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href="/wiki/Help:Reverting" title="Help:Reverting">done manually</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240"></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052"></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240"></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. 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The event was brought about by widespread protests over the [[2003 Georgian parliamentary election|disputed parliamentary elections]] and culminated in the resignation of [[President of Georgia|President]] [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], which marked the end of the [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Soviet era]] leadership in the country. The revolution derives its name from the climactic moment, when demonstrators led by [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] stormed the [[Parliament of Georgia|Parliament]] session with red roses in hand.<ref>{{Cite report |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep07058.6 |title=The Rose Revolution and after |last=Lynch |first=Dov |date=2006 |publisher=European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) |pages=23–34}}</ref> The revolution was led by Shevardnadze's former political allies, Mikheil Saakashvili, [[Nino Burjanadze]] and [[Zurab Zhvania]]. Consisting of twenty days of protests from 3 to 23 November 2003, the Revolution triggered new [[2004 Georgian presidential election|presidential]] and [[2004 Georgian parliamentary election|parliamentary elections]] in Georgia, which brought the [[United National Movement (Georgia)|National Movement]]–[[Burjanadze-Democrats|Democrats]] coalition to the power.<ref>https://www.usip.org/sites/default/files/sr167.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> The death of [[Zurab Zhvania]] in uncertain circumstances and the withdrawal of [[Nino Burjanadze]] into opposition eventually established the [[United National Movement (Georgia)|United National Movement]] as the single ruling party. The next change of power in Georgia was brought by the [[2012 Georgian parliamentary election]]. The Rose Revolution is considered one of the early examples of [[colour revolution]]s. It was marked by strong role of [[non-governmental organization]]s and [[student activism]]. The role of the United States, as in other colour revolutions, has been a subject of significant controversy. ==Precipitating factors== === Fragmentation of the political elite === [[Union of Citizens of Georgia|The Citizens' Union of Georgia (CUG)]] had been the ruling party for most of [[Eduard Shevardnadze]]'s Presidency, and represented the interests of Shevardnadze loyalists.<ref name="Wheatley 2005 85, 155">{{cite book|last=Wheatley|first=Jonathan|title=Georgia From National Awakening to Rose Revolution|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|location=Burlington, VT|pages=85, 155}}</ref> The ineffectiveness of the government and the decreasing popularity of the regime led to the defection of numerous parliamentary deputies from the ruling party in 2000.<ref name="Welt 2006">{{cite journal|last=Welt|first=Cory|title=Georgia's Rose Revolution: From Regime Weakness to Regime Collapse|journal=Center for Strategic and International Studies|year=2006}}</ref> The first group to leave the CUG represented the business community and would go on to form the [[New Rights|New Rights Party (NRP)]] in 2001. This began the collapse of the party, as numerous party officials and deputies defected to join or form other parties. Eduard Shevardnadze himself resigned from the chairmanship of the CUG in September 2001.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bunce|author-link=Valerie Jane Bunce|first=Valerie|title=Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|page=156}}</ref> Fatefully, [[Mikheil Saakashvili]] (the Minister of Justice) left the ruling party in September and would form the [[United National Movement (Georgia)|National Movement]] opposition party one month later.<ref name="Welt 2006"/> The defections continued for the next two years, and left the Citizens' Union of Georgia as a far weaker party with support clustered in a few regions, and a leadership notorious for accumulating wealth illegally through their positions in government.<ref name="Welt 2006"/> The disintegration of the party highlighted the weakness of the Shevardnadze regime and dispersed the political elite amongst a number of new parties and independent platforms. The collapse of the Citizens' Union of Georgia and more apparent public discontent with Shevardnadze allowed for the formation of numerous new parties after 2000.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bunce|first=Valerie|title=Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|page=157}}</ref> The ruling party showed its vulnerability in the 2002 local elections, losing decisively to independents and new parties. The local elections saw independents secure 2754 seats, with the New Rights Party (NRP) being the most successful political party, obtaining 558 parliamentary seats. The Citizens' Union of Georgia won only 70 out of approximately 4,850 local parliamentary seats.<ref name="Welt 2006"/> Following the disastrous 2002 local elections, Shevardnadze made a concerted attempt to rebuild a political coalition that could support him. The CUG was rebuilt before the 2003 parliamentary election, which was understood to be a key trial before the 2005 presidential election. However, President Shevardnadze's popularity rating had plummeted to around 5%, undermining any attempt to revive the CUG under his leadership. The new CUG further found itself divided over internal disputes, and lacking effective leadership to replace those that had defected.<ref name="Fairbanks 2004 113">{{cite journal|last=Fairbanks|first=Charles|title=Georgia's Rose Revolution|journal=Journal of Democracy|year=2004|volume=15|issue=2|series=2|page=113|doi=10.1353/jod.2004.0025|s2cid=144288404}}</ref> ===Rise of non-governmental organizations=== [[Non-governmental organizations]] (NGOs) played a significant role in the Rose Revolution. By the end of 2000, the number of NGOs estimated to be in Georgia numbered around four thousand. The 1997 Civil Code made the registration of an NGO relatively easy, and they operated in Georgia with few restrictions.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheatley|first=Jonathan|title=Georgia From National Awakening to Rose Revolution|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|location=Burlington, VT|page=145}}</ref> Though only a small portion of those likely had influence on the government or were successful in lobbying, several had leverage in parliament.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheatley|first=Jonathan|title=Georgia From National Awakening to Rose Revolution|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|location=Burlington, VT|pages=146–147}}</ref> While public participation in these NGOs was relatively low, they were ultimately successful in mobilizing the population to play a more active role in government. Two of the most important were the Georgian Young Lawyers Association and the [[Liberty Institute (Georgia)|Liberty Institute]], both of which were active in the promotion of human rights and freedom of information legislation before the Rose Revolution.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheatley|first=Jonathan|title=Georgia From National Awakening to Rose Revolution|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|location=Burlington, VT|page=146}}</ref> Shevardnadze had allowed the development of NGOs before the Rose Revolution, and numerous large and relatively uninhibited NGOs were able to operate in Georgia prior to the 2003 parliamentary elections. Georgia's weak economy allowed these NGOs, who were often partially foreign funded, to pay decent salaries that would not have been available in working for the Georgian state.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tudoroiu|first=Theodor|title=Rose, Orange, and Tulip: The Failed post-Soviet Revolutions|journal=Communist and Post Communist Studies|year=2007|volume=40|issue=1|page=322|doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.06.005}}</ref> As early as the Summer of 2002, there was great concern amongst the leaders of Georgia's most influential NGOs that Shevardnadze was not prepared to relinquish power voluntarily, and that other ways to remove him from power might be necessary. Some of these leaders hoped to make the 'Serbian scenario' a reality in Georgia, in the sense that they wanted to promote non-violent protests to force the resignation of an authoritarian leader.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wheatley|first=Jonathan|title=Georgia From National Awakening to Rose Revolution|year=2005|publisher=Ashgate|location=Burlington, VT|page=179}}</ref> Before the Rose Revolution, a large network of NGOs with foreign financial support already existed in the country that could later coordinate protest. ===Foreign support=== Foreign support for the Shevardnadze regime declined from 2000 to 2003, with notable figures outwardly calling for a more democratic transition.<ref name="Bunce 2011 155">{{cite book|last=Bunce|first=Valerie|title=Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|page=155}}</ref> These included [[Richard Miles (diplomat)|Richard Miles]] (the [[United States Ambassador to Georgia|US ambassador to Georgia]]), and allies of the [[Presidency of George W. Bush|Bush administration]], including a visit from [[James Baker]] (the former [[Secretary of State of the United States|U.S. Secretary of State]]) who pressured Shevardnadze to accept [[parallel vote tabulation]] and pushed for free election standards.<ref name="Welt 2006"/> In the three years before the Rose Revolution, foreign financial support for the regime began to become severely limited. Instead, foreign states and organizations gave financial assistance to NGOs and opposition parties within Georgia, worsening the desperate budget situation of the Shevardnadze government. The United States announced a reduction in aid, coinciding with a decision by the [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF) to suspend aid to Georgia.<ref name="Welt 2006"/> As international support for the regime deteriorated (particularly in the West), public perceptions of Shevardnadze's political weakness increased. A significant source of funding for NGOs and election monitoring organizations came from foreign governments and individuals. The U.S. and European governments gave the OSCE ([[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]) the funds to support foreign election observers.<ref name="Fairbanks 2004 113"/> The [[United States Agency for International Development|U.S. Agency for International Development]] (USAID)§ spent $1.5 million to computerize Georgia's voter rolls. The [[Open Society Foundations|Open Society Institute]] (OSI), funded by George Soros, supported Mikheil Saakashvili and a network of pro-democratic organizations.<ref name="Fairbanks 2004 113"/> Western democracy promoters also circulated public opinion polls and scrutinized election data throughout Georgia.<ref name="Bunce 2011 155"/> ===Role of the media=== An important factor in the Rose Revolution was the independent television channel [[Rustavi 2|Rustavi-2]], which served as an ally for the opposition movement for years. It was highly critical of the regime, and openly supported the opposition.<ref name="Welt 8">{{cite journal|last=Welt|first=Corey|title=Causes of the Rose Revolution|journal=Presented to the United States Agency for International Aid|page=8}}</ref> Georgia's broad Freedom of Information law gave media outlets the legal protection to criticize the government, making it a leader amongst the former [[Eastern Bloc]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anable|first=David|title=The Role of Georgia's Media and Western Aid in the Rose Revolution|journal=The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics|year=2006|volume=11|issue=7|page=14|doi=10.1177/1081180x06289211|s2cid=144687888}}</ref> Nonetheless, the government tried repeatedly to shut Rustavi-2 down. The station operated out of [[Tbilisi]] and managed to survive the regime's harassment and intimidation techniques. Rustavi-2 was partially financially supported, trained, and sometimes protected by USAID and the Eurasia Foundation, which often mobilized public and international support to prevent government interference in the station's reporting.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anable|first=David|title=The Role of Georgia's Media and Western Aid in the Rose Revolution|journal=The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics|year=2006|volume=11|issue=7|pages=15–16|doi=10.1177/1081180x06289211|s2cid=144687888}}</ref> The broadcasts of Rustavi-2 ended up being instrumental in building the opposition and encouraging protest. Two events in 2001 caused an outcry of public opinion against the government. In July, a popular anchor for the Rustavi-2 network, [[Giorgi Sanaia]], was murdered. The consensus among Georgian journalists and the public was that he was killed because of his anti-government work on the [[Chechen–Russian conflict|Chechen conflict]] and corruption investigations.<ref name="Fairbanks 2004 113"/> In October, agents from the [[Georgian Intelligence Service|National Security Ministry]] raided the headquarters of Rustavi-2. The tax-raid was broadcast on television from outside the building. Upwards of seven thousand student-led protestors, many mobilized by the Liberty Institute NGO, amassed outside the headquarters and demanded the resignation of the Shevardnadze government. Shevardnadze responded by sacking his cabinet and his minister of security.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anable|first=David|title=The Role of Georgia's Media and Western Aid in the Rose Revolution|journal=The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics|year=2006|volume=11|issue=7|pages=16–17|doi=10.1177/1081180x06289211|s2cid=144687888}}</ref> Importantly, this event triggered the defection of Mikheil Saakashvili and the abdication of [[Zurab Zhvania]] from their positions in the Citizens' Union of Georgia, eventually leading to the formation of the National Movement and United Democrats opposition parties.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anable|first=David|title=The Role of Georgia's Media and Western Aid in the Rose Revolution|journal=The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics|year=2006|volume=11|issue=7|page=17|doi=10.1177/1081180x06289211|s2cid=144687888}}</ref> While still the target of government harassment, Rustavi-2 continued to air anti-Shevardnadze material until 2003. This included the repeated airing of [[Bringing Down a Dictator]], a film portraying the fall of Slobodan Milošević in the nonviolent Serbian revolution. Other networks, such as Imedi television and Mze began to report on the political process more objectively, possibly influenced by Rustavi-2's defiance.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anable|first=David|title=The Role of Georgia's Media and Western Aid in the Rose Revolution|journal=The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics|year=2006|volume=11|issue=7|page=20|doi=10.1177/1081180x06289211|s2cid=144687888}}</ref> Rustavi-2 would eventually be the network to commission and broadcast the exit poll results of the 2003 parliamentary election, which found Saakashvili's National Movement party victorious over the pro-Shevardnadze bloc.<ref name="de Wall 2010 192">{{cite book|last=de Wall|first=Thomas|title=The Caucasus: An Introduction|year=2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford|page=192}}</ref> ===Economic factors=== The susceptibility of Shevardnadze's government and his plummeting popularity between 2000 and 2003 can partially be traced to economic problems and mismanagement. Beginning in 1998, actual national budget revenues began to fall far short of projections. In 1999, the Georgian state collected only 70% of its projected revenue, a state of affairs that would continue through 2003. To address this problem, the government began to use deceptive accounting techniques to mask budget deficiencies.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Papava|first=Vladimer|title=The Political Economy of Georgia's Rose Revolution|journal=Orbis|year=2006|volume=50|issue=4|page=660|doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2006.07.006}}</ref> Shevardnadze's government found itself both starved of funds and unable to meet IMF standards for international loans. The IMF finally suspended its own funding for Georgia in 2002. Without access to international loans, Georgia would not be able to restructure or repay its significant debts.<ref name="Welt 8"/> In the period before 2003, the growth rate of the Georgian economy fell. The 1998 economic crisis in Russia, Georgia's main energy provider and trade partner, put an end to Georgia's modest recovery.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bunce|first=Valerie|title=Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=NY|page=154}}</ref> While there was some economic growth in 2003, a budgetary crisis weakened the state. The Georgian government's meager program of public goods and basic services had been chronically underfunded for years.<ref name="de Wall 2010 192"/> By the end of 2003, debt in the form of unpaid salaries and pensions reached $120 million. Deterioration of public infrastructure was also poorly addressed by Shevardnadze's government. Georgian businesses lost an average of 110 business days per year because of failures in infrastructure (usually in the energy sector).<ref name="Taylor 2004">{{cite journal|last=Taylor|first=John|title=Economic Freedom and Georgia's Rose Revolution|journal=Presented to the Caucasus Business School|year=2004}}</ref> The state was unable to repair the crumbling infrastructure or consistently enforce the law.<ref name="Tudoroiu 2007 320">{{cite journal|last=Tudoroiu|first=Theodor|title=Rose, Orange, and Tulip: The Failed post-Soviet Revolutions|journal=Communist and Post Communist Studies|year=2007|volume=40|issue=1|page=320|doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.06.005}}</ref> Social conditions also further deteriorated, with over half of the population finding itself under the poverty line, creating even greater dissatisfaction with the Shevardnadze administration.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Papava|first=Vladimer|title=The Political Economy of Georgia's Rose Revolution|journal=Orbis|year=2006|volume=50|issue=4|page=661|doi=10.1016/j.orbis.2006.07.006}}</ref> Corruption among state officials and police, while not new, was certainly exacerbated by Georgia's lack of budget revenue. The official salary of a Georgian state minister was around 150 Lari in 1998 (approximately US$75). Low pay forced many state employees to turn to alternative sources of income, often involving corrupt activities.<ref name="Wheatley 2005 85, 155"/> President Shevardnadze came to be seen as a man who was unwilling to break the Soviet patterns of personal power, political corruption, and authoritarian rule embedded in traditional Soviet cadre politics.<ref name="Tudoroiu 2007 320"/> Corruption had become so rampant, that off-the-record deals may have accounted for 60-70% of Georgia's total economic activity.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Tudoroiu|first=Theodor|title=Rose, Orange, and Tulip: The Failed post-Soviet Revolutions|journal=Communist and Post Communist Studies|year=2007|volume=40|issue=1|pages=319–321|doi=10.1016/j.postcomstud.2007.06.005}}</ref> The Shevardnadze regime was not seen as being capable of addressing corruption. Opposition candidates, such as Saakashvili, could successfully gain much support with an anti-corruption political platform.<ref name="Taylor 2004"/> ==Elections and protests== [[File:2OP_42.JPG|thumb|[[Mikheil Saakashvili]] with protestors]] Georgia held [[2003 Georgia legislative election|parliamentary elections]] on November 2, 2003. At stake were 235 seats in parliament of which 135 would be decided by a nationwide proportional party-list system and 85 were "majoritarian" contests in which a winner would be determined in each of Georgia's 85 electoral districts. In addition, a nationwide referendum was held on whether the future parliament should be reduced to 150 members. Voters used a separate ballot for each of these three contests, folding them together and placing them in a single envelope which was then put in the ballot box. This was not a presidential election; that was set to occur in the spring of 2005, at the expiration of President Shevardnadze's second and final term. In July 2003, U.S.&nbsp;president [[George W. Bush]] sent former secretary of state James Baker to meet with both opposition leaders and President Shevardnadze. To the latter, Baker delivered a letter from Bush sternly stressing the need for free elections. Baker proposed a formula for representation of the various parties on the electoral commissions at each level. Shevardnadze agreed, but immediately began maneuvering against the Baker formula. On 3 November the International Election Observation Mission, composed of the Parliamentary Assemblies of the OSCE and the Council of Europe, the European Parliament and the OSCE's Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (ODIHR), concluded that the 2 November parliamentary elections in Georgia fell short of a number of OSCE commitments and other international standards for democratic elections.<ref>[http://civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=5576&search= OSCE Parliamentary Assembly President Visits Georgia]. Civil Georgia. 21 Nov.'03</ref> Mikheil Saakashvili claimed that he had won the elections (a claim supported by independent [[exit poll]]s). This was confirmed by an independent parallel vote tabulation (PVT) conducted by the ISFED (International Society for Fair Elections and Democracy, a local election monitoring group). Saakashvilli and the United Opposition accepted ISFED's PVT as "official" results, and urged Georgians to demonstrate against Shevardnadze's government and engage in nonviolent [[civil disobedience]] against the authorities. The main democratic opposition parties united to demand the ousting of Shevardnadze and the rerun of the elections. In mid-November, massive antigovernmental demonstrations started in the central streets of Tbilisi, soon involving almost all major cities and towns of Georgia in a concerted campaign of [[civil resistance]].<ref>Stephen Jones, "Georgia's "Rose Revolution" of 2003: Enforcing Peaceful Change", in [[Adam Roberts (scholar)|Adam Roberts]] and [[Timothy Garton Ash]] (eds.), ''Civil Resistance and Power Politics: The Experience of Non-violent Action from Gandhi to the Present.'' Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 2009, pp. 317-334. {{ISBN|978-0-19-955201-6}}.[https://books.google.com/books?id=BxOQKrCe7UUC&q=Civil+resistance+and+power+politics]</ref> The "[[Kmara]]" ("Enough!") youth organization (a Georgian counterpart of the [[Serbia]]n "[[Otpor!]]") and several [[Non-governmental organization|NGO]]s, like the [[Liberty Institute (Georgia)|Liberty Institute]], were active in all protest activities. Shevardnadze's government was backed by [[Aslan Abashidze]], the semi-separatist leader of the autonomous [[Adjara]] region, who sent thousands of his supporters to hold a pro-governmental counter-demonstration in Tbilisi. ==Change of power== The opposition protest reached its peak on November 22, when President Shevardnadze attempted to open the new session of parliament. This session was considered illegitimate by two of the four major opposition parties. Supporters of two of those parties, led by Saakashvili, burst into the session with roses in their hands (hence the name Rose Revolution), interrupting a speech of President Eduard Shevardnadze and forcing him to escape with his bodyguards. He later declared a state of emergency and began to mobilize troops and police near his residence in Tbilisi. However, the elite military units refused to support the government. In the evening of November 23 ([[St George]]'s Day in Georgia), Shevardnadze met with the opposition leaders Saakashvili and Zurab Zhvania to discuss the situation, in a meeting arranged by Russian Foreign Minister [[Igor Ivanov]]. After the meeting, the president announced his resignation. That prompted euphoria in the streets of Tbilisi. More than 50,000 protesters celebrated the victory all night long, accompanied by fireworks and rock concerts. [[Image:Amtseinführung Saakaschwili.jpg|thumb|left|Saakashvili's inauguration as President of Georgia]] Following the resignation of Eduard Shevardnadze, new elections were planned to bring power to a new leader. The outgoing speaker of parliament, Nino Burjanadze, assumed the presidency until new elections could be held. The [[Supreme Court of Georgia (country)|Supreme Court of Georgia]] annulled the results of the parliamentary elections. New elections happened six weeks later on January 4, 2004. Unopposed and with 96.2 percent of the vote, Saakashvili became the new president of Georgia and was inaugurated on January 25. He became the youngest European president at the age of 36. On March 28, 2004, [[2004 Georgia legislative election|new parliamentary elections]] were held, with a large majority won by the Saakashvili-supporting [[National Movement - Democrats]], and a minority representation of the [[Rightist Opposition]]. After being elected, Saakashvili wasted no time in passing a series of legislation and reforms. Criticized as being very "pro-western," his agenda was able to improve the country's economy and launch a new anti-corruption campaign. He was able to bring the country's rating according to the World Bank from 122nd to 18th in the world by expanding the banking sector by 40 percent, increasing foreign investment to $3 billion, and maintaining an annual growth of 9.5%. {{citation needed|date=January 2014}} ===International involvement=== Many countries watched Georgia transition from an autocracy to a democracy, but the key players were primarily Russia and the United States. Russia was suspected of being involved in Georgia's affairs from the beginning as it was assumed to have been involved in various coup and assassination attempts of Shevardnadze. Georgia, a state that was previously under Soviet influence, took independence in the 1990s, but saw much disarray in the form of separatist Groups, particularly those that were Russian-backed. The United States felt the revolution was a good opportunity to make a serious attempt in the establishment of democracy not only in Georgia, but the region it was in. The U.S. Agency for International Development was reported to have spent $1.5 million on modernizing Georgia's voting system. They also invested in 3,000 election observers throughout the country.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Mitchell|first=Lincoln|date=October 2004|title=Georgia's Rose Revolution|journal=Current History|volume=103|issue=675|page=346|doi=10.7916/D81J9M7V}}</ref> One of the biggest forms of international involvement was with George Soros and the Open Society Foundation located in the United States.<ref name=":0" /> A non-governmental organization whose mission is to promote democracy, human rights, and reform in various areas, such as the economy helped in the making of Kmara, a student movement that was brought to Serbia by the foundation to get insight for the resistance, particularly training in non-violent methods of protest.{{Clarify|date=March 2013}}<ref name=":0" /> Translating as "Enough," it resembled a Serbian organization that played an important role in the Bulldozer Revolution that happened three years prior and which ended the presidency of Slobodan Milošević in Serbia. A significant source of funding for the Rose Revolution was the network of foundations and [[NGO]]s associated with Hungarian-American billionaire financier [[George Soros]]. The [[Foundation for Defense of Democracies]] reports the case of a former Georgian parliamentarian who alleges that in the three months prior to the Rose Revolution, "Soros spent $42 million ramping-up for the overthrow of Shevardnadze.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.defenddemocracy.org/in_the_media/in_the_media_show.htm?doc_id=225687 |title = FDD &#124; the Foundation for Defense of Democracies}}</ref> Among the personalities who worked for Soros' organizations who later assumed positions in the Georgian government are: *[[Alexander Lomaia]], Secretary of the Georgian Security Council and former Minister of Education and Science, a former Executive Director of the Open Society Georgia Foundation ([[Soros Foundation]]), overseeing a staff of 50 and a budget of $2,500,000.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/document/49/0,2340,en_21571361_36507471_37001521_1_1_1_1,00.html |title=Alexander Lomaia - Minister of Education and Science (Georgia) |access-date=2008-08-14 |archive-date=2009-02-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211061157/http://www.oecd.org/document/49/0%2C2340%2Cen_21571361_36507471_37001521_1_1_1_1%2C00.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> *David Darchiashvili, the chairman of the Committee for Eurointegration in the Georgian parliament, is also a former Executive Director of the Open Society Georgia Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.soros.org/about/foundations/georgia |title=Open Society Georgia Foundation |access-date=2008-08-14 |archive-date=2008-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023131205/http://www.soros.org/about/foundations/georgia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Former Georgian Foreign Minister [[Salome Zourabichvili|Salomé Zourabichvili]] wrote: {{Blockquote|These institutions were the cradle of democratization, notably the Soros Foundation ... all the NGOs which gravitate around the Soros Foundation undeniably carried the revolution. However, one cannot end one's analysis with the revolution [only] and one clearly sees that, afterwards, the Soros Foundation and the NGOs were integrated into power.|Salomé Zourabichvili|''Herodote'' (magazine of the French Institute for Geopolitics), April, 2008}} The amount of international involvement created a variety of conspiracy theories. The most popular implies that the United States was responsible for the overthrow of Shevardnadze. Many non-governmental organizations from the U.S. were in Georgia actively educating the people on human rights and the ideals of democracy. Also, the U.S. Ambassador in Georgia at the time, Richard Miles, was also the U.S. Ambassador in Belgrade from 1996 to 1999. ==Adjara== {{main|2004 Adjara crisis}} In May 2004, the so-called "Second Rose Revolution" took place in [[Batumi]], [[Adjara]]. After months of extreme tension between Saakashvili's government and [[Aslan Abashidze]], the virtual dictator of the autonomous region, thousands of Adjarans, mobilized by the [[United National Movement (Georgia)|United National Movement]] and [[Kmara]], protested against Abashidze's policy of separatism and militarization. Abashidze used security forces and paramilitary groups to break up the demonstrations in the streets of Batumi and Kobuleti. However, he failed to suppress the protests, and they grew in size and scope. On May 6, 2004 (again [[St George]]'s Day), protesters from all Ajara gathered in Batumi despite being dispersed by force the day before. [[Prime Minister of Georgia|Georgian Prime Minister]] Zurab Zhvania and Interior Minister [[Giorgi Baramidze]] negotiated with Adjaran Interior Minister Jemal Gogitidze to withdraw his forces from the administrative border at the [[Choloki River]] and led Georgian [[Special Forces]] into the region. Abashidze bowed to the inevitable, resigned in the same evening and left for [[Moscow]]. President Saakashvili visited [[Batumi]] the next day and was met by celebrating Adjarans. ==International effects== The [[Orange Revolution]], which followed the disputed [[2004 Ukrainian presidential election|November 2004 Ukrainian presidential election]], is said to have been partly inspired by the Georgian Rose Revolution.<ref>Bunce, V.J & Wolchik, S.L. International diffusion and postcommunist electoral revolutions ''Communist and Post-Communist Studies'' (2006) V.39 No 3 p. 283-304</ref> ==See also== *[[2007 Georgian demonstrations]] *[[2009 Georgian demonstrations]] *[[2011 Georgian protests]] *[[Orange Revolution]] *[[Tulip Revolution]] ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==Further reading== *Michael Barker, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070225055624/http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=74&ItemID=11311 "Regulating revolutions in Eastern Europe: Polyarchy and the National Endowment for Democracy"], 1 November 2006 *Dan Jakopovich, The 2003 "Rose Revolution" in Georgia: A Case Study in High Politics and Rank-and-File Execution, ''Debatte: Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe'', August, 2007. *Tinatin Khidasheli, [http://www.iht.com/articles/2004/12/08/edkhidasheli_ed3_.php "The Rose Revolution has wilted"], ''International Herald Tribune'', Paris, 8 December 2004 ==External links== {{Commons category|Rose Revolution}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060720153712/https://www.usip.org/pubs/specialreports/sr167.html "Georgia's Rose Revolution: A Participant's Perspective"] [[U.S. Institute of Peace]] Report, July 2006 *[http://www.humanrights.ge/index.php?lang=en HumanRights.ge] – daily updated online magazine and web portal on human rights in Georgia {{Georgia (country) topics}} {{Georgia–Russia relations}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rose Revolution| ]] [[Category:2003 in Georgia (country)]] [[Category:2000s in Tbilisi]] [[Category:21st-century revolutions]] [[Category:Colour revolutions]] [[Category:Georgia (country)–Russia relations]] [[Category:Nonviolent revolutions]] [[Category:Protests against results of elections]] [[Category:Protests in Georgia (country)]] [[Category:November 2003 events in Europe]] [[Category:Democratization]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p><span id="templatesused">Pages transcluded onto the 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