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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Late Middle Ages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Russian rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Recent developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ecological situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Population_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Population growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ethnic groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Unemployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Government and administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cemeteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cemeteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Cemeteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cemeteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Theatres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Museums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Recreation areas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recreation_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sports subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Football</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ice_hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ice_hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Ice hockey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ice_hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Handball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basketball" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basketball"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Basketball</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basketball-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_sporting_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_sporting_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.5</span> <span>International sporting events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_sporting_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Transportation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Local transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rapid_transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rapid_transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Rapid transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rapid_transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railway_and_intercity_bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railway_and_intercity_bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Railway and intercity bus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railway_and_intercity_bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Cycling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Airports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Airports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_higher_educational_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_higher_educational_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Major higher educational institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_higher_educational_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notable people subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Musicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Musicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.2</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Twin towns – sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">18</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">19</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minsk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 192 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-192" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">192 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%AD" title="ሚንስክ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሚንስክ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsc" title="Minsc – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Minsc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83" title="مينسك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مينسك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D6%84" title="Մինսք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մինսք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="মিন্‌স্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিন্‌স্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мінск – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мінск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Менск – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Менск" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मिंस्क – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मिंस्क" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%80%E0%BC%8D" title="མིན་སིཀ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིན་སིཀ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83" title="مينسك – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="مينسك" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo%CA%BCawoshii_Y%C3%ADl%C4%AF%CC%81" title="Dooʼawoshii Yílį́ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dooʼawoshii Yílį́" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%BA" title="Μινσκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μινσκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Минской – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Минской" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsko" title="Minsko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Minsko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="مینسک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مینسک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mionsc" title="Mionsc – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Mionsc" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%81%AC" title="민스크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="민스크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniska" title="Miniska – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Miniska" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%AF" title="Մինսկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մինսկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मिन्‍स्‍क – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिन्‍स्‍क" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7" title="מינסק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מינסק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D" title="ಮಿನ್ಸ್ಕ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಿನ್ಸ್ಕ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მინსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%84sk" title="Mińsk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mińsk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%AEnsk" title="Mînsk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mînsk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minska" title="Minska – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Minska" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minscum" title="Minscum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Minscum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minska" title="Minska – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minska" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minskas" title="Minskas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Minskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsku" title="Minsku – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Minsku" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minszk" title="Minszk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Minszk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="മിൻസ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിൻസ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मिन्‍स्‍क – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिन्‍स्‍क" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="მინსკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მინსკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%83" title="مينسك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="مينسك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="مینسک – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مینسک" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="मिन्स्क – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिन्स्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AF" title="ミンスク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミンスク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk_(st%C3%A4%C3%A4d)" title="Minsk (stääd) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Minsk (stääd)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miensk" title="Miensk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Miensk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%95" title="ਮਿੰਸਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੰਸਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="منسک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منسک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="مینسک – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مینسک" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%84sk" title="Mińsk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mińsk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Мінск – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мінск" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Минскай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Минскай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsku" title="Minsku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Minsku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%AA" title="منسڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="منسڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%A3%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A" title="Мѣнскъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Мѣнскъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%84sk" title="Mińsk – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Mińsk" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="مینسک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مینسک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="மின்ஸ்க் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்ஸ்க்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="มินสค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มินสค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Минск – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Минск" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA" title="Мінськ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінськ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B3%DA%A9" title="منسک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منسک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="مىنىسكى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىنىسكى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="明斯克 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="明斯克" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="明斯克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="明斯克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A7" title="מינסק – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינסק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="明斯克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="明斯克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsks" title="Minsks – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Minsks" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B" title="明斯克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="明斯克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(Ruslan_Puti)" title="Min (Ruslan Puti) – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Min (Ruslan Puti)" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Minsk" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" 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class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Minsk&params=53_54_02_N_27_33_31_E_region:BY_type:city(1996730)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°54′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">27°33′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.90056°N 27.55861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.90056; 27.55861</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city of Belarus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Minsk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Minsk (disambiguation)">Minsk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city in Belarus</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Minsk</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be" style="font-style: normal;">Мінск</span></span> <b>·</b> <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru" style="font-style: normal;">Минск</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:133px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/238px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/357px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg/476px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1456" /></a></span></div><div>Minsk business district (Pieramozhcaw Avenue)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miensk,_old_town_(34221353642).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Miensk%2C_old_town_%2834221353642%29.jpg/120px-Miensk%2C_old_town_%2834221353642%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Miensk%2C_old_town_%2834221353642%29.jpg/250px-Miensk%2C_old_town_%2834221353642%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a></span></div><div>Minsk City Hall</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:77px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_2.jpg/117px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_2.jpg/176px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_2.jpg/234px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="567" /></a></span></div><div>Church of Sts. Peter and Paul</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theatre_opera%26ballet,_Minsk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Theatre_opera%26ballet%2C_Minsk.JPG/120px-Theatre_opera%26ballet%2C_Minsk.JPG" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Theatre_opera%26ballet%2C_Minsk.JPG/250px-Theatre_opera%26ballet%2C_Minsk.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/National_Opera_and_Ballet_of_Belarus" title="National Opera and Ballet of Belarus">National Opera and Ballet Theatre</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div style="height:87px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Babrujskaja,_Minsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Babrujskaja%2C_Minsk.jpg/117px-Babrujskaja%2C_Minsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Babrujskaja%2C_Minsk.jpg/176px-Babrujskaja%2C_Minsk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Babrujskaja%2C_Minsk.jpg/234px-Babrujskaja%2C_Minsk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3727" data-file-height="2795" /></a></span></div><div>Railway Station Square</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena_(Minsk).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena_%28Minsk%29.jpg/238px-Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena_%28Minsk%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena_%28Minsk%29.jpg/357px-Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena_%28Minsk%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena_%28Minsk%29.jpg/476px-Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena_%28Minsk%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena" title="Church of Saints Simon and Helena">Red Church</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Minsk,_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Minsk"><img alt="Flag of Minsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg/150px-Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg/225px-Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg/300px-Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Minsk"><img alt="Coat of arms of Minsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="700" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 255px; height: 255px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="255" data-height="255" data-zoom="10" data-lat="53.9" data-lon="27.5667" data-overlays="["_1d746b4ab45bf4c9fb6f315af0713ba7ab70f01d"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/53.9/27.5667/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,53.9,27.5667,255x255.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Minsk&revid=1283000119&groups=_1d746b4ab45bf4c9fb6f315af0713ba7ab70f01d" width="255" height="255" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,53.9,27.5667,255x255@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Minsk&revid=1283000119&groups=_1d746b4ab45bf4c9fb6f315af0713ba7ab70f01d 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Interactive map of Minsk</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk_in_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Minsk"><img alt="Location of Minsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Minsk_in_Belarus.svg/250px-Minsk_in_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Minsk_in_Belarus.svg/375px-Minsk_in_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Minsk_in_Belarus.svg/500px-Minsk_in_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1623" data-file-height="1447" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Minsk is located in Belarus"><img alt="Minsk is located in Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:47.159%;left:46.125%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Minsk"><img alt="Minsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Minsk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Belarus</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Belarus</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minsk is located in Europe"><img alt="Minsk is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:46.656%;left:59.878%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Minsk"><img alt="Minsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Minsk</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Europe</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Minsk&params=53_54_02_N_27_33_31_E_region:BY_type:city(1996730)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°54′02″N</span> <span class="longitude">27°33′31″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.90056°N 27.55861°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.90056; 27.55861</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First mentioned</th><td class="infobox-data">1067</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Minsk_City_Council_of_Deputies" title="Minsk City Council of Deputies">Minsk City Council of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Minsk" title="Mayor of Minsk">Chairman</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kukharev" title="Vladimir Kukharev">Vladimir Kukharev</a><sup id="cite_ref-Minsk_City_Executive_Committee_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minsk_City_Executive_Committee-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">409.53 km<sup>2</sup> (158.12 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">280.6 m (920.6 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2025)<sup id="cite_ref-pop_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,996,730</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">4,900/km<sup>2</sup> (13,000/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">Minsker, Minskite</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">en</a>) <br /> <span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">мінчанін, minčanin</span></span> <br /> <span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">мінчанка, minčanka</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">be</a>) <br /> <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">минчанин, minchanin</span></span> <br /> <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">минчанка, minchanka</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">ru</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Total</th><td class="infobox-data">Br 76.9 billion<br />(<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>23.5 billion)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">Br 38,600<br />(<a href="/wiki/US$" class="mw-redirect" title="US$">US$</a>11,800)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal Code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">220001-220141</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+375 17</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">BY-HM</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">License plate</th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minsk.gov.by/en/">minsk.gov.by</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Minsk</b> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Мінск</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="be-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">[mʲinsk]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Минск</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[mʲinsk]</a></span>) is the capital and largest city of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, located on the <a href="/wiki/Svislach_(Berezina)" title="Svislach (Berezina)">Svislach</a> and the now subterranean <a href="/wiki/Nyamiha" title="Nyamiha">Niamiha</a> rivers. As the capital, Minsk has a special administrative status in Belarus and is the administrative centre of <a href="/wiki/Minsk_region" title="Minsk region">Minsk region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minsk_district" title="Minsk district">Minsk district</a>. As of 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> it has a population of about two million,<sup id="cite_ref-pop_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Minsk the <a href="/wiki/Largest_cities_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Largest cities in Europe">11th-most populous city in Europe</a>. Minsk is one of the administrative capitals of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS) and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> (EAEU). </p><p>First mentioned in 1067, Minsk became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Minsk" title="Principality of Minsk">Principality of Minsk</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Appanage" title="Appanage">appanage</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a>, before being annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> in 1242. It received <a href="/wiki/Town_privileges" title="Town privileges">town privileges</a> in 1499.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1569, it was the capital of <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Voivodeship" title="Minsk Voivodeship">Minsk Voivodeship</a>, an administrative division of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. It was part of the territories annexed by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in 1793, as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition of Poland</a>. From 1919 to 1991, after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>, Minsk was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>, which became a <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">republic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1922. Following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, Minsk became the capital of the newly independent Republic of Belarus. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk,_June_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Minsk%2C_June_2011.jpg/250px-Minsk%2C_June_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Minsk%2C_June_2011.jpg/330px-Minsk%2C_June_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Minsk%2C_June_2011.jpg/500px-Minsk%2C_June_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Suburb" title="Trinity Suburb">Trajeckaje pradmiescie</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_historical_names">Etymology and historical names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and historical names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena,_15,_Soviet_str.,_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_04.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena%2C_15%2C_Soviet_str.%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_04.JPG/250px-Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena%2C_15%2C_Soviet_str.%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_04.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena%2C_15%2C_Soviet_str.%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_04.JPG/330px-Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena%2C_15%2C_Soviet_str.%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_04.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena%2C_15%2C_Soviet_str.%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_04.JPG/500px-Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena%2C_15%2C_Soviet_str.%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_04.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Independence_Square,_Minsk" title="Independence Square, Minsk">Independence Square</a> in the centre of Minsk</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> name of the town was <span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><span lang="orv">Мѣньскъ</span></span> (<span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><i lang="orv-Latn">Měnsk</i></span> < <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Early Proto-Slavic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Late Indo-European</a> <span title="Proto-Slavic-language text">*<i lang="sla">Mēnĭskŭ</i></span>), derived from a river name <i>Měn</i> (< <span title="Old East Slavic-language text"><i lang="orv-Latn">Mēnŭ</i></span>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The resulting<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> form of the name, <i>Minsk</i> (spelled either <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru-petr1708">Минскъ</span></span> or <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru-petr1708">Мѣнскъ</span></span>), was taken over both in Russian (modern spelling: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Минск</span></span>) and Polish (<span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Mińsk</i></span>), and under the <a href="/wiki/Russification_of_Belarus" title="Russification of Belarus">influence of Russian</a> this form also became official in Belarusian. The direct continuation of the name in Belarusian is <span title="Belarusian-language text"><i lang="be">Miensk</i></span> (<span lang="be"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA#Belarusian" class="extiw" title="wikt:Менск">Менск</a></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="be-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">[ˈmʲɛnsk]</a></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which some Belarusian-speakers continue to use as their preferred name for the city.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Belarus was under Polish rule, the names <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Mińsk Litewski</i></span> ('Minsk of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a>') and <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Mińsk Białoruski</i></span> ('Minsk of Belarus') were used to differentiate this place name from <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl"><a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%84sk_Mazowiecki" title="Mińsk Mazowiecki">Mińsk Mazowiecki</a></i></span> 'Minsk in <a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a>'. In modern Polish, <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Mińsk</i></span> without an attribute usually refers to the city in Belarus, which is about 50 times bigger than Mińsk Mazowiecki; (compare <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest-Litovsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski" title="Brześć Kujawski">Brześć Kujawski</a> for a similar case).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Minsk" title="History of Minsk">History of Minsk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Minsk" title="Timeline of Minsk">Timeline of Minsk</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B010.JPG/250px-%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B010.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B010.JPG/330px-%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B010.JPG/500px-%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3056" data-file-height="4176" /></a><figcaption>The Saviour Church, built under the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> in 1577, is part of an archaeological preservation in <a href="/wiki/Zaslawye" title="Zaslawye">Zaslavl</a>, 23 km (14 mi) northwest of Minsk.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Svislach_(Berezina)" title="Svislach (Berezina)">Svislach River</a> valley was the settlement boundary between two early East Slavic tribes – the <a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dregovichs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dregovichs">Dregovichs</a>. By 980, the area was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">early medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a>, one of the earliest East Slavic principalities of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>. Minsk was first mentioned in the name form <i>Měneskъ</i> (Мѣнескъ) in the <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i> for the year 1067 in association with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_on_the_Nemiga_River" title="Battle on the Nemiga River">Battle on the River Nemiga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1067 is now widely accepted as the founding year of Minsk. City authorities consider the date of 3 March 1067 to be the exact founding date of the city,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the town (by then fortified by wooden walls) had certainly existed for some time by then. The origin of the name is unknown but there are several theories.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 12th century, the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a> disintegrated into smaller fiefs. The <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Minsk" title="Principality of Minsk">Principality of Minsk</a> was established by one of the <a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a> dynasty princes. In 1129, the Principality of Minsk was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Kiev" title="Principality of Kiev">Kiev</a>, the dominant principality of <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>; however in 1146 the Polotsk dynasty regained control of the principality. By 1150, Minsk rivalled Polotsk as the major city in the former Principality of Polotsk. The princes of Minsk and Polotsk were engaged in years of struggle trying to unite all lands previously under the rule of Polotsk.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_Middle_Ages">Late Middle Ages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late Middle Ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miensk._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_(1772)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Miensk._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%281772%29_%282%29.jpg/250px-Miensk._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%281772%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Miensk._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%281772%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Miensk._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%281772%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Miensk._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%281772%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Miensk._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA_%281772%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Minsk in 1772</figcaption></figure> <p>Minsk escaped the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Rus'">Mongol invasion of Rus</a> in 1237–1239. In 1242, Minsk became a part of the expanding <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>. It joined peacefully and local elites enjoyed high rank in the society of the Grand Duchy. In 1413, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> entered into a union. Minsk became the centre of <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Voivodeship" title="Minsk Voivodeship">Minsk Voivodship</a> (province). In 1441, as <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV</a> included Minsk in a list of cities enjoying certain privileges, and in 1499, during the reign of his son, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Jagiellon" title="Alexander Jagiellon">Alexander I Jagiellon</a>, Minsk received <a href="/wiki/Town_privileges" title="Town privileges">town privileges</a> under <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg law</a>. In 1569, after the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Lublin" title="Union of Lublin">Union of Lublin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> merged into a single state, the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the middle of the 16th century, Minsk was an important economic and cultural centre in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. It was also an important centre for the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Brest" title="Union of Brest">Union of Brest</a>, both the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> and the Roman Catholic Church increased in influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1655, Minsk was conquered by troops of <a href="/wiki/Alexis_of_Russia" title="Alexis of Russia">Tsar Alexei</a> of Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russians governed the city until 1660 when it was regained by <a href="/wiki/John_II_Casimir" class="mw-redirect" title="John II Casimir">John II Casimir</a>, Grand Duke of Lithuania and King of Poland. By the end of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Polish-Russian War</a>, Minsk had only about 2,000 residents and just 300 houses. The second wave of devastation occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>, when Minsk was occupied in 1708 and 1709 by the army of <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII of Sweden</a> and then by the army of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter I of Russia">Peter the Great</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The last decades of the Polish rule involved decline or very slow development, since Minsk had become a small provincial town of little economic or military significance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_rule">Russian rule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russian rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stara%C5%BEo%C5%ADka,_carkva._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0,_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_(2019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Stara%C5%BEo%C5%ADka%2C_carkva._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%282019%29.jpg/220px-Stara%C5%BEo%C5%ADka%2C_carkva._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%282019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Stara%C5%BEo%C5%ADka%2C_carkva._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%282019%29.jpg/330px-Stara%C5%BEo%C5%ADka%2C_carkva._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%282019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Stara%C5%BEo%C5%ADka%2C_carkva._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%282019%29.jpg/440px-Stara%C5%BEo%C5%ADka%2C_carkva._%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%BA%D0%B0%2C_%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0_%282019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3866" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption>Orthodox church of St. Mary Magdalene (built in 1847)</figcaption></figure> <p>Minsk was annexed by Russia in 1793 as a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1796, it became the centre of the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Governorate" title="Minsk Governorate">Minsk Governorate</a>. All of the initial <a href="/wiki/Street_or_road_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Street or road name">street names</a> were replaced by Russian names, though the spelling of the city's name remained unchanged. It was briefly occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Arm%C3%A9e" title="Grande Armée">Grande Armée</a> during <a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Russia" title="French invasion of Russia">French invasion of Russia</a> in 1812.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout the 19th century, the city continued to grow and significantly improve. In the 1830s, major streets and squares of Minsk were cobbled and paved. A first public library was opened in 1836, and a fire brigade was put into operation in 1837. In 1838, the first local newspaper, <i>Minskiye gubernskiye vedomosti</i> ("Minsk province news") went into circulation. The first theatre was established in 1844. By 1860, Minsk was an important trading city with a population of 27,000. There was a construction boom that led to the building of two- and three-story brick and stone houses in <i>Upper Town</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minsk's development was boosted by improvements in transportation. In 1846, the Moscow-<a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> road was laid through Minsk. In 1871, a railway link between Moscow and Warsaw ran via Minsk, and in 1873, a new <a href="/wiki/Libau%E2%80%93Romny_Railway" title="Libau–Romny Railway">railway from Romny in Ukraine to the Baltic Sea port of Libava</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepāja</a>) was also constructed. Thus Minsk became an important rail junction and a manufacturing hub. A <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">municipal water supply</a> was introduced in 1872, the telephone in 1890, the horse tram in 1892, and the first power generator in 1894. By 1900, Minsk had 58 factories employing 3,000 workers. The city also boasted theatres, cinemas, newspapers, schools and colleges, as well as numerous monasteries, churches, synagogues, and a mosque. According to the 1897 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">Russian census</a>, the city had 91,494 inhabitants, with some 47,561 Jews constituting more than half of the city population.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk_1912.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Minsk_1912.jpg/250px-Minsk_1912.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Minsk_1912.jpg/330px-Minsk_1912.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Minsk_1912.jpg/500px-Minsk_1912.jpg 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_College_in_Minsk" title="Jesuit College in Minsk">Jesuit Collegium</a> in 1912</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miensk,_BNR._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA,_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_(1918).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Miensk%2C_BNR._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg/250px-Miensk%2C_BNR._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Miensk%2C_BNR._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg/330px-Miensk%2C_BNR._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Miensk%2C_BNR._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg/500px-Miensk%2C_BNR._%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%9D%D0%A0_%281918%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White-red-white_flag" title="White-red-white flag">Belarusian national flag</a> over the building of the People's Secretariat of the Belarusian People's Republic</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg/220px-Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg/330px-Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg/440px-Kurapaty_1989_meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1594" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>Meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Kurapaty" title="Kurapaty">Kurapaty</a> woods, 1989, where between 1937 and 1941 from 30,000 to 250,000 Belarusian <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a> members were murdered by the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the early years of the 20th century, Minsk was a major centre for the worker's movement in Belarus. The <a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">1st Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a>, the forerunner to the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolsheviks</a> and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a>, was held there in 1898. It was also one of the major centres of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_national_revival" title="Belarusian national revival">Belarusian national revival</a>, alongside <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>. However, the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> significantly affected the development of Minsk. By 1915, Minsk was a battlefront city. Some factories were closed down, and residents began evacuating to the east. Minsk became the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Western Front (Soviet Union)">the Western Front</a> of the Russian army and also housed military hospitals and <a href="/wiki/Military_logistics" title="Military logistics">military supply</a> bases.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a> had an immediate effect in Minsk. A Workers' Soviet was established in Minsk in October 1917, drawing much of its support from disaffected soldiers and workers. After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusian-Polish_administration_of_Minsk" title="Belarusian-Polish administration of Minsk">German forces occupied Minsk</a> on 21 February 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 March 1918, Minsk was proclaimed the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian People's Republic">Belarusian People's Republic</a>. The republic was short-lived; in December 1918, Minsk was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. In January 1919 Minsk was proclaimed the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a>, though later in 1919 (see <a href="/wiki/Operation_Minsk" title="Operation Minsk">Operation Minsk</a>) and again in 1920, the city was controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Polish_Republic" title="Second Polish Republic">Second Polish Republic</a> during the course of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish-Bolshevik War</a> between 8 August 1919 and 11 July 1920 and again between 14 October 1920 and 19 March 1921. Under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Riga">Peace of Riga</a>, Minsk was handed back to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a> and became the capital of the Byelorussian SSR, one of the founding republics of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Union of Soviet Socialist Republics</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A programme of reconstruction and development was begun in 1922. By 1924, there were 29 factories in operation; schools, museums, theatres and libraries were also established. Throughout the 1920s and the 1930s, Minsk saw rapid development with dozens of new factories being built and new schools, colleges, higher education establishments, hospitals, theatres and cinemas being opened. During this period, Minsk was also a centre for the development of Belarusian language and culture.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg/250px-RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg/500px-RIAN_archive_137811_Children_during_air_raid.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Children during the German bombing of Minsk on 24 June 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Before the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Minsk had a population of 300,000 people. The Germans captured Minsk in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Battle of Białystok–Minsk</a>, as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Minsk_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Minsk in World War II">after it had been devastated</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a>. However, some factories, museums, and tens of thousands of civilians had been evacuated to the east. The Germans designated Minsk the administrative centre of <i><a href="/wiki/Generalbezirk_Weissruthenien" class="mw-redirect" title="Generalbezirk Weissruthenien">Generalbezirk Weißruthenien</a></i>. Communists and sympathisers were killed or imprisoned, both locally and after being transported to Germany. Homes were requisitioned to house invading German forces. Thousands starved as food was seized by the German Army and paid work was scarce. Minsk was the site of one of the largest Nazi-run <a href="/wiki/Ghetto" title="Ghetto">ghettos</a> in the Second World War, temporarily housing over 100,000 Jews (see <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Ghetto" title="Minsk Ghetto">Minsk Ghetto</a>). Some anti-Soviet residents of Minsk, who hoped that Belarus could regain independence, did support the Germans, especially at the beginning of the occupation, but by 1942, Minsk had become a major centre of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisan</a> <a href="/wiki/Resistance_movement" title="Resistance movement">resistance movement</a> against the invasion, in what is known in some post-Soviet states as the <i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Great Patriotic War</a></i>. For this role, Minsk was awarded the title <i><a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero City</a></i> in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A,_Minsk,_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg/250px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg/500px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-137-1010-37A%2C_Minsk%2C_deutsche_Truppen_vor_modernen_Geb%C3%A4uden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>German troops marching through Minsk</figcaption></figure> <p>Minsk was recaptured by Soviet troops on 3 July 1944 in <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Offensive">Minsk Offensive</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Operation Bagration</a>. The city was the centre of German resistance to the Soviet advance and saw heavy fighting during the first half of 1944. Factories, municipal buildings, <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power stations</a>, bridges, most roads, and 80% of the houses were reduced to rubble. In 1944, Minsk's population was reduced to a mere 50,000.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gates_of_Minsk_(2016).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gates_of_Minsk_%282016%29.jpg/250px-Gates_of_Minsk_%282016%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gates_of_Minsk_%282016%29.jpg/330px-Gates_of_Minsk_%282016%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Gates_of_Minsk_%282016%29.jpg/500px-Gates_of_Minsk_%282016%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3494" data-file-height="2485" /></a><figcaption>Railway Station Square, an example of Stalinist Minsk architecture</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nacyjanalny_akademi%C4%8Dny_teatar_imia_Janki_Kupa%C5%82y.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nacyjanalny_akademi%C4%8Dny_teatar_imia_Janki_Kupa%C5%82y.JPG/250px-Nacyjanalny_akademi%C4%8Dny_teatar_imia_Janki_Kupa%C5%82y.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nacyjanalny_akademi%C4%8Dny_teatar_imia_Janki_Kupa%C5%82y.JPG/330px-Nacyjanalny_akademi%C4%8Dny_teatar_imia_Janki_Kupa%C5%82y.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Nacyjanalny_akademi%C4%8Dny_teatar_imia_Janki_Kupa%C5%82y.JPG/500px-Nacyjanalny_akademi%C4%8Dny_teatar_imia_Janki_Kupa%C5%82y.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3849" data-file-height="2885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Janka_Kupala_National_Theatre" title="Janka Kupala National Theatre">Janka Kupala National Theatre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The historical centre was replaced in the 1940s and 1950s by <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a>, which favoured grand buildings, broad avenues and wide squares. Subsequently, the city grew rapidly as a result of massive industrialisation. Since the 1960s Minsk's population has also grown apace, reaching 1 million in 1972 and 1.5 million in 1986. Construction of <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Metro" title="Minsk Metro">Minsk Metro</a> began on 16 June 1977, and the system was opened to the public on 30 June 1984, becoming the ninth metro system in the Soviet Union. The rapid population growth was primarily driven by mass migration of young, unskilled workers from rural areas of Belarus, as well as by migration of <a href="/wiki/Skilled_worker" title="Skilled worker">skilled workers</a> from other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To house the expanding population, Minsk spread beyond its historical boundaries. Its surrounding villages were absorbed and rebuilt as <i>mikroraions</i>, districts of high-density apartment housing.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_developments">Recent developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recent developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niezalie%C5%BEnasci_avenue_(Minsk),_November_2019_p8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Niezalie%C5%BEnasci_avenue_%28Minsk%29%2C_November_2019_p8.jpg/220px-Niezalie%C5%BEnasci_avenue_%28Minsk%29%2C_November_2019_p8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Niezalie%C5%BEnasci_avenue_%28Minsk%29%2C_November_2019_p8.jpg/330px-Niezalie%C5%BEnasci_avenue_%28Minsk%29%2C_November_2019_p8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Niezalie%C5%BEnasci_avenue_%28Minsk%29%2C_November_2019_p8.jpg/440px-Niezalie%C5%BEnasci_avenue_%28Minsk%29%2C_November_2019_p8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Independence_Avenue_(Minsk)" title="Independence Avenue (Minsk)">Independence Avenue</a> (Initial part of avenue candidates for inclusion in <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout the 1990s, after the fall of Communism, the city continued to change. As the capital of a newly independent country, Minsk quickly acquired the attributes of a major city. Embassies were opened, and a number of Soviet administrative buildings became government centres. During the early and mid-1990s, Minsk was hit by an <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">economic crisis</a> and many development projects were halted, resulting in high unemployment and underemployment. Since the late 1990s, there have been improvements in transport and infrastructure, and a housing boom has been underway since 2002. On the outskirts of Minsk, new <i><a href="/wiki/Microdistrict" title="Microdistrict">mikroraions</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Residential_area" title="Residential area">residential development</a> have been built. Metro lines have been extended, and the road system (including the <a href="/wiki/MKAD_(Minsk)" title="MKAD (Minsk)">Minsk BeltWay</a>) has been improved. In recent years Minsk has been continuously decentralizing,<sup id="cite_ref-realty1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realty1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a third line of the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Metro" title="Minsk Metro">Minsk Metro</a> opening in 2020. More development is planned for several areas outside the city centre, while the future of the older neighborhoods is still unclear.<sup id="cite_ref-realty1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-realty1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk_city_(Belarus),_Sentinel-2_satellite_image,_2019-05-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg/250px-Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg/330px-Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg/500px-Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6191" data-file-height="4285" /></a><figcaption>Minsk satellite photo, 2019</figcaption></figure><p>Minsk is located on the southeastern slope of the Minsk Hills, a region of rolling hills running from the southwest (upper reaches of the river <a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Nioman</a>) to the northeast<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>– that is, to Lukomskaye Lake in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. The average altitude above sea level is 220 metres (720 ft). The physical geography of Minsk was shaped over the two <a href="/wiki/Quaternary_glaciation" title="Quaternary glaciation">most recent ice ages</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Svislach_(Berezina)" title="Svislach (Berezina)">Svislach River</a>, which flows across the city from the northwest to the southeast, is in the <i><a href="/wiki/Urstromtal" title="Urstromtal">urstromtal</a></i>, an ancient river valley formed by water flowing from melting <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a> at the end of the last Ice Age. There are six smaller rivers within the city limits, all part of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> basin. </p><p>Minsk is in the area of <a href="/wiki/Temperate_broadleaf_and_mixed_forests" title="Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests">mixed forests</a> typical of most of Belarus. Pinewood and mixed forests border the edge of the city, especially in the north and east. Some of the forests were preserved as parks (for instance, the <a href="/wiki/Chelyuskinites_Park" title="Chelyuskinites Park">Chelyuskinites Park</a>) as the city grew. </p><p>The city was initially built on the hills, which allowed for defensive fortifications, and the western parts of the city are the most hilly. </p><p>In 5 km (3.1 mi) from the northwestern edge of city lies large <a href="/wiki/Zaslawskaye_reservoir" title="Zaslawskaye reservoir">Zaslawskaye reservoir</a>, often called the Minsk sea. It is the second largest reservoir in Belarus, constructed in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minsk has a warm summer <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> (<a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification#Dfb/Dwb/Dsb:_Warm_summer_continental_or_hemiboreal_climates" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen <i>Dfb</i></a>), although its weather is oftentimes unpredictable, given its location between the strong influence of the moist air over the Atlantic Ocean and the dry air over the <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasian</a> landmass. Its weather is unstable and tends to change relatively often. The average January temperature is −4.2 °C (24.4 °F), while the average July temperature is 19.1 °C (66.4 °F). The lowest temperature was recorded on 17 January 1940, at −39.1 °C (−38 °F) and the warmest on 8 August 2015 at 35.8 °C (96 °F). Fog is frequent, especially in the autumn and spring. Minsk receives 686 millimetres (27.0 in) of <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> annually, of which one-third falls during the cold period of the year (as snow or rain) and two-thirds during the warm period. Throughout the year, winds are generally westerly or northwesterly, bringing cool and moist air from the Atlantic. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Minsk (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1887–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC081; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.6<br />(56.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.8<br />(83.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.9<br />(87.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2<br />(95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0<br />(87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFAF60; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.0<br />(60.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">35.8<br />(96.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #DBDBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2<br />(28) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8<br />(30.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.5<br />(40.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8308; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.4<br />(72.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3<br />(75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.6<br />(74.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7AF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.3<br />(50.5) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.6<br />(38.5) </td> <td style="background: #E3E3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.6<br />(30.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.2<br />(52.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.2<br />(24.4) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6<br />(25.5) </td> <td style="background: #EAEAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.7<br />(33.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1<br />(62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA042; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.2<br />(64.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFE0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.7<br />(44.1) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFECD9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.2<br />(45.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #C4C4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.3<br />(20.7) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6<br />(21) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6<br />(27.3) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.9<br />(37.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3<br />(46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC994; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.2<br />(54.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFBA76; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.4<br />(57.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8<br />(38.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.5<br />(31.1) </td> <td style="background: #CECEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.5<br />(23.9) </td> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.7<br />(38.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−39.1<br />(−38.4) </td> <td style="background: #2929FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−35.1<br />(−31.2) </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.5<br />(−22.9) </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.4<br />(−1.1) </td> <td style="background: #CBCBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5<br />(23) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.0<br />(32.0) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.3<br />(39.7) </td> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7<br />(35.1) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7<br />(23.5) </td> <td style="background: #A1A1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−12.9<br />(8.8) </td> <td style="background: #7878FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−20.4<br />(−4.7) </td> <td style="background: #4141FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−30.6<br />(−23.1) </td> <td style="background: #1313FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−39.1<br />(−38.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #BDFFBD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">40<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #9CFF9C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">66<br />(2.6) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">79<br />(3.1) </td> <td style="background: #6EFF6E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97<br />(3.8) </td> <td style="background: #95FF95; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71<br />(2.8) </td> <td style="background: #B0FFB0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51<br />(2.0) </td> <td style="background: #ADFFAD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">55<br />(2.2) </td> <td style="background: #B3FFB3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">49<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #B8FFB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">47<br />(1.9) </td> <td style="background: #A8FFA8; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">686<br />(27.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11<br />(4.3) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16<br />(6.3) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13<br />(5.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6<br />(2.4) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16<br />(6.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8585FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">19 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #1919FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #2020FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #2626FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #4242FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">180 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #0000D5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #0000E1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">21 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.04 </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">102 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">83 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77 </td> <td style="background: #0000FD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">67 </td> <td style="background: #0202FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">66 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #0000AD; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">88 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">77 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #444444; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">37.4 </td> <td style="background: #767676; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59.1 </td> <td style="background: #BEBE31; color:#000000;" class="notheme">136.9 </td> <td style="background: #D8D800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">196.6 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">255.3 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">275.4 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">267.4 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">239.6 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172.0 </td> <td style="background: #ABABA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">96.0 </td> <td style="background: #404040; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">34.0 </td> <td style="background: #2C2C2C; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">24.2 </td> <td style="background: #C5C507; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,793.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percentage <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #BCBC39; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24 </td> <td style="background: #E8E800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF43; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">53 </td> <td style="background: #F3F316; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30 </td> <td style="background: #AFAF8B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #A3A3A3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #EEEE0A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">40 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda.ru.net_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda.ru.net-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Belarus Department of Hydrometeorology (persent sun from 1938, 1940, and 1945–2000),<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a><sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_situation">Ecological situation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ecological situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ecological situation is monitored by Republican Centre of Radioactive and Environmental Control.<sup id="cite_ref-eco.1_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco.1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk_after_snow_and_freezing_fog_(8216065783)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Svislač river in autumn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Minsk_after_snow_and_freezing_fog_%288216065783%29_%282%29.jpg/250px-Minsk_after_snow_and_freezing_fog_%288216065783%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Minsk_after_snow_and_freezing_fog_%288216065783%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Minsk_after_snow_and_freezing_fog_%288216065783%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Minsk_after_snow_and_freezing_fog_%288216065783%29_%282%29.jpg/500px-Minsk_after_snow_and_freezing_fog_%288216065783%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Svislach_(Berezina)" title="Svislach (Berezina)">Svislač River</a> in autumn</figcaption></figure><p> During 2003–2008 the overall weight of contaminants increased from 186,000 to 247,400 <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eco.1_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco.1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change from gas as industrial fuel to <a href="/wiki/Mazut" title="Mazut">mazut</a> for financial reasons has worsened the ecological situation.<sup id="cite_ref-eco.1_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco.1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the majority of overall air pollution is produced by cars.<sup id="cite_ref-eco.1_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco.1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belarusian traffic police <i>DAI</i> every year hold operation "Clean Air" to prevent the use of cars with extremely polluting engines.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes the maximum normative concentration of <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a> in air is exceeded in <a href="/wiki/Zavodski_District" title="Zavodski District">Zavodski District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eco.1_32-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco.1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major contaminants are <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">Chromium</a>-VI and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_dioxide" title="Nitrogen dioxide">nitrogen dioxide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eco.1_32-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eco.1-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zavodski, <a href="/wiki/Partyzanski_District" title="Partyzanski District">Partyzanski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leninsky_District,_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninsky District, Belarus">Leninski</a> districts, which are located in the southeastern part of Minsk, are the most polluted areas in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:City_of_Minsk_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/City_of_Minsk_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/220px-City_of_Minsk_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/City_of_Minsk_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/330px-City_of_Minsk_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/City_of_Minsk_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg/440px-City_of_Minsk_population_pyramid_in_2022.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="2057" /></a><figcaption>City of Minsk population pyramid in 2022</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Svislach_bank_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Svislach_bank_1.jpg/250px-Svislach_bank_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Svislach_bank_1.jpg/330px-Svislach_bank_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Svislach_bank_1.jpg/500px-Svislach_bank_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>Apartment buildings in Minsk</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk_city_(Belarus),_Sentinel-2_satellite_image,_2019-05-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg/250px-Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg/330px-Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg/500px-Minsk_city_%28Belarus%29%2C_Sentinel-2_satellite_image%2C_2019-05-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6191" data-file-height="4285" /></a><figcaption>Minsk agglomeration from space</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Population_growth">Population growth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Population growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1450</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">5,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1654</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">10,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+100.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1667</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−80.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1790</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">7,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+250.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1811</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">11,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+57.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1813</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">3,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−68.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1860</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">27,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+671.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">91,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+237.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1917</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">134,500</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+47.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1941</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">300,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+123.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1944</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">50,000</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−83.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">306,913</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+513.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1956</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">438,709</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+42.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">580,833</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+32.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1966</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">758,319</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+30.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">966,515</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+27.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1976</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,161,999</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+20.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,350,492</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+16.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1986</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,515,745</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+12.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,624,724</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+7.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,714,949</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+5.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,868,657</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">2,038,822</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2022</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,996,553</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−2.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2023<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1,995,471</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2024<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,992,862</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2025<sup id="cite_ref-pop_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">1,996,730</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.2%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During its first centuries, Minsk was a city with a predominantly Early East Slavic population (the forefathers of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>). After the 1569 <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Polish–Lithuanian union</a>, the city became a destination for migrating Poles (who worked as administrators, clergy, teachers and soldiers) and Jews (<a href="/wiki/Ashkenazim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazim">Ashkenazim</a>, who worked in the retail trade and as craftsmen, as other opportunities were prohibited by discrimination laws). During the last centuries of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, many Minsk residents became <a href="/wiki/Polonization" title="Polonization">polonised</a>, adopting the language of the dominant Poles and assimilating to its culture.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After the second partition of Poland-Lithuania in 1793, Minsk and its larger region became part of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> dominated the city's culture as had the Poles in the earlier centuries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Empire Census">1897 census</a> under the Russian Empire, Jews were the largest ethnic group in Minsk, at 52% of the population, with 47,500 of the 91,000 residents.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other substantial ethnic groups were Russians (25.5%), Poles (11.4%) and Belarusians (9%). The latter figure may be not accurate, as some local Belarusians were likely counted as Russians. A small traditional community of <a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a> had been living in Minsk for centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 1880s and 1930s, many Jews, as well as peasants from other backgrounds, emigrated from the city to the United States as part of a <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_diaspora" title="Belarusian diaspora">Belarusian diaspora</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2019_07_02_16_23_IMG_2649.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2019_07_02_16_23_IMG_2649.jpg/220px-2019_07_02_16_23_IMG_2649.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2019_07_02_16_23_IMG_2649.jpg/330px-2019_07_02_16_23_IMG_2649.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/2019_07_02_16_23_IMG_2649.jpg/440px-2019_07_02_16_23_IMG_2649.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Jewish <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> memorial "<a href="/wiki/The_Pit_(memorial)" title="The Pit (memorial)">The Pit</a>" in Minsk</figcaption></figure> <p>The high mortality of the First World War and the Second World War affected the demographics of the city, particularly the destruction of Jews under the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazi</a> occupation of the Second World War. Working through local populations, Germans instituted deportation of Jewish citizens to concentration camps, murdering most of them there. The Jewish community of Minsk suffered catastrophic losses in <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. From more than half the population of the city, the percentage of Jews dropped to less than 10% more than ten years after the war. After its limited population peaked in the 1970s, continuing anti-Semitism under the Soviet Union and increasing nationalism in Belarus caused most Jews to emigrate to Israel and western countries in the 1980s; by 1999, less than 1% of the population of Minsk was Jewish.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first three decades of the post-war years, the most numerous new residents in Minsk were rural migrants from other parts of Belarus; the proportion of ethnic <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a> increased markedly. Numerous skilled <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> and other migrants from other parts of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> migrated for jobs in the growing manufacturing sector.<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_2004_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman_2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959 Belarusians made up 63.3% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups included Russians (22.8%), Jews (7.8%), Ukrainians (3.6%), Poles (1.1%) and <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a> (0.4%). Continued migration from rural Belarus in the 1960s and 1970s changed the ethnic composition further. By 1979 Belarusians made up 68.4% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups included Russians (22.2%), Jews (3.4%), Ukrainians (3.4%), Poles (1.2%) and Tatars (0.2%).<sup id="cite_ref-Zimmerman_2004_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zimmerman_2004-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 1989 census, 82% percent of Minsk residents have been born in Belarus. Of those, 43% have been born in Minsk and 39% – in other parts of Belarus. 6.2% of Minsk residents came from regions of western Belarus (Grodno and Brest Regions) and 13% – from eastern Belarus (Mogilev, Vitebsk and Gomel Regions). 21.4% of residents came from central Belarus (Minsk Region).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to the 1999 census, Belarusians make up 79.3% of the city's residents. Other ethnic groups include Russians (15.7%), Ukrainians (2.4%), Poles (1.1%) and Jews (0.6%). The Russian and Ukrainian populations of Minsk peaked in the late 1980s (at 325,000 and 55,000 respectively). After the break-up of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> many of them chose to move to their respective mother countries, although some families had been in Minsk for generations. Another factor in the shifting demographics of the city was the changing self-identification of Minsk residents of mixed ancestry – in independent Belarus they identify as Belarusians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_population" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish population">Jewish population</a> of Minsk peaked in the early 1970s at 50,000 according to official figures; independent estimates put the figure at between 100,000 and 120,000. Beginning in the 1980s, there has been mass-scale emigration to Israel, the US, and Germany. Today only about 10,000 Jews live in Minsk. The traditional minorities of Poles and Tatars have remained at much the same size (17,000 and 3,000 respectively). Rural Poles have migrated from the western part of Belarus to Minsk, and many Tatars have moved to Minsk from <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Tatarstan</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some more recent <a href="/wiki/Minority_group" title="Minority group">ethnic minority</a> communities have developed as a result of immigration. The most prominent are immigrants from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> countries – <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani people">Azerbaijanis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> each numbering about 2,000 to 5,000. They began migrating to Minsk in the 1970s, and more immigrants have joined them since. Many work in the <a href="/wiki/Retailing" class="mw-redirect" title="Retailing">retail trade</a> in open-air markets. A small but prominent Arab community has developed in Minsk, primarily represented by recent economic immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, etc. (In many cases, they are graduates of Minsk universities who decide to settle in Belarus and bring over their families). A small community of <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani</a>, numbering about 2,000, are settled in suburbs of north-western and southern Minsk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_sinage,_Main_Railway_Station,_Minsk,_Belarus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chinese_sinage%2C_Main_Railway_Station%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus.jpg/250px-Chinese_sinage%2C_Main_Railway_Station%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chinese_sinage%2C_Main_Railway_Station%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus.jpg/330px-Chinese_sinage%2C_Main_Railway_Station%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Chinese_sinage%2C_Main_Railway_Station%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus.jpg/500px-Chinese_sinage%2C_Main_Railway_Station%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption>Chinese signage, Minsk railway station (2018)</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout its history Minsk has been a city of many languages. Initially most of its residents spoke <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> (which later developed into modern <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>). However, after 1569 the <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> was <a href="/wiki/Dialects_of_Polish#Northern_Borderlands_dialect" title="Dialects of Polish">Polish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th-century Russian became the official language and by the end of that century it had become the language of administration, schools and newspapers. The Belarusian national revival increased interest in the Belarusian language – its use has grown since the 1890s, especially among the <a href="/wiki/Intelligentsia" title="Intelligentsia">intelligentsia</a>. In the 1920s and early 1930s Belarusian was the major language of Minsk, including use for administration and education (both secondary and tertiary). However, since the late 1930s Russian again began gaining dominance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A short period of Belarusian national revival in the early 1990s saw a rise in the numbers of Belarusian speakers. However, in 1994 the newly elected president <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a> slowly reversed this trend. Most residents of Minsk now use Russian exclusively in their everyday lives at home and at work, although Belarusian is understood as well. Substantial numbers of recent migrants from the rural areas use <a href="/wiki/Trasianka" title="Trasianka">Trasyanka</a> (a Russo-Belarusian mixed language) in their everyday lives.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are no reliable statistics on the religious affiliations of those living in Minsk, or among the population of Belarus generally. The majority of Christians belong to the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Belarusian Orthodox Church</a>, which is the exarchate of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> in Belarus. There is a significant minority of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholics</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_synagogue_in_Minsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/New_synagogue_in_Minsk.jpg/220px-New_synagogue_in_Minsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/New_synagogue_in_Minsk.jpg/330px-New_synagogue_in_Minsk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/New_synagogue_in_Minsk.jpg/440px-New_synagogue_in_Minsk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>New synagogue in Minsk</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2006, there are approximately 30 religious communities of various denominations in Minsk.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The only functioning <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> in the city is <a href="/wiki/St_Elisabeth_Convent_(Minsk)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Elisabeth Convent (Minsk)">St Elisabeth Convent</a>; its large complex of churches is open to visitors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crime">Crime</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk,_30_August_p0023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0023.jpg/250px-2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0023.jpg/330px-2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0023.jpg/500px-2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Police during the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Belarusian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Belarusian protests">2020–21 Belarusian protests</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Minsk has the highest crime rate in Belarus – 193.5 crimes per 10,000 citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-prest.3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prest.3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 20–25% of all serious crimes in Belarus, 55% of bribes and 67% of mobile phone thefts are committed in Minsk.<sup id="cite_ref-prest.3_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prest.3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-prest.2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prest.2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, attorney general Grigory Vasilevich stated that the homicide rate in Minsk in 2008 was "relatively fine".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The crime rate grew significantly in 2009 and 2010:<sup id="cite_ref-prest.3_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prest.3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example, the number of corruption crimes grew by 36% in 2009 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crime detection level varies from 13% in burglary<sup id="cite_ref-prest.1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prest.1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 92% in homicide<sup id="cite_ref-prest.4_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prest.4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an average 40.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many citizens are concerned for their safety at night and the strongest concern was expressed by residents of Chizhovka and Shabany <a href="/wiki/Microdistrict" title="Microdistrict">microdistricts</a> (both in <a href="/wiki/Zavodski_District" title="Zavodski District">Zavodski District</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-prest.4_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prest.4-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The SIZO-1 detention center, IK-1 general prison, and the <a href="/wiki/State_Security_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Belarus" title="State Security Committee of the Republic of Belarus">KGB</a> special jail called "<i>Amerikanka</i>" are all located in Minsk. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>'s rivals in the <a href="/wiki/2010_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2010 Belarusian presidential election">2010 presidential election</a> were imprisoned in the KGB jail<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with other prominent politicians and civil activists. <a href="/wiki/Ales_Michalevic" title="Ales Michalevic">Ales Michalevic</a>, who was kept in this jail, accused the KGB of using torture.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 15 November 2020, more than 1,000 protesters were arrested during an anti-government protest. Protesters took to the streets in the capital, Minsk, following the death of an opposition activist, <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Raman_Bandarenka" title="Death of Raman Bandarenka">Raman Bandarenka</a>. The activist died after allegedly being beaten up by the security forces. The protesters put flowers at the site where he was detained before succumbing to his injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk,_30_August_p0017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0017.jpg/250px-2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0017.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0017.jpg/330px-2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0017.jpg/500px-2020_Belarusian_protests_%E2%80%94_Minsk%2C_30_August_p0017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3337" data-file-height="2225" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%9321_Belarusian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2020–21 Belarusian protests">2020–21 Belarusian protests</a> — Minsk, 30 August 2020</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belarus" title="Economy of Belarus">Economy of Belarus</a></div> <p>Minsk is the <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">economic capital</a> of Belarus. It has developed industrial and services sectors which serve the needs not only of the city, but of the entire nation. Minsk's contributions form nearly 46% of Belarusian budget.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to 2010 results, Minsk paid 15 trillion BYR to state budget while the whole income from all other regions was 20 trillion BYR.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the period January 2013 to October 2013, 70.6% of taxes in the budget of Minsk were paid by non-state enterprises, 26.3% by state enterprises, and 1.8% by individual entrepreneurs. Among the top 10 taxpayers were five oil and gas companies (including two <a href="/wiki/Gazprom" title="Gazprom">Gazprom</a>'s and one <a href="/wiki/Lukoil" title="Lukoil">Lukoil</a>'s subsidiaries), two mobile network operators (<a href="/wiki/MTS_(network_provider)" class="mw-redirect" title="MTS (network provider)">MTS</a> and <a href="/wiki/A1_Belarus" title="A1 Belarus">A1</a>), two companies producing alcoholic beverages (Minsk-Kristall and Minsk grape wines factory) and one producer of tobacco goods.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, <a href="/wiki/Gross_Regional_Product" class="mw-redirect" title="Gross Regional Product">Gross Regional Product</a> of Minsk was formed mainly by industry (26.4%), wholesale (19.9%), transportation and communications (12.3%), retail (8.6%) and construction (5.8%). </p><p>GRP of Minsk measured in Belarusian rubles was 55 billion (€20 billion) or around 1/3 of Gross domestic product of Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minsk city has highest salaries in Belarus. As of December 2023 average gross salary in Minsk was 3,240 BYN per month (~ US$1,000).<sup id="cite_ref-myfin.by_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-myfin.by-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_thermal_power_plant_(Minsk)_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/3rd_thermal_power_plant_%28Minsk%29_07.jpg/250px-3rd_thermal_power_plant_%28Minsk%29_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/3rd_thermal_power_plant_%28Minsk%29_07.jpg/330px-3rd_thermal_power_plant_%28Minsk%29_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/3rd_thermal_power_plant_%28Minsk%29_07.jpg/500px-3rd_thermal_power_plant_%28Minsk%29_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Power plant</figcaption></figure> <p>Minsk is the major industrial centre of Belarus. According to 2012 statistics, Minsk-based companies produced 21.5% of electricity, 76% of trucks, 15.9% of footwear, 89.3% of television sets, 99.3% of washing machines, 30% of chocolate, 27.7% of distilled alcoholic beverages and 19.7% of tobacco goods in Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today the city has over 250 factories and plants. Its industrial development started in the 1860s and was facilitated by the railways built in the 1870s. However, much of the industrial infrastructure was destroyed during World War I, especially during World War II. After the last war, the development of the city was linked to the development of industry, especially of <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">R&D</a>-intensive sectors (heavy emphasis of R&D intensive industries in <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban development</a> in the USSR is known in Western geography as 'Minsk phenomenon').<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Minsk was turned into a major production site for trucks, tractors, gears, optical equipment, refrigerators, television sets and radios, bicycles, motorcycles, watches, and metal-processing equipment. Outside machine-building and electronics, Minsk also had textiles, construction materials, food processing, and printing industries. During the Soviet period, the development of the industries was linked to suppliers and markets within the USSR. The break-up of the union in 1991 led to a serious economic meltdown in 1991–1994.<sup id="cite_ref-Intereconomics_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intereconomics-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, since the adoption of the neo-Keynesean policies under <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Alexander Lukashenko</a>'s government in 1995, much of the gross industrial production was regained.<sup id="cite_ref-Intereconomics_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intereconomics-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike many other cities in the CIS and Eastern Europe, Minsk was not heavily de-industrialised in the 1990s. About 40% of the workforce is still employed in the <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">manufacturing sector</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Intereconomics_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Intereconomics-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Major industrial employers include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Tractor_Works" title="Minsk Tractor Works">Minsk Tractor Plant</a> – specialised in manufacturing tractors. Established in 1946 in eastern Minsk, is among major manufacturers of wheeled tractors in the CIS. Employs about 30,000 staff.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Automobile_Plant" title="Minsk Automobile Plant">Minsk Automobile Plant</a> – specialising in producing trucks, buses, and mini-vans. Established in 1944 in south-eastern Minsk, is among major vehicle manufacturers in the CIS.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Refrigerator_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Refrigerator Plant">Minsk Refrigerator Plant</a> (also known as Atlant) – specialised in manufacturing household goods, such as refrigerators, freezers, and recently also of <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machines</a>. Established in 1959 in the north-west of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Horizont – specialised in producing TV-sets, audio and video electronics. Established in 1950 in north-central Minsk.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unemployment">Unemployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Unemployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011 official statistics quote unemployment in Minsk at 0.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-nav.2302_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nav.2302-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2009 census 5.6% of Minsk residents of employable age called themselves unemployed.<sup id="cite_ref-nav.2302_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nav.2302-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government effectively discourages official unemployment registration because of tiny unemployment benefits and obligatory public works. In 2015–2017 there was an attempt (cancelled in January 2018) to collect the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Decree_on_the_prevention_of_social_parasitism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Decree on the prevention of social parasitism (page does not exist)">'free rider tax'</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BE_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Декрет о предупреждении социального иждивенчества">ru</a>]</span> taken from those who were unemployed unregistered for more than 6 months.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_administrative_divisions">Government and administrative divisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Government and administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Minsk" title="Administrative divisions of Minsk">Administrative divisions of Minsk</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg/220px-House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg/330px-House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg/440px-House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Representatives of Belarus">House of Representatives of Belarus</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96,_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_2020_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%2C_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_2020_01.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%2C_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_2020_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%2C_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_2020_01.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%2C_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_2020_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%2C_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_2020_01.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA._%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%2C_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BA_2020_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5664" data-file-height="4248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Minsk" title="Victory Square, Minsk">Victory Square</a></figcaption></figure> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk_all_districts_color-2011-05-02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Minsk_all_districts_color-2011-05-02.png/960px-Minsk_all_districts_color-2011-05-02.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Minsk_all_districts_color-2011-05-02.png/1200px-Minsk_all_districts_color-2011-05-02.png 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </p><p>Minsk is subdivided into nine <i><a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raions</a></i> (districts): </p> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E3D2E3; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Tsentralny_District_(Minsk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsentralny District (Minsk)">Tsentralny</a></b> (Belarusian: <span lang="be">Цэнтральны</span>, Russian: <span lang="ru">Центральный</span>), or "Central District"</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FDFD5D; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Savetski_District_(Minsk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Savetski District (Minsk)">Savetski</a></b> (Belarusian: <span lang="be">Савецкі</span>, Russian: <span lang="ru">Советский</span>, Sovetsky), or "<a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet</a> District"</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#7EDBEF; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Pershamayski_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pershamayski District">Pershamayski</a></b> (Belarusian: <span lang="be">Першамайскі</span>, Russian: <span lang="ru">Первомайский</span>, Pervomaysky), named after <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">1 May</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#EFDB72; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Partyzanski_District_(Minsk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Partyzanski District (Minsk)">Partyzanski</a></b> (Belarusian: <span lang="be">Партызанскі</span>, Russian: <span lang="ru">Партизанский</span>, Partizansky), named after the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet partisans</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CFDBFD; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Zavodski_District_(Minsk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zavodski District (Minsk)">Zavodski</a></b> (Belarusian: <span lang="be">Заводскі</span>, Russian: <span lang="ru">Заводской</span>, Zavodskoy), or "Factory district" (initially it included major plants, <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Tractor_Works" title="Minsk Tractor Works">Minsk Tractor Works</a> (MTZ) and <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Automobile_Plant" title="Minsk Automobile Plant">Minsk Automobile Plant</a> (MAZ), later the Partyzanski District with MTZ was split off it)</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5DFB5D; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Leninski_District_(Minsk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leninski District (Minsk)">Leninski</a></b> (Belarusian: <span lang="be">Ленінскі</span>, Russian: <span lang="ru">Ленинский</span>, Leninsky), named after <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F1FBC8; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Kastrychnitski_District" title="Kastrychnitski District">Kastrychnitski</a></b> (Belarusian: <span lang="be">Кастрычніцкі</span>, Russian: <span lang="ru">Октябрьский</span>, Oktyabrsky), named after the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F68282; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Maskouski_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Maskouski District">Maskouski</a></b> (Belarusian: <span lang="be">Маскоўскі</span>, Russian: <span lang="ru">Московский</span>, Moskovsky), named after Moscow</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6FA3F1; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Frunzenski_District_(Minsk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frunzenski District (Minsk)">Frunzenski</a></b> (Belarusian: <span lang="be">Фрунзенскі</span>, Russian: <span lang="ru">Фрунзенский</span>, Frunzensky), named after <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a></div></li></ol> <p>In addition, a number of residential neighbourhoods are recognised in Minsk, called <a href="/wiki/Microdistrict" title="Microdistrict">microdistricts</a>, with no separate administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minsk is the major cultural centre of Belarus. Its first theatres and libraries were established in the middle of the 19th century. It presently has 11 theatres and 16 museums, along with 20 cinemas and 139 libraries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Orthodox_Church" title="Belarusian Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> Cathedral of the Holy Spirit is actually the former church of the <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Bernardine</a> convent. It was built in the simplified <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style in 1642–87 and went through renovations in 1741–46 and 1869.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary">Cathedral of Saint Mary</a> was built by the Jesuits as their principal church in 1700–10, restored in 1951 and 1997; it overlooks the recently restored 18th-century city hall, located on the other side of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plo%C5%A1%C4%8Da_Svabody&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plošča Svabody (page does not exist)">Plošča Svabody</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_(%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA)" class="extiw" title="be:Плошча Свабоды (Мінск)">be</a>]</span>.</li> <li>Another two historic churches are the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Saint Joseph</a>, formerly affiliated with the Bernardine monastery, built in 1644–52 and repaired in 1983, and the fortified church of Sts. Peter and Paul, originally built in the 1620s and recently restored, complete with its flanking twin towers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Thomas_Aquinas_and_the_Dominican_monastery_in_Minsk" title="Church of St. Thomas Aquinas and the Dominican monastery in Minsk">Church of St. Thomas Aquinas and the Dominican monastery in Minsk</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Belarus" title="Catholic Church in Belarus">Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastery</a> complex founded in the early 17th century, destroyed in 1950. It was built in the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> style.</li> <li>The impressive Neo-Romanesque Roman Catholic <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena" title="Church of Saints Simon and Helena">Red Church</a> (Cathedral of Sts. Simeon and Helene) was built in 1906–10 immediately after religious freedoms were proclaimed in Imperial Russia and the tsar allowed dissidents to build their churches;</li> <li>The largest church built in the Russian imperial period of the town's history is dedicated to St. <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St._Adalbert_and_Benedictine_monastery" title="Church of St. Adalbert and Benedictine monastery">Church of St. Adalbert and Benedictine monastery</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> monastic complex in Minsk originally belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictine</a> order. Currently, the General Prosecutor's Office of Belarus is located on this site;</li> <li>Many Orthodox churches were built after the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1985%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)">dissolution of the USSR</a> in a variety of styles, although most remain true to the Neo-Russian idiom. A good example is St. Elisabeth's Convent, founded in 1999.</li></ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Sts. Peter and Paul (Russian Orthodox)."><img alt="Church of Sts. Peter and Paul (Russian Orthodox)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg/120px-Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg/250px-Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1277" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of Sts. Peter and Paul (Russian Orthodox).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Mary_Magdalene-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Russian Orthodox)."><img alt="Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Russian Orthodox)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Mary_Magdalene-8.jpg/120px-Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Mary_Magdalene-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Mary_Magdalene-8.jpg/250px-Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Mary_Magdalene-8.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St. Mary Magdalene (Russian Orthodox).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Exaltation_of_the_Holy_Cross-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Exaltation of the Holy Cross (Roman Catholic)."><img alt="Church of Exaltation of the Holy Cross (Roman Catholic)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Exaltation_of_the_Holy_Cross-8.jpg/120px-Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Exaltation_of_the_Holy_Cross-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Exaltation_of_the_Holy_Cross-8.jpg/180px-Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Exaltation_of_the_Holy_Cross-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Exaltation_of_the_Holy_Cross-8.jpg/240px-Belarus-Minsk-Church_of_Exaltation_of_the_Holy_Cross-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2072" data-file-height="1598" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_the_Cross" title="Feast of the Cross">Exaltation of the Holy Cross</a> (Roman Catholic).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Minsk-Holy_Trinity_Church-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Holy Trinity (Saint Rochus; Roman Catholic)."><img alt="Church of Holy Trinity (Saint Rochus; Roman Catholic)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Belarus-Minsk-Holy_Trinity_Church-1.jpg/120px-Belarus-Minsk-Holy_Trinity_Church-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Belarus-Minsk-Holy_Trinity_Church-1.jpg/180px-Belarus-Minsk-Holy_Trinity_Church-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Belarus-Minsk-Holy_Trinity_Church-1.jpg/240px-Belarus-Minsk-Holy_Trinity_Church-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2047" data-file-height="1569" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Holy Trinity</a> (Saint Rochus; Roman Catholic).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vsekh_svyatykh_sobor_1998.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of All Saints and in Memory of the Victims of War (Russian Orthodox; consecrated 2010)[69]"><img alt="Church of All Saints and in Memory of the Victims of War (Russian Orthodox; consecrated 2010)[69]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vsekh_svyatykh_sobor_1998.jpg/120px-Vsekh_svyatykh_sobor_1998.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Vsekh_svyatykh_sobor_1998.jpg/250px-Vsekh_svyatykh_sobor_1998.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="562" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Church_of_All_Saints,_Minsk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Church of All Saints, Minsk (page does not exist)">Church of All Saints and in Memory of the Victims of War</a> (Russian Orthodox; consecrated 2010)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. Yevfrosinya of Polotsk (Russian Orthodox)."><img alt="Church of St. Yevfrosinya of Polotsk (Russian Orthodox)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C.jpg/120px-%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C.jpg/250px-%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="3120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St. Yevfrosinya of Polotsk (Russian Orthodox).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Elizabeth_Monastery_1997_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. Elisabeth Convent (Russian Orthodox)"><img alt="Church of St. Elisabeth Convent (Russian Orthodox)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St_Elizabeth_Monastery_1997_1.jpg/120px-St_Elizabeth_Monastery_1997_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/St_Elizabeth_Monastery_1997_1.jpg/250px-St_Elizabeth_Monastery_1997_1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of <a href="/wiki/St_Elisabeth_Convent_(Minsk)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Elisabeth Convent (Minsk)">St. Elisabeth Convent</a> (Russian Orthodox)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Red Church (Roman Catholic)."><img alt="The Red Church (Roman Catholic)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/120px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/180px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/240px-%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Saints_Simon_and_Helena" title="Church of Saints Simon and Helena">Red Church</a> (Roman Catholic).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St.Joseph (formerly Uniate, used as an archive)."><img alt="Church of St.Joseph (formerly Uniate, used as an archive)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E_-_panoramio.jpg/250px-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D0%98%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%8E_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St.Joseph (formerly Uniate, used as an archive).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Miensk-Archikatedralny_ka%C5%9Bcio%C5%82_Imia_Naj%C5%9Bviaciej%C5%A1aj_Panny_Maryi-7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)."><img alt="Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Miensk-Archikatedralny_ka%C5%9Bcio%C5%82_Imia_Naj%C5%9Bviaciej%C5%A1aj_Panny_Maryi-7.jpg/120px-Miensk-Archikatedralny_ka%C5%9Bcio%C5%82_Imia_Naj%C5%9Bviaciej%C5%A1aj_Panny_Maryi-7.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Miensk-Archikatedralny_ka%C5%9Bcio%C5%82_Imia_Naj%C5%9Bviaciej%C5%A1aj_Panny_Maryi-7.jpg/250px-Miensk-Archikatedralny_ka%C5%9Bcio%C5%82_Imia_Naj%C5%9Bviaciej%C5%A1aj_Panny_Maryi-7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="2400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_the_Holy_Name_of_Saint_Virgin_Mary" title="Cathedral of the Holy Name of Saint Virgin Mary">Cathedral of Saint Virgin Mary</a> (Roman Catholic).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Spirit_Cathedral_in_Minsk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Minsk Cathedral of the Holy Spirit (Russian Orthodox)."><img alt="Minsk Cathedral of the Holy Spirit (Russian Orthodox)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Holy_Spirit_Cathedral_in_Minsk.jpg/120px-Holy_Spirit_Cathedral_in_Minsk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Holy_Spirit_Cathedral_in_Minsk.jpg/250px-Holy_Spirit_Cathedral_in_Minsk.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4662" data-file-height="3384" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Minsk Cathedral of the Holy Spirit (<a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox</a>). </div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk_City_Hall,_Freedom_square,_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The city hall (rebuilt in 2003) at night." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Minsk_City_Hall%2C_Freedom_square%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_01.JPG/250px-Minsk_City_Hall%2C_Freedom_square%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Minsk_City_Hall%2C_Freedom_square%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_01.JPG/330px-Minsk_City_Hall%2C_Freedom_square%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Minsk_City_Hall%2C_Freedom_square%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_01.JPG/500px-Minsk_City_Hall%2C_Freedom_square%2C_Minsk_-_the_capital_of_Republic_of_Belarus_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1065" /></a><figcaption>The city hall (rebuilt in 2003)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cemeteries">Cemeteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cemeteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalvaryja" title="Kalvaryja">Kalvaryja</a> (Calvary Cemetery) is the oldest surviving cemetery in the city. Many famous Belarusians are buried here. The cemetery was closed to new burials in the 1960s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Cemetery_(Minsk)" title="Military Cemetery (Minsk)">Military Cemetery</a></li> <li>Eastern Cemetery (Minsk)|Eastern Cemetery</li> <li>Čyžoŭskija Cemetery (Minsk)|Čyžoŭskija Cemetery</li> <li>Northern Cemetery (Minsk)|Northern Cemetery</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatres">Theatres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Theatres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major theatres are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Opera_and_Ballet_of_Belarus" title="National Opera and Ballet of Belarus">National Academic Grand Opera and Ballet Theatre of the Republic of Belarus</a></li> <li>Belarusian State Musical Theatre (performances in Russian)</li> <li>Maxim Gorky National Drama Theatre (performances in Russian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_Kupala_National_Theatre" title="Janka Kupala National Theatre">Janka Kupala National Theatre</a> (performances in <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Museums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major museums include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_National_Arts_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian National Arts Museum">Belarusian National Arts Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Great_Patriotic_War_Museum" title="Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum">Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_National_History_and_Culture_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian National History and Culture Museum">Belarusian National History and Culture Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Nature_and_Environment_Museum" title="Belarusian Nature and Environment Museum">Belarusian Nature and Environment Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Bahdanovi%C4%8D_Literary_Museum" title="Maksim Bahdanovič Literary Museum">Maksim Bahdanovič Literary Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Belarusian_History_Museum" title="Old Belarusian History Museum">Old Belarusian History Museum</a></li> <li>Yanka Kupala Literary Museum</li></ul> <p>Art galleries include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%D0%8E_gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Ў gallery">Ў gallery</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ygallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ў Gallery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ygallery.jpg/220px-Ygallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ygallery.jpg/330px-Ygallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ygallery.jpg/440px-Ygallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%D0%8E_Gallery" title="Ў Gallery">Ў Gallery</a></figcaption></figure></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreation_areas">Recreation areas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Recreation areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelyuskinites_Park" title="Chelyuskinites Park">Chelyuskinites Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Railroad_(Minsk)" title="Children's Railroad (Minsk)">Children's Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorky_Park_(Minsk)" title="Gorky Park (Minsk)">Gorky Park (Minsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanka_Kupala_Park" title="Yanka Kupala Park">Yanka Kupala Park</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tourism">Tourism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are more than 400 travel agencies in Minsk, about a quarter of them provide agent activity, and most of them are tour operators.<sup id="cite_ref-agencies-regions_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agencies-regions-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agencies-activiry_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agencies-activiry-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sports">Sports</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%22%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%22_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%22%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%22_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg/250px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%22%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%22_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%22%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%22_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%22%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%22_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%22%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%22_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg/500px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD_%22%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%22_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3477" data-file-height="1956" /></a><figcaption>Outside view of the <a href="/wiki/Dinamo_Stadium_(Minsk)" title="Dinamo Stadium (Minsk)">Dinamo National Olympic Stadium</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Football"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FC_Dinamo_Minsk" title="FC Dinamo Minsk">FC Dinamo Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Minsk" title="FC Minsk">FC Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Energetik-BGU_Minsk" title="FC Energetik-BGU Minsk">FC Energetik-BGU Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Krumkachy_Minsk" title="FC Krumkachy Minsk">FC Krumkachy Minsk</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_view_of_Dynamo_Stadium_(Minsk,_Belarus)_%E2%80%94_%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_(%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C)_2018_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Interior_view_of_Dynamo_Stadium_%28Minsk%2C_Belarus%29_%E2%80%94_%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%29_2018_1.jpg/220px-Interior_view_of_Dynamo_Stadium_%28Minsk%2C_Belarus%29_%E2%80%94_%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%29_2018_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Interior_view_of_Dynamo_Stadium_%28Minsk%2C_Belarus%29_%E2%80%94_%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%29_2018_1.jpg/330px-Interior_view_of_Dynamo_Stadium_%28Minsk%2C_Belarus%29_%E2%80%94_%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%29_2018_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Interior_view_of_Dynamo_Stadium_%28Minsk%2C_Belarus%29_%E2%80%94_%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%29_2018_1.jpg/440px-Interior_view_of_Dynamo_Stadium_%28Minsk%2C_Belarus%29_%E2%80%94_%D0%92%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE_%28%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C%29_2018_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dinamo_Stadium_(Minsk)" title="Dinamo Stadium (Minsk)">Dinamo National Olympic Stadium</a> (after reconstruction)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ice_hockey">Ice hockey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ice hockey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HC_Dinamo_Minsk" title="HC Dinamo Minsk">HC Dinamo Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yunost_Minsk" title="Yunost Minsk">HC Yunost Minsk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handball">Handball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Handball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SKA_Minsk" title="SKA Minsk">SKA Minsk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basketball">Basketball</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Basketball"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BC_Tsmoki-Minsk" class="mw-redirect" title="BC Tsmoki-Minsk">BC Tsmoki-Minsk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_sporting_events">International sporting events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: International sporting events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._Minsk-Arena_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._Minsk-Arena_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/220px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._Minsk-Arena_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._Minsk-Arena_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._Minsk-Arena_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._Minsk-Arena_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/440px-%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA-%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0._Minsk-Arena_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Minsk-Arena" title="Minsk-Arena">Minsk Arena</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2013, Minsk hosted the European Junior Rowing Championships at the Republican Center of Olympic Training for Rowing And Canoeing to the north-west of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minsk hosted the <a href="/wiki/2014_IIHF_World_Championship" title="2014 IIHF World Championship">2014 IIHF World Championship</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Arena" title="Arena">Minsk Arena</a>. </p><p>In January 2016, the <a href="/wiki/2016_European_Speed_Skating_Championships" title="2016 European Speed Skating Championships">2016 European Speed Skating Championships</a> were held in the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Arena">Minsk Arena</a> – the only indoor speed skating rink in Belarus. </p><p>Minsk hosted the <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Games" title="2019 European Games">2019 European Games</a> in June.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2019_European_Figure_Skating_Championships" title="2019 European Figure Skating Championships">2019 European Figure Skating Championships</a> were held in the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Arena" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Arena">Minsk Arena</a> from 21 to 27 January. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_transport">Local transport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Local transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minsk has an extensive public transport system.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Passengers are served by 8 tramway lines, over 70 <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Minsk" title="Trolleybuses in Minsk">trolleybus lines</a>, 3 subway lines and over 100 bus lines. Trams were the first public transport used in Minsk (since 1892 – the horse-tram, and since 1929 – the electric tram). Public buses have been used in Minsk since 1924, and trolleybuses since 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AKSM_E321_electrobus_in_Minsk_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/AKSM_E321_electrobus_in_Minsk_4.jpg/250px-AKSM_E321_electrobus_in_Minsk_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/AKSM_E321_electrobus_in_Minsk_4.jpg/330px-AKSM_E321_electrobus_in_Minsk_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/AKSM_E321_electrobus_in_Minsk_4.jpg/500px-AKSM_E321_electrobus_in_Minsk_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Electrobus AKSM E321 in Minsk</figcaption></figure> <p>All public transport is operated by Minsktrans, a government-owned and -funded transport <a href="/wiki/Non-profit_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit organisation">not-for-profit</a> company. As of November 2021, Minsktrans used 1,322 buses (plus 93 electric buses), 744 trolleybuses and 135 tramway cars in Minsk.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Minsk city government in 2003 decreed that local transport provision should be set at a minimum level of 1 vehicle (bus, trolleybus or tram) per 1,500 residents. The number of vehicles in use by Minsktrans is 2.2 times higher than the minimum level. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Public transport fares are controlled by the <i>city's executive committee</i> (city council). Single trip ticket for bus, trolleybus or tramway costs 0.75 <a href="/wiki/BYR" class="mw-redirect" title="BYR">BYN</a> (≈ USD 0.3),<sup id="cite_ref-t.1_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t.1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 0.80 BYN for metro and 0.90 BYN for express buses.<sup id="cite_ref-t.1_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t.1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monthly ticket for one kind of transport costs 33 BYN and 61 <a href="/wiki/New_Belarusian_ruble" class="mw-redirect" title="New Belarusian ruble">BYN</a> for all five.<sup id="cite_ref-t.1_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-t.1-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commercial <a href="/wiki/Marshrutka" title="Marshrutka">marshrutka</a>'s prices varies from 1.5 to 2 BYN.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rapid_transit">Rapid transit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Rapid transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_1.jpg/250px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_1.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_1.jpg/500px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE_%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vakza%C4%BAnaja_(Minsk_Metro)" title="Vakzaĺnaja (Minsk Metro)">Vakzalnaja</a> station in the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Metro" title="Minsk Metro">Minsk Metro</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Metro" title="Minsk Metro">Minsk Metro</a></div> <p>Minsk is the only city in Belarus with an underground <a href="/wiki/Rapid_transit" title="Rapid transit">metro</a> system. Construction of the metro began in 1977, soon after the city reached over a million people, and the first line with 8 stations was opened in 1984. Since then it has expanded into three lines: <a href="/wiki/Masko%C5%ADskaja_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Maskoŭskaja Line">Maskoŭskaja</a>, <a href="/wiki/A%C5%ADtazavodskaja_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Aŭtazavodskaja Line">Aŭtazavodskaja</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zelenaluzhskaya_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelenaluzhskaya Line">Zielienalužskaja</a> which are 19.1, 18.1 and 3.5 km (11.9, 11.2 and 2.2 mi) long with 15, 14 and 4 stations, respectively. On 7 November 2012, three new stations on the Moskovskaya Line were opened and another on 3 June 2014.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Construction of the third line began in 2011 and the first stage opened in 2020. Some layout plans speculate on a possible fourth line running from Vyasnyanka to Serabranka micro-rayons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm/220px--First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="76" data-mwtitle="First_stations_of_Zielienalužskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f0/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm/First_stations_of_Zielienalu%C5%BEskaja_Line_of_Minsk_Metro.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Stations of the new <a href="/wiki/Zelenaluzhskaya_Line" class="mw-redirect" title="Zelenaluzhskaya Line">Zielienalužskaja line</a> on video</figcaption></figure> <p>Trains use 243 standard Russian metro-cars. On a typical day Minsk metro is used by 800,000 passengers. In 2007 ridership of Minsk metro was 262.1 million passengers,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2017 ridership of Minsk metro was 284,1 million passengers,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the 5th busiest metro network in the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">former USSR</a> (behind Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>). During peak hours trains run each 2–2.5 minutes. The metro network employs 3,435 staff.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the urban transport is being renovated to modern standards. For instance, all metro stations built since 2001 have passenger lifts from platform to street level, thus enabling the use of the newer stations by disabled passengers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_and_intercity_bus">Railway and intercity bus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Railway and intercity bus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minsk-Central-Bus-Station.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Minsk-Central-Bus-Station.jpg/220px-Minsk-Central-Bus-Station.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Minsk-Central-Bus-Station.jpg/330px-Minsk-Central-Bus-Station.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Minsk-Central-Bus-Station.jpg/440px-Minsk-Central-Bus-Station.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Minsk Central Bus Station Nowadays</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadler_Astra_train,_Minsk_train_station,_Belarus,_pic._01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stadler_Astra_train%2C_Minsk_train_station%2C_Belarus%2C_pic._01.JPG/250px-Stadler_Astra_train%2C_Minsk_train_station%2C_Belarus%2C_pic._01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stadler_Astra_train%2C_Minsk_train_station%2C_Belarus%2C_pic._01.JPG/330px-Stadler_Astra_train%2C_Minsk_train_station%2C_Belarus%2C_pic._01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Stadler_Astra_train%2C_Minsk_train_station%2C_Belarus%2C_pic._01.JPG/500px-Stadler_Astra_train%2C_Minsk_train_station%2C_Belarus%2C_pic._01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Stadler FLIRT train (EPg), Minsk train station</figcaption></figure> <p>Minsk is the largest transport hub in Belarus. Minsk is located at the junction of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>-Moscow railway (built in 1871) running from the southwest to the northeast of the city and the <a href="/wiki/Liep%C4%81ja" title="Liepāja">Liepaja</a>-<a href="/wiki/Romny" title="Romny">Romny</a> railway (built in 1873) running from the northwest to the south. The first railway connects Russia with Poland and Germany; the second connects Ukraine with Lithuania and Latvia. They cross at the <a href="/wiki/Minsk_Passazhirsky_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Passazhirsky railway station">Minsk-<i>Pasažyrski</i></a> railway station, the main railway station of Minsk. The station was built in 1873 as Vilenski Vazkal. The initial wooden building was demolished in 1890 and rebuilt in stone. During World War II the Minsk railway station was completely destroyed. It was rebuilt in 1945 and 1946 and served until 1991. The new building of the Minsk-<i>Pasažyrski</i> railway station was built during 1991–2002. Its construction was delayed due to financial difficulties; now, however, Minsk boasts one of the most modern and up-to-date railway stations in the CIS. There were plans to move all <a href="/wiki/Regional_rail" title="Regional rail">suburban rail</a> traffic from Minsk-<i>Pasažyrski</i> to the smaller stations, Minsk-<i>Uschodni</i> (East), Minsk-<i>Paŭdniovy</i> (South) and Minsk-<i>Paŭnočny</i> (North), by 2020. However, those plans were scrapped in favour of developing a more integrated system of suburban rail (branded as City Lines, operated by Belarusian Railways state enterprise). The system currently consists of 3 routes (to stations Bielaruś, Čyrvony Ściah, Rudziensk) all terminating at the central train station and is being served by 6 Stadler FLIRT train sets. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is an intercity bus station that links Minsk with the nearby airport, with the suburbs and other cities in Belarus and the neighboring countries. There are frequent services to Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Cycling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the 2019 survey of 1934 people,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minsk had around 811,000 adult bicycles and 232,000 child and adolescent bicycles. In Minsk there is one bike for every 1.9 people. The total number of bicycles in Minsk exceeds the total number of cars (770,000 personal automobiles). 39% of Minsk residents have a personal bike. 43% of Minsk residents ride a bicycle once a month or more. As of 2017, the level of bicycle use is about 1% of all transport movements (for comparison: 12% in <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Berlin" title="Cycling in Berlin">Berlin</a>, 50% in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vieladaro%C5%BEka,_Minsk,_Belarus_-_panoramio_(14).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vieladaro%C5%BEka%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/220px-Vieladaro%C5%BEka%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vieladaro%C5%BEka%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/330px-Vieladaro%C5%BEka%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Vieladaro%C5%BEka%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg/440px-Vieladaro%C5%BEka%2C_Minsk%2C_Belarus_-_panoramio_%2814%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Bike path in Minsk</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2015, an annual bicycle parade / bicycle carnival is held in Minsk, during which vehicles are blocked for several hours along Pobediteley (Peramohi) Avenue. The number of participants in 2019 was more than 20,000 and the number of registrations was about 12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> funded the project "Urban cycling in Belarus" at a cost of €560,000, within the framework of which the public association Minsk Cycling Society together with the Council of Ministers created the regulatory document National Concept for the Development of Cycling in Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, Minsk entered the top 3 most cycling cities in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> – after Moscow and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airports">Airports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Airports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Minsk_National_Airport" title="Minsk National Airport">Minsk National Airport</a> is located 42 km (26 mi) to the east of the city. It opened in 1982 and the current railway station opened in 1987. It is an <a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">international airport</a> with flights to Europe and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The former <a href="/wiki/Minsk-1_Airport" title="Minsk-1 Airport">Minsk-1 Airport</a> closed in 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-Russian_Aviation_Insider_2016_b473_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russian_Aviation_Insider_2016_b473-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minsk Borovaya Airfield (UMMB) is located in a suburb north-east of the city, next to Zaliony Luh Forest Park, housing Aero Club Minsk and Minsk Aviation Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minsk has about 451 kindergartens, 241 schools, 22 further education colleges,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 29 higher education institutions,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including 12 major national universities. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_higher_educational_institutions">Major higher educational institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Major higher educational institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Public_Administration_(Belarus)" title="Academy of Public Administration (Belarus)">Academy of Public Administration under the aegis of the President of the Republic of Belarus</a>. The Academy was established in 1991 and it acquired the status of a presidential institution in 1995. The Academy has 3 institutes: <i>Institute of Administrative Personnel</i> which has 3 departments, <i>Institute of Civil Service</i> which has 3 departments and <i>Research Institute of the Theory and Practice of <a href="/wiki/Public_administration" title="Public administration">Public administration</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_University" title="Belarusian State University">Belarusian State University</a>. Major Belarusian universal university, founded in 1921. In 2006 had 15 major departments (Applied Mathematics and Informatics; Biology; Chemistry; Geography; Economics; <a href="/wiki/International_relations" title="International relations">International relations</a>; Journalism; History; Humanitarian Sciences; Law; Mechanics and Mathematics; Philology; Philosophy and <a href="/wiki/Social_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Social sciences">Social sciences</a>; Physics; Radiophysics and Electronics). It also included 5 R&D institutes, 24 Research Centres, 114 R&D laboratories. The University employs over 2,400 lecturers and 1,000 research fellows; 1,900 of these hold PhD or Dr. Sc. degrees. There are 16,000 undergraduate students at the university, as well as over 700 PhD students. In 2018 <a href="/wiki/Olga_Chupris" title="Olga Chupris">Olga Chupris</a> was the first female Vice-Rector appointed to the institution (Academic Work and Educational Innovations). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_Institute_for_Nuclear_Problems_of_Belarusian_State_University" title="Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University">Research Institute for Nuclear Problems of Belarusian State University</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_University_of_Agricultural_Technology" title="Belarusian State University of Agricultural Technology">Belarusian State University of Agricultural Technology</a>. Specialised in <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_machinery" title="Agricultural machinery">agricultural technology</a> and agricultural machinery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_National_Technical_University" title="Belarusian National Technical University">Belarusian National Technical University</a>. Specialised in technical disciplines.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_Medical_University" title="Belarusian State Medical University">Belarusian State Medical University</a>. Specialised in Medicine and Dentistry. Since 1921 – Medicine Department of the Belarusian State University. In 1930 becomes separate as <i>Belarusian Medical Institute</i>. In 2000 upgraded to university level. Has six departments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_Economic_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian State Economic University">Belarusian State Economic University</a>. Specialised in Finance and Economics. Founded in 1933 as <i>Belarusian Institute for National Economy</i>. Upgraded to university level in 1992.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Tank_Belarusian_State_Pedagogical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim Tank Belarusian State Pedagogical University">Maxim Tank Belarusian State Pedagogical University</a>. Specialised in <a href="/wiki/Teacher_education" title="Teacher education">teacher training</a> for secondary schools.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_University_of_Informatics_and_Radioelectronics" title="Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics">Belarusian State University of Informatics and Radioelectronics</a>. Specialised in IT and radioelectronic technologies. Established in 1964 as <i>Minsk Institute for Radioelectronics</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_University_of_Physical_Training" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian State University of Physical Training">Belarusian State University of Physical Training</a>. Specialised in sports, coaches and PT teachers training.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_Technological_University" title="Belarusian State Technological University">Belarusian State Technological University</a>. Specialised in chemical and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutics" title="Pharmaceutics">pharmaceutical technology</a>, in printing and forestry. Founded in 1930 as <i>Forestry Institute</i> in <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Homel</a>. In 1941 evacuated to Sverdlovsk, now <a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a>. Returned to Gomel in 1944, but in 1946 relocated to Minsk as <i>Belarusian Institute of Technology</i>. Upgraded to university level in 1993. Has nine departments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_State_Linguistic_University" title="Minsk State Linguistic University">Minsk State Linguistic University</a>. Specialised in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_language" title="Foreign language">foreign languages</a>. Founded in 1948 as <i>Minsk Institute for Foreign Languages</i>. In 2006 had 8 departments. Major focus on English, French, German and Spanish.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_University_of_Culture_and_Arts" title="Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts">Belarusian State University of Culture and Arts</a>. Specializes in <a href="/wiki/Cultural_studies" title="Cultural studies">cultural studies</a>, visual and Performing Arts. Founded in 1975 as <i>Minsk Institute of Culture</i>. Reorganized in 1993.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Sakharov_Environmental_Institute" title="International Sakharov Environmental Institute">International Sakharov Environmental Institute</a>. Specialised in environmental sciences. Established in 1992 with the support from the United Nations. Focus on study and research of radio-ecological consequences of the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl nuclear power station disaster</a> in 1986, which heavily affected Belarus.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Institute_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Institute of Management">Minsk Institute of Management</a>. The largest private higher educational institution in Belarus. Established in 1991. Specializes in Economics, Management, Marketing, Finance, <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">Psychology</a> and Information technology.</li></ul> <div class="center"><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MSLU_Minsk_2006.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Minsk State Linguistic University."><img alt="Minsk State Linguistic University." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MSLU_Minsk_2006.JPG/250px-MSLU_Minsk_2006.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MSLU_Minsk_2006.JPG/500px-MSLU_Minsk_2006.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1186" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Minsk_State_Linguistic_University" title="Minsk State Linguistic University">Minsk State Linguistic University</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BB.%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Faculty of International Relations, Belarusian State University."><img alt="Faculty of International Relations, Belarusian State University." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%A3%D0%BB.%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-%D0%A3%D0%BB.%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%A3%D0%BB.%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg/500px-%D0%A3%D0%BB.%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/%D0%A3%D0%BB.%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg/960px-%D0%A3%D0%BB.%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Faculty_of_International_Relations,_Belarusian_State_University" title="Faculty of International Relations, Belarusian State University">Faculty of International Relations, Belarusian State University</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Belarus-Minsk-BSU-Rector%27s_Office-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belarus State University rector's office."><img alt="Belarus State University rector's office." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Belarus-Minsk-BSU-Rector%27s_Office-2.jpg/250px-Belarus-Minsk-BSU-Rector%27s_Office-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Belarus-Minsk-BSU-Rector%27s_Office-2.jpg/500px-Belarus-Minsk-BSU-Rector%27s_Office-2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_State_University" title="Belarusian State University">Belarus State University</a> rector's office. </div> </li> </ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Minor_planet" title="Minor planet">minor planet</a> <a href="/wiki/3012_Minsk" class="mw-redirect" title="3012 Minsk">3012 Minsk</a> discovered by Soviet astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Chernykh" title="Nikolai Chernykh">Nikolai Chernykh</a> in 1979 is named after the city.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Minsk" title="Category:People from Minsk">People from Minsk</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Pavlovich_Ablameyko" title="Andrei Pavlovich Ablameyko">Andrei Pavlovich Ablameyko</a> (born 1970), <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic</a> priest</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Adamovi%C4%8D" title="Anton Adamovič">Anton Adamovič</a> (1909–1998), literary critic, novelist, publicist and historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktar_Babaryka" title="Viktar Babaryka">Viktar Babaryka</a> (born 1963), Belarusian public and opposition political figure, political prisoner<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Bahdanovi%C4%8D" title="Maksim Bahdanovič">Maksim Bahdanovič</a> (1891–1917), poet, considered one of the founders of modern Belarusian literature<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masha_Bruskina" title="Masha Bruskina">Masha Bruskina</a> (1924–1941), World War II partisan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siarhei_Bulba" title="Siarhei Bulba">Siarhei Bulba</a> (born 1967), Belarusian politician, army officer and former leader of the paramilitary organisation White Legion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veronika_Cherkasova" title="Veronika Cherkasova">Veronika Cherkasova</a> (1959–2004), journalist<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Chupris" title="Olga Chupris">Olga Chupris</a> (born 1969), first female Vice Rector of the Belarusian State University</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Even-Shoshan" title="Avraham Even-Shoshan">Avraham Even-Shoshan</a> (1906–1984), Israeli linguist and lexicographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Fadeeva" title="Olga Fadeeva">Olga Fadeeva</a> (born 1978), actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Fedorovitch" title="Sophie Fedorovitch">Sophie Fedorovitch</a> (1893–1953), ballet, opera and theatre designer, birthplace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Ella German">Ella German</a> (born 1937), girlfriend of <a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moisei_Ginzburg" title="Moisei Ginzburg">Moisei Ginzburg</a> (1892–1946), constructivist architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Grushevoy" title="Gennady Grushevoy">Gennady Grushevoy</a> (1950–2014), academic, politician, human rights and environmental activist, winner of the 1999 Rafto Prize<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A9s_Harun" class="mw-redirect" title="Alés Harun">Alés Harun</a> (1887–1920), poet, writer and journalist<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Hrytskievich" title="Anatol Hrytskievich">Anatol Hrytskievich</a> (1929–2015), Belarusian historian<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hienad%C5%BA_Karpienka" title="Hienadź Karpienka">Hienadź Karpienka</a> (1949–1999), scientist and politician<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%82adzimir_Katko%C5%ADski" title="Uładzimir Katkoŭski">Uładzimir Katkoŭski</a> (1976–2007), one of the founders of the Belarusian Wikipedia<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jauhien_Kulik" title="Jauhien Kulik">Jauhien Kulik</a> (1937–2002), artist and graphic designer who designed the 1991–95 coat of arms of Belarus, which was a version of the medieval symbol <a href="/wiki/Pahonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahonia">Pahonia</a><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Latushka" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavel Latushka">Pavel Latushka</a> (born 1973), Belarusian politician and opposition leader<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryna_Linchuk" title="Maryna Linchuk">Maryna Linchuk</a> (born 1987), fashion model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Lubennikov" title="Ivan Lubennikov">Ivan Lubennikov</a> (1951–2021), Russian painter, birthplace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janka_Lu%C4%8Dyna" title="Janka Lučyna">Janka Lučyna</a> (Jan Niesłuchowski) (1851–1897), poet<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanid_Marakou" title="Leanid Marakou">Leanid Marakou</a> (1958–2016), journalist, writer<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Marakou" title="Valery Marakou">Valery Marakoǔ</a> (1909–1937), Belarusian poet and translator, victim of <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Stalin's purges</a><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Matusevich" title="Yan Matusevich">Yan Matusevich</a> (1946–1998) Catholic priest, and dean of the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian Greek Catholic Church</a><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> (1884–1957), American film producer, one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislava_Nijinska" title="Bronislava Nijinska">Bronislava Nijinska</a> (1890–1972), ballerina and choreographer of the Ballets Russes, birthplace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1939–1963), assassin of US President <a href="/wiki/John_F_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="John F Kennedy">John F Kennedy</a>, resided in Minsk from January 1960 to June 1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillel_Pewsner" title="Hillel Pewsner">Hillel Pewsner</a> (1922–2008), Chabad posek (legal scholar)<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigoriy_Plaskov" title="Grigoriy Plaskov">Grigoriy Plaskov</a> (1898–1972), Soviet artillery lieutenant, birthplace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rybak" title="Alexander Rybak">Alexander Rybak</a> (born 1986), winner of the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2009" title="Eurovision Song Contest 2009">Eurovision Song Contest 2009</a> for Norway, birthplace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%82adzimier_Samoj%C5%82a" title="Uładzimier Samojła">Uładzimier Samojła</a> (1878–1941), Belarusian critic, philosopher, journalist and a victim of Stalin's purges</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitali_Silitski" title="Vitali Silitski">Vitali Silitski</a> (1972–2011), political scientist, analyst, the first director of the Belarusian Institute for Strategic Studies<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliaksiej_Skoblia" title="Aliaksiej Skoblia">Aliaksiej Skoblia</a> (nom de guerre Aliaksiej "Tur") (1990–2022), Belarusian fighter-volunteer of the <a href="/wiki/Kastu%C5%9B_Kalino%C5%ADski_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion">Kastuś Kalinoŭski Battalion</a> posthumously awarded the title “Hero of Ukraine”<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanda_Skuratovich" title="Vanda Skuratovich">Vanda Skuratovich</a> (1925–2010), Roman Catholic activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Shushkevich" title="Stanislav Shushkevich">Stanislav Shushkevich</a> (1934–2022), Belarusian politician and scientist, the first head of state of independent Belarus<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefaniya_Stanyuta" title="Stefaniya Stanyuta">Stefaniya Stanyuta</a> (1905–2000), theater and movie actress<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Alexander_Taraikovsky" title="Death of Alexander Taraikovsky">Alexander Taraikovsky</a> (1986–2020), entrepreneur killed during the protests against the <a href="/wiki/2020_Belarusian_presidential_election" title="2020 Belarusian presidential election">2020 Belarusian presidential election</a><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barys_Tasman" title="Barys Tasman">Barys Tasman</a> (1954–2022), journalist, sports writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Tsisetski" title="George Tsisetski">George Tsisetski</a> (born 1985), film director, screenwriter, dramatist and visual artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Wischnitzer" title="Rachel Wischnitzer">Rachel Wischnitzer</a> (1885–1989), architect and art historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazep_Jucho" title="Jazep Jucho">Jazep Jucho</a> (1921–2004), lawyer, historian and writer and a leading Belarusian authority on the <a href="/wiki/Statutes_of_Lithuania" title="Statutes of Lithuania">laws of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simcha_Zorin" title="Simcha Zorin">Simcha Zorin</a> (1902–1974) World War II partisan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asher_ben_L%C3%B6b_G%C3%BCnzburg" title="Asher ben Löb Günzburg">Asher ben Löb Günzburg</a> (1754–1823), rabbi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musicians">Musicians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angelica_Agurbash" title="Angelica Agurbash">Angelica Agurbash</a> (born 1970), Belarusian singer, Eurovision participant<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marina_Gordon" title="Marina Gordon">Marina Gordon</a> (1917–2013) soprano, birthplace<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irma_Jaunzem" title="Irma Jaunzem">Irma Jaunzem</a> (1897–1975), mezzo-soprano singer and folk song specialist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Khaykin" class="mw-redirect" title="Boris Khaykin">Boris Khaykin</a> (1904–1978), conductor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yung_Lean" title="Yung Lean">Yung Lean</a> (born 1996), Swedish rapper & musician, birthplace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%B9micier_Sidarovi%C4%8D" title="Źmicier Sidarovič">Źmicier Sidarovič</a> (1965–2014), musician<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavon_Volski" title="Lavon Volski">Lavon Volski</a> (born 1965), musician<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raskina10-syd20000929blr-450ver2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Raskina10-syd20000929blr-450ver2.jpg/250px-Raskina10-syd20000929blr-450ver2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Raskina10-syd20000929blr-450ver2.jpg/270px-Raskina10-syd20000929blr-450ver2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Raskina10-syd20000929blr-450ver2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="295" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yulia_Raskina" title="Yulia Raskina">Yulia Raskina</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022-12-22_ALBA_Berlin_gegen_Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C._(EuroLeague_2022-23)_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93066.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2022-12-22_ALBA_Berlin_gegen_Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C._%28EuroLeague_2022-23%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93066.jpg/250px-2022-12-22_ALBA_Berlin_gegen_Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C._%28EuroLeague_2022-23%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93066.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2022-12-22_ALBA_Berlin_gegen_Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C._%28EuroLeague_2022-23%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93066.jpg/330px-2022-12-22_ALBA_Berlin_gegen_Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C._%28EuroLeague_2022-23%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93066.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/2022-12-22_ALBA_Berlin_gegen_Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C._%28EuroLeague_2022-23%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93066.jpg/500px-2022-12-22_ALBA_Berlin_gegen_Maccabi_Tel_Aviv_B.C._%28EuroLeague_2022-23%29_by_Sandro_Halank%E2%80%93066.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roman_Sorkin" title="Roman Sorkin">Roman Sorkin</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Arlovski" title="Andrei Arlovski">Andrei Arlovski</a> (born 1979), grew up and lived in Minsk before moving to the US to fight in the Ultimate Fighting Championship</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Azarenka" title="Victoria Azarenka">Victoria Azarenka</a> (born 1989), former World No. 1 tennis player and 2012 and 2013 Australian Open winner, born in Minsk moving to <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> at 16</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bessmertny" title="Yuri Bessmertny">Yuri Bessmertny</a> (born 1987), kickboxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Boginskaya" title="Svetlana Boginskaya">Svetlana Boginskaya</a> (born 1973), gold medal-winning gymnast at the 1988 and <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Olympics</a>, birthplace</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Boleslavsky" title="Isaac Boleslavsky">Isaac Boleslavsky</a> (1919–1977), chess grandmaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Domracheva" title="Darya Domracheva">Darya Domracheva</a> (born 1986), gold (4 times) and bronze medal-winning biathlete at the 2010 and <a href="/wiki/2014_Winter_Olympics" title="2014 Winter Olympics">2014 Winter Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Gelfand" title="Boris Gelfand">Boris Gelfand</a> (born 1968), Israeli chess Grandmaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Geller_(Wrestler)" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Geller (Wrestler)">Max Geller</a> (born 1971), Israeli Olympic wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Ignashov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Ignashov">Alexei Ignashov</a> (born 1978), kickboxer, multiple Muay Thai and K-1 world champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleg_Karavayev" title="Oleg Karavayev">Oleg Karavayev</a> (1936–1978), wrestler and Olympic champion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Kupreichik" title="Viktor Kupreichik">Viktar Kuprejčyk</a> (1949–2017), chess grandmaster<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaak_Mazel" title="Isaak Mazel">Isaak Mazel</a> (1911–1945), chess master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mirnyi" title="Max Mirnyi">Max Mirnyi</a> (born 1977), tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksey_Orlovich" title="Aleksey Orlovich">Aleksey Orlovich</a> (born 2002), Belarusian professional footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artsiom_Parakhouski" title="Artsiom Parakhouski">Artsiom Parakhouski</a> (born 1987), basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulia_Raskina" title="Yulia Raskina">Yulia Raskina</a> (born 1982), individual rhythmic gymnast, won the All-Around Silver at the 2000 Sydney Olympics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rubinshteyn" title="Roman Rubinshteyn">Roman Rubinshteyn</a> (born 1996), Belarusian-Israeli basketball player in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League" title="Israeli Basketball Premier League">Israeli Basketball Premier League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryna_Sabalenka" title="Aryna Sabalenka">Aryna Sabalenka</a> (born 1998), <a href="/wiki/2023_Australian_Open_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_singles" title="2023 Australian Open – Women's singles">2023 Australian Open</a> winner and former <a href="/wiki/List_of_WTA_number_1_ranked_singles_tennis_players" title="List of WTA number 1 ranked singles tennis players">world No. 1 tennis player</a>, born in Minsk moving to <a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a> at 23</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Sharangovich" title="Yegor Sharangovich">Yegor Sharangovich</a> (born 1998), ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Shulman" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuri Shulman">Yuri Shulman</a> (born 1975), Belarusian-American chess grandmaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Slavin" title="Mark Slavin">Mark Slavin</a> (1954–1972), Israeli Olympic Greco-Roman wrestler and victim of the <a href="/wiki/Munich_massacre" title="Munich massacre">Munich massacre</a> at the 1972 Summer Olympics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Smashnova" title="Anna Smashnova">Anna Smashnova</a> (born 1976), Belarusian-born Israeli tennis player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Sorkin" title="Roman Sorkin">Roman Sorkin</a> (born 1996), Belarusian-born Israeli basketball player in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Basketball_Premier_League" title="Israeli Basketball Premier League">Israeli Basketball Premier League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Vaisman" title="Diana Vaisman">Diana Vaisman</a> (born 1998), Belarusian-born Israeli sprinter</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns_.E2.80.93_sister_cities"></span>Twin towns – sister cities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Belarus" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus">List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus</a></div> <p>Minsk is <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a>, United Arab Emirates (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangalore" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangalore">Bangalore</a>, India (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, China (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, Kyrgyzstan (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>, Germany (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changchun" title="Changchun">Changchun</a>, China (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C5%9Fin%C4%83u" class="mw-redirect" title="Chişinău">Chişinău</a>, Moldova (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, United States (1979)<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a>, Tajikistan (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, Netherlands (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaziantep" title="Gaziantep">Gaziantep</a>, Turkey (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a>, Vietnam (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City" title="Ho Chi Minh City">Ho Chi Minh City</a>, Vietnam (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamabad" title="Islamabad">Islamabad</a>, Pakistan (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>, Russia (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>, Russia (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, Russia (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a>, Russia (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, Russia (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sendai" title="Sendai">Sendai</a>, Japan (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, China (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a>, China (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, Russia (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, Russia (2015)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_squares_in_Minsk" title="List of squares in Minsk">List of squares in Minsk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Minsk_City_Executive_Committee-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Minsk_City_Executive_Committee_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210618003626/https://minsk.gov.by/en/org/10/head/">"Minsk City Executive Committee"</a>. 18 January 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minsk.gov.by/en/org/10/head/">the original</a> on 18 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minsk+City+Executive+Committee&rft.date=2019-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminsk.gov.by%2Fen%2Forg%2F10%2Fhead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span> Official portal minsk.gov.by</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pop_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pop_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20250329210112/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_148168/">"Численность населения на 1 января 2025 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2024 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа"</a>. <i>belsat.gov.by</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_148168/">the original</a> on 29 March 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belsat.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2025+%D0%B3.+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+2024+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fsolialnaya-sfera%2Fnaselenie-i-migratsiya%2Fnaselenie%2Fstatisticheskie-izdaniya%2Findex_148168%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/en/ofitsialnaya-statistika/real-sector-of-the-economy/national-accounts/current-data/gdp-and-grp/">"Gross domestic product and gross regional product by regions and Minsk city in 2024"</a>. <i>www.belstat.gov.by</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.belstat.gov.by&rft.atitle=Gross+domestic+product+and+gross+regional+product+by+regions+and+Minsk+city+in+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fen%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Freal-sector-of-the-economy%2Fnational-accounts%2Fcurrent-data%2Fgdp-and-grp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211105141350/https://minsk950.belta.by/history">"История Минска"</a>. <i>minsk950.belta.by</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minsk950.belta.by/history">the original</a> on 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minsk950.belta.by&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminsk950.belta.by%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://govorim.by/minskaya-oblast/minsk/stati-o-minske/7824-proishozhdenie-nazvaniya-minska.html"><bdi lang="be">Происхождение названия Минска.</bdi></a>. <i>Городские порталы Беларуси – Govorim.by</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TUT.BY&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%3F&rft.date=2012-12-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.tut.by%2Fsociety%2F322931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFdarriuss2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">darriuss (25 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realt.onliner.by/2015/09/25/revolution">"Было — стало: Минск вековой давности и сейчас – Недвижимость Onliner"</a>. <i>Onliner</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220704150656/https://realt.onliner.by/2015/09/25/revolution">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onliner&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE+%E2%80%94+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81+%E2%80%93+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+Onliner&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft.au=darriuss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealt.onliner.by%2F2015%2F09%2F25%2Frevolution&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minsk-starazhytny.by/history">"История"</a>. <i>minsk-starazhytny.by</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210607072824/https://minsk-starazhytny.by/history">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minsk-starazhytny.by&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminsk-starazhytny.by%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFdarriuss2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">darriuss (9 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realt.onliner.by/2017/08/09/vyoska">"Было — стало: Минск, который мы, к счастью, потеряли – Недвижимость Onliner"</a>. <i>Onliner</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190531142837/https://realt.onliner.by/2017/08/09/vyoska">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Onliner&rft.atitle=%D0%91%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE+%E2%80%94+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%3A+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%2C+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D1%8B%2C+%D0%BA+%D1%81%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+Onliner&rft.date=2017-08-09&rft.au=darriuss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealt.onliner.by%2F2017%2F08%2F09%2Fvyoska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103093706/http://www.belintourist.com/eng/learn_about_belarus/region/minsk/">"History"</a>. <i>Belarusian Tour operator</i>. 29 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belintourist.com/eng/learn_about_belarus/region/minsk/">the original</a> on 3 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belarusian+Tour+operator&rft.atitle=History&rft.date=2013-10-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belintourist.com%2Feng%2Flearn_about_belarus%2Fregion%2Fminsk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209195445/https://minsk.gov.by/ru/freepage/minsk/history/history_2.shtml">"End of XVIII - 1941"</a> (in Russian). Official Site of Minsk Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minsk.gov.by/ru/freepage/minsk/history/history_2.shtml">the original</a> on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=End+of+XVIII+-+1941&rft.pub=Official+Site+of+Minsk+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminsk.gov.by%2Fru%2Ffreepage%2Fminsk%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inyourpocket.com/minsk/Hero-City_136881v">"Hero City | Sightseeing | Minsk"</a>. Inyourpocket.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221004024152/https://www.inyourpocket.com/minsk/Hero-City_136881v">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hero+City+%26%23124%3B+Sightseeing+%26%23124%3B+Minsk&rft.pub=Inyourpocket.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inyourpocket.com%2Fminsk%2FHero-City_136881v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.roughguides.com/articles/minsk-belarus/">"Explore Minsk: the Belarusian capital"</a>. Rough Guides. 18 June 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220705193500/https://www.roughguides.com/articles/minsk-belarus/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Explore+Minsk%3A+the+Belarusian+capital&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2021-06-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.roughguides.com%2Farticles%2Fminsk-belarus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarples2016" class="citation journal cs1">Marples, David R. (1 November 2016). "The "Minsk Phenomenon:" demographic development in the Republic of Belarus". <i>Nationalities Papers</i>. <b>44</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">919–</span>931. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00905992.2016.1218451">10.1080/00905992.2016.1218451</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0090-5992">0090-5992</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:131971740">131971740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nationalities+Papers&rft.atitle=The+%22Minsk+Phenomenon%3A%22+demographic+development+in+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E919-%3C%2Fspan%3E931&rft.date=2016-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A131971740%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0090-5992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00905992.2016.1218451&rft.aulast=Marples&rft.aufirst=David+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209151700/https://minsk.gov.by/ru/freepage/minsk/history/history_4.shtml">"1945-1991"</a> (in Russian). Official Site of Minsk Government. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minsk.gov.by/ru/freepage/minsk/history/history_4.shtml">the original</a> on 9 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1945-1991&rft.pub=Official+Site+of+Minsk+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminsk.gov.by%2Fru%2Ffreepage%2Fminsk%2Fhistory%2Fhistory_4.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-realty1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-realty1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-realty1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210303201003/https://realty.tut.by/news/offtop-realty/568263.html?crnd=69395">"Минск-2030: где будут новые жилые центры города"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://realty.tut.by/news/offtop-realty/568263.html?crnd=69395">the original</a> on 3 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA-2030%3A+%D0%B3%D0%B4%D0%B5+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frealty.tut.by%2Fnews%2Fofftop-realty%2F568263.html%3Fcrnd%3D69395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPleszak2013" class="citation book cs1">Pleszak, Frank (15 February 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hOoAwAAQBAJ&dq=minsk+hills&pg=PT73"><i>Two Years in a Gulag: The True Wartime Story of a Polish Peasant Exiled to ... - Frank Pleszak</i></a>. Amberley Publishing Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781445626048" title="Special:BookSources/9781445626048"><bdi>9781445626048</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2022</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Years+in+a+Gulag%3A+The+True+Wartime+Story+of+a+Polish+Peasant+Exiled+to+...+-+Frank+Pleszak&rft.pub=Amberley+Publishing+Limited&rft.date=2013-02-15&rft.isbn=9781445626048&rft.aulast=Pleszak&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2hOoAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dminsk%2Bhills%26pg%3DPT73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220702144521/https://planetabelarus.by/sights/minskoe-more-zaslavskoe-vodokhranilishche/">"Минское море (Заславское водохранилище)"</a>. <i>planetabelarus.by</i> (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetabelarus.by/sights/minskoe-more-zaslavskoe-vodokhranilishche/">the original</a> on 2 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=planetabelarus.by&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%28%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetabelarus.by%2Fsights%2Fminskoe-more-zaslavskoe-vodokhranilishche%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogoda.ru.net-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pogoda.ru.net_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/26850.htm">"Weather and Climate- The Climate of Minsk"</a> (in Russian). Weather and Climate (Погода и климат). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200326232401/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/26850.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+and+Climate-+The+Climate+of+Minsk&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F26850.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426030656/http://www.pogoda.by/climat-directory/?page=288">"Солнечное сияние. Обобщения II часть: Таблица 2.1. Характеристики продолжительности и суточный ход (доли часа) солнечного сияния. Продолжение"</a> (in Russian). Department of Hydrometeorology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogoda.by/climat-directory/?page=288">the original</a> on 26 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+II+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%3A+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+2.1.+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4+%28%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%29+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.&rft.pub=Department+of+Hydrometeorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogoda.by%2Fclimat-directory%2F%3Fpage%3D288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-2-WMO-Normals-9120/Belarus/XLS/MINSK_26850.csv">"Minsk Climate Normals 1991–2020"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minsk+Climate+Normals+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F2.2%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-2-WMO-Normals-9120%2FBelarus%2FXLS%2FMINSK_26850.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eco.1-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eco.1_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco.1_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco.1_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco.1_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco.1_32-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eco.1_32-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/09/18/ic_articles_116_164550/"><bdi lang="ru">Не сосновый бор, но дышать можно смело</bdi></a> (in Russian). naviny.by. 18 September 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327122947/https://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/09/18/ic_articles_116_164550">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9D%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%2C+%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE&rft.date=2009-09-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaviny.by%2Frubrics%2Fsociety%2F2009%2F09%2F18%2Fic_articles_116_164550%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/auto/2007/06/09/ic_news_120_272008/"><bdi lang="ru">Минская ГАИ проводит акцию "Чистый воздух"</bdi></a> (in Russian). naviny.by. 9 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327134436/https://naviny.by/rubrics/auto/2007/06/09/ic_news_120_272008">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%93%D0%90%D0%98+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8E+%22%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%22&rft.date=2007-06-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaviny.by%2Frubrics%2Fauto%2F2007%2F06%2F09%2Fic_news_120_272008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/06/03/ic_news_116_312342/">"Самый загрязненный воздух в Минске — на улице Тимирязева"</a> [The most polluted air in Minsk is on Timiryazev Street] (in Russian). naviny.by. 3 June 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327134508/https://naviny.by/rubrics/society/2009/06/03/ic_news_116_312342">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%E2%80%94+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5+%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.date=2009-06-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnaviny.by%2Frubrics%2Fsociety%2F2009%2F06%2F03%2Fic_news_116_312342%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230525135440/https://minsk-city.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/public_bulletin/index_67549/">"Численность населения на 1 января 2023 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2022 год по г.Минску в разрезе районов"</a>. <i>belsat.gov.by</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minsk-city.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/public_bulletin/index_67549/">the original</a> on 25 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belsat.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2023+%D0%B3.+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+2022+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B3.%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminsk-city.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fpublications%2Fpublic_bulletin%2Findex_67549%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/">"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа"</a>. <i>belsat.gov.by</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/">the original</a> on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belsat.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2024+%D0%B3.+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+2023+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fsolialnaya-sfera%2Fnaselenie-i-migratsiya%2Fnaselenie%2Fstatisticheskie-izdaniya%2Findex_89355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua D. Zimmerman, <i>Poles, Jews and the Politics of Nationality</i>, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-19464-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-19464-7">0-299-19464-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16">Google Print, p.16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWilson2021" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Andrew (2021). <i>Belarus: The last European dictatorship</i>. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26087-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26087-8"><bdi>978-0-300-26087-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1240724890">1240724890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belarus%3A+The+last+European+dictatorship&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1240724890&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26087-8&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/Tatars_In_Belarus_Hope_For_Help_From_Tatarstan/2126354.html">"Tatars In Belarus Hope For Help From Tatarstan"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 31 August 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221021103903/https://www.rferl.org/a/Tatars_In_Belarus_Hope_For_Help_From_Tatarstan/2126354.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Tatars+In+Belarus+Hope+For+Help+From+Tatarstan&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2FTatars_In_Belarus_Hope_For_Help_From_Tatarstan%2F2126354.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpr.org.uk/country?id=14">"Institute for Jewish Policy Research: Belarus"</a>. <i>www.jpr.org.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220811061745/https://jpr.org.uk/country?id=14">Archived</a> from the original on 11 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jpr.org.uk&rft.atitle=Institute+for+Jewish+Policy+Research%3A+Belarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpr.org.uk%2Fcountry%3Fid%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zimmerman_2004-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_2004_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zimmerman_2004_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zimmerman (2004), <i>Poles, Jews, and Politics</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Między Wschodem i Zachodem: international conference, Lublin, 18–21 June 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLiskovets2009" class="citation journal cs1">Liskovets, Irina (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1367006909348678">"Trasjanka: A code of rural migrants in Minsk"</a>. <i>International Journal of Bilingualism</i>. <b>13</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">396–</span>412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1367006909348678">10.1177/1367006909348678</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1367-0069">1367-0069</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144716155">144716155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Bilingualism&rft.atitle=Trasjanka%3A+A+code+of+rural+migrants+in+Minsk&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E396-%3C%2Fspan%3E412&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144716155%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1367-0069&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1367006909348678&rft.aulast=Liskovets&rft.aufirst=Irina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1177%2F1367006909348678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.local-life.com/minsk/articles/churches">"Churches and Cathedrals | Minsk Life"</a>. <i>www.local-life.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516161726/https://www.local-life.com/minsk/articles/churches">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.local-life.com&rft.atitle=Churches+and+Cathedrals+%26%23124%3B+Minsk+Life&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.local-life.com%2Fminsk%2Farticles%2Fchurches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.by/docs/en/bf_2006/12.Churches%20and%20religious%20communities.pdf">"<i>gov.by</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170908070327/http://www.mfa.gov.by/docs/en/bf_2006/12.Churches%20and%20religious%20communities.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=gov.by&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.by%2Fdocs%2Fen%2Fbf_2006%2F12.Churches%2520and%2520religious%2520communities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prest.3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prest.3_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prest.3_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prest.3_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826023515/http://news.tut.by/society/175052.html"><bdi lang="ru">Лукашенко недоволен минскими властями</bdi></a> (in Russian). TUT.BY. 29 June 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.tut.by/society/175052.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft.date=2010-06-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.tut.by%2Fsociety%2F175052.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826025235/http://news.tut.by/society/212780.html">"Уровень преступности в Минской области – один из самых высоких в стране"</a> (in Russian). TUT.BY. 25 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.tut.by/society/212780.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.date=2011-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.tut.by%2Fsociety%2F212780.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prest.2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prest.2_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826030547/http://news.tut.by/society/223781.html"><bdi lang="ru">Кражи составляют в Минске около 70% преступлений</bdi></a> (in Russian). TUT.BY. 18 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.tut.by/society/223781.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%8E%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE+70%25+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9&rft.date=2011-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.tut.by%2Fsociety%2F223781.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826130140/http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/46593"><bdi lang="ru">Генпрокуратура анализирует состояние с преступностью в Беларуси по коэффициенту преступности</bdi></a> (in Russian). interfax.by. 2 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/46593">the original</a> on 26 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D1%82+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D1%81+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%8E+%D0%B2+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8&rft.date=2008-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.by%2Fnews%2Fbelarus%2F46593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826125751/http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/68970">"В Минске увеличивается число выявленных коррупционных преступлений – Генпрокуратура"</a> (in Russian). interfax.by. 10 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/68970">the original</a> on 26 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%E2%80%93+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2010-03-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.by%2Fnews%2Fbelarus%2F68970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prest.1-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-prest.1_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316014450/http://www.interfax.by/article/36323"><bdi lang="ru">Я из ЖЭСа. Разрешите вас обокрасть!</bdi></a> (in Russian). interfax.by. 2 January 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.by/article/36323">the original</a> on 16 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%AF+%D0%B8%D0%B7+%D0%96%D0%AD%D0%A1%D0%B0.+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%21&rft.date=2009-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.by%2Farticle%2F36323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prest.4-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prest.4_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prest.4_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pravo.by/showtext.asp?1139568277743">Рейтинг всех служб и подразделений ГУВД Мингорисполкома вырос</a>, <i>National Law Portal of Belarus</i> (10 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723185810/http://www.pravo.by/showtext.asp?1139568277743">Archived</a> 23 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131102085851/http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/62597">"В Минске снижается число хищений сотовых телефонов – Генпрокуратура"</a> (in Russian). interfax.by. 27 October 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.interfax.by/news/belarus/62597">the original</a> on 2 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%E2%80%93+%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2009-10-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.interfax.by%2Fnews%2Fbelarus%2F62597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/english/2010/12/21/ic_articles_259_171752/">Lukashenka's presidential rivals held in KGB jail</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518141325/http://naviny.by/rubrics/english/2010/12/21/ic_articles_259_171752/">Archived</a> 18 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Belarus News</i> (21 December 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://naviny.by/rubrics/english/2011/02/28/ic_news_259_362284/">Mikhalevich to complain to UN Committee Against Torture about his detention conditions in KGB jail</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518163659/http://naviny.by/rubrics/english/2011/02/28/ic_news_259_362284/">Archived</a> 18 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Belarus News</i> (28 February 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12606265">Belarus 'tortured protesters in jail'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051458/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-12606265">Archived</a> 17 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> (1 March 2011)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54953599">"Belarus: 'Over 1,000 arrested' at latest anti-government protest"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 15 November 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115223918/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-54953599">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Belarus%3A+%27Over+1%2C000+arrested%27+at+latest+anti-government+protest&rft.date=2020-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-54953599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afn.by/news/i/131974"><bdi lang="ru">Четвертую часть поступлений в бюджет Минска обеспечили 5 плательщиков</bdi></a> [The fourth part of receipts in the budget of Minsk was provided by 5 payers]. <i>afn.by</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825194406/http://afn.by/news/i/131974">Archived</a> from the original on 25 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=afn.by&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D1%8E+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+5+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafn.by%2Fnews%2Fi%2F131974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bdg.by/news/finance/13645.html">"Минск - основной плательщик НДС"</a>. <i>БДГ Деловая газета</i>. 26 January 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240516161723/https://bdg.by/news/finance/13645.html">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D0%94%D0%93+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA+-+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9D%D0%94%D0%A1&rft.date=2011-01-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbdg.by%2Fnews%2Ffinance%2F13645.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nalog.gov.by/ru/news_ministerstva_minsk_ru/view/737-postuplenij-v-konsolidirovannyj-bjudzhet-goroda-minska-za-10-mesjatsev-2013-goda-obespecheno-9443/">"73,7 % поступлений в консолидированный бюджет города Минска за 10 месяцев 2013 года обеспечено негосударственным сектором экономики. – Новости инспекции – Министерство по налогам и сборам Республики Беларусь"</a>. <i>nalog.gov.by</i>. 18 November 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170701033809/http://www.nalog.gov.by/ru/news_ministerstva_minsk_ru/view/737-postuplenij-v-konsolidirovannyj-bjudzhet-goroda-minska-za-10-mesjatsev-2013-goda-obespecheno-9443/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nalog.gov.by&rft.atitle=73%2C7+%25+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B1%D1%8E%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B7%D0%B0+10+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2+2013+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8.+%E2%80%93+%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%E2%80%93+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C&rft.date=2013-11-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nalog.gov.by%2Fru%2Fnews_ministerstva_minsk_ru%2Fview%2F737-postuplenij-v-konsolidirovannyj-bjudzhet-goroda-minska-za-10-mesjatsev-2013-goda-obespecheno-9443%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload-belstat/upload-belstat-excel/Oficial_statistika/2021/GDP_GRP-2112-en.xlsx">"GRP of regions and Minsk city in 2021"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230224010558/https://www.belstat.gov.by/upload-belstat/upload-belstat-excel/Oficial_statistika/2021/GDP_GRP-2112-en.xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GRP+of+regions+and+Minsk+city+in+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fupload-belstat%2Fupload-belstat-excel%2FOficial_statistika%2F2021%2FGDP_GRP-2112-en.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-myfin.by-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-myfin.by_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005031130/https://myfin.by/wiki/term/srednyaya-zarplata-v-belarusi">"News"</a>. <i>www.myfin.by</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://myfin.by/wiki/term/srednyaya-zarplata-v-belarusi">the original</a> on 5 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.myfin.by&rft.atitle=News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmyfin.by%2Fwiki%2Fterm%2Fsrednyaya-zarplata-v-belarusi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/indicators/regions/i2.php">Shares of region and Minsk City in the national output of selected industrial products in 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210152713/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/indicators/regions/i2.php">Archived</a> 10 December 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Intereconomics-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Intereconomics_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intereconomics_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Intereconomics_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGuriev2020" class="citation journal cs1">Guriev, Sergei (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2020/number/5/article/the-political-economy-of-the-belarusian-crisis.html">"The Political Economy of the Belarusian Crisis"</a>. <i>Intereconomics</i>. <b>2020</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">274–</span>275. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10272-020-0913-1">10.1007/s10272-020-0913-1</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201230131749/https://www.intereconomics.eu/contents/year/2020/number/5/article/the-political-economy-of-the-belarusian-crisis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Intereconomics&rft.atitle=The+Political+Economy+of+the+Belarusian+Crisis&rft.volume=2020&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E274-%3C%2Fspan%3E275&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10272-020-0913-1&rft.aulast=Guriev&rft.aufirst=Sergei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intereconomics.eu%2Fcontents%2Fyear%2F2020%2Fnumber%2F5%2Farticle%2Fthe-political-economy-of-the-belarusian-crisis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/International/belarus-opposition-calls-national-strike-key-test-protest/story?id=73842209">"Belarus opposition calls for national strike in what could be key test for protest movement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220225211727/https://abcnews.go.com/International/belarus-opposition-calls-national-strike-key-test-protest/story?id=73842209">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=Belarus+opposition+calls+for+national+strike+in+what+could+be+key+test+for+protest+movement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fbelarus-opposition-calls-national-strike-key-test-protest%2Fstory%3Fid%3D73842209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.atlant.by/about/">"About ATLANT. High-tech, dynamically developing enterprise"</a>. <i>ATLANT</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Russian+Aviation+Insider&rft.atitle=Belarusian+airports+see+traffic+growth+in+2015&rft.date=2016-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rusaviainsider.com%2Fbelarusian-airports-see-traffic-growth-in-2015%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world-airport-codes.com/belarus/borovaya-airfield-82793.html">"Borovaya Airfield - Belarus"</a>. <i>World Airport Codes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212125448/https://www.world-airport-codes.com/belarus/borovaya-airfield-82793.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Airport+Codes&rft.atitle=Borovaya+Airfield+-+Belarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world-airport-codes.com%2Fbelarus%2Fborovaya-airfield-82793.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170703174942/http://minsk.edu.by/"><bdi lang="ru">комитет по образованию Мингорисполкома</bdi></a> [Committee of Education (Minsk City Executive Committee)] (in Russian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minsk.edu.by/">the original</a> on 3 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminsk.edu.by%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423221107/http://edu.gov.by/sistema-obrazovaniya/glavnoe-upravlenie-professionalnogo-obrazovaniya/vysshee-obrazovanie/"><bdi lang="ru">Управление высшего образования</bdi></a> [the management of higher education] (in Russian). Ministry of education of the Republic of Belarus. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.gov.by/sistema-obrazovaniya/glavnoe-upravlenie-professionalnogo-obrazovaniya/vysshee-obrazovanie/">the original</a> on 23 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=Ministry+of+education+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedu.gov.by%2Fsistema-obrazovaniya%2Fglavnoe-upravlenie-professionalnogo-obrazovaniya%2Fvysshee-obrazovanie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=ru&q=3012+minsk+1979+QU9"><i>Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – p.248</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Minor+Planet+Names+%E2%80%93+p.248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Dru%26q%3D3012%2Bminsk%2B1979%2BQU9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/victar-babaryka">"VIKTAR BABARYKA Belarusian banker and public figure, presidential candidate, sentenced to 14 years in prison"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220816004720/https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/victar-babaryka">Archived</a> from the original on 16 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VIKTAR+BABARYKA+Belarusian+banker+and+public+figure%2C+presidential+candidate%2C+sentenced+to+14+years+in+prison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprisoners.spring96.org%2Fen%2Fperson%2Fvictar-babaryka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211227233010/http://belarusjournal.skaryna.org.uk/sites/default/files/JBS_1965_6_Maksim%20Bahdanovic%20in%20Byelorussian%20Literature.pdf">"Maksim Bahdanovic in Byelorussian Literature BY VERA RICH"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belarusjournal.skaryna.org.uk/sites/default/files/JBS_1965_6_Maksim%20Bahdanovic%20in%20Byelorussian%20Literature.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maksim+Bahdanovic+in+Byelorussian+Literature+BY+VERA+RICH&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelarusjournal.skaryna.org.uk%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FJBS_1965_6_Maksim%2520Bahdanovic%2520in%2520Byelorussian%2520Literature.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpj.org/data/people/veronika-cherkasova/">"Veronika Cherkasova Solidarnost | Killed in Minsk, Belarus | October 20, 2004"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220420223141/https://cpj.org/data/people/veronika-cherkasova/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Veronika+Cherkasova+Solidarnost+%7C+Killed+in+Minsk%2C+Belarus+%7C+October+20%2C+2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpj.org%2Fdata%2Fpeople%2Fveronika-cherkasova%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802193605/https://www.rafto.no/the-rafto-prize/gennady-grushevoy">"Laureate 1999 Gennady Grushevoy"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rafto.no/the-rafto-prize/gennady-grushevoy">the original</a> on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laureate+1999+Gennady+Grushevoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rafto.no%2Fthe-rafto-prize%2Fgennady-grushevoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001523/http://www.belarus-misc.org/writer/a-harun.htm">Poet Alies' Harun</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euroradio.fm/en/well-known-belarusian-historian-anatol-hrytskevich-dies">"Well-known Belarusian historian Anatol Hrytskevich dies"</a>. 21 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220215221359/https://euroradio.fm/en/well-known-belarusian-historian-anatol-hrytskevich-dies">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Well-known+Belarusian+historian+Anatol+Hrytskevich+dies&rft.date=2015-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuroradio.fm%2Fen%2Fwell-known-belarusian-historian-anatol-hrytskevich-dies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.house/42243">"How Lukashenka dealt with competitors for the presidential seat"</a>. 12 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Lukashenka+dealt+with+competitors+for+the+presidential+seat&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.house%2F42243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.polskieradio.pl/396/7816/Artykul/2650592,%D0%A3-%C2%AB%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9-%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96%C2%BB-200-%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87-%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E">"У "Беларускай Вікіпедыі" 200 тысяч артыкулаў (There are [now] 200,000 articles in the Belarusian Wikipedia)(in Belarusian)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A3+%22%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%96%22+200+%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%87+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E+%28There+are+%5Bnow%5D+200%2C000+articles+in+the+Belarusian+Wikipedia%29%28in+Belarusian%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.polskieradio.pl%2F396%2F7816%2FArtykul%2F2650592%2C%25D0%25A3-%25C2%25AB%25D0%2591%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B9-%25D0%2592%25D1%2596%25D0%25BA%25D1%2596%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B5%25D0%25B4%25D1%258B%25D1%2596%25C2%25BB-200-%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D1%2581%25D1%258F%25D1%2587-%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D1%2582%25D1%258B%25D0%25BA%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%259E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFКарней2018" class="citation news cs1">Карней, Ігар (30 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svaboda.org/a/29573514.html">"Jauhien Kulik's first exhibition at the National Art Museum. 7 episodes about the artist from "Attic" (Першая выстава Яўгена Куліка ў Нацыянальным мастацкім музэі. 7 эпізодаў пра мастака з "Паддашку" )(in Belarusian)"</a>. <i>Радыё Свабода</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=Jauhien+Kulik%27s+first+exhibition+at+the+National+Art+Museum.+7+episodes+about+the+artist+from+%22Attic%22+%28%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%AF%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D1%9E+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%96.+7+%D1%8D%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B7+%22%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%83%22+%29%28in+Belarusian%29&rft.date=2018-10-30&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B9&rft.aufirst=%D0%86%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svaboda.org%2Fa%2F29573514.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belsat.eu/en/news/05-05-2021-pavel-latushka-announces-new-protest-action-in-may">"Pavel Latushka announces new protest in May"</a>. <i>belsat.eu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801133622/https://belsat.eu/en/news/05-05-2021-pavel-latushka-announces-new-protest-action-in-may/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belsat.eu&rft.atitle=Pavel+Latushka+announces+new+protest+in+May&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelsat.eu%2Fen%2Fnews%2F05-05-2021-pavel-latushka-announces-new-protest-action-in-may&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210801133624/https://kupalauski.by/en/teatr/news/pavel-latushka-has-been-appointed-as-general-director-of-janka-kupa-a-theatre/">"Pavel Latushka Has Been Appointed as General Director of Janka Kupała Theatre"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kupalauski.by/en/teatr/news/pavel-latushka-has-been-appointed-as-general-director-of-janka-kupa-a-theatre/">the original</a> on 1 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pavel+Latushka+Has+Been+Appointed+as+General+Director+of+Janka+Kupa%C5%82a+Theatre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkupalauski.by%2Fen%2Fteatr%2Fnews%2Fpavel-latushka-has-been-appointed-as-general-director-of-janka-kupa-a-theatre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://budzma.org/news/janka-luchyna-170-gadou.html">Янка Лучына: 170 гадоў з дня нараджэння (Janka Lučyna: 170 years from birth)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211228210052/https://budzma.org/news/janka-luchyna-170-gadou.html">Archived</a> 28 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Belarusian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charter97.org/en/news/2016/12/19/234921/">"Writer And Historian Leanid Marakou Died"</a>. <i>charter97.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124204556/https://charter97.org/en/news/2016/12/19/234921/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=charter97.org&rft.atitle=Writer+And+Historian+Leanid+Marakou+Died&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharter97.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2F2016%2F12%2F19%2F234921%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marakou.org/en/v-marakou.html">"Valery Marakou • Leanid Marakou"</a>. <i>Leanid Marakou</i>. 30 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leanid+Marakou&rft.atitle=Valery+Marakou+%E2%80%A2+Leanid+Marakou&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marakou.org%2Fen%2Fv-marakou.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2025">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://svjazep.org/index.php?newsid=23">"Айцец Ян Матусевіч, першы пробашч парафіі Сьв.Язэпа (1948-1998) (Father Yan Matusievich, first pastor of St. Joseph Parish (1948-1998) (in Belarusian)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220124231024/http://svjazep.org/index.php?newsid=23">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%86+%D0%AF%D0%BD+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%2C+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%87+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%96+%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2.%D0%AF%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%B0+%281948-1998%29+%28Father+Yan+Matusievich%2C+first+pastor+of+St.+Joseph+Parish+%281948-1998%29+%28in+Belarusian%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsvjazep.org%2Findex.php%3Fnewsid%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGur2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gur, Nachman (3 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bhol.co.il/news/69465">"הגאון רבי הלל פבזנר זצ"ל - בחדרי חרדים"</a>. <i>www.bhol.co.il</i> (in Hebrew). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240901183613/https://www.bhol.co.il/news/69465">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bhol.co.il&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%92%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9C+%D7%A4%D7%91%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%A8+%D7%96%D7%A6%22%D7%9C+-+%D7%91%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%97%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.date=2008-10-03&rft.aulast=Gur&rft.aufirst=Nachman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bhol.co.il%2Fnews%2F69465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belinstitute.com/en/article/10-years-ago-vitali-silitski-passed-away-his-ideas-live">"10 years ago Vitali Silitski passed away. His ideas live"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220219224004/https://belinstitute.com/en/article/10-years-ago-vitali-silitski-passed-away-his-ideas-live">Archived</a> from the original on 19 February 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+years+ago+Vitali+Silitski+passed+away.+His+ideas+live&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelinstitute.com%2Fen%2Farticle%2F10-years-ago-vitali-silitski-passed-away-his-ideas-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFСвабода2022" class="citation news cs1">Свабода, Радыё (13 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svaboda.org/a/31800987.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Беларускага байца Аляксея Скоблю пасьмяротна ўганаравалі званьнем Героя Ўкраіны" [Belarusian fighter Aliaksiej Skoblia posthumously awarded the title of Hero of Ukraine]. Радыё Свабода / Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (in Belarusian)"</a>. <i>Радыё Свабода</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220413114621/http://www.svaboda.org/a/31800987.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%22%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%86%D0%B0+%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%9E%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96+%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F+%D0%8E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B%22+%5BBelarusian+fighter+Aliaksiej+Skoblia+posthumously+awarded+the+title+of+Hero+of+Ukraine%5D.+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%2F+Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty+%28in+Belarusian%29.&rft.date=2022-04-13&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.aufirst=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svaboda.org%2Fa%2F31800987.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arbeitaneuropa.com/interviews/stanislav-shushkevich/">"Arbeit an Europa"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713104751/https://arbeitaneuropa.com/interviews/stanislav-shushkevich/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arbeit+an+Europa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farbeitaneuropa.com%2Finterviews%2Fstanislav-shushkevich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svaboda.org/a/31822342.html">"First leader of independent Belarus Stanislau Shushkevich has died. The life story of personality and politician (Памёр першы кіраўнік незалежнай Беларусі Станіслаў Шушкевіч. Шлях асобы і палітыка)(in Belarusian)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220504062706/https://www.svaboda.org/a/31822342.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+leader+of+independent+Belarus+Stanislau+Shushkevich+has+died.+The+life+story+of+personality+and+politician+%28%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%91%D1%80+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8B+%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E+%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87.+%D0%A8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D1%96+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%29%28in+Belarusian%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svaboda.org%2Fa%2F31822342.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://moviefit.me/persons/115030-stefaniya-stanyuta">"Stefaniya Stanyuta"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220429225641/https://moviefit.me/persons/115030-stefaniya-stanyuta">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stefaniya+Stanyuta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoviefit.me%2Fpersons%2F115030-stefaniya-stanyuta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/16/shot-right-in-the-chest-partner-denies-belarus-protester-was-killed-by-own-bomb">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Shot right in the chest': partner denies Belarus protester died from own bomb"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Associated Press. 16 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Shot+right+in+the+chest%27%3A+partner+denies+Belarus+protester+died+from+own+bomb&rft.date=2020-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2020%2Faug%2F16%2Fshot-right-in-the-chest-partner-denies-belarus-protester-was-killed-by-own-bomb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.bsu.by/pub/31/Uho_2.pdf">Памяць і слава: Іосіф Аляксандравіч Юхо. Да 90-годдзя з дня нараджэння [Memory and Glory: Josif Aliaksandravič Jucho] / Рэдкал.: С.А. Балашэнка і інш. Мінск: БДУ, 2011</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805071617/https://law.bsu.by/pub/31/Uho_2.pdf">Archived</a> 5 August 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiwibloggs.com/2021/07/07/belarus-places-extradition-request-for-angelica-agurbash/265968/">"Belarus places extradition request for Eurovision 2005 star Angelica Agurbash, who faces a potential prison sentence for supporting the pro-democracy protests"</a>. 7 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belarus+places+extradition+request+for+Eurovision+2005+star+Angelica+Agurbash%2C+who+faces+a+potential+prison+sentence+for+supporting+the+pro-democracy+protests&rft.date=2021-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiwibloggs.com%2F2021%2F07%2F07%2Fbelarus-places-extradition-request-for-angelica-agurbash%2F265968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210422211937/https://www.yiddishcenter.org/post/marina-masha-gordon">"Marina (Masha) Gordon"</a>. 24 March 2021. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yiddishcenter.org/post/marina-masha-gordon">the original</a> on 22 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Marina+%28Masha%29+Gordon&rft.date=2021-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yiddishcenter.org%2Fpost%2Fmarina-masha-gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFАрлоў2015" class="citation news cs1">Арлоў, Уладзімер (26 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.svaboda.org/a/26803399.html">"Зьміцер Сідаровіч, музыка з Краіны талераў (Źmicier Sidarovič, a musician from the Taler Country)(in Belarusian)"</a>. <i>Радыё Свабода</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%D0%97%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87%2C+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%B7+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E+%28%C5%B9micier+Sidarovi%C4%8D%2C+a+musician+from+the+Taler+Country%29%28in+Belarusian%29&rft.date=2015-01-26&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%9E&rft.aufirst=%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svaboda.org%2Fa%2F26803399.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220517043151/https://pressroom.rferl.org/a/lavon-volski/27983759.html">"Banned In Belarus"</a>. 13 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pressroom.rferl.org/a/lavon-volski/27983759.html">the original</a> on 17 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banned+In+Belarus&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpressroom.rferl.org%2Fa%2Flavon-volski%2F27983759.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chess.co.uk/products/victor-kupreichik-the-maestro-from-minsk">"Victor Kupreichik: The Maestro from Minsk"</a>. <i>Chess and Bridge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123220511/https://chess.co.uk/products/victor-kupreichik-the-maestro-from-minsk">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chess+and+Bridge&rft.atitle=Victor+Kupreichik%3A+The+Maestro+from+Minsk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchess.co.uk%2Fproducts%2Fvictor-kupreichik-the-maestro-from-minsk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200909212350/https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/">"Twin towns of Minsk"</a>. <i>minsk.gov.by</i>. Minsk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minsk.gov.by/en/city/">the original</a> on 9 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minsk.gov.by&rft.atitle=Twin+towns+of+Minsk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminsk.gov.by%2Fen%2Fcity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201130203630/http://www.dailydetroit.com/2020/04/03/minsk-belarus-detroits-sister-city-living-under-russias-shadow/">"Minsk, Belarus: Detroit's Sister City Living Under Russia's Shadow"</a>. <i>dailydetroit.com</i>. Daily Detroit. 3 April 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailydetroit.com/2020/04/03/minsk-belarus-detroits-sister-city-living-under-russias-shadow/">the original</a> on 30 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dailydetroit.com&rft.atitle=Minsk%2C+Belarus%3A+Detroit%27s+Sister+City+Living+Under+Russia%27s+Shadow&rft.date=2020-04-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydetroit.com%2F2020%2F04%2F03%2Fminsk-belarus-detroits-sister-city-living-under-russias-shadow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Minsk#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Minsk">Timeline of Minsk § Bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBohn2008" class="citation book cs1">Bohn, Thomas M. (2008). <i>Minsk – Musterstadt des Sozialismus: Stadtplanung und Urbanisierung in der Sowjetunion nach 1945</i>. Köln: Böhlau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20071-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-412-20071-8"><bdi>978-3-412-20071-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Minsk+%E2%80%93+Musterstadt+des+Sozialismus%3A+Stadtplanung+und+Urbanisierung+in+der+Sowjetunion+nach+1945&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-412-20071-8&rft.aulast=Bohn&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFБон2013" class="citation book cs1">Бон, томас м. (2013). <i>"Минский феномен". Городское планирование и урбанизация в Советском Союзе после Второй мировой войны</i>. Translated by Слепович, Е. Москва: РОССПЭН.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%22.+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%AD%D0%9D&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%BC.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFБон2016" class="citation book cs1">Бон, томас м. (2016). Сагановіч, Г. (ed.). <i>"Мінскі феномен". Гарадское планаванне і ўрбанізацыя ў Савецкім Саюзе пасля 1945 г</i>. Translated by Рытаровіч, М. Мінск: Зміцер Колас.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96+%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%22.+%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%96+%D1%9E%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F+%D1%9E+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8F+1945+%D0%B3.&rft.place=%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA&rft.pub=%D0%97%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BD&rft.aufirst=%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81+%D0%BC.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Minsk (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Minsk_(town)">"Minsk (town)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 556.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Minsk+%28town%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=556&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNechepurenko2017" class="citation news cs1">Nechepurenko, Ivan (5 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/world/europe/belarus-minsk-technology.html">"How Europes Last Dictatorship Became a Tech Hub"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171005185809/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/05/world/europe/belarus-minsk-technology.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=How+Europes+Last+Dictatorship+Became+a+Tech+Hub&rft.date=2017-10-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Nechepurenko&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2F05%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fbelarus-minsk-technology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinsk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minsk&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="external text" href="http://www.belarus.by/en/about-belarus/geography/minskcity">Minsk city</a> on the official website of Belarus</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140302204907/http://belarusdigest.com/story/why-minsk-not-other-capitals-16858">Why Minsk Is Not Like Other Capitals.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170505183554/http://belarusdigest.com/story/lost-translation-minsk-real-belarus-travel-tips-7402">Lost In Translation In Minsk – The "Real Belarus" Travel Tips.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://minskherald.com/">The Minsk Herald online magazine in English</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/Communities/community.php?usbgn=-1946324">Minsk, Belarus</a> at <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127040825/https://news.tut.by/society/677738.html">Archived</a> 2020-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Photos of old Minsk</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101002055/https://news.tut.by/society/681629.html">Archived</a> 2020-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Photos of Minsk during World War II</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Districts_of_Minsk" title="Template:Districts of Minsk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Districts_of_Minsk" title="Template talk:Districts of Minsk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Districts_of_Minsk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Districts of Minsk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Districts_of_Minsk153" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg/45px-Flag_of_Minsk%2C_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Minsk" title="Administrative divisions of Minsk">Districts</a> of <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minsk</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Districts_of_Minsk.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of the districts of Minsk"><img alt="Map of the districts of Minsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Districts_of_Minsk.png/120px-Districts_of_Minsk.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Districts_of_Minsk.png/250px-Districts_of_Minsk.png 2x" data-file-width="1876" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frunzyenski_District" title="Frunzyenski District">Frunzyenski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastrychnitski_District" title="Kastrychnitski District">Kastrychnitski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyeninski_District,_Minsk" title="Lyeninski District, Minsk">Lyeninski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maskowski_District" title="Maskowski District">Maskowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partyzanski_District" title="Partyzanski District">Partyzanski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyershamayski_District" title="Pyershamayski District">Pyershamayski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savyetski_District" title="Savyetski District">Savyetski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsentralny_District,_Minsk" title="Tsentralny District, Minsk">Tsentralny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zavodski_District" title="Zavodski District">Zavodski</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Minsk"><img alt="Coat of arms of Minsk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Minsk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="700" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Minsk_District_(Minsk_Region,_Belarus)120" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Minsk_District" title="Template:Minsk District"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Minsk_District" title="Template talk:Minsk District"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minsk_District" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minsk District"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Minsk_District_(Minsk_Region,_Belarus)120" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Minsk_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk District">Minsk District</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Minsk_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Region">Minsk Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>)</small></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minsk</a> <small>(autonomous city)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaslawye" title="Zaslawye">Zaslawye</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Miensk_district.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Minsk Raion"><img alt="Coat of arms of Minsk Raion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Miensk_district.png/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Miensk_district.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Coat_of_Arms_of_Miensk_district.png/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Miensk_district.png 1.5x" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="233" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban-type settlement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machulishchy" title="Machulishchy">Machulishchy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rural councils (sieĺsaviet)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Astra%C5%A1ycki_Haradok_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Astrašycki Haradok Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Astrašycki Haradok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bara%C5%ADliany_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baraŭliany Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Baraŭliany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harani_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harani Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Harani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%BDdanovi%C4%8Dy_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ždanovičy Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Ždanovičy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Juzufova_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Juzufova Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Juzufova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalodzi%C5%A1%C4%8Dy_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalodziščy Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Kalodziščy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krupica_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krupica Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Krupica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La%C5%A1any_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lašany Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Lašany</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luhavaja_Slabada_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luhavaja Slabada Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Luhavaja Slabada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michanavi%C4%8Dy_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michanavičy Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Michanavičy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Novy_Dvor_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novy Dvor Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Novy Dvor</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papiernia_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papiernia Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Papiernia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piatry%C5%A1ki_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piatryški Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Piatryški</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samachvalavi%C4%8Dy_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samachvalavičy Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Samachvalavičy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sienica_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sienica Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Sienica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chacie%C5%BEyna_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chaciežyna Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Chaciežyna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0ar%C5%A1uny_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Šaršuny Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Šaršuny</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%A0%C4%8Domyslica_Sie%C4%BAsaviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ščomyslica Sieĺsaviet (page does not exist)">Ščomyslica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Subdivisions_of_Minsk_region,_Belarus346" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Minsk_Region" title="Template:Minsk Region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Minsk_Region" title="Template talk:Minsk Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Minsk_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Minsk Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Subdivisions_of_Minsk_region,_Belarus346" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg/40px-Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg/60px-Flag_of_Minsk_Voblast.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> Subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Minsk_region" title="Minsk region">Minsk region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Districts<br /><span class="nobold"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raiony</a>)</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barysaw_district" title="Barysaw district">Barysaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byerazino_district" title="Byerazino district">Byerazino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervyen_district" title="Chervyen district">Chervyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyarzhynsk_district" title="Dzyarzhynsk district">Dzyarzhynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapyl_district" title="Kapyl district">Kapyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klyetsk_district" title="Klyetsk district">Klyetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupki_district" title="Krupki district">Krupki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahoysk_district" title="Lahoysk district">Lahoysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuban_district" title="Lyuban district">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maladzyechna_district" title="Maladzyechna district">Maladzyechna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_district" title="Minsk district">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myadzyel_district" title="Myadzyel district">Myadzyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasvizh_district" title="Nyasvizh district">Nyasvizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukhavichy_district" title="Pukhavichy district">Pukhavichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salihorsk_district" title="Salihorsk district">Salihorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutsk_district" title="Slutsk district">Slutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalyavichy_district" title="Smalyavichy district">Smalyavichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staryya_Darohi_district" title="Staryya Darohi district">Staryya Darohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowbtsy_district" title="Stowbtsy district">Stowbtsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzda_district" title="Uzda district">Uzda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valozhyn_district" title="Valozhyn district">Valozhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vileyka_district" title="Vileyka district">Vilyeyka</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Minsk_province.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Minsk region"><img alt="Coat of arms of Minsk region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Minsk_province.svg/60px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Minsk_province.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Coat_of_Arms_of_Minsk_province.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Minsk_province.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="502" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barysaw" title="Barysaw">Barysaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byerazino" title="Byerazino">Byerazino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chervyen" title="Chervyen">Chervyen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyarzhynsk" title="Dzyarzhynsk">Dzyarzhynsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Fanipal">Fanipal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapyl" title="Kapyl">Kapyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klyetsk" title="Klyetsk">Klyetsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krupki" title="Krupki">Krupki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahoysk" title="Lahoysk">Lahoysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyuban,_Belarus" title="Lyuban, Belarus">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maladzyechna" title="Maladzyechna">Maladzyechna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryina_Horka" title="Maryina Horka">Maryina Horka</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minsk</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myadzyel" title="Myadzyel">Myadzyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasvizh" title="Nyasvizh">Nyasvizh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salihorsk" title="Salihorsk">Salihorsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slutsk" title="Slutsk">Slutsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smalyavichy" title="Smalyavichy">Smalyavichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staryya_Darohi" title="Staryya Darohi">Staryya Darohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stowbtsy" title="Stowbtsy">Stowbtsy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzda" title="Uzda">Uzda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valozhyn" title="Valozhyn">Valozhyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilyeyka" class="mw-redirect" title="Vilyeyka">Vilyeyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaslawye" title="Zaslawye">Zaslawye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhodzina" title="Zhodzina">Zhodzina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> Administrative center of Minsk Region but administratively separated</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_seats_of_the_regions_of_Belarus50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarus_Seats" title="Template:Belarus Seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarus_Seats" title="Template talk:Belarus Seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus_Seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus Seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_seats_of_the_regions_of_Belarus50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative seats of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">regions of Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno">Grodno</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Belarus74" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Belarus" title="Template:First-level administrative divisions of Belarus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Belarus" title="Template talk:First-level administrative divisions of Belarus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Belarus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:First-level administrative divisions of Belarus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="First-level_administrative_divisions_of_Belarus74" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">First-level administrative divisions of</a> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest Region">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomel_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Gomel Region">Gomel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno Region">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Minsk Region">Minsk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minsk (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogilev Region">Mogilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitebsk Region">Vitebsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union64" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hero Cities of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hero_Cities_of_the_Soviet_Union64" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)" title="Hero City (Soviet Union)">Hero Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brest_Fortress" title="Brest Fortress">Brest Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novorossiysk" title="Novorossiysk">Novorossiysk</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_Europe929" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_Europe929" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capitals</a> of Europe</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a></b>, Netherlands<sup>1</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a></b>, Andorra</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a></b>, Turkey<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></b>, Kazakhstan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a></b>, Greece</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></b>, Azerbaijan<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a></b>, Serbia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b>, Germany</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a></b>, Switzerland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a></b>, Slovakia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a></b>, Belgium<sup>3</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a></b>, Romania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a></b>, Hungary</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a></b>, Moldova</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></b>, Denmark</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></b>, Ireland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a></b>, Finland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a></b>, Ukraine</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a></b>, Portugal</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></b>, Slovenia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b>, United Kingdom</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a></b>, Luxembourg</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b>, Spain</li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minsk</a></b>, Belarus</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></b><sup>5</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b>, Russia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a></b>, Cyprus<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a></b>, Norway</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a></b>, France</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a></b>, Montenegro</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a></b>, Czech Republic</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a></b>, Iceland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a></b>, Latvia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a></b>, Italy</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a></b>, San Marino</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a></b>, North Macedonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a></b>, Bulgaria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></b>, Sweden</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></b>, Estonia</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a></b>, Georgia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a></b>, Albania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a></b>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a></b>, Malta</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></b><sup>4</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b>, Austria</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a></b>, Lithuania</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a></b>, Poland</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a></b>, Armenia<sup>2</sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a></b>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with<br />limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a></b>, Northern Cyprus</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a></b>, Kosovo</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sokhumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sokhumi">Sokhumi</a></b>, Abkhazia</i><sup>2</sup></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></b>, Transnistria</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a></b>, South Ossetia</i><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></b></i>, England</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></b></i>, Scotland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></b></i>, Wales</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a></b></i>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></b></i>, Isle of Man</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a></b></i>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></b></i>, Gibraltar</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a></b></i>, Jersey</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a></b></i>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a></b>, Svalbard (Norway)</i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a></b>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a></b></i>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a></b></i>, Burgenland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a></b></i>, Styria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a></b></i>, Tyrol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a></b></i>, Carinthia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></b></i>, Upper Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a></b></i>, Salzburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a></b></i>, Lower Austria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a></b></i>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a></b></i>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a></b></i>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a></b></i>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a></b></i> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a></b></i>, Brčko District</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a></b></i>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></b></i>, Berlin</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></b></i>, Bremen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a></b></i>, Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></b></i>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></b></i>, Thuringia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></b></i>, Hamburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a></b></i>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a></b></i>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></b></i>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></b></i>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a></b></i>, Bavaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a></b></i>, Brandenburg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a></b></i>, Saarland</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a></b></i>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a></b></i>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a></b></i>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a></b></i>, Chuvashia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a></b></i>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a></b></i>, Kalmykia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a></b></i>, Chechnya</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a></b></i>, Udmurtia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></b></i>, Tatarstan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Magas,_Russia" title="Magas, Russia">Magas</a></b></i>, Ingushetia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a></b></i>, Dagestan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a></b></i>, Adygea</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a></b></i>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a></b></i>, Karelia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a></b></i>, Mordovia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a></b></i>, Komi</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></b></i>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a></b></i>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a></b></i>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a></b></i>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></b></i>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a></b></i>, Perm Krai</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></b></i>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a></b></i>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a></b></i>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a></b></i>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a></b></i>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a></b></i>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a></b></i>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a></b></i>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a></b></i>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a></b></i>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a></b></i>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a></b></i>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a></b></i>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></b></i>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a></b></i>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a></b></i>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a></b></i>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a></b></i>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></b></i>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a></b></i>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a></b></i>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></b></i>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a></b></i>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a></b></i>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a></b></i>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a></b></i>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></b></i>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a></b></i>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a></b></i>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a></b></i>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a></b></i>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a></b></i>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a></b></i>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a></b></i>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></b></i></li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a></b></i>, Aargau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a></b></i>, Uri</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a></b></i>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a></b></i>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a></b></i>, Ticino</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a></b></i>, Grisons</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a></b></i>, Jura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a></b></i>, Thurgau</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a></b></i>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a></b></i>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a></b></i>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a></b></i>, Vaud</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a></b></i>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a></b></i>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></b></i>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a></b></i>, Obwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a></b></i>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a></b></i>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a></b></i>, Valais</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a></b></i>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a></b></i>, Nidwalden</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a></b></i>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a></b></i>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a></b></i>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a></b></i>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous<br />entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions79" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a></b></i>, Sardinia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a></b></i>, Sicily</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a></b></i>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a></b></i>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a></b></i>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions53" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a></b></i>, Azores</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a></b></i>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a></b></i>, Catalonia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a></b></i> & <i><b><a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a></b></i>, Canary Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a></b></i>, La Rioja</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a></b></i>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a></b></i>, Extremadura</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a></b></i>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a></b></i>, Asturias</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a></b></i>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a></b></i>, Navarre</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a></b></i>, Cantabria</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a></b></i>, Galicia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a></b></i>, Andalusia</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a></b></i>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a></b></i>, Valencian Community</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a></b></i>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a></b></i>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a></b></i>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a></b></i>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a></b></i>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a></b></i>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a></b></i>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a></b></i>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a></b></i>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a></b></i>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></i>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>1</sup></span> Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>2</sup></span> Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>3</sup></span> Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li><span style="position: relative; top: 0.2em;"><sup>4</sup></span> A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1936" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1936" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2280#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/154760598">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206558/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp6DrCyCkr6vTwHjPJDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4039510-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79116460">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15027101k">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15027101k">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Minsk (Bělorusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge138078&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX451453">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000348340&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/wt7984sf5stx3tf">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007552618305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/47323b71-af21-42f7-ae02-380b31ee1b94">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10046438">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=69700">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minsk&oldid=1283000119">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minsk&oldid=1283000119</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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