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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Emulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software_ROM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software_ROM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Software ROM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software_ROM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_preservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_preservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Digital preservation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_preservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hacks_and_fan_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hacks_and_fan_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Hacks and fan translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hacks_and_fan_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_image_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_image_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Similar image types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_image_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="صورة روم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صورة روم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imatge_ROM" title="Imatge ROM – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imatge ROM" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM-Abbild" title="ROM-Abbild – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ROM-Abbild" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagen_ROM" title="Imagen ROM – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Imagen ROM" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85" title="تصویر رام – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تصویر رام" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_ROM" title="Image ROM – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Image ROM" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%AC_%EC%9D%B4%EB%AF%B8%EC%A7%80" title="롬 이미지 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="롬 이미지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immagine_ROM" title="Immagine ROM – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Immagine ROM" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM-image" title="ROM-image – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ROM-image" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imagem_ROM" title="Imagem ROM – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Imagem ROM" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7_%D0%9F%D0%97%D0%A3" title="Образ ПЗУ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Образ ПЗУ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM_%E6%98%A0%E5%83%8F" title="ROM 映像 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="ROM 映像" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROM%E9%95%9C%E5%83%8F" title="ROM镜像 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="ROM镜像" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22ROM+image%22">"ROM image"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22ROM+image%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22ROM+image%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22ROM+image%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22ROM+image%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22ROM+image%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intelligent-Systems-Nintendo-DS-Nitro-Burner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a burner shown as a blue colored box with eight slots on top, and a cartridge is in one of the slots." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Intelligent-Systems-Nintendo-DS-Nitro-Burner.jpg/220px-Intelligent-Systems-Nintendo-DS-Nitro-Burner.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Intelligent-Systems-Nintendo-DS-Nitro-Burner.jpg/330px-Intelligent-Systems-Nintendo-DS-Nitro-Burner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Intelligent-Systems-Nintendo-DS-Nitro-Burner.jpg/440px-Intelligent-Systems-Nintendo-DS-Nitro-Burner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2220" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_Systems" title="Intelligent Systems">Intelligent Systems</a> ROM burner for the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_DS" title="Nintendo DS">Nintendo DS</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>ROM image</b>, or <b>ROM file</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">computer file</a> which contains a copy of the data from a <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">read-only memory</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer chip">chip</a>, often from a <a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">video game cartridge</a>, or used to contain a computer's <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>, or from an <a href="/wiki/Arcade_game" title="Arcade game">arcade game</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Arcade_system_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade system board">main board</a>. The term is frequently used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator" title="Video game console emulator">emulation</a>, whereby older games or firmware are copied to ROM files on modern computers and can, using a piece of software known as an emulator, be run on a different device than which they were designed for. ROM burners are used to copy ROM images to <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/ROM_cartridge" title="ROM cartridge">ROM cartridges</a>, or <a href="/wiki/ROM_chip" class="mw-redirect" title="ROM chip">ROM chips</a>, for <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">QA testing</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation">Creation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Visolyflashlinker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a blue colored device with a large slot in front, and a cable is attached to the device" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Visolyflashlinker.jpg/220px-Visolyflashlinker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Visolyflashlinker.jpg/330px-Visolyflashlinker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Visolyflashlinker.jpg/440px-Visolyflashlinker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>A ROM dumping device for the <a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance" title="Game Boy Advance">Game Boy Advance</a></figcaption></figure> <p>ROMs can be copied from the read-only memory chips found in cartridge-based games and many arcade machines using a dedicated device in a process known as <i>dumping</i>. For most common home video game systems, these devices are widely available, examples being the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_V64" title="Doctor V64">Doctor V64</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Retrode" title="Retrode">Retrode</a>. </p><p>Dumping ROMs from arcade machines, which are highly customized <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCBs</a>, often requires individual setups for each machine along with a large amount of expertise. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Copy_protection_mechanisms">Copy protection mechanisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Copy protection mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While ROM images are often used as a means of preserving the history of computer games, they are also often used to facilitate the unauthorized copying and redistribution of modern games. Viewing this as potentially reducing sales of their products, many game companies have incorporated features into newer games which are designed to prevent copying, while still allowing the original game to be played. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> uses non-standard 8 cm DVD-like optical media, which for a long time prevented games stored on those discs from being copied. It was not until a <a href="/wiki/Security_hole" class="mw-redirect" title="Security hole">security hole</a> was found in <a href="/wiki/Phantasy_Star_Online" title="Phantasy Star Online">Phantasy Star Online Episode I & II</a> that GameCube games could be successfully copied, using the GameCube itself to read the discs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/SNK_Playmore" class="mw-redirect" title="SNK Playmore">SNK</a> also employed a method of copy prevention on their <a href="/wiki/Neo_Geo_(console)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo Geo (console)">Neo Geo</a> games, starting with <i><a href="/wiki/The_King_of_Fighters" title="The King of Fighters">The King of Fighters</a></i> in 1999, which used an encryption algorithm on the graphics ROMs to prevent them from being played in an emulator. Many thought that this would mark the end of Neo Geo emulation. However, as early as 2000, <a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">hackers</a> found a way to decrypt and dump the ROMs successfully, making them playable once again in a Neo Geo emulator. </p><p>Another company which used to employ methods of copy prevention on their arcade games was <a href="/wiki/Capcom" title="Capcom">Capcom</a>, which is known for its <a href="/wiki/CP_System_II" title="CP System II">CPS-2</a> arcade board. This contained a heavy copy protection algorithm which was not broken until 7 years after the system's release in 1993. The original crack by the CPS2Shock Team was not a true emulation of the protection because it used XOR tables to bypass the original encryption and allow the game to play in an emulator. Their stated intent was to wait until CPS-2 games were no longer profitable to release the decryption method (three years after the last game release).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The full decryption algorithm was cracked in 2007 by Nicola Salmoria, Andreas Naive and Charles MacDonald of the <a href="/wiki/MAME" title="MAME">MAME</a> development team. </p><p>Another copy prevention technique used in cartridge-games was to have the game attempt to write to ROM. On an authentic cartridge this would do nothing; however, emulators would often allow the write to succeed. Pirate cartridges also often used writable chips instead of ROM. By reading the value back to see whether the write succeeded, the game could tell whether it was running from an authentic cartridge. Alternatively, the game may simply attempt to overwrite critical program instructions, which if successful renders it unplayable. </p><p>Some games, such as Game Boy games, also had other hardware such as memory bank controllers connected to the <a href="/wiki/Bus_(computing)" title="Bus (computing)">cartridge bus</a>. The game would send data to this hardware by attempting to write it to specific areas of ROM; thus, if the ROM were writable, this process would corrupt data. </p><p>Capcom's latest arcade board is the <a href="/wiki/CPS-3" class="mw-redirect" title="CPS-3">CPS-3</a>. This was resistant to emulation attempts until June 2007, when the encryption method was <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse-engineered</a> by Andreas Naive. It is currently implemented by <a href="/wiki/MAME" title="MAME">MAME</a> and a variant of the CPS-2 emulator Nebula. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emulation">Emulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Emulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console_emulator" title="Video game console emulator">Video game console emulators</a> typically take ROM images as <a href="/wiki/Input_(computer_science)" title="Input (computer science)">input</a> files. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Software_ROM">Software ROM</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Software ROM"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ROM images are used when developing for <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded computers</a>. Software which is being developed for embedded computers is often written to ROM files for testing on a standard computer before it is written to a ROM chip for use in the embedded systems. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_preservation">Digital preservation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Digital preservation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lifespan of digital media is rarely great. While black-and-white photographs may survive for a century or more, many digital media can become unreadable after only 10 years. This is beginning to become a problem as early computer systems may be presently fifty or sixty years old while early home video consoles may be almost forty years old. Due to this aging, there is a significant worry that many early computer and video games may not survive without being transferred to new media. So, those with an interest in preservation are actively seeking older arcade and video games and attempting to dump them to ROM images. When stored on standardized media such as CD-ROMs and DVD-ROMs, they can be copied to future media with significantly reduced effort.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The trend towards mass digital distribution of ROM image files, while potentially damaging to copyright holders, may also have a positive effect on preservation. While over time many original ROM copies of older games may deteriorate, be broken or thrown away, a copy in file form may be distributed throughout the world, allowing games which would otherwise have been lost a greater chance of survival.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hacks_and_fan_translations">Hacks and fan translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hacks and fan translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fan_translation_of_video_games" title="Fan translation of video games">Fan translation of video games</a> and <a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hacking</a></div> <p>Once games have been made available in ROM format, it is possible for users to make modifications. This may take the form of altering graphics, changing game levels, tweaking difficulty factor, or even translation into a language for which a game was not originally made available. <a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">Hacks</a> can often take humorous forms, as is the case with a hack of the <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Nintendo Entertainment System">NES</a> version of <i><a href="/wiki/Mario_Bros." title="Mario Bros.">Mario Bros.</a></i>, titled <i>Afro Mario Brothers</i>, which features the famous brothers wearing <a href="/wiki/Afro" title="Afro">Afro haircuts</a>. The <i>Metroid Redesign</i> mod is a hack of <i><a href="/wiki/Super_Metroid" title="Super Metroid">Super Metroid</a></i> that revamps the game and adds new objectives. </p><p>A large scene has developed to translate games into other languages. Many games receive a release in one part of the world, but not in another. For example, many <a href="/wiki/Role-playing_video_game" title="Role-playing video game">role-playing video games</a> released in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> go unreleased in the West and East outside Japan. A group of <a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">fan translators</a> will often translate the game themselves to meet demand for titles. For example, the 1995 game <i><a href="/wiki/Tales_of_Phantasia" title="Tales of Phantasia">Tales of Phantasia</a></i> was only officially released in Japan; DeJap Translations translated the game's on-screen text into English in 2001. Further to this, a project called <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topping.zophar.net/vop/">Vocals of Phantasia</a> was begun to translate the actual speech from the game. An official English version was not released until March 2006, some five years after the text translation was released. Another example was that of Mother 3, a Japan-only sequel to the cult-favorite <a href="/wiki/EarthBound_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="EarthBound (series)">Earthbound</a>. In spite of massive fan response and several petitions for an English translation, the only response from Nintendo was that Mother 3 would be translated and released in Europe, which it never was. Instead, the fan website Starmen.net undertook a massive <a href="/wiki/Translation_project" title="Translation project">translation project</a> and released the translated version of Mother 3 in October, 2008. The translation was praised by fans and even employees from Nintendo, Square Enix, and other industry professionals. </p><p>The Japanese <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_64" title="Nintendo 64">N64</a> game <i>Dōbutsu no Mori</i> (Animal Forest) has also been translated into English. The game was originally only released on N64 in Japan, but it was ported to <a href="/wiki/GameCube" title="GameCube">GameCube</a> and renamed <a href="/wiki/Animal_Crossing_(video_game)" title="Animal Crossing (video game)">Animal Crossing</a>. </p><p>Hacks may range from simple tweaks such as graphic fixes and cheats, to full-blown redesigns of the game, in effect creating an entirely new game using the original as a base. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_image_types">Similar image types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Similar image types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Image files derived from <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic tape data storage">computer tape</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Tape_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape image">tape images</a>, while those derived from <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disks</a> and <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROMs</a> (and other disk formats) are known as <a href="/wiki/Disk_image" title="Disk image">disk images</a>. Images copied from optical media are also called <a href="/wiki/ISO_image" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO image">ISO images</a>, after one of the standard <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a> for optical media, <a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a>. </p><p>Creating images from other media is often considerably easier and can often be performed with off-the-shelf hardware. For example, the creation of <a href="/wiki/Tape_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Tape image">tape images</a> from games stored on magnetic tapes (from, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Research" title="Sinclair Research">Sinclair</a> <a href="/wiki/ZX80" title="ZX80">ZX80</a> computer) generally involves simply playing the magnetic tape using a standard <a href="/wiki/Audio_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio tape">audio tape</a> player connected to the line-in of a PC <a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">sound card</a>. This is then recorded to an audio file and transformed into a tape image file using another program. Likewise, many CD and DVD games may be copied using a standard PC CD/DVD drive. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intel_HEX" title="Intel HEX">Intel HEX</a> (sometimes, files with the .ROM file extension do not contain data in binary but in Intel hex format)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">CPS2Shock (2001-jan-07) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cps2shock.retrogames.com/">The Future Intent of CPS2shock</a>, accessed 2007-aug-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFConleyAndros,_EdChinai,_PritiLipkowitz,_Elise2004" class="citation journal cs1">Conley, James; Andros, Ed; Chinai, Priti; Lipkowitz, Elise; Perez, David (Spring 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.northwestern.edu/journals/njtip/v2/n2/3/">"Use of a Game Over: Emulation and the Video Game Industry, A White Paper"</a>. <i>Northwestern Journal of Technology and Intellectual Property</i>. <b>2</b> (2)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-06</span></span>. <q>Fans of classic games argue that emulation preserves video arcade games, many of which would otherwise be approaching extinction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Northwestern+Journal+of+Technology+and+Intellectual+Property&rft.atitle=Use+of+a+Game+Over%3A+Emulation+and+the+Video+Game+Industry%2C+A+White+Paper&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Conley&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Andros%2C+Ed&rft.au=Chinai%2C+Priti&rft.au=Lipkowitz%2C+Elise&rft.au=Perez%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.northwestern.edu%2Fjournals%2Fnjtip%2Fv2%2Fn2%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROM+image" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mamedev.org/about.html">"About MAME"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/MAME" title="MAME">MAME</a></i>. 2007-11-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-06</span></span>. <q>MAME is strictly a non-profit project. Its main purpose is to be a reference to the inner workings of the emulated arcade machines. This is done both for educational purposes and for preservation purposes, in order to prevent many historical games from disappearing forever once the hardware they run on stops working.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MAME&rft.atitle=About+MAME&rft.date=2007-11-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmamedev.org%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROM+image" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyman2004" class="citation news cs1">Hyman, Paul (2004-10-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090928102455/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000663278">"Game over? Not if preservationists have their way"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/search/article_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1000663278">the original</a> on September 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-05-06</span></span>. <q>[T]he archivists feel that the more copyable something is, the more likely it's going to survive in the long term.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Game+over%3F+Not+if+preservationists+have+their+way&rft.date=2004-10-08&rft.aulast=Hyman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fhr%2Fsearch%2Farticle_display.jsp%3Fvnu_content_id%3D1000663278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AROM+image" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ROM_image&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nintendo.com/corp/legal.jsp">Nintendo's Intellectual Property FAQ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamefaqs.com/features/help/entry.html?cat=24">GameFAQs Help : Game Piracy: ROMs and Warez Information</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldofspectrum.org/EmuFAQ2000/EmuFAQ_Y2KAddendum2.htm">EmuFAQ Addendum - The Question of ROMs</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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NT">NT</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Linux" title="Booting process of Linux">Linux</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Booting_process_of_Android_devices" title="Booting process of Android devices">Android</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/100px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/150px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg/200px-WD_Blue_WD5000LPVX_-_controller_-_Winbond_25X20CLVIG-0182.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="1535" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Booting <a href="/wiki/Firmware#Computers" title="Firmware">firmware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_firmware" title="Open-source firmware">Open-source firmware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Video_BIOS" title="Video BIOS">Video BIOS</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_Firmware" title="Open Firmware">Open Firmware</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ACPI" title="ACPI">ACPI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MultiProcessor_Specification" title="MultiProcessor Specification">MultiProcessor Specification</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Power_Management" title="Advanced Power Management">APM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Legacy_Plug_and_Play" title="Legacy Plug and Play">Legacy Plug and Play</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ARC_(specification)" title="ARC (specification)">AlphaBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SRM_firmware" title="SRM firmware">SRM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Simple_Firmware_Interface" title="Simple Firmware Interface">SFI</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SeaBIOS" title="SeaBIOS">SeaBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Award_Software" title="Award Software">Award BIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Megatrends" title="American Megatrends">American Megatrends</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMIBIOS" class="mw-redirect" title="AMIBIOS">AMIBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/AMI_Aptio" class="mw-redirect" title="AMI Aptio">AMI Aptio</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Insyde_Software" title="Insyde Software">InsydeH2O</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Technologies" title="Phoenix Technologies">Phoenix SecureCore UEFI</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/TianoCore_EDK_II" title="TianoCore EDK II">TianoCore EDK II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/OpenBIOS" title="OpenBIOS">OpenBIOS</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coreboot" title="Coreboot">Coreboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Libreboot" title="Libreboot">Libreboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/LinuxBoot" title="LinuxBoot">LinuxBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kickstart_(Amiga)" title="Kickstart (Amiga)">Kickstart</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Run-Time_Abstraction_Services" title="Run-Time Abstraction Services">Run-Time Abstraction Services</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hybrid firmware bootloader</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Common_Firmware_Environment" title="Common Firmware Environment">Common Firmware Environment</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">Das U-Boot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ARCS_(computing)" title="ARCS (computing)">ARCS</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bootloaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Bootloaders">Bootloaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bootloader_unlocking" title="Bootloader unlocking">Bootloader unlocking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_bootloaders" title="Comparison of bootloaders">Comparison of bootloaders</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Implementations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Implementations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Acronis_OS_Selector" class="mw-redirect" title="Acronis OS Selector">Acronis OS Selector</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barebox" title="Barebox">Barebox</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BootManager" class="mw-redirect" title="BootManager">BootManager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Apple)" title="BootX (Apple)">BootX (Apple)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BootX_(Linux)" title="BootX (Linux)">BootX (Linux)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GNU_GRUB" title="GNU GRUB">GNU GRUB</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IBoot" title="IBoot">iBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Systemd-boot" title="Systemd-boot">systemd-boot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loadlin" title="Loadlin">loadlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NTLDR" title="NTLDR">NTLDR</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/OpeniBoot" title="OpeniBoot">OpeniBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RedBoot" title="RedBoot">RedBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/REFInd" title="REFInd">rEFInd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/REFIt" title="REFIt">rEFIt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/SYSLINUX" title="SYSLINUX">SYSLINUX</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Windows_Boot_Manager" title="Windows Boot Manager">Windows Boot Manager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/XOSL" title="XOSL">xOSL</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yaboot" title="Yaboot">Yaboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Plop_Boot_Manager" title="Plop Boot Manager">Plop Boot Manager</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MILO_(bootloader)" title="MILO (bootloader)">MILO</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Partition layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">Master boot record</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/System_partition_and_boot_partition" title="System partition and boot partition">Partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EFI_system_partition" title="EFI system partition">EFI system partition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/BIOS_boot_partition" title="BIOS boot partition">BIOS boot partition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki//boot/" title="/boot/">/boot/</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flashrom_(utility)" title="Flashrom (utility)">flashrom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fwupd" title="Fwupd">fwupd</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/UEFITool" title="UEFITool">UEFITool</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odin_(firmware_flashing_software)" title="Odin (firmware flashing software)">Odin</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odin_(firmware_flashing_software)#Heimdall" title="Odin (firmware flashing software)">Heimdall</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bus_Pirate" title="Bus Pirate">Bus Pirate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/FTDI" title="FTDI">ft2232</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_booting" title="Network booting">Network boot</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Preboot_Execution_Environment" title="Preboot Execution Environment">Preboot Execution Environment</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/GPXE" title="GPXE">gPXE</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPXE" title="IPXE">iPXE</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/NetBoot" title="NetBoot">NetBoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remote_Initial_Program_Load" title="Remote Initial Program Load">Remote Initial Program Load</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-LAN" title="Wake-on-LAN">Wake-on-LAN</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wake-on-ring" title="Wake-on-ring">Wake-on-ring</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ROM variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Programmable_ROM" title="Programmable ROM">PROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EPROM" title="EPROM">EPROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EEPROM" title="EEPROM">EEPROM</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boot_ROM" title="Boot ROM">Boot ROM</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ROM_hacking" title="ROM hacking">ROM hacking</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ROM image</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devicetree" title="Devicetree">Devicetree</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fastboot" title="Fastboot">Fastboot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Instant-on" title="Instant-on">Instant-on</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Power-on_self-test" title="Power-on self-test">Power-on self-test</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_EDL_mode" title="Qualcomm EDL mode">EDL mode</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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