonkwartier in die suide van Kijif</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:(44)_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_DOWNTOWN_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%2844%29_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_DOWNTOWN_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg/220px-%2844%29_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_DOWNTOWN_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%2844%29_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_DOWNTOWN_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg/330px-%2844%29_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_DOWNTOWN_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/%2844%29_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_DOWNTOWN_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg/440px-%2844%29_PANORAMIC_VIEW_ON_DOWNTOWN_IN_CITY_OF_KHARKIV_STATE_OF_UKRAINE_PHOTOGRAPH_BY_VIKTOR_O_LEDENYOV_20160621.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Die integrasie van Russiessprekendes in 'n onafhanklike Oekraïense staat het grotendeels geslaag. So het die merendeels Russiessprekende bevolking van Charkif weerstand gebied teen Russiese inmenging</figcaption></figure> <p>Die grense van die huidige Oekraïense staat is eers met die land se onafhanklikwording in 1991 finaal getrek. Daarvoor was hulle die resultaat van die Sowjetunie se binnelandse beleid. Dat hierdie grense grootliks ooreenstem met die gebied wat tradisioneel deur Oekraïners bewoon is, is aan Josef Stalin se etniese beleid te danke waarvolgens alle Oekraïners in die Oekraïense Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek verenig is. Maar al het dié politieke konstruk op etniese oorwegings berus, is die huidige Oekraïense republiek 'n veelvolkestaat. </p><p>Van die altesaam 48 miljoen bewoners volgens die sensus van 2001 was 78 persent etniese Oekraïners. <a href="/wiki/Russe" title="Russe">Russe</a> was die grootste etniese minderheid met 17 persent. Hulle is veral in die oostelike landsdele en op die Krim-skiereiland saamgetrek. Maar ook Pole en Jode het, alhoewel hulle vandag klein minderhede vorm, 'n belangrike rol in die geskiedenis van die land gespeel. Ander etniese minderhede sluit Wit-Russe, Roemene, Bulgare en Hongare in. Intussen het ook talle <a href="/wiki/Krimtatare" class="mw-redirect" title="Krimtatare">Krimtatare</a>, wat gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog gedeporteer is, na die Krim teruggekeer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demografiese_ontwikkeling">Demografiese ontwikkeling</h3></div> <p>Volgens die vier Sowjet-sensusse ná die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het Oekraïne tussen 1959 en 1989 'n bestendige bevolkingsgroei getoon. Vroeg in 1993 het die inwonertal tot die hoogste vlak in die geskiedenis gestyg en daarna voortdurend afgeneem. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Jaar </th> <th>Inwonertal </th></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td>41 869 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>47 126 500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td>49 754 600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1993 </td> <td>52 244 100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>48 457 100 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Amptelike statistieke toon 'n dramatiese afname in bevolking. In die twee dekades tussen 1993 en 2013 het die inwonertal gekrimp van 53 tot 44,6 miljoen. Terwyl baie Oekraïners na Europese en oorsese lande met 'n hoër lewenspeil geëmigreer het, het ook geboortesyfers en lewensverwagting merkbaar gedaal. In 2006 en 2007 het die regering pogings onderneem om dié demografiese tendens deur verhoogde kindertoelaes teen te werk. Geboortesyfers het vervolgens gestyg en die negatiewe bevolkingsgroei het verstadig. Nogtans word daar steeds meer sterfgevalle as geboortes aangeteken. Die getal Oekraïners in die buiteland word op meer as 2,5 miljoen beraam.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nasie_en_staat">Nasie en staat</h3></div> <p>Die Oekraïense term vir "nasie", <i>natsiia</i>, het 'n heel ander betekenis as sy Afrikaanse eweknie wat algemeen gebruik word as 'n sinoniem vir "staat". Die Oekraïense <i>natsiia</i> verwys daarenteen eerder na 'n etniese gemeenskap wat dieselfde oorsprong, taal en kultuur deel, maar nie noodsaaklik oor sy eie staat beskik nie.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hierdie verskil in betekenis weerspieël die politieke situasie in Oekraïne in die tyd voor die Eerste Wêreldoorlog toe Wes-Europa hoofsaaklik uit nasiestate bestaan het, terwyl multinasionale ryke groot dele van Sentraal- en Oos-Europa oorheers het. Omstreeks 1900 was die gebiede met 'n etniese Oekraïense bevolking verdeel tussen die Russiese Ryk en Oostenryk-Hongarye. Die enigste realistiese visie vir Oekraïners was dié van 'n taal- en kultuurgemeenskap, en selfs dit is indertyd nie deur alle Oekraïenssprekendes gedeel nie. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oekraïners"><span id="Oekra.C3.AFners"></span>Oekraïners</h3></div> <dl><dd><i><div class="rellink relarticle mainarticle">Die hoofartikel vir hierdie afdeling is: <a href="/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFners" title="Oekraïners">Oekraïners</a>.</div></i></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg/220px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg/330px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg/440px-Ukraine_census_2001_Ukrainians.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Verspreiding van Oekraïners in Oekraïne volgens <a href="/wiki/Oblast" title="Oblast">oblaste</a> in 2001</figcaption></figure> <p>In die oudste historiese dokumente, wat na die bewoners van die huidige Oekraïne verwys, word die plaaslike Slawiessprekende bevolking Rusyny, Rusychi (uitgespreek as Roesitsji) en Rusy (afgelei van die Kiëf-Roes) genoem. Tussen die 10de en 12de eeu het hierdie terme nog nie die proto-Russiese bewoners in die noordoostelike vorstedomme van Kiëf-Roes ingesluit nie. </p><p>Die huidige moderne naam <i>Ukraintsi</i> is afgelei van <i>Ukraina</i> (Oekraïne), 'n term wat vir die eerste keer in 'n dokument van 1187 voorkom. Oekraïners het tot in die 19de eeu, met enkele uitsonderings, hoofsaaklik hul oorspronklike taalgebied bewoon. Eers in die laaste dekades van die 19de eeu het groot getalle Oekraïners, wat indertyd onder Russiese bewind gestaan het, na die Asiatiese gebiede van die Russiese Ryk gemigreer, terwyl baie van hul landgenote in Wes-Oekraïne, wat destyds deel uitgemaak het van Oostenryk-Hongarye, 'n nuwe tuiste in Noord-Amerika gevind het. Vandag bly sowat 'n kwart van alle Oekraïners in die buiteland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Boere">Boere</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0._Vladimir_Makovsky._Ukrainean_Village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0._Vladimir_Makovsky._Ukrainean_Village.jpg/220px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0._Vladimir_Makovsky._Ukrainean_Village.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0._Vladimir_Makovsky._Ukrainean_Village.jpg/330px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0._Vladimir_Makovsky._Ukrainean_Village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0._Vladimir_Makovsky._Ukrainean_Village.jpg/440px-%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B0._Vladimir_Makovsky._Ukrainean_Village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="876" /></a><figcaption>Wladimir Makofski: Feestyd in 'n Oekraïense dorp</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Velykodny_buket_by_IVF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Velykodny_buket_by_IVF.jpg/220px-Velykodny_buket_by_IVF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Velykodny_buket_by_IVF.jpg/330px-Velykodny_buket_by_IVF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Velykodny_buket_by_IVF.jpg/440px-Velykodny_buket_by_IVF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Oekraïense tradisies is diep gewortel in die plattelandse lewe. Paastyd in Oekraïne is 'n fees vir die oog en die maag</figcaption></figure> <p>Nog tot in die tweede derde van die 20ste eeu was die oorgrote meerderheid van Oekraïenssprekendes boere. Alhoewel daar in die middeleeue en die vroeë moderne tyd wél 'n groter aantal Oekraïense ortodokse adellikes en stadsbewoners was, het diskriminasie aan die kant van die Poolse owerheid en die sterk invloed van Pole se eie adellike kultuur daartoe gelei dat die Oekraïense adelsklas in die 18de eeu oorwegend gepoloniseer was. In die 18de en 19de eeu het die nuwe Russiese bewindhebbers dieselfde diskriminerende houding teen Oekraïenssprekendes ingeneem en sodoende 'n proses van vinnige Russifisering bevorder.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Groot dele van die gepoloniseerde of gerussifiseerde bolaag van die Oekraïense samelewing het 'n relatief sterk streeksbewussyn bewaar, maar die leefwêrelde van die boerebevolking en plaaslike elites was streng van mekaar geskei. Gaandeweg het sowel die etnoniem Oekraïner (dikwels ook Roeteen, Rusyn of Klein-Rus) asook die skertsende bynaam <i>chochol</i> die betekenis van "boer" gekry. Sosiale, etniese en taalkundige verskille het saamgeval. Die Oekraïense taal en kultuur is in die 18de en 19de eeu hoofsaaklik deur die plattelandse bevolking aan die lewe gehou. Die Oekraïense nasionale beweging is deur 'n klein laag van Oekraïense intellektueles gedra wat die boerebevolking vir hul ideale probeer mobiliseer het om hulle in 'n moderne nasie te integreer. </p><p>Die sosiale status van die meeste Oekraïense boere is tot in die 17de eeu verlaag tot lyfeienskap. Die groot grondbesitters was Poolssprekendes en in toenemende mate ook gepoloniseerde Oekraïense adellikes. Terwyl die vryheidsregte, wat in 1648 aan Kosakke toegeken is, net 'n kort tussenspel sou wees, het Oekraïense boere in Pole-Litaue reeds in die tweede helfte van die 17de eeu en in die Russiese Ryk in die 18de eeu weer lyfeienes geword. Die meeste van hulle het ook ná die amptelike boerebevryding teen die middel van die 19de eeu in armoede verkeer. Die laat afskaffing van lyfeienskap het 'n negatiewe impak op die sosiale mobilisering, verstedeliking en geletterdheid van boere gehad sodat hulle min belang in die nasionale aspirasies van intellektueles gestel het en eerder pogings onderneem het om hul moeilike ekonomiese situasie te verbeter. Om hulle aandag te trek, is nasionaliste genoodsaak om hul nasionale doelwitte met sosiale programme te verbind. </p><p>So het die meeste politieke partye in Oostenryk en in die Russiese Ryk in hul programme nasionalistiese en sosialistiese ideale met mekaar verbind. In die moeilike tye van die Eerste Wêreldoorlog en die Russiese Rewolusie het tenminste 'n deel van die plattelandse Oekraïense bevolking nasionale doelwitte gesteun, maar in die volgende burgeroorloë het sosiale kwessies weer na vore getree. </p><p>Die gedwonge kollektivering van Oekraïne se landboubedryf en die ontsettende hongersnood van 1932 en 1933, wat deur die Stalin-bewind bewus veroorsaak is, het 'n nekslag vir boere toegedien. Vervolgens is die industriële ontwikkeling en verstedeliking van Oekraïne deur die Sowjet-owerheid geforseer. Die resultaat, waarna in die 1930's met trots verwys is, was 'n "volwaardige sosiale struktuur" met 'n stedelike bevolking, 'n nuwe klas van nywerheidswerkers en 'n nuwe intelligentsia. Baie stadsbewoners het in hierdie periode hul Oekraïense identiteit en omgangstaal kwytgeraak en het hulself by die Russiessprekende bevolking aangepas.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ook in hierdie tydperk het die Oekraïense taal en kultuur sy oorlewing in die moderne Sowjet-samelewing aan die platteland te danke gehad. Oekraïners het hul landelike karakter en tradisies langer gehandhaaf as Russe en ander etniese groepe in die Sowjetunie. So was in 1959 eers 39 persent van die Oekraïense bevolking verstedelik – teenoor 58 persent van die Russiese en 48 persent van die totale Sowjet-bevolking. </p><p>Die tradisies van die boerebevolking is tans steeds lewendig in Oekraïne, soos uit die leefstyl, eetgewoontes en mentaliteit van groot dele van sy bevolking blyk. Groot waarde word aan volkstradisies, -klere en -dans geheg, terwyl etnografiese musea wye aandag geniet. Die kenmerkende karakter van Oekraïners is bepaal deur die feit dat hul proses van nasiewording hoofsaaklik deur die plattelandse bevolking gedra is – 'n verskynsel wat ook in verskeie ander Noordoos- en Oos-Europese lande soos Litaue, Slowenië, Slowakye en Wit-Rusland waargeneem kan word. In teenstelling daarmee het byvoorbeeld Pole en Hongarye as adelsnasies, Duitsland en Tsjeggië as burgerlike samelewings en Frankryk en Rusland as sentralistiese eenheidstate ontwikkel. Hierdie tipologie beskryf die ingewikkelde proses van nasiewording weliswaar in baie growwe trekke. So het ook in Oekraïne adel, geestelikheid en veral Kosakke 'n belangrike rol in dié proses gespeel.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Godsdiens">Godsdiens</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lwow_Jura.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lwow_Jura.JPG/220px-Lwow_Jura.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lwow_Jura.JPG/330px-Lwow_Jura.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Lwow_Jura.JPG/440px-Lwow_Jura.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Die Grieks-Ortodokse Sint-Joriskatedraal in Lwif (Lemberg)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_from_belltower.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_from_belltower.JPG/220px-St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_from_belltower.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_from_belltower.JPG/330px-St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_from_belltower.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_from_belltower.JPG/440px-St._Michael%27s_Cathedral_from_belltower.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Sint Michiel-katedraal in Kijif</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Bakhchisaray,_Hansaray_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bakhchisaray%2C_Hansaray_Museum.jpg/220px-Bakhchisaray%2C_Hansaray_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bakhchisaray%2C_Hansaray_Museum.jpg/330px-Bakhchisaray%2C_Hansaray_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bakhchisaray%2C_Hansaray_Museum.jpg/440px-Bakhchisaray%2C_Hansaray_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Die Krimse Khan se paleis by Hansaray was vir meer as 300 jaar die sentrum van <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> op die Krim</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Kharkov_Synagogue1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kharkov_Synagogue1.jpg/220px-Kharkov_Synagogue1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kharkov_Synagogue1.jpg/330px-Kharkov_Synagogue1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Kharkov_Synagogue1.jpg/440px-Kharkov_Synagogue1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3509" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption>Die Choral-<a href="/wiki/Sinagoge" title="Sinagoge">sinagoge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charkif" title="Charkif">Charkif</a> is die grootste in die hele Oekraïne</figcaption></figure> <p>Een van die opvallendste kenmerke van Oekraïense nedersettings is die groot aantal kerke in aanbou. Ná die land se onafhanklikwording is baie kerkgeboue, wat in die 1930's as gevolg van <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> se ateïstiese beleid gesloop is, heropgebou, maar ook nuwes het ontstaan. Terwyl Oekraïners weer belang stel in hul kulturele tradisies, is daar ook 'n behoefte aan spiritualiteit en geestelike waardes wat kerkbywoning sterk laat toeneem het.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die nuwe belangstelling in die Christelike geloof vind plaas in die historiese spanningsveld tussen die Katolieke tradisies van Wes-Oekraïne en die Oosters-Ortodokse geloofswêreld in die ooste van die land. Tussen hierdie twee Christelike hoofpole met sy Roomse en Bisantynse oorspronge het 'n derde tradisie as mengvorm ontstaan – die Grieks-Katolieke of Geünieerde Kerk. Sy ritus verskil nouliks van dié in Ortodokse kerke, maar in regtelike opsig val dit nogtans onder die gesag van die <a href="/wiki/Pous" title="Pous">pous</a> in Rome. </p><p>Die vorming van 'n Geünieerde Kerk was een in 'n lang reeks pogings om die kloof, wat met die <a href="/wiki/Oos-Wes-skisma" title="Oos-Wes-skisma">Oos-Wes-skisma</a> van 1054 in Christelike geledere ontstaan het, weer te oorbrug. So het ook die Rooms-Katolieke Poolse staat daarin belang gestel om van sy Ortodokse Oekraïense onderdane getroue burgers te maak. Na verskeie vergeefse pogings om 'n geunifiseerde kerk te vestig, het die Poolse Kroon deur geheime onderhandelinge in die laat 16de eeu uiteindelik sy doelwit bereik toe ses Ortodokse biskoppe in 1594 'n unieverdrag met Rome onderteken het waardeur 'n Grieks-Katolieke Kerk gestig is. Die ses ondertekenaars is deur ander Ortodokse gelowiges as verraaiers bestempel, en tot vandag word die Geünieerde Kerk as 'n Rooms-Katolieke invalshoek beskou. </p><p>Die nuwe kerk is ook deur Rooms-Katolieke met argwaan bejeën. In Oekraïense gebiede, wat ná die Poolse Delinge onder Russiese bewind gekom het, het tsarin <a href="/wiki/Katharina_II_van_Rusland" title="Katharina II van Rusland">Katharina die Grote</a> die Geünieerde Kerk summier verbied. Maar dit het voortbestaan in dié landsdele wat by die Habsburgse Oostenryk-Hongarye ingelyf is. Hier het die kerk ná die ontstaan van 'n Oekraïense nasionale beweging in die 19de eeu pogings onderneem om as die nasionale kerk van Oekraïne erken te word. Gedurende die Tweede Wêreldoorlog het die kerk bande onderhou met nasionalistiese bewegings. Ná 1946 is dit van kollaborasie beskuldig. Baie geestelikes het geëmigreer, ander is in hegtenis geneem. Die kerk het in die ondergrond voortbestaan en het in die tyd van die perestroika, die politieke liberalisering in die Sowjetunie, sy wettige status herwin. Dit het vervolgens veral in Wes-Oekraïne sterk groei getoon waar dit in 1993 weer vyf miljoen gelowiges en meer as 1 000 priesters getel het. </p><p>Die Grieks-Katolieke kerkhoof, grootaartsbiskop kardinaal Ljoebomir Hoezar, het in 2004 die Oranje Rewolusie in Oekraïne gesteun. Die besluit om sy amptelike setel van Lwif na Kijif te verskuif is in die volgende jaar deur baie Ortodokse gelowiges as aanmatigend beskou, ongeag die feit dat die kerk se geestelike sentrum, die Sint-Joriskatedraal, steeds in Lwif geleë is.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lwif dien daarnaas ook as die geestelike sentrum vir Rooms-Katolieke gelowiges in Oekraïne wat dikwels van Poolse afkoms is. </p><p>Die Oekraïens-Ortodokse Kerk, wat nog tot en met 1990 as Russies-Ortodokse Kerk bekendgestaan het, staan tradisioneel in die politieke spanningsveld tussen Kijif en Moskou. Die kerkhoof, die metropliet in Kijif wat sy amptelike setel in die Grotteklooster het, val onder die gesag van die Ortodokse patriarg in Moskou. Baie gelowiges spreek hulle ten gunste van 'n onafhanklike Oekraïense kerk uit, 'n sogenaamde outokefale kerk, met Oekraïens as kerktaal en 'n eie patriarg – 'n droom wat in die Russiese Ryk nie vervul het nie. Eers met die tsaar se bedanking het gelowiges 'n kans gesien vir 'n selfstandige kerk. So is op 9 Mei 1919 die eerste Oekraïense liturgie in die Garnisoenkerk te Kijif gevier. Die skeiding van staat en kerk, wat deur die Bolsjewiki bewerkstellig is, het die amptelike registrasie van 'n Oekraïense kerk moontlik gemaak waarvoor die owerheid kerkgeboue beskikbaar gestel het. In September 1921 is die opperpriester Lipkofski tot hoof van die outokefale Ortodokse Kerk van Oekraïne gewy. </p><p>Maar slegs vir 'n kort periode het die Bolsjewiki geloofsvryheid gewaarborg voordat Lenin in die 1920's met sy leuse "Hoe meer reaksionêre geestelikes ons kan skiet, hoe beter!" 'n bloedige vervolging van gelowiges en geestelikheid begin het. Die besetting van Oekraïne deur Duitse troepe in 1941 het 'n kort herlewing van die kerk moontlik gemaak, maar nadat die Duitsers hulle aan Oekraïne moes onttrek, het baie lede van die kerkhiërargie na Duitsland gevlug en hulle uiteindelik in Noord-Amerika gevestig. </p><p>Ná die onafhanklikwording in 1991 het 'n deel van die Ortodokse Kerk onder leiding van die metropoliet Filaret weggebreek van die moederkerk om die onafhanklike Oekraïens-Ortodokse Kerk van die Kijifse Patriargaat te vorm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomie">Ekonomie</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kenmerke">Kenmerke</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Zmiiv_thermal_power_plant_(2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zmiiv_thermal_power_plant_%282007%29.jpg/220px-Zmiiv_thermal_power_plant_%282007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zmiiv_thermal_power_plant_%282007%29.jpg/330px-Zmiiv_thermal_power_plant_%282007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zmiiv_thermal_power_plant_%282007%29.jpg/440px-Zmiiv_thermal_power_plant_%282007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Termiese kragsentrale in Zmiiv</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Dnipropetrovsk_view_2015_tov-tob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dnipropetrovsk_view_2015_tov-tob.jpg/220px-Dnipropetrovsk_view_2015_tov-tob.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dnipropetrovsk_view_2015_tov-tob.jpg/330px-Dnipropetrovsk_view_2015_tov-tob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Dnipropetrovsk_view_2015_tov-tob.jpg/440px-Dnipropetrovsk_view_2015_tov-tob.jpg 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="637" /></a><figcaption>Die sakekern van <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Oekraïne is 'n ope markekonomie wat deur 'n agterstand ten opsigte van modernisering en diversifering gekenmerk word. Met 'n per capita-inkomste van sowat VSA-$ 3 600 val die land in die Wêreldbank se kategorie van laer-middelinkomste-lande. Die persentasie arm huishoudings het in die tydperk voor die internasionale finansiële krisis in 2008 merkbaar gedaal. Opvallend is die verskil tussen die relatief welvarende hoofstadgebied en die arm platteland. </p><p>Ondanks hoë groeisyfers tot en met 2008 was die pas van ekonomiese transformasie stadig en is hervormings as gevolg van politieke instabiliteit en invloedryke belangegroep vertraag. Die huidige regering het aangekondig dat hulle 'n omvangryke program van hervormings tot en met 2014 sal verwesenlik om 'n beter klimaat vir buitelandse beleggings te skep. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Struktuur">Struktuur</h3></div> <p>Ná die ineenstorting van die sentraal beheerde planekonomie in die vroeë 1990's is voormalige staatsondernemings vinnig geprivatiseer. Dit was egter veral 'n klein groep oligarge wat voordeel uit hierdie beleid getrek het en tans groot invloed op ekonomiese besluite kan uitoefen. 'n Aansienlike persentasie ondernemings word steeds deur die Oekraïense staat beheer. </p><p>Die ooste van die land was tradisioneel die sentrum van swaar en ligte nywerhede, terwyl Wes-Oekraïne 'n sterk agrariese karakter bewaar het. Die belangrikste ekonomiese sektore is metaalvervaardiging en chemie, landbou en voedselverwerking asook masjienbou. Die ekonomiese groei is aanvanklik veral deur toenemende uitvoere en hoër privaat verbruik aangedryf. Privaat verbruikers steun hierby sterk op lenings, ook in buitelandse valuta. Oekraïne kan nie self in sy energiebehoeftes voorsien nie en is grotendeels op invoere aangewese. </p><p>Wat Oekraïne vir buitelandse beleggers aantreklik kan maak is die relatief groot binnelandse mark met meer as 46 miljoen verbruikers, 'n aantal hoog ontwikkelde industriële sektore (waaronder vliegtuig- en vuurpylvervaardiging), die geografiese ligging digby die markte van die Europese Unie en Oos-Europa, die groot agterstand ten opsigte van privaat verbruik en modernisering, 'n goed ontwikkelde landbousektor en 'n hoogs opgeleide beroepsbevolking met 'n relatief lae vlak van lone en salarisse.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landboupotensiaal">Landboupotensiaal</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Wheat_fields_in_Ukraine-5962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wheat_fields_in_Ukraine-5962.jpg/220px-Wheat_fields_in_Ukraine-5962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wheat_fields_in_Ukraine-5962.jpg/330px-Wheat_fields_in_Ukraine-5962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Wheat_fields_in_Ukraine-5962.jpg/440px-Wheat_fields_in_Ukraine-5962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>'n Koringveld in die <a href="/wiki/Lwif-oblast" title="Lwif-oblast">Lwif-oblast</a> gedurende Augustus</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Oekraïne was die koringkamer van die Sowjetunie. Alhoewel slegs 15 persent van die Sowjet-Russiese landbougrond in die Oekraïense Sosialistiese Sowjetrepubliek geleë was, het dié deelstaat nagenoeg 60 persent van die jaarlikse mielie-opbrengs, 50 persent van die suikerrietopbrengs, 40 persent van die koringopbrengs en 40 persent van die sonneblomsaad asook 'n kwart van die varkvleis gelewer. Ná die onafhanklikwording van die land het die bruto landbouproduksie (BLP) in die 1990's binne 'n dekade met 50 persent afgeneem. </p><p>Die land het vandag groot landboupotensiaal vanweë sy klimaatstoestande, lae bevolkingsdigtheid en sy geografiese ligging. Meer as 40 miljoen hektaar landbougrond (waarvan 33 miljoen ha akkergrond) is beskikbaar vir grootskaalse produksie van graan en oliesade en landbouveredelingsprodukte soos melk en vleis. Meer as die helfte van Oekraïne se akkergrond is swart grond of <i>čornozem</i> van hoë gehalte wat hoë graan- en oliesaadopbrengste per hektaar verseker. Meer as 'n derde van die wêreld se swart grond is in die land saamgetrek. Ysvrye seehawens langs die Oekraïense Swartseekus is geskik vir die grootskaalse uitvoer van landbouprodukte na die Europese Unie, die Nabye en Midde-Ooste en Noord-Afrika. </p><p>Daar is egter ook negatiewe natuurlike invloedsfaktore soos die jaarlikse sterk wisselende reënval (met 'n gemiddeld van 700 mm in die noordweste teenoor slegs 350 mm in die suidelike landsdele) wat graan- en oliesaadopbrengste beperk, koue winters of onvoldoende sneeuval waardeur wintergraan aan koue blootgestel word en die grond in die lente nie vogtig genoeg is vir plante nie. Droogtes en uiterste weerstoestande in die winter verminder oeste elke derde of vyfde jaar. 'n Gebrek aan kapitaal, tegniese kennis, bestuursvaardighede, moderne bemarkingstelsels en 'n strategiese ekonomiese en politieke raamwerk, wat mededingendheid op die wêreldmark verseker, plaas tans nog verdere beperkings op die uitvoergerigte landbousektor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kultuur">Kultuur</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h3></div> <p>Met die onafhanklikwording van Oekraïne het die kultuurbedryf homself uit die bande van die <a href="/wiki/Sosialistiese_realisme" title="Sosialistiese realisme">sosialistiese realisme</a> bevry. Veral Oekraïense literatuur het 'n nuwe bloeitydperk beleef en vir die eerste keer in sy geskiedenis ook aandag in die buiteland getrek. Werke van belangrike skrywers soos Joeri Androechowitsj, Oksana Saboesjko en Serhii Sjadan is in 'n verskeidenheid tale vertaal, net soos die romans en novelle van Andrei Koerkof wat oorspronklik in Russies verskyn het.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <p>Televisie- en radioprogramme word deur privaatstasies en Oekraïne se nasionale uitsaaikorporasie op nasionale en streeksvlak uitgesaai. Die nasionale televisie- en radiodiens word tans omskep tot 'n openbare uitsaaier volgens die voorbeeld van ander Europese lande. </p><p>Die belangrikste nasionale dagblaaie is <i>Ukrajinska Prawda</i>, <i>Sewodnja</i>, <i>Den</i> en <i>Fakty i Kommentarii</i>. Daar is vier belangrike weekblaaie – <i>Dserkalo Tyshna</i>, <i>Nowoe Wrema</i>, <i>Fokus</i> en <i>Ukrajinsky Tyshden</i>. Dag- en weekblaaie ontvang hul berigte van 'n verskeidenheid persagentskappe waarvan <i>UNIAN</i> en <i>Interfax</i> die belangrikste is.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Ukraine_national_football_team_20120611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ukraine_national_football_team_20120611.jpg/220px-Ukraine_national_football_team_20120611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ukraine_national_football_team_20120611.jpg/330px-Ukraine_national_football_team_20120611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Ukraine_national_football_team_20120611.jpg/440px-Ukraine_national_football_team_20120611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="656" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFense_nasionale_sokkerspan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oekraïense nasionale sokkerspan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oekraïense nasionale sokkerspan</a> tydens die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Sokkerkampioenskap_2012" title="Europese Sokkerkampioenskap 2012">Europese Sokkerkampioenskap 2012</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:VladimirVitaliy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/VladimirVitaliy.jpg/170px-VladimirVitaliy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/VladimirVitaliy.jpg/255px-VladimirVitaliy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/VladimirVitaliy.jpg/340px-VladimirVitaliy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Witali en sy broer, Wladimir, het elke groot kampioenskapgordel voor sy uittrede gehou</figcaption></figure> <p>Oekraïne het groot baat gevind by die Sowjetse klem op <a href="/wiki/Liggaamlike_Opvoeding" title="Liggaamlike Opvoeding">Liggaamlike Opvoeding</a>. Dié sportpolitiek het in Oekraïne honderde stadions, swempoele, gimnasia en baie ander atletiese geriewe agtergelaat.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die gewildste sportsoort is <a href="/wiki/Sokker" title="Sokker">sokker</a>. Die hoogste professionele liga is die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFense_Premierliga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oekraïense Premierliga (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oekraïense Premierliga</a>. </p><p>Baie Oekraïners het ook vir die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sowjetse_nasionale_sokkerspan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sowjetse nasionale sokkerspan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Sowjetse nasionale sokkerspan</a> uitgedraf, waaronder die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ballon_d%27Or&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ballon d'Or (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ballon d'Or</a>-wenners <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ihor_Bjelanof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ihor Bjelanof (bladsy bestaan nie)">Ihor Bjelanof</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleh_Blochin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleh Blochin (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oleh Blochin</a>. Dié toekenning is slegs aan een Oekraïner oorhandig ná die <a href="/wiki/Ontbinding_van_die_Sowjetunie" title="Ontbinding van die Sowjetunie">Ontbinding van die Sowjetunie</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrij_Sjewtsjenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrij Sjewtsjenko (bladsy bestaan nie)">Andrij Sjewtsjenko</a>. Die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFense_nasionale_sokkerspan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oekraïense nasionale sokkerspan (bladsy bestaan nie)">nasionale span</a> het tydens die <a href="/wiki/FIFA_Sokker-W%C3%AAreldbekertoernooi_in_2006" title="FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006">FIFA Sokker-Wêreldbekertoernooi in 2006</a> gedebuteer en die kwarteindrondte gehaal, waar hulle teen die latere sokkerwêreldkampioen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italiaanse_nasionale_sokkerspan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italiaanse nasionale sokkerspan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Italië</a> verloor het. Oekraïne het saam met Pole die <a href="/wiki/Europese_Sokkerkampioenskap_2012" title="Europese Sokkerkampioenskap 2012">Europese Sokkerkampioenskap 2012</a> aangebied. </p><p>Oekraïense <a href="/wiki/Boks" title="Boks">boksers</a> is van die bestes in die wêreld.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedert hy die onbetwiste kruisergewigkampioen in 2018 geword het, het <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleksandr_Usyk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleksandr Usyk (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oleksandr Usyk</a> ook die verenigde WBA- (Super), IBF-, WBO- en IBO-swaargewigtitels gewen. Daarmee het hy slegs een van drie boksers geword wat al die kruisergewigwêreldtitels gewen en 'n <a href="/wiki/Swaargewig" title="Swaargewig">swaargewigw</a>êreldkampioen geword het.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die broers <a href="/wiki/Witali_Klitsjko" title="Witali Klitsjko">Witali</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wladimir_Klitsjko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wladimir Klitsjko (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wladimir Klitsjko</a> is voormalige swaargewigwêreldkampioene wat verskeie wêreldtitels gedurende hul loopbane gehad het. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wasyl_Lomatsjenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wasyl Lomatsjenko (bladsy bestaan nie)">Wasyl Lomatsjenko</a>, wat die goue medalje tydens die <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele" title="Olimpiese Somerspele">Olimpiese Somerspele</a> <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_2008" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 2008">2008</a> en <a href="/wiki/Olimpiese_Somerspele_2012" title="Olimpiese Somerspele 2012">2012</a> gewen het, is 'n ander bekende Oekraïense bokser. Hy hou die verenigde liggewigwêreldtitel en die rekord om 'n wêreldtitel met die minste professionele gevegte te wen, naamlik drie. Teen September 2018 was hy die wêreld se beste aktiewe bokser op die ranglys.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serhij_Boebka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serhij Boebka (bladsy bestaan nie)">Serhij Boebka</a> het van 1993 tot 2014 die rekord in <a href="/wiki/Paalspring" title="Paalspring">paalspring</a> gehou; met sy groot sterkte, spoed en atletiese vaardighede is hy by verskeie geleenthede as die wêreld se beste atleet aangewys.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Basketbal" title="Basketbal">Basketbal</a> het in Oekraïne ook gewildheid verwerf. In 2011 is Oekraïne aangewys as gasheer vir <a href="/w/index.php?title=EuroBasket_2015&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EuroBasket 2015 (bladsy bestaan nie)">EuroBasket 2015</a>. Twee jaar later het die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oekra%C3%AFense_nasionale_basketbalspan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oekraïense nasionale basketbalspan (bladsy bestaan nie)">Oekraïense nasionale basketbalspan</a> die <a href="/w/index.php?title=EuroBasket_2013&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EuroBasket 2013 (bladsy bestaan nie)">EuroBasket 2013</a> in die sesde plek afgesluit en daarmee vir die eerste keer vir die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Basketbalw%C3%AAreldbeker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basketbalwêreldbeker (bladsy bestaan nie)">Basketbalwêreldbeker</a> gekwalifiseer. Die <a href="/w/index.php?title=EuroLeague&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EuroLeague (bladsy bestaan nie)">EuroLeague</a>-deelnemer <a href="/w/index.php?title=BK_Boediwelnyk_Kijif&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BK Boediwelnyk Kijif (bladsy bestaan nie)">Boediwelnyk Kijif</a> is die sterkste Oekraïense professionele basketbalklub. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Skaak" title="Skaak">Skaak</a> is ook gewild in Oekraïne. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Roeslan_Ponomarjof&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roeslan Ponomarjof (bladsy bestaan nie)">Roeslan Ponomarjof</a> is 'n voormalige wêreldkampioen. Daar is sowat 85 grootmeesters en 198 internasionale meesters in Oekraïne. <a href="/wiki/Rugby" title="Rugby">Rugby</a> word ook in Oekraïne gespeel.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwysings">Verwysings</h2></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="-moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; column-count: 4; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2205490">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:9px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-image:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png");background-image:linear-gradient(transparent,transparent),url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:12px;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/">"Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Julie</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFJhariyaMeenaBanerjee2021" class="citation book cs1">Jhariya, M.K.; Meena, R.S.; Banerjee, A. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bf4hEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Ecological Intensification of Natural Resources for Sustainable Agriculture</i></a>. Springer Singapore. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-981-334-203-3" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/978-981-334-203-3"><bdi>978-981-334-203-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">31 Maart</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecological+Intensification+of+Natural+Resources+for+Sustainable+Agriculture&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Springer+Singapore&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-981-334-203-3&rft.aulast=Jhariya&rft.aufirst=M.K.&rft.au=Meena%2C+R.S.&rft.au=Banerjee%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBf4hEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/un-population-projection-medium-variant?tab=table&time=2023">"Population, including UN projections, 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Nasies" title="Verenigde Nasies">Verenigde Nasies</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Julie</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population%2C+including+UN+projections%2C+2023&rft.pub=Verenigde+Nasies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fourworldindata.org%2Fgrapher%2Fun-population-projection-medium-variant%3Ftab%3Dtable%26time%3D2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/">"Population by ethnic nationality, 1 January, year"</a>. Oekraïense Statistiekkantoor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200430211623/http://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 30 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+by+ethnic+nationality%2C+1+January%2C+year&rft.pub=Oekra%C3%AFense+Statistiekkantoor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua%2Feng%2Fresults%2Fgeneral%2Fnationality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imf2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-0">5,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-1">5,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-2">5,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-imf2_5-3">5,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2023/April/weo-report?c=926,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2021&ey=2028&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Monet%C3%AAre_Fonds" title="Internasionale Monetêre Fonds">Internasionale Monetêre Fonds</a>. April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Julie</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine&rft.pub=Internasionale+Monet%C3%AAre+Fonds&rft.date=2023-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2023%2FApril%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D926%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2021%26ey%3D2028%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf">"Human Development Report 2021/2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations Development Programme. 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Julie</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2021%2F2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2021-22pdf_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI?locations=UA">"Gini Index – Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldbank" title="Wêreldbank">Wêreldbank</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Julie</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+%E2%80%93+Ukraine&rft.pub=W%C3%AAreldbank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.GINI%3Flocations%3DUA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/izpb/209719/geschichte-der-ukraine-im-ueberblick"><i>Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb): Geschichte der UKraine im Überblick. Besoek op 31 Maart 2019</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Oekraïns">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">uk</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/ipatlet/ipat28.htm"><i>litopys.org.ua</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Russies">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">ru</span>) </span> Ф.А. Гайда. От Рязани и Москвы до Закарпатья. Происхождение и употребление слова «украинцы» // Родина. 2011. № 1. С. 82-85. [2]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Oekraïns">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">uk</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/yak_nazva.htm"><i>litopys.org.ua: Yak nazva</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Oekraïns">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">uk</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm">З ЕНЦИКЛОПЕДІЇ УКРАЇНОЗНАВСТВА; НАЗВА «УКРАЇНА»</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Oekraïns">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">uk</span>) </span> Григорій Півторак. Походження українців, росіян, білорусів та їхніх мов</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Andreas Kappeler: <i>Die Ukraine – ein Land wischen West und Ost</i>. In: <i>Info aktuell. Informationen zur politischen Bildung</i>, nommer 28/2015, bl. 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Thomas Gerlach en Gert Schmidt: <i>Ukraine – zwischen den Karpaten und dem Schwarzen Meer</i>. Berlyn: Trescher 2011, bl. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Serhy Yekelchyk: <i>Ukraine: Birth of a Modern Nation</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press 2007, bl. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bpb.de/apuz/194816/historische-hintergruende?p=0"><i>www.bpb.de, 11 November 2014: Historische Hintergründe ukrainisch-russischer Konflikte. Besoek op 2 Februarie 2015</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Leonid Rudenko: <i>In der Krise. Die ökologische Lage der Ukraine</i>. In: Manfred Sapper en Volker Weichsel (reds.): <i>Die Ukraine im Wandel. Stabile Instabilität in einem Zwischenland</i>. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb) 2010, bl. 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Andrew Evans: <i>Ukraine</i>. Chalfont St. Peter: Bradt Travel Guides 2013, bl. 3-4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Evans (2013), bl. 17-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Erhard Stölting: <i>Eine Weltmacht zerbricht. Nationalitäten und Religionen in der UdSSR</i>. Derde uitgebreide en hersiene uitgawe. Frankfurt am Main: Eichborn 1991, bl. 81-82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stölting_1991,_bl._82-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stölting_1991,_bl._82_22-0">22,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Stölting_1991,_bl._82_22-1">22,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Stölting (1991), bl. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Stölting (1991), bl. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/krim-krise-die-fatalen-fehler-der-kiewer-regierung-a-956680.html"><i>Spiegel Online, 3 Maart 2014:: Konflikt mit Russland: Die fatalen Fehler der Regierung in Kiew</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/nachrichten-ueberblick-was-auf-der-krim-passiert-a-956568.html"><i>Spiegel Online, 3 Maart 2014: News, Reaktionen, Entwicklungen: Die Krim-Krise im Überblick</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/politik/ausland/militaer-russland-ist-der-ukraine-ueberlegen-a-956496.html"><i>Spiegel Online, 2 Maart 2014: Militärarsenal im Vergleich: So sind Russland und die Ukraine gerüstet. Besoek op 3 Maart 2014</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Matthias Morgner: <i>Reformbedarf. Kommunale Selbstverwaltung in der Ukraine</i>. In: Manfred Sapper en Volker Weichsel (reds.): <i>Die Ukraine im Wandel. Stabile Instabilität in einem Zwischenland</i>. Bonn: Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung 2010, bl. 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Greg Bloom: <i>Ukraine</i>. Lonely Planet Publications 2008, bl. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Yekelchyk (2007), bl. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Andreas Kappeler: <i>Das historische Erbe der Ukraine</i>. In: Manfred Sapper en Volker Weichsel (reds.): <i>Die Ukraine im Wandel. Stabile Instabilität in einem Zwischenland</i>. Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung (bpb): Bonn 2010, bl. 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Kappeler (2010), bl. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Kappeler (2010), bl. 17-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Gerlach en Schmidt (2011), bl. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Gerlach en Schmidt (2011), bl. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Ukraine/Wirtschaft_node.html"><i>Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake: Oekraïne – Ekonomie</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627024659/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/Ukraine/Wirtschaft_node.html">Geargiveer</a> 27 Junie 2012 op <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> Kappeler (2015), bl. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Duits">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">de</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/DE/Aussenpolitik/Laender/Laenderinfos/01-Nodes_Uebersichtsseiten/Ukraine_node.html"><i>Duitse Departement van Buitelandse Sake: Oekraïne. Besoek op 29 Februarie 2016</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine">"Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Julie</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vivafitness.com.au/boxing-lessons-learned-dions-ukraine-visit/">"Boxing Lessons learned from Dion's Ukraine Visit"</a>. Viva Fitness. 14 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Boxing+Lessons+learned+from+Dion%27s+Ukraine+Visit&rft.pub=Viva+Fitness&rft.date=2013-09-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vivafitness.com.au%2Fboxing-lessons-learned-dions-ukraine-visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFSteve_Douglas2021" class="citation web cs1">Steve Douglas (25 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/sports-boxing-anthony-joshua-wladimir-klitschko-evander-holyfield-3b9a7b202d5de124e4c2fee4298df8d4">"Usyk ends Joshua's reign as heavyweight champ"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Associated_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Associated Press (bladsy bestaan nie)">Associated Press</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211022091409/https://apnews.com/article/sports-boxing-anthony-joshua-wladimir-klitschko-evander-holyfield-3b9a7b202d5de124e4c2fee4298df8d4">Geargiveer</a> vanaf die oorspronklike op 22 Oktober 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">22 Oktober</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Usyk+ends+Joshua%27s+reign+as+heavyweight+champ&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=2021-09-25&rft.au=Steve+Douglas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fsports-boxing-anthony-joshua-wladimir-klitschko-evander-holyfield-3b9a7b202d5de124e4c2fee4298df8d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espn.com/boxing/story/_/id/23519498/espn-boxing-pound-pound-rankings-vasiliy-lomachenko-no-1">"Pound-for-pound rankings: Vasiliy Lomachenko still No. 1"</a>. ESPN<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">18 Mei</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pound-for-pound+rankings%3A+Vasiliy+Lomachenko+still+No.+1&rft.pub=ESPN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fboxing%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F23519498%2Fespn-boxing-pound-pound-rankings-vasiliy-lomachenko-no-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFInternasionale_Olimpiese_Komitee" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Olimpiese_Komitee" title="Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee">Internasionale Olimpiese Komitee</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.olympic.org/mr-sergey-bubka">"Mr. Sergey BUBKA"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Mei</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mr.+Sergey+BUBKA&rft.au=Internasionale+Olimpiese+Komitee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.olympic.org%2Fmr-sergey-bubka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511100602/http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html">"Track and Field Athlete of the Year"</a>. Trackandfieldnews. Geargiveer vanaf <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trackandfieldnews.com/archive/aoy.html">die oorspronklike</a> op 11 Mei 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">11 Mei</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Track+and+Field+Athlete+of+the+Year&rft.pub=Trackandfieldnews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trackandfieldnews.com%2Farchive%2Faoy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Bath1997" class="citation book cs1">Richard Bath (1997). <i>The Complete Book of Rugby</i>. Seven Oaks Ltd. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-86200-013-1" title="Spesiaal:Boekbronne/1-86200-013-1"><bdi>1-86200-013-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Rugby&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Seven+Oaks+Ltd.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1-86200-013-1&rft.au=Richard+Bath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bronnelys">Bronnelys</h2></div> <dl><dt>Algemeen</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine">"Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Julie</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FUkraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2205490"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/ukraine/">"Ukraine"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Besoek op <span class="nowrap">27 Julie</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fukraine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Faf.wikipedia.org%3AOekra%C3%AFne" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eksterne_skakels">Eksterne skakels</h2></div> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ukraine" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ukraine">Oekraïne</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Sien <i><b><a href="https://af.wiktionary.org/wiki/Oekra%C3%AFne" class="extiw" title="wikt:Oekraïne">Oekraïne</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, die vrye woordeboek.</td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> Toerisme-inligting oor <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Ukraine">Oekraïne</a> op <a href="/wiki/Wikivoyage" title="Wikivoyage">Wikivoyage</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Amptelike webtuistes</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.president.gov.ua/"><i>Amptelike webtuiste van die President van Oekraïne</i></a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kmu.gov.ua"><i>Amptelike webtuiste van die Regering van Oekraïne</i></a></li> <li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rada.gov.ua"><i>Amptelike webtuiste van die Parlement van Oekraïne</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Ensiklopedieë</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/"><i>Die Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies se Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</i></a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kaarte</dt></dl> <hr /> <ul><li><span style="font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; font-size:85%; cursor:help; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d);" title="Taal: Engels">(<span style="border-bottom: 1px dotted var(--color-subtle, #54595d);">en</span>) </span> <a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Ukraine"><i>Wikiatlas van Oekraïne</i></a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" style="text-align: center; width:80%; font-size:95%; margin:0.5em auto"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td width="5%" style="text-align: center" rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Poland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Pole"><img alt="Vlag van Pole" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Belarus"><img alt="Vlag van Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/33px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/44px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> </td> <td width="5%" style="text-align: center; padding: 0" rowspan="5"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Compass_rose_pale-50x50.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="50" data-file-height="50" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Slowakye"><img alt="Vlag van Slowakye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Slowakye" title="Slowakye">Slowakye</a> • <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Hungary.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Hongarye"><img alt="Vlag van Hongarye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/22px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/33px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/44px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye">Hongarye</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="North"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/17px-North.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/26px-North.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/North.svg/34px-North.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" rowspan="3"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center" nowrap="nowrap"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="West"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/17px-West.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/26px-West.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/West.svg/34px-West.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span>   <b><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Oekraïne"><img alt="Vlag van Oekraïne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oekraïne</a></b>    <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="East"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/17px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/26px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Boxed_East_arrow.svg/34px-Boxed_East_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="South"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/17px-South.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/26px-South.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/South.svg/34px-South.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="17" data-file-height="17" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Roemenië"><img alt="Vlag van Roemenië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/22px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/33px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/44px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a> • <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Moldova.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Moldowa"><img alt="Vlag van Moldowa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/22px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/33px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/44px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa">Moldowa</a> (<span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Transnistria_(state).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Transnistrië"><img alt="Vlag van Transnistrië" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Transnistria_%28state%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Transnistri%C3%AB" title="Transnistrië">Transnistrië</a>) </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Swartsee" title="Swartsee">Swartsee</a> • <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Turkye"><img alt="Vlag van Turkye" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/22px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/33px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/44px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/See_van_Azof" title="See van Azof">See van Azof</a> • <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vlag van Rusland"><img alt="Vlag van Rusland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Europa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-lees"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Europa"><abbr title="Lees hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bespreek"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloonbespreking:Lande_van_Europa" title="Sjabloonbespreking:Lande van Europa"><abbr title="Bespreek hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-wysig"><a class="external text" href="https://af.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Lande_van_Europa&action=edit"><abbr title="Wysig hierdie sjabloon" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;-moz-box-shadow:none;-webkit-box-shadow:none;box-shadow:none; padding:0;">w</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lande_en_gebiede_in_Europa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lande en gebiede in <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_lande" title="Lys van lande">Lande</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Albani%C3%AB" title="Albanië">Albanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armeni%C3%AB" title="Armenië">Armenië</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Azerbeidjan" title="Azerbeidjan">Azerbeidjan</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België">België</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bosni%C3%AB_en_Herzegowina" title="Bosnië en Herzegowina">Bosnië en Herzegowina</a> • <a href="/wiki/Bulgarye" title="Bulgarye">Bulgarye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Denemarke" title="Denemarke">Denemarke</a> • <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Estland" title="Estland">Estland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frankryk" title="Frankryk">Frankryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgi%C3%AB" title="Georgië">Georgië</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Griekeland" title="Griekeland">Griekeland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Hongarye" title="Hongarye">Hongarye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Ierland" title="Republiek Ierland">Ierland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kasakstan" title="Kasakstan">Kasakstan</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Kroasi%C3%AB" title="Kroasië">Kroasië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Letland" title="Letland">Letland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a> • <a href="/wiki/Litaue" title="Litaue">Litaue</a> • <a href="/wiki/Luxemburg" title="Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> • <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> • <a href="/wiki/Moldowa" title="Moldowa">Moldowa</a> • <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> • <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noord-Masedoni%C3%AB" title="Noord-Masedonië">Noord-Masedonië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Oekraïne</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oostenryk" title="Oostenryk">Oostenryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Pole" title="Pole">Pole</a> • <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Roemeni%C3%AB" title="Roemenië">Roemenië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> • <a href="/wiki/Serwi%C3%AB" title="Serwië">Serwië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siprus" title="Siprus">Siprus</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Slowakye" title="Slowakye">Slowakye</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sloweni%C3%AB" title="Slowenië">Slowenië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> • <a href="/wiki/Swede" title="Swede">Swede</a> • <a href="/wiki/Switserland" title="Switserland">Switserland</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tsjeggi%C3%AB" title="Tsjeggië">Tsjeggië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkye" title="Turkye">Turkye</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Vatikaanstad" title="Vatikaanstad">Vatikaanstad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ysland" title="Ysland">Ysland</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Europe_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_omstrede_gebiede" title="Lys van omstrede gebiede">Omstrede gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Abchasi%C3%AB" title="Abchasië">Abchasië</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Republiek_Artsach" title="Republiek Artsach">Artsach</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Donetsk" title="Volksrepubliek Donetsk">Donetsk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> • <a href="/wiki/Volksrepubliek_Loehansk" title="Volksrepubliek Loehansk">Loehansk</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turkse_Republiek_van_Noord-Siprus" title="Turkse Republiek van Noord-Siprus">Noord-Siprus</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Suid-Osseti%C3%AB" title="Suid-Ossetië">Suid-Ossetië</a><sup>1</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Transnistri%C3%AB" title="Transnistrië">Transnistrië</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lys_van_afhanklike_gebiede" title="Lys van afhanklike gebiede">Afhanklike gebiede</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Koninkryk_van_Denemarke" title="Koninkryk van Denemarke">Koninkryk van Denemarke</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Faro%C3%ABreilande" title="Faroëreilande">Faroëreilande</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorweë</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a> • <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Asore" title="Asore">Asore</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Koninkryk" title="Verenigde Koninkryk">Verenigde Koninkryk</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_en_Dhekeli%C3%AB" title="Akrotiri en Dhekelië">Akrotiri en Dhekelië</a><sup>2</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a><sup>3</sup> • <a href="/wiki/Man_(eiland)" title="Man (eiland)">Man</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lande van</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Afrika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Afrika">Afrika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Asi%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Asië">Asië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Noord-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Noord-Amerika">Noord-Amerika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Oseani%C3%AB" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Oseanië">Oseanië</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Lande_van_Suid-Amerika" title="Sjabloon:Lande van Suid-Amerika">Suid-Amerika</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>1. Land <a href="/wiki/Transkontinentale_land" title="Transkontinentale land">deels</a> in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>. 2. Geografies in <a href="/wiki/Asi%C3%AB" title="Asië">Asië</a>, maar gereeld beskou as deel van <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a> a.g.v. kulturele en historiese oorwegings. 3. Aangedui as die <a href="/wiki/Kanaaleilande" title="Kanaaleilande">Kanaaleilande</a>.</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hulp:Normdata" title="Hulp:Normdata">Normdata</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Espa%C3%B1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional de España">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451278">XX451278</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865672n">cb11865672n</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11865672n">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4061496-7">4061496-7</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Historical_Dictionary_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Dictionary of Switzerland">HDS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/025007">025007</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000123587973">0000 0001 2358 7973</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=KulturNav&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KulturNav (bladsy bestaan nie)">KulturNav</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/d943feef-e70e-4466-8c98-8df9b7b53437">d943feef-e70e-4466-8c98-8df9b7b53437</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81017756">n81017756</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MusicBrainz" title="MusicBrainz">MusicBrainz</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/904768d0-61ca-3c40-93ac-93adc36fef4b">904768d0-61ca-3c40-93ac-93adc36fef4b</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_and_Records_Administration" title="National Archives and Records Administration">NARA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045282">10045282</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00573982">00573982</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131211&CON_LNG=ENG">ge131211</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000983173&local_base=nlx10">000983173</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RERO_(Library_Network_of_Western_Switzerland)" class="mw-redirect" title="RERO (Library Network of Western Switzerland)">RERO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.rero.ch/02-A000165518">02-A000165518</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02640267X">02640267X</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21527102" class="extiw" title="d:Q21527102">TDVİA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/ukrayna">ukrayna</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/123791201">123791201</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat" title="WorldCat">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/123791201">123791201</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="display:none; right:10px;" class="metadata topicon nopopups" id="featured-star"><span typeof="mw:File"><a 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