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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Talent_management_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Talent_management_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Talent management agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Talent_management_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_talent_agents_and_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_talent_agents_and_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of talent agents and agencies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_talent_agents_and_agencies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of talent agents and agencies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_talent_agents_and_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broadcast_journalistic_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broadcast_journalistic_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Broadcast journalistic agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broadcast_journalistic_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_agent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_agent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Literary agent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_agent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modeling_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modeling_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modeling agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modeling_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Music agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_managers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_managers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Music managers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_managers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Sports agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth_&_young_adult_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth_&_young_adult_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Youth & young adult agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth_&_young_adult_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talentagent" title="Talentagent – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Talentagent" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCnstleragent" title="Künstleragent – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Künstleragent" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agente_de_talentos" title="Agente de talentos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agente de talentos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="عامل استعدادیابی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عامل استعدادیابی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent_artistique" title="Agent artistique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agent artistique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%83%A4%EB%9F%B0%ED%8A%B8_%EC%97%90%EC%9D%B4%EC%A0%84%ED%8A%B8" title="탤런트 에이전트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="탤런트 에이전트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovac_na_talente" title="Lovac na talente – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lovac na talente" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen_bakat" title="Agen bakat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agen bakat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talantu_a%C4%A3ent%C5%ABra" title="Talantu aģentūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Talantu aģentūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88" title="タレント・エージェント – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="タレント・エージェント" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agente_de_talentos" title="Agente de talentos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agente de talentos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_arti%C8%99tilor" title="Agenția artiștilor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Agenția artiștilor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_agent" title="Talent agent – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Talent agent" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80_(%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82)" title="Букер (агент) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Букер (агент)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_di%E1%BB%87n_t%C3%A0i_n%C4%83ng" title="Người đại diện tài năng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người đại diện tài năng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8D%E4%B8%AD%E4%BB%8B" title="人才中介 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人才中介" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1344174#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Talent+agent%22">"Talent agent"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Talent+agent%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Talent+agent%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Talent+agent%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Talent+agent%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Talent+agent%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>may not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Talent_agent" title="Talk:Talent agent">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>talent agent</b>, or <b>booking agent</b>, is a person who finds work for <a href="/wiki/Actor" title="Actor">actors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">authors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_journalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast journalist">broadcast journalists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film_director" title="Film director">film directors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musician" title="Musician">musicians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Model_(person)" title="Model (person)">models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professional_athlete" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional athlete">professional athletes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Screenwriter" title="Screenwriter">screenwriters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Writer" title="Writer">writers</a>, and other professionals in various entertainment or sports businesses. In addition, an agent defends, supports and promotes the interest of their <a href="/wiki/Client_(business)" title="Client (business)">clients</a>. Talent agencies specialize, either by creating departments within the agency or developing entire agencies that primarily or wholly represent one specialty. For example, there are <a href="/wiki/Modeling_agency" title="Modeling agency">modeling agencies</a>, commercial talent agencies, <a href="/wiki/Literary_agent" title="Literary agent">literary agencies</a>, voice-over agencies, broadcast journalist agencies, sports agencies, music agencies and many more. </p><p>Having an agent is not required, but does help the artist get jobs (concerts, tours, movie scripts, appearances, signings, sport teams, etc.). In many cases, casting directors or other businesses go to talent agencies to find the artists for whom they are looking. The agent is paid a percentage of the star's earnings (typically 10%). Therefore, agents are sometimes referred to as "10 percenters". Various regulations govern different types of agents. The legal jurisdiction in which the agent conducts business and artist's unions set the rules. There are also professional associations of talent agencies. </p><p>Talent agents (artist managers) are considered gatekeepers to their client's careers. They have the ability to reshape and reconstruct their client's image. They are dealmakers and assist their clients by orchestrating deals within the entertainment and event industries, more specifically the Hollywood entertainment industry. </p><p>In California, because talent agencies are working with lucrative contracts, the agencies must be licensed under special sections of the California Labor Code, which defines an agent as a "person or corporation who engages in the occupation of procuring, offering, promising, or attempting to procure employment for an artist or artists."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the decline in viewership in theaters from the 1950s to 1960s, a monumental shift occurred in how studios produced films and reduced the cost of exclusive and expensive actors. After the shift, actors and actresses were working for the studios but were not owned by one major studio entity, so they were able to work with other studios. This shift has meant that agents were now seen as a necessity instead of an option. Agents became third parties who negotiated between studios and clients, making the need for the agents' services an imperative for each party. </p><p>In the 1980s, new agencies were established to compete with the "Big five." In 1991, Bauer-Benedek merged with Leading Artists Agency to form what became United Talent Agency. These agencies were Traid Artists and InterTalent. Traid Artist would eventually be sold to <a href="/wiki/William_Morris_Agency" title="William Morris Agency">William Morris Agency</a> in 1992, and InterTalent would diminish when its partners dispersed between UTA and ICM in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the top three Hollywood talent agencies are <a href="/wiki/Endeavor_(company)" title="Endeavor (company)">William Morris Endeavor</a> (WME), <a href="/wiki/Creative_Artists_Agency" title="Creative Artists Agency">Creative Artists Agency</a> (CAA), and <a href="/wiki/United_Talent_Agency" title="United Talent Agency">United Talent Agency</a> (UTA).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for <a href="/wiki/ICM_Partners" title="ICM Partners">ICM Partners</a>, each agency has its own affiliated production company, which may hire the agency's clients.<sup id="cite_ref-koblin20190412_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-koblin20190412-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, the three major agencies were William Morris, ICM, and CAA.<sup id="cite_ref-davis19890709_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davis19890709-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2000s, the majors were known as the "big five."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "top five".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Endeavor_Talent_Agency" title="Endeavor Talent Agency">Endeavor Talent Agency</a> and William Morris merged. </p><p>Differences between agents and managers The difference between the roles of agents and managers has become smaller and more blurred.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A frequent definition of the role of a talent manager is to "oversee the day-to-day business affairs of an artist; advise and counsel talent concerning professional matters, long-term plans and personal decisions which may affect their career."<sup id="cite_ref-casestudy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casestudy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considerable overlap exists as talent agents may opt to fill exactly the same roles for their clients out of a financial interest in developing the careers of their talent and currying their favor.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various state laws and labor guild rules govern the roles reserved to agents, as well as specifying certain special rights, privileges, and prohibitions.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the state of California, the labor code requires licensing of talent agencies and includes regulations such as criminal background checks, maintaining separate operating accounts and client trust accounts, and limiting total commissions to 25 percent, among other regulations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, management companies are described as "often unregulated."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agents also have certain privileged powers in situations of verbal agreement and can legally agree to a binding employment offer on behalf of their client. </p><p>A prominent difference between agents and managers under California state law is that licensed talent agents and employment agents are the only entities legally allowed to seek work on behalf of their clients.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This legal distinction has enabled artists such as the Deftones, Pamela Anderson, Nia Vardalos, Freddie Prinze Jr., and others to break contracts with their managers and avoid commissions owed according to those contracts by proving "unlicensed procurement" in court.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because enforcement against talent managers procuring work is largely carried out through civil litigation and not criminal penalties, managers directly seek out work in defiance of state laws, as clients out of self-interest will seldom object to them doing so, and cases alleging illegal procurement are infrequent.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Writer's Guild, Screen Actor's Guild, and Director's Guild, among labor guilds, strike agency franchise agreements that specify certain regulations and privileges reserved solely for agents, including setting maximum commissions at ten percent of a talent's gross earnings. Managers do not face the same restrictions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Talent_management_agencies">Talent management agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Talent management agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Actors may be interested in working theatrically (stage, film or television) as well as in commercials. Some agents will handle all types of acting work, while others may specialize in a particular area. Some agents work only in the field of television, or only in film and television. Typically, the larger the agency, the more specialized the agents within it.In the segment talent management agencies, there is one more important segment called Artist booking agency who deals in commercial shows live performance booking, performances for wedding, corporate and social events etc. </p><p>An agent has two sets of clients: the "talent" (actors, models, voice-over artists,bands, musicians, stand-up comedians dancers etc.) and the "buyer". The buyer can be a casting director, advertising agency, <a href="/wiki/Film_studio" title="Film studio">production company</a>, photographer, or direct client if the client has an "in-house" production staff. Agents promote talent to the buyers, submitting talent who have the appropriate age, race, sex, look, talent, etc. that the buyer is seeking for his/her project. Usually, an agent submits the actor's <a href="/wiki/Head_shot" title="Head shot">head shot</a> or the model's <a href="/wiki/Composite_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite card">composite card</a> or <a href="/wiki/Career_portfolio" title="Career portfolio">portfolio</a> to the buyer. After the buyer has made choices, the agent then arranges an audition (or, for models, a "go-see" or open call). After the buyer has met the talent, the buyer will contact the agent to see if any of the talent will be hired. The agent will coordinate the details of wardrobe, directions, etc., as well as negotiate the contract or pay. </p><p>The agent's job is to get the talent to audition; the talent is the only person who can get the job. For their work, agents take a 10 to 20% commission of the gross, depending on whether the job is <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">union</a> (such as SAG-AFTRA) or not. Union jobs are paid per negotiated guidelines, but in non-union jobs, the pay is sometimes delayed. </p><p>A well-established agent will have networks upon networks of contacts. Also, agents have access to professional casting services. Many of these casting resources are not available to the general public. </p><p>Although most of the successful agents are private individuals unknown to the public, some are celebrities in their own right. Notable current and former talent agents includes <a href="/wiki/David_Begelman" title="David Begelman">David Begelman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ari_Emanuel" title="Ari Emanuel">Ari Emanuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Fields" title="Freddie Fields">Freddie Fields</a>, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Hyde" title="Johnny Hyde">Johnny Hyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Paul_Lazar" title="Irving Paul Lazar">Irving Paul Lazar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sue_Mengers" title="Sue Mengers">Sue Mengers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lew_Wasserman" title="Lew Wasserman">Lew Wasserman</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_talent_agents_and_agencies">Types of talent agents and agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types of talent agents and agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broadcast_journalistic_agencies">Broadcast journalistic agencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Broadcast journalistic agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some talent agencies specialize in the representation of television news broadcast journalists and television news magazine hosts. The journalists and hosts represented by these agents primarily work at television stations in local markets or at networks. There are many job titles for broadcast news journalists, such as anchors, reporters, weathercasters, sportscasters, correspondents and hosts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_agent">Literary agent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Literary agent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Literary_agent" title="Literary agent">Literary agent</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modeling_agencies">Modeling agencies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modeling agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Modeling_agency" title="Modeling agency">Modeling agency</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_agents">Music agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the music world, booking agents are different from talent managers. Booking agents are the people who actually book concerts for the artists they represent. These agents make all of the arrangements with the promoters of the shows. The booking agent presents the <a href="/wiki/Music_promoter" class="mw-redirect" title="Music promoter">promoter</a> or producer of the concert with a <a href="/wiki/Contract" title="Contract">performance agreement</a>, which stipulates the artist's requirements. Items may include <a href="/wiki/Stage_lighting" title="Stage lighting">lighting</a>, sound, meals, hotel accommodations, and transportation. For concert buyers, they work to find the artist who will fit their needs and available budget. </p><p>Many of the major booking agencies refuse to represent clients who are not already signed to a major record label and have national distribution of their music. Because of this, artists on independent record labels often seek representation with an independent booking agency. </p><p>Bars and nightclubs that specialize in presenting live music on a regular basis often employ an individual to assemble the schedule of events. This individual is the venue's buyer and should not be confused with the booking agent, who presents a roster of available acts to the buyer. Booking agents may also have contacts known as promoters. These are individuals who agree to produce a snake game by locating a wide open field, providing a sound system, and assembling a staff. Producing a show in this manner at a location rented out for a single evening is called "four-walling," as the process entails renting a venue and receiving no additional services or technical equipment other than the space itself. This has often been the only available option for underground musicians lacking enough popular appeal to gain access to more conventional performance venues (see: <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a>, but is also used among the genre of <a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">raves</a> and various DJ-related events. </p><p>The cost factor of having a booking agent must be weighed against what the agent can do for clients and buyers alike. Some agents represent several different types of artists, while others represent artists in one main area/genre. </p><p>Some music agencies deal exclusively with [cover bands], listing exclusive and non-exclusive artists on their rosters. In addition, some agencies will also work with a third-party company to build specific bands using their own database of vetted musicians, while other cover band agencies work with session musicians that provide a 'flexible' line-up for each act. </p><p>Cruise ship industry Booking agents are also used for the cruise ship industry, where several different categories of entertainers are needed. These can include individual musicians to be part of the ship's orchestra, small bands and ensembles, as well as variety entertainers such as singers, instrumentalists, magicians, comedians and acrobats. Artists looking to work on cruise ships will sign an employment contract with the cruise line and a separate commission contract with the booking agent. The agent will usually be based in the country of origin for the artist. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_managers">Music managers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music managers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Talent_manager#Music_managers" title="Talent manager">Talent manager § Music managers</a></div> <p>A music manager (or band manager) handles many career issues for bands, singers, record producers, and DJs. An artist manager is hired by a musician or band to help with determining decisions related to career moves, bookings, promotions, business deals, recording contracts, etc. The role of music managers is extensive and may include similar duties to that of a press agent, promoter, booking agent, business manager (who is sometimes a <a href="/wiki/Certified_public_accountant" class="mw-redirect" title="Certified public accountant">certified public accountant</a>, tour promoter, tour manager, and sometimes even a personal assistant. responsibilities of a business manager are often divided among many individuals who manage various aspects of a musical career. With an unsigned act, music managers must assume multiple roles: booking agent, graphic designer, <a href="/wiki/Publicist" title="Publicist">publicist</a>, promoter, and accountant.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As an artist's career develops, responsibilities grow. A music or artist manager becomes important to managing the many different pieces that make up a career in music. The manager can assist singers, songwriters, and instrumentalists in molding a career, finding music producers, and developing relationships with record companies, publishers, agents, and the music-loving public. The duties of an active music manager will focus on developing a reputation for the musician and building a fan base, which may include mastering and launching a demo CD, developing and releasing press kits, planning promotional activities, and booking shows. A music manager will gain access to a recording studio, photographers, and promotions. They will see that CD labels, posters, and promotional materials appropriately represent the band or artist and that press kits are released in a timely manner to appropriate media. Launching a CD with complementary venues and dates is also a music manager's responsibility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_agents">Sports agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sports agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sports_agent" title="Sports agent">Sports agent</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Youth_&_young_adult_agents"><span id="Youth_.26_young_adult_agents"></span>Youth & young adult agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Youth & young adult agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Youth agents are a specialization or subset of theatrical and commercial agents that represent children, teenagers, and young adults. In addition to representation, youth agents must navigate the additional requirements surrounding minors, including legal, educational, parental, and family dynamics. In the U.S., all states have <a href="/wiki/Child_labor_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Child labor laws in the United States">child labor laws</a> that apply to the entertainment industry. In California, the center of the entertainment industry, there are specific industry regulations and laws to protect minors working in entertainment that include: limited working hours and a requirement to set aside a portion of earnings into a trust.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entertainment_law" title="Entertainment law">Entertainment law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_law" title="Music law">Music law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports law">Sports law</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald, Paul (2008) "Hollywood Film Industry". Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing Ltd., p. 167–168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McDonald, Paul(2008). The Star System: The Production of Hollywood Stardom in the Post-Studio Era, p. 168–171. Blackwell Publishing, Inc., MA. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3388-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-3388-3">978-1-4051-3388-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelk2022" class="citation news cs1">Welk, Brian (28 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thewrap.com/caa-icm-acquisition-deal-closes/">"CAA Completes ICM Acquisition in $750 Million Deal"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TheWrap" title="TheWrap">TheWrap</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220628212214/https://www.thewrap.com/caa-icm-acquisition-deal-closes/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TheWrap&rft.atitle=CAA+Completes+ICM+Acquisition+in+%24750+Million+Deal&rft.date=2022-06-28&rft.aulast=Welk&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewrap.com%2Fcaa-icm-acquisition-deal-closes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalent+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-koblin20190412-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-koblin20190412_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoblin2019" class="citation news cs1">Koblin, John (12 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/12/business/media/hollywood-writers-agents-fire.html">"Hollywood Upended as Unions Tell Writers to Fire Agents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. p. B1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hollywood+Upended+as+Unions+Tell+Writers+to+Fire+Agents&rft.pages=B1&rft.date=2019-04-12&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Koblin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F04%2F12%2Fbusiness%2Fmedia%2Fhollywood-writers-agents-fire.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalent+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davis19890709-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davis19890709_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1989" class="citation news cs1">Davis, L. J. (9 July 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/07/09/magazine/hollywood-s-most-secret-agent.html">"Hollywood's Most Secret Agent"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hollywood%27s+Most+Secret+Agent&rft.date=1989-07-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=L.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F07%2F09%2Fmagazine%2Fhollywood-s-most-secret-agent.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalent+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Though suits are still the standard at the Big Five agencies (C.A.A., William Morris, I.C.M., U.T.A. and Endeavor)," Laporte, Nicole., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080207112113/http://www.observer.com/node/51319">[Let's Dress It Down, Ari.</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Observer" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Observer">New York Observer</a></i>, 25, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Skirmishes among [Hollywood]'s top five agencies are escalating." Horn, John. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2008-jul-03-et-word3-story.html">[Summer battle royale for agents.</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>, 3 July 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/explainer/1998/12/the_difference_between_an_agent_and_a_manager.html">"The Difference Between an 'Agent' and a 'Manager'," Slate.com.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casestudy-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-casestudy_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.musicbizadvice.com/qa_how_much_does_the_average_concert_promoter_make_per_year_and_how_hard_is_the_course_of_study.htm">MusicBizAdvice Q&A</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115173626/http://www.musicbizadvice.com/qa_how_much_does_the_average_concert_promoter_make_per_year_and_how_hard_is_the_course_of_study.htm">Archived</a> 2009-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> January 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDAVID_ZELENSKI" class="citation web cs1">DAVID ZELENSKI. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~usclrev/pdf/076405.pdf">"TALENT AGENTS, PERSONAL MANAGERS, AND THEIR CONFLICTS IN THE NEW HOLLYWOOD"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The University of Southern California<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TALENT+AGENTS%2C+PERSONAL+MANAGERS%2C+AND+THEIR+CONFLICTS+IN+THE+NEW+HOLLYWOOD&rft.pub=The+University+of+Southern+California&rft.au=DAVID+ZELENSKI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-bcf.usc.edu%2F~usclrev%2Fpdf%2F076405.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalent+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030621112118/http://www.agentassociation.com/frontdoor/agency_licensing.cfm">Association of Talent Agents. "Talent Agency Licensing," </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/talent/talent_laws_relating_to_talent_agencies.pdf">Laws Relating to Talent Agencies</a> " California Department of Industrial Relations, Division of Labor Standards Enforcement."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sagaftra.org/content/agents-and-managers">Agents and Managers</a> " SAG-AFTRA Website.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Busch, Richard (25, 2013). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/richardbusch/2013/03/25/walking-on-the-california-talent-agency-acts-thin-ice-personal-managers-beware/">Walking on the California Talent Agency Act's Thin Ice: Personal Managers</a>" Forbes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dir.ca.gov/dlse/dlse-tacs.htm">[DLSE: Talent Agency Cases. </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alchemygts.com/">"Alchemy Global Talent Solutions"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Alchemy+Global+Talent+Solutions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alchemygts.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalent+agent" class="Z3988"></span> Tuesday, 21 June 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.getsigned.com/trench01.html">[When Does My Band Need A Manager?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203221153/http://www.getsigned.com/trench01.html">Archived</a> 3 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Getsigned.com, 16 July 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dol.gov/agencies/whd/state/child-labor/entertainment">"Child Entertainment Laws As of January 1, 2022"</a>. <i>US Department of Labor</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Department+of+Labor&rft.atitle=Child+Entertainment+Laws+As+of+January+1%2C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.gov%2Fagencies%2Fwhd%2Fstate%2Fchild-labor%2Fentertainment&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATalent+agent" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talent_agent&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Passman, Donald S., <i>All You Need To Know About the Music Business: 6th Edition</i></li> <li>Kerr, Judy, <i>Acting Is Everything: An Actor's Guidebook for a Successful Career in Los Angeles</i></li> <li>Callen, K., <i>The Los Angeles Agent Book</i></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Talent_agents" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Talent agents">Talent agents</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table 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/></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Theateragent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4615650-1">Germany</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Theateragentin"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1038106338">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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