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<span>Disposal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tennis ball</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3)" title="كرة (تنس) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كرة (تنس)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B2" title="টেনিস বল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="টেনিস বল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilota_de_tennis" title="Pilota de tennis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pilota de tennis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisov%C3%BD_m%C3%AD%C4%8D" title="Tenisový míč – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tenisový míč" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennisbold" title="Tennisbold – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tennisbold" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennisball" title="Tennisball – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tennisball" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelota_de_tenis" title="Pelota de tenis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pelota de tenis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisa_pilko" title="Tenisa pilko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tenisa pilko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE_%D8%AA%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="توپ تنیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توپ تنیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balle_de_tennis" title="Balle de tennis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Balle de tennis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%8B%88%EC%8A%A4%EA%B3%B5" title="테니스공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테니스공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%A3%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Թենիսի գնդակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թենիսի գնդակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_tenis" title="Bola tenis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bola tenis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A1" title="כדור טניס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כדור טניס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%98" title="ჩოგბურთის ბურთი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩოგბურთის ბურთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teniszlabda" title="Teniszlabda – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teniszlabda" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Тениско топче – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тениско топче" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennisbal" title="Tennisbal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tennisbal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="テニスボール – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テニスボール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennisball" title="Tennisball – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Tennisball" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola_de_t%C3%AAnis" title="Bola de tênis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bola de tênis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%87" title="Теннисный мяч – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теннисный мяч" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenisov%C3%A1_lopti%C4%8Dka" title="Tenisová loptička – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tenisová loptička" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennispallo" title="Tennispallo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tennispallo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennisboll" title="Tennisboll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tennisboll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81" title="டென்னிசு பந்து – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டென்னிசு பந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%AF%D0%B1%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Тӯби теннис – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Тӯби теннис" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenis_topu" title="Tenis topu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tenis topu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%E1%BA%A3_b%C3%B3ng_qu%E1%BA%A7n_v%E1%BB%A3t" title="Quả bóng quần vợt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quả bóng quần vợt" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%90%83_(%E6%B3%A2)" title="網球 (波) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="網球 (波)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%90%83_(%E7%90%83)" title="網球 (球) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="網球 (球)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q246514#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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Tennis balls are covered in a fibrous <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a>, which modifies their aerodynamic properties, and each has a white <a href="/wiki/Curvilinear" class="mw-redirect" title="Curvilinear">curvilinear</a> oval covering it. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specifications">Specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_ball&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmglee_tennis_ball_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cmglee_tennis_ball_interior.jpg/220px-Cmglee_tennis_ball_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cmglee_tennis_ball_interior.jpg/330px-Cmglee_tennis_ball_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Cmglee_tennis_ball_interior.jpg/440px-Cmglee_tennis_ball_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A tennis ball sliced open to show its rubber bladder</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_ball_blanks_and_felt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tennis_ball_blanks_and_felt.jpg/220px-Tennis_ball_blanks_and_felt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tennis_ball_blanks_and_felt.jpg/330px-Tennis_ball_blanks_and_felt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Tennis_ball_blanks_and_felt.jpg/440px-Tennis_ball_blanks_and_felt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4006" data-file-height="2042" /></a><figcaption>Tennis balls and internal "blanks" manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Dunlop_Slazenger" title="Dunlop Slazenger">Dunlop Slazenger</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Modern tennis balls must conform to certain size, weight, deformation, and bounce criteria to be approved for regulation play. The <a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a> (ITF) defines the official diameter as 6.54–6.86 cm (2.57–2.70 inches). Balls must have <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">masses</a> in the range 56.0–59.4 g (1.98–2.10 ounces). A tennis ball generally has 12 pounds per square inch (80 kPa; 0.8 atm) more of a nitrogen and oxygen mixture than the sea level ambient air pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yellow and white are the only colors approved by the ITF. Most balls produced are a fluorescent color known as "optic yellow", first introduced in 1972 following research demonstrating they were more visible on television. What color to call the ball is mildly controversial; one poll showed that a little less than half of people consider this color yellow, while a slight majority consider it green.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tennis balls are filled with air and are surfaced by a uniform felt-covered rubber compound. Tennis ball felts comprise wool, nylon, and cotton in a mixture surrounding the rubber edge.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The felt delays <a href="/wiki/Flow_separation" title="Flow separation">flow separation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_layer" title="Boundary layer">boundary layer</a> which reduces <a href="/wiki/Drag_(physics)" title="Drag (physics)">aerodynamic drag</a> and gives the ball better flight properties.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, the balls will have a number in addition to the brand name. This helps distinguish one set of balls from another of the same brand on an adjacent court.<sup id="cite_ref-Epic_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tennis balls begin to lose their bounce as soon as the tennis ball can is opened. Tennis balls lose bounciness because the air inside the ball is pushing harder when a can is opened compared to when a ball is packaged. When packaged, the pressure in the can equally pushes the ball from the outside as the air inside the balls, preserving the pressure inside. When a tennis ball is unpackaged, its frequent use allows for air to escape from the ball.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be tested to determine their bounce. Modern regulation tennis balls are kept under <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> (approximately two atmospheres) until initially used; balls intended for use at high altitudes have a lower initial pressure, and inexpensive practice balls are made without internal pressurization. A ball is tested for bounce by dropping it from a height of 254 cm (100 inches) onto <a href="/wiki/Concrete" title="Concrete">concrete</a>; a bounce between 135 and 147 cm (53 and 58 inches) is acceptable if taking place at <a href="/wiki/Sea-level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea-level">sea-level</a> and 20 °C (68 °F) with <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> of 60%; high-altitude balls have different characteristics when tested at sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Slower_balls">Slower balls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_ball&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Slower balls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_Ball.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tennis_Ball.jpg/170px-Tennis_Ball.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tennis_Ball.jpg/255px-Tennis_Ball.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Tennis_Ball.jpg/340px-Tennis_Ball.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A training tennis ball</figcaption></figure> <p>The ITF's "Play and Stay" campaign aims to increase tennis participation worldwide by improving how starter players are introduced to the game. The ITF recommends a progression that focuses on a range of slower balls and smaller court sizes to introduce the game to adults and children effectively. The slowest balls, marked with red, or using half-red felt, are oversized and unpressurized or made from foam rubber. The next, in orange, are unpressurized normal-sized balls. The last, with green, are half pressured normal sized.<sup id="cite_ref-Epic_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epic-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History<span class="anchor" id="Importation_(No._2)_Act_1463"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_ball&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_balls,_advertisement,_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tennis_balls%2C_advertisement%2C_19th_century.jpg/170px-Tennis_balls%2C_advertisement%2C_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tennis_balls%2C_advertisement%2C_19th_century.jpg/255px-Tennis_balls%2C_advertisement%2C_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Tennis_balls%2C_advertisement%2C_19th_century.jpg/340px-Tennis_balls%2C_advertisement%2C_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1504" /></a><figcaption>Tennis balls, advertisement, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Lawn tennis, as the modern game was originally known, was developed in the early 1870s as a new version of the courtly game of <a href="/wiki/Real_tennis" title="Real tennis">real tennis</a>. England banned the importation of real tennis balls, <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a>, and other goods in the Importation (No. 2) Act 1463 (<a href="/wiki/3_Edw._4" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Edw. 4">3 Edw. 4</a>. c. 4).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1480, <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XI of France">Louis XI of France</a> forbade the filling of tennis balls with chalk, sand, sawdust, or earth, and stated that they were to be made of good leather, well-stuffed with wool.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early tennis balls were made by <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Artisan" title="Artisan">craftsmen</a> from a wool-wrapped <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a> or <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a> and tied with <a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">rope</a>. Those recovered from the <a href="/wiki/Hammer-beam_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer-beam roof">hammer-beam roof</a> of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> during a period of restoration in the 1920s were found to have been manufactured from a combination of <a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">putty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Human hair">human hair</a> and were dated to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other versions, using materials such as <a href="/wiki/Animal_fur" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal fur">animal fur</a>, rope made from animal intestines and muscles, and <a href="/wiki/Pine_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine wood">pine wood</a>, were found in Scottish <a href="/wiki/Castles" class="mw-redirect" title="Castles">castles</a> dating back to the 16th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the 18th century, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1.9 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">3</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in) strips of wool were wound tightly around a nucleus made by rolling several strips into a little ball.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Twine" title="Twine">String</a> was then tied in many directions around the ball, and a white <a href="/wiki/Cloth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloth">cloth</a> covering was sewn around the ball.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vintage_White_tennis_balls.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vintage_White_tennis_balls.png/220px-Vintage_White_tennis_balls.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vintage_White_tennis_balls.png/330px-Vintage_White_tennis_balls.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Vintage_White_tennis_balls.png/440px-Vintage_White_tennis_balls.png 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vintage_(design)" title="Vintage (design)">Vintage</a>, original white tennis balls (<a href="/wiki/Slazenger" title="Slazenger">Slazenger</a> Lawn Tennis Balls)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 1870s, lawn tennis arose in Britain through the pioneering efforts of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Clopton_Wingfield" title="Walter Clopton Wingfield">Walter Clopton Wingfield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harry_Gem" title="Harry Gem">Harry Gem</a>, often using <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian</a> lawns laid out for <a href="/wiki/Croquet" title="Croquet">croquet</a>. Wingfield marketed lawn tennis sets which included rubber balls imported from Germany. After <a href="/wiki/Charles_Goodyear" title="Charles Goodyear">Charles Goodyear</a> invented vulcanised rubber, the Germans had been most successful in developing air-filled vulcanised rubber balls. These were light and coloured grey or red with no covering. <a href="/wiki/John_Moyer_Heathcote" title="John Moyer Heathcote">John Moyer Heathcote</a> suggested and tried the experiment of covering the rubber ball with flannel, and by 1882 Wingfield was advertising his balls as clad in stout cloth made in <a href="/wiki/Melton_Mowbray" title="Melton Mowbray">Melton Mowbray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tennis balls were initially entirely made of rubber, but they were later refined by using flannel and stitching it around the core, which used to be filled with rubber. The tennis ball quickly switched to having a hollow core, using gas to pressurize the inside. Originally, tennis ball manufacturing was done by cutting vulcanized rubber sheets into a shape similar to that of a three-leaf clover. Before the formation of the rubber into a sphere (which was executed via machinery), chemicals that reacted to produce a gas were added to produce pressure into the hollow inside once the sphere was assembled. The switch to the modern method of joining two hemispheres was done to improve uniformity of wall thickness.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until 1972, tennis balls were white (or sometimes black). In 1972, the International Tennis Federation introduced yellow balls, as these were easier to see on television, and these quickly became generally popular. Wimbledon continued using white balls until 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-ITF_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ITF-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Packaging">Packaging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_ball&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Packaging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">United Kingdom legislation</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-size:100%"><span style="font-size:125%">Importation (No. 2) Act 1463</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;">Act of Parliament</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29.svg/210px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29.svg/280px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Edward_IV_of_England_%281461-1483%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1450" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Short_and_long_titles" title="Short and long titles">Long title</a></th><td class="infobox-data description">Certain merchandises not lawful to be brought ready into this realm.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Citation_of_United_Kingdom_legislation" title="Citation of United Kingdom legislation">Citation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/3_Edw._4" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Edw. 4">3 Edw. 4</a>. c. 4</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Dates</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coming_into_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Coming into force">Commencement</a></th><td class="infobox-data dtstart">29 April 1463</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Repealed</th><td class="infobox-data dtend">10 August 1872</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;">Other legislation</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed by</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Statute_Law_Revision_(Ireland)_Act_1872" class="mw-redirect" title="Statute Law Revision (Ireland) Act 1872">Statute Law Revision (Ireland) Act 1872</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-top: 1px solid #aaa;"><div style="background-color: #ffcccc;">Status: Repealed</div></th></tr></tbody></table> <p>Before 1925, tennis balls were packaged in wrapped <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> and paperboard boxes. In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Wilson-Western_Sporting_Goods_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilson-Western Sporting Goods Company">Wilson-Western Sporting Goods Company</a> introduced cardboard tubes. In 1926, the <a href="/wiki/Penn_Racquet_Sports" title="Penn Racquet Sports">Pennsylvania Rubber Company</a> released a hermetically sealed pressurized <a href="/wiki/Tin_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin can">metal tube</a> that held three balls with a <a href="/wiki/Churchkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Churchkey">churchkey</a> to open the top. Beginning in the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a> (from recycled <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">PET</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cans with a full-top <a href="/wiki/Tab_(beverage_can)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tab (beverage can)">pull-tab</a> seal and plastic lid fit three or four balls per can. Pressureless balls often come in net bags or buckets since they need not be pressure-sealed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disposal">Disposal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_ball&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Disposal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reciclaje_pelotas_de_tenis_-_IMG_20200703_112826_762.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Reciclaje_pelotas_de_tenis_-_IMG_20200703_112826_762.jpg/170px-Reciclaje_pelotas_de_tenis_-_IMG_20200703_112826_762.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Reciclaje_pelotas_de_tenis_-_IMG_20200703_112826_762.jpg/255px-Reciclaje_pelotas_de_tenis_-_IMG_20200703_112826_762.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Reciclaje_pelotas_de_tenis_-_IMG_20200703_112826_762.jpg/340px-Reciclaje_pelotas_de_tenis_-_IMG_20200703_112826_762.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4160" /></a><figcaption>Recycling bin for tennis balls, at a sports equipment store in Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>Each year approximately 325 million balls are produced, which contributes roughly 20,000 tonnes (22,000 short tons) of waste in the form of rubber that is not easily <a href="/wiki/Biodegradable" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradable">biodegradable</a>. Historically, tennis ball recycling has not existed. Balls from <a href="/wiki/The_Championships,_Wimbledon" class="mw-redirect" title="The Championships, Wimbledon">The Championships, Wimbledon</a> are now recycled to provide field homes for the nationally threatened <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_harvest_mouse" title="Eurasian harvest mouse">Eurasian harvest mouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mousehome_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mousehome-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_ball&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gift of tennis balls offered to Henry in Shakespeare's <i><a href="/wiki/Henry_V_(play)" title="Henry V (play)">Henry V</a></i> is portrayed as the final insult which re-ignites the Hundred Years' War between England and France.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Webster also refers to tennis balls in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Malfi" title="The Duchess of Malfi">The Duchess of Malfi</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_ball&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a>. <a href="//doi.org/10.1093/OED/5779947508" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1093/OED/5779947508">Tennis ball (n.), sense a</a>. "<i>The small ball used in real tennis or lawn tennis.</i>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/balls/other/history.aspx">"ITF Technical - History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Tennis+Federation&rft.atitle=ITF+Technical+-+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Ftechnical%2Fballs%2Fother%2Fhistory.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis+ball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/tennis/story/_/id/13518288/the-making-us-open-tennis-balls-wilson">"Inside Wilson's tennis ball factory"</a>. <i>ESPN The Magazine</i>. 30 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Tennis Federation. November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Tennis+Balls&rft.pub=International+Tennis+Federation&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itftennis.com%2Fmedia%2F2280%2Fballs-history-of-tennis-balls.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis+ball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.petresin.org/recycling.asp">Recycling</a>, PETRA (PET Resin Association), retrieved 21 July 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mousehome-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mousehome_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/1406612.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'New balls, please' for mice homes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27New+balls%2C+please%27+for+mice+homes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2F1406612.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATennis+ball" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"When we have match'd our rackets to these balls, We will, in France, by God's grace, play a set" Henry V, act 1, scene 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We are merely the stars' tennis balls, struck and banded/Which way please them" The Duchess of Malfi, act 5, scene 4</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tennis_ball&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tennis_balls" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tennis balls">Tennis balls</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/history/index.asp#2006">International Tennis Federation's history of the rules of the tennis ball</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106083446/http://www.itftennis.com/technical/rules/history/index.asp#2006">Archived</a> 2015-11-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_18858_original.PDF">ITF Grand Slam Rules: Section I: The Ball</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106083446/http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_18858_original.PDF">Archived</a> 2015-11-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Tennis_box" title="Template:Tennis box"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tennis_box" title="Template talk:Tennis box"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tennis_box" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tennis box"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tennis836" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tennis" title="History of tennis">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms" title="Glossary of tennis terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_tennis_match" title="Types of tennis match">Match types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_players" title="Lists of tennis players">Players</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_tennis_rankings" title="Current tennis rankings">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_tennis_records_and_statistics" title="Lists of tennis records and statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_umpires" title="List of tennis umpires">Umpires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_stadiums_by_capacity" title="List of tennis stadiums by capacity">Stadiums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_tennis" title="Outline of tennis">Basics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_scoring_system" title="Tennis scoring system">Scoring system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Point_(tennis)" title="Point (tennis)">point</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_strategy" title="Tennis strategy">Strategy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grip_(tennis)" title="Grip (tennis)">grips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve-and-volley" title="Serve-and-volley">serve-and-volley</a></li></ul></li> <li>Equipment <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racket_(sports_equipment)#Tennis" title="Racket (sports equipment)">racket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strings_(tennis)" title="Strings (tennis)">strings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_(tennis)" title="Official (tennis)">Official</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_technology" title="Tennis technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_line_judge" title="Electronic line judge">electronic line judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawk-Eye" title="Hawk-Eye">Hawk-Eye</a></li></ul></li> <li>Controversies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tennis_code_violations" title="List of tennis code violations">Code violations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doping_in_tennis" title="Doping in tennis">Doping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match_fixing_in_tennis" title="Match fixing in tennis">Match fixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grunting_in_tennis" title="Grunting in tennis">Grunting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Tennis_court" title="Tennis court">Courts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardcourt" title="Hardcourt">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_court" title="Clay court">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_court" title="Grass court">Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpet_court" title="Carpet court">Carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_court" title="Wood court">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Tennis_shot" title="Tennis shot">Shots</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backhand" title="Backhand">Backhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backspin" title="Backspin">Backspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_shot" title="Drop shot">Drop shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_(tennis)" title="Flat (tennis)">Flat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forehand" title="Forehand">Forehand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundstroke" title="Groundstroke">Groundstroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_volley" title="Half volley">Half volley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lob_(tennis)" title="Lob (tennis)">Lob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passing_shot" title="Passing shot">Passing shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serve_(tennis)" title="Serve (tennis)">Serve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ace_(tennis)" title="Ace (tennis)">ace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_fault_(tennis)" title="Double fault (tennis)">double fault</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smash_(tennis)" title="Smash (tennis)">Smash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topspin" title="Topspin">Topspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volley_(tennis)" title="Volley (tennis)">Volley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Grand Slams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Open" title="Australian Open">Australian Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Open" title="French Open">French Open</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wimbledon_Championships" title="Wimbledon Championships">Wimbledon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Open_(tennis)" title="US Open (tennis)">US Open</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Statistics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Slam_(tennis)#Grand_Slam_tournament_champions" title="Grand Slam (tennis)">Champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_singles_finals" title="List of Grand Slam singles finals">Singles finals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Slam_and_related_tennis_records" title="List of Grand Slam and related tennis records">Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional<br />tours</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Men</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_rankings" title="ATP rankings">ATP rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Tour" title="ATP Tour">ATP Tour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Masters_1000_tournaments" title="ATP Masters 1000 tournaments">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_500_tournaments" title="ATP 500 tournaments">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_250_tournaments" title="ATP 250 tournaments">250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Finals" title="ATP Finals">Finals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Challenger_Tour" title="ATP Challenger Tour">ATP Challenger Tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_Men%27s_World_Tennis_Tour" title="ITF Men's World Tennis Tour">ITF Men's World Tennis Tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Women</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTA_rankings" title="WTA rankings">WTA rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Tour" title="WTA Tour">WTA Tour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WTA_1000_tournaments" title="WTA 1000 tournaments">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_500_tournaments" title="WTA 500 tournaments">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_250_tournaments" title="WTA 250 tournaments">250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_Finals" title="WTA Finals">Finals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WTA_125_tournaments" title="WTA 125 tournaments">WTA 125 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITF_Women%27s_World_Tennis_Tour" title="ITF Women's World Tennis Tour">ITF Women's World Tennis Tour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Team_tennis" title="Team tennis">Team tennis</a><br />tournaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Active</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Cup" title="Davis Cup">Davis Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King_Cup" title="Billie Jean King Cup">Billie Jean King Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Cup" title="United Cup">United Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laver_Cup" title="Laver Cup">Laver Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopman_Cup" title="Hopman Cup">Hopman Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wightman_Cup" title="Wightman Cup">Wightman Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Team_Cup" title="World Team Cup">World Team Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champions_Tennis_League" title="Champions Tennis League">Champions Tennis League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Premier_Tennis_League" title="International Premier Tennis League">International Premier Tennis League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_TeamTennis" title="World TeamTennis">World TeamTennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP_Cup" title="ATP Cup">ATP Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport<br />events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercontinental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="Tennis at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheelchair_tennis_at_the_Summer_Paralympics" title="Wheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics">Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_Youth_Olympics" title="Tennis at the Summer Youth Olympics">Youth Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Summer_World_University_Games" title="Tennis at the Summer World University Games">Universiade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Commonwealth_Games" title="Tennis at the Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Island_Games" title="Tennis at the Island Games">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Mediterranean_Games" title="Tennis at the Mediterranean Games">Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_African_Games" title="Tennis at the African Games">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Asian_Games" title="Tennis at the Asian Games">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_SEA_Games" title="Tennis at the SEA Games">Southeast Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Pacific_Games" title="Tennis at the Pacific Games">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_Pan_American_Games" title="Tennis at the Pan American Games">Pan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_at_the_South_American_Games" title="Tennis at the South American Games">South American</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governing bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Tennis_Professionals" title="Association of Tennis Professionals">Association of Tennis Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Tennis_Association" title="Women's Tennis Association">Women's Tennis Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Tennis_Federation" title="International Tennis Federation">International Tennis Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tennis_ball.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Tennis_ball.svg/16px-Tennis_ball.svg.png" decoding="async" 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