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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Links with the United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Governance and administration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance_and_administration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance and administration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 General Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_Court" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_Court"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 University Court </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_Court-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Senatus_Academicus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senatus_Academicus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Senatus Academicus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senatus_Academicus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_officials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_officials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 University officials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_officials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colleges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colleges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Colleges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colleges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Faculties_and_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Faculties_and_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Faculties and schools </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Faculties_and_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Academics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Academics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Academics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Academics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Semesters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semesters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Semesters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semesters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rankings_and_reputation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Rankings and reputation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rankings_and_reputation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Admissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Admissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Admissions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Admissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lecture_series" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lecture_series"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Lecture series </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lecture_series-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exchange_programmes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exchange_programmes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Exchange programmes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exchange_programmes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildings,_collections_and_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildings,_collections_and_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Buildings, collections and facilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Buildings,_collections_and_facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Buildings, collections and facilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Buildings,_collections_and_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libraries_and_museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libraries_and_museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Libraries and museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libraries_and_museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chapels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chapels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Chapels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chapels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_halls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_halls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Student halls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Student_halls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewable_energy_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewable_energy_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Renewable energy projects </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewable_energy_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Student_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Student_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Student life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Student life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Student_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Students'_Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Students'_Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Students' Association </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Students'_Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Societies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Societies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Societies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Societies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_clubs_and_the_Athletic_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_clubs_and_the_Athletic_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Sports clubs and the Athletic Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_clubs_and_the_Athletic_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sponsio_Academica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sponsio_Academica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sponsio Academica </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sponsio_Academica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_blessing_and_grace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_blessing_and_grace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 University blessing and grace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_blessing_and_grace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gowns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gowns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Gowns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gowns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bejant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bejant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Bejant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bejant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_parents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_parents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Academic parents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_parents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raisin_Weekend" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raisin_Weekend"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Raisin Weekend </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raisin_Weekend-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Curse_of_Patrick_Hamilton" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Curse_of_Patrick_Hamilton"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 The Curse of Patrick Hamilton </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Curse_of_Patrick_Hamilton-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-May_Dip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#May_Dip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 May Dip </div> </a> <ul id="toc-May_Dip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Alumni </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academics_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academics_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Academics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academics_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">University of St Andrews</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" > 58 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="جامعة سانت أندروز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جامعة سانت أندروز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sent-Endryus_Universiteti" title="Sent-Endryus Universiteti – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sent-Endryus Universiteti" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85%E2%80%8C%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%88" title="سنت‌اندروز بیلیم‌یوردو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سنت‌اندروز بیلیم‌یوردو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%9E%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%82" title="Сент-Эндрускі ўніверсітэт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сент-Эндрускі ўніверсітэт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81" title="Университет на Сейнт Андрюс – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Университет на Сейнт Андрюс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitat_de_St_Andrews" title="Universitat de St Andrews – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Universitat de St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzita_v_St_Andrews" title="Univerzita v St Andrews – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Univerzita v St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="University of St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="University of St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrewsi_%C3%9Clikool" title="Saint Andrewsi Ülikool – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saint Andrewsi Ülikool" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%B9%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%86%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82" title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Σαιντ Άντριους – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πανεπιστήμιο του Σαιντ Άντριους" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidad_de_Saint_Andrews" title="Universidad de Saint Andrews – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Universidad de Saint Andrews" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitato_St._Andrews" title="Universitato St. Andrews – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Universitato St. Andrews" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_Unibertsitatea" title="St Andrews Unibertsitatea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="St Andrews Unibertsitatea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="دانشگاه سنت اندروز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دانشگاه سنت اندروز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_de_St_Andrews" title="Université de St Andrews – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Université de St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Chill_R%C3%ACmhinn" title="Oilthigh Chill Rìmhinn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Oilthigh Chill Rìmhinn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oilthigh_Chill_R%C3%ACmhinn" title="Oilthigh Chill Rìmhinn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Oilthigh Chill Rìmhinn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_St_Andrews" title="Universidade de St Andrews – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Universidade de St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8%ED%8A%B8%EC%95%A4%EB%93%9C%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8C%80%ED%95%99%EA%B5%90" title="세인트앤드루스 대학교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세인트앤드루스 대학교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF_%D4%B7%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Սենտ Էնդրյուսի համալսարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սենտ Էնդրյուսի համալսարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_St_Andrews" title="Universitas St Andrews – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Universitas St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_di_St_Andrews" title="Università di St Andrews – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Università di St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%98_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96" title="אוניברסיטת סנט אנדרוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוניברסיטת סנט אנדרוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2-%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="სენტ-ენდრიუს უნივერსიტეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სენტ-ენდრიუს უნივერსიტეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%96" title="Сент-Эндрюс университеті – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сент-Эндрюс университеті" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitas_Sancti_Andreae" title="Universitas Sancti Andreae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Universitas Sancti Andreae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentendr%C5%ABsas_Universit%C4%81te" title="Sentendrūsas Universitāte – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sentendrūsas Universitāte" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0v._Andriaus_universitetas" title="Šv. Andriaus universitetas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šv. Andriaus universitetas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews-i_Egyetem" title="St. Andrews-i Egyetem – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="St. Andrews-i Egyetem" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF" title="സെന്റ് ആൻഡ്രൂസ് യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സെന്റ് ആൻഡ്രൂസ് യൂണിവേഴ്സിറ്റി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="جامعة سانت اندروز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جامعة سانت اندروز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiti_St_Andrews" title="Universiti St Andrews – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Universiti St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteit_van_St_Andrews" title="Universiteit van St Andrews – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Universiteit van St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6_(%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="セント・アンドリューズ大学 (スコットランド) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セント・アンドリューズ大学 (スコットランド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="University of St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A0_%C3%ABd_S._Andrea" title="Università ëd S. Andrea – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Università ëd S. Andrea" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="University of St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universidade_de_St._Andrews" title="Universidade de St. Andrews – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Universidade de St. Andrews" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universitatea_Saint_Andrews" title="Universitatea Saint Andrews – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Universitatea Saint Andrews" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Сент-Эндрюсский университет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сент-Эндрюсский университет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_o_Saunt_Aundraes" title="Varsity o Saunt Aundraes – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Varsity o Saunt Aundraes" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universiteti_i_Sh%C3%ABn_Andreut" title="Universiteti i Shën Andreut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Universiteti i Shën Andreut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="University of St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="University of St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerza_v_St_Andrewsu" title="Univerza v St Andrewsu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Univerza v St Andrewsu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Универзитет у Сент Ендрузу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Универзитет у Сент Ендрузу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Univerzitet_u_St_Andrewsu" title="Univerzitet u St Andrewsu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Univerzitet u St Andrewsu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrewsin_yliopisto" title="St Andrewsin yliopisto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="St Andrewsin yliopisto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Andrews-universitetet" title="Saint Andrews-universitetet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saint Andrews-universitetet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unibersidad_ng_St_Andrews" title="Unibersidad ng St Andrews – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unibersidad ng St Andrews" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="புனித ஆண்ட்ரூசு பல்கலைக்கழகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புனித ஆண்ட்ரூசு பல்கலைக்கழகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="มหาวิทยาลัยเซนต์แอนดรูส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="มหาวิทยาลัยเซนต์แอนดรูส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Andrews_%C3%9Cniversitesi" title="St Andrews Üniversitesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="St Andrews Üniversitesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82-%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Університет Сент-Ендрюса – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Університет Сент-Ендрюса" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%81_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%B9_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2" title="یونیورسٹی آف سینٹ اینڈریوز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یونیورسٹی آف سینٹ اینڈریوز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_h%E1%BB%8Dc_St._Andrews" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"St Andrew's University" redirects here. For other universities, see <a href="/wiki/St._Andrews_University_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="St. Andrews University (disambiguation)">St. Andrews University (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">University of St Andrews</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Crest of the University of St Andrews" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg/140px-University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg/210px-University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg/280px-University_of_St_Andrews_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="429" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">Shield</a> of the University of St Andrews</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Universitas Sancti Andreae apud Scotos</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data"><div lang="grc"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ever_to_Excel" title="Ever to Excel">Αἰὲν ἀριστεύειν</a> (Aien aristeuein)<a href="#cite_note-Coat_of_Arms-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto in English</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Ever to Excel or Ever to be the Best</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">Public</a> <a href="/wiki/Research_university" title="Research university">research university</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_university" title="Ancient university">Ancient university</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1413; 611 years ago (1413)<a href="#cite_note-History-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Financial_endowment" title="Financial endowment">Endowment</a></th><td class="infobox-data">£114.9 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_Financial_Statement_22/23-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Budget</th><td class="infobox-data">£314.2 million (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_Financial_Statement_22/23-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Menzies_Campbell" title="Menzies Campbell">The Lord Campbell of Pittenweem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">Rector</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Stella Maris</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Principal_(academia)" title="Principal (academia)">Principal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Mapstone" title="Sally Mapstone">Dame Sally Mapstone</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Academic staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,335 (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-HESAStaff-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Administrative staff</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,780 (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-HESAStaff-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Students</th><td class="infobox-data">12,160 (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-HESAStudents-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_education" title="Undergraduate education">Undergraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,560 (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-HESAStudents-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,595 (2022/23)<a href="#cite_note-HESAStudents-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div style="display:inline" class="locality"><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="state"><a href="/wiki/Fife" title="Fife">Fife</a></div>, <div style="display:inline" class="country-name">Scotland</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Campus</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_town" class="mw-redirect" title="University town">University town</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/School_colors" title="School colors">Colours</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_College,_St_Andrews" title="United College, St Andrews">United College</a>, St Andrews <table role="presentation" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%;height:1.75em"><td style="background: #010963;"> </td> <td style="background: #010963;"> </td> <td style="background: #010963;"> </td><td style="background: white; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #306EFF;"> </td> <td style="background: #306EFF;"> </td><td style="background: white; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #010963;"> </td> <td style="background: #010963;"> </td> <td style="background: #010963;"> </td><td style="background: white; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #306EFF;"> </td> <td style="background: #306EFF;"> </td><td style="background: white; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #010963;"> </td> <td style="background: #010963;"> </td> <td style="background: #010963;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Mary's College, St Andrews">St Mary's College</a> <table role="presentation" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%;height:1.75em"><td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td> <td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td><td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td> <td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td><td style="background: gray;"> </td> <td style="background: gray;"> </td><td style="background: #800517; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: white; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td> <td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td><td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td> <td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td><td style="background: white; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #800517; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: gray;"> </td> <td style="background: gray;"> </td><td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td> <td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td><td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td> <td style="background: #461B7E;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_School_of_Medicine" title="University of St Andrews School of Medicine">School of Medicine</a> <table role="presentation" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%;height:1.75em"><td style="background: #E42217;"> </td> <td style="background: #E42217;"> </td> <td style="background: #E42217;"> </td><td style="background: white; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td><td style="background: #FDD017; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #E42217;"> </td> <td style="background: #E42217;"> </td> <td style="background: #E42217;"> </td><td style="background: white; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td><td style="background: #FDD017; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: #E42217;"> </td> <td style="background: #E42217;"> </td> <td style="background: #E42217;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College_(University_of_St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leonard's College (University of St Andrews)">St Leonard's College</a> <table role="presentation" style="width:100%; border-collapse:collapse;"> <tbody><tr style="border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; background-color: #f8f9fa; padding: 5px; font-size: 95%;height:1.75em"><td style="background: black;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td><td style="background: #FDD017; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: maroon;"> </td> <td style="background: maroon;"> </td><td style="background: #FDD017; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td><td style="background: #FDD017; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: maroon;"> </td> <td style="background: maroon;"> </td><td style="background: #FDD017; font-size:50%;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td> <td style="background: black;"> </td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Affiliations</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Commonwealth_Universities" title="Association of Commonwealth Universities">ACU</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/European_University_Association" title="European University Association">EUA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Europaeum" title="Europaeum">Europaeum</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arctic" title="University of the Arctic">UArctic</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Scotland" title="Universities Scotland">Universities Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_UK" title="Universities UK">Universities UK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Group" title="Wallace Group">Wallace Group</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.65em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk">www.st-andrews.ac.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The University of St Andrews (<a href="/wiki/Scots_language" title="Scots language">Scots</a>: University o St Andras, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Scottish Gaelic language">Scottish Gaelic</a>: Oilthigh Chill Rìmhinn;<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> abbreviated as St And, from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a> Sancti Andreae, in <a href="/wiki/Post-nominals" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-nominals">post-nominals</a>) is a <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public university</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews" title="St Andrews">St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest</a> of the four <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">ancient universities of Scotland</a> and, following the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, the third-oldest university in the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>. St Andrews was founded in 1413 when the <a href="/wiki/Avignon_Pope" class="mw-redirect" title="Avignon Pope">Avignon</a> <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Benedict_XIII" title="Antipope Benedict XIII">Antipope Benedict XIII</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> to a small founding group of <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> clergy. Along with the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, St Andrews was part of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Enlightenment" title="Scottish Enlightenment">Scottish Enlightenment</a> during the 18th century. St Andrews is made up of a variety of institutions, comprising three colleges — <a href="/wiki/United_College,_St_Andrews" title="United College, St Andrews">United College</a> (a union of St Salvator's and St Leonard's Colleges), <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Mary's College, St Andrews">St Mary's College</a>, and <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College_(University_of_St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leonard's College (University of St Andrews)">St Leonard's College</a>, the last named being a non-statutory revival of St Leonard's as a post-graduate society. There are 18 academic schools organised into four faculties.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The university occupies historic and modern buildings located throughout the town. The academic year is divided into two semesters, Martinmas and Candlemas. In term time, over one-third of the town's population are either staff members or students of the university.<a href="#cite_note-The_University_today-8">[8]</a> The student body is known for preserving ancient traditions such as Raisin Weekend, May Dip, and the wearing of distinctive academic dress.<a href="#cite_note-The_low-down_on_our_traditions-9">[9]</a> The student body is also notably diverse: over 145 nationalities are represented with about <a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom#By_proportion_of_International_Students" title="International students in the United Kingdom">45% of its intake</a> from countries outside the UK; a tenth of students are from Europe with the remainder from the rest of the world—20% from North America alone.<a href="#cite_note-domicile-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Undergraduate admissions are among the most selective in the country, with the university having the third-lowest offer rate for 2022 entry (behind only Oxford and Cambridge)<a href="#cite_note-offer_rate22-12">[12]</a> and the highest entry standards of new students, as measured by UCAS entry tariff, at 212 points.<a href="#cite_note-CUG_Entry-13">[13]</a> St Andrews has many notable alumni and affiliated faculty, including eminent mathematicians, scientists, theologians, philosophers, and politicians. Recent alumni include the former first minister of Scotland <a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a>; former Cabinet Secretary <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sedwill" title="Mark Sedwill">Mark Sedwill</a>; former Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) <a href="/wiki/Alex_Younger" title="Alex Younger">Alex Younger</a>; Olympic cycling gold medalist <a href="/wiki/Chris_Hoy" title="Chris Hoy">Chris Hoy</a>; Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations Dame <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Woodward" title="Barbara Woodward">Barbara Woodward</a>; and royals <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Catherine, Princess of Wales</a>. Five Nobel laureates are among St Andrews' alumni and former staff: three in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a> and two in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="History of the University of St Andrews">History of the University of St Andrews</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:College_Hall_St_Andrews_B.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/College_Hall_St_Andrews_B.JPG/220px-College_Hall_St_Andrews_B.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/College_Hall_St_Andrews_B.JPG/330px-College_Hall_St_Andrews_B.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/College_Hall_St_Andrews_B.JPG/440px-College_Hall_St_Andrews_B.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>College Hall, within the 16th-century St Mary's College building</figcaption></figure> In 1410 a group of <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinian</a> clergy, driven from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Avignon schism</a> and from the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Scottish_Wars" title="Anglo-Scottish Wars">Anglo-Scottish Wars</a>, formed a society of higher learning in St Andrews, which offered courses of lectures in divinity, logic, philosophy, and law. A <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> of privilege was bestowed upon the society of masters and scholars by the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_St_Andrews" title="Archbishop of St Andrews">Bishop of St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wardlaw" title="Henry Wardlaw">Henry Wardlaw</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Wardlaw,_Henry,_d.1440,_Bishop_of_St_Andrews-14">[14]</a> on 28 February 1411–12.<a href="#cite_note-Mediaeval_university-15">[15]</a> Wardlaw then successfully petitioned the <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Benedict_XIII" title="Antipope Benedict XIII">Avignon Pope Benedict XIII</a> to grant the school university status by issuing a series of <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bulls</a>, which followed on 28 August 1413.<a href="#cite_note-Scotland1837-16">[16]</a> King <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_Scotland" title="James I of Scotland">James I of Scotland</a> confirmed the <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> of the university in 1432. Subsequent kings supported the university, with King <a href="/wiki/James_V_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="James V of Scotland">James V of Scotland</a> "confirming privileges of the university" in 1532.<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_history_of_the_university-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> A college of theology and arts, called <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St John's College, St Andrews">St John's College</a>, was founded in 1418<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> by Robert of Montrose and Lawrence of Lindores. <a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Salvator's College, St Andrews">St Salvator's College</a> was established in 1450 by Bishop <a href="/wiki/James_Kennedy_(bishop)" title="James Kennedy (bishop)">James Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy,_James,_?_1406–1465,_Bishop_of_St_Andrews-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Leonard's College, St Andrews">St Leonard's College</a> was founded in 1511 by Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stewart_(archbishop_of_St_Andrews)" title="Alexander Stewart (archbishop of St Andrews)">Alexander Stewart</a>, who intended it to have a far more monastic character than either of the other colleges. St John's College was refounded by Cardinal <a href="/wiki/James_Beaton" title="James Beaton">James Beaton</a> under the name <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Mary's College, St Andrews">St Mary's College</a> in 1538 for the study of divinity and law. It was intended to encourage traditional Catholic teachings in opposition to the emerging <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Scottish Reformation</a>, but once Scotland had formally split with the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a> in 1560, it became a teaching institution for Protestant clergy.<a href="#cite_note-Beaton,_James,_d_1539,_Archbishop_of_St_Andrews-21">[21]</a> At its foundation in 1538 St Mary's was intended to be a college for instruction in divinity, law, and medicine, as well as in Arts, but its career on this extensive scale was short-lived. Under a new foundation and erection, confirmed by Parliament in 1579, it was set apart for the study of Theology only, and it has remained a Divinity College ever since.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Some university buildings that date from this period are still in use today, such as <a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Chapel" title="St Salvator's Chapel">St Salvator's Chapel</a>, St Leonard's College Chapel and St Mary's College quadrangle. At this time, the majority of the teaching was of a religious nature and was conducted by clerics associated with the <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral" title="St Andrews Cathedral">cathedral</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Salvators_chapel_and_north_street_-St_Andrews.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/St_Salvators_chapel_and_north_street_-St_Andrews.jpg/220px-St_Salvators_chapel_and_north_street_-St_Andrews.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/St_Salvators_chapel_and_north_street_-St_Andrews.jpg/330px-St_Salvators_chapel_and_north_street_-St_Andrews.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/St_Salvators_chapel_and_north_street_-St_Andrews.jpg/440px-St_Salvators_chapel_and_north_street_-St_Andrews.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2034" /></a><figcaption>St Salvator's Chapel</figcaption></figure> During the 17th and 18th centuries, the university had mixed fortunes and was often beset by civil and religious disturbances. In a particularly acute depression in 1747, severe financial problems triggered the dissolution of St Leonard's College, whose properties and staff were merged into St Salvator's College to form the <a href="/wiki/United_College,_St_Andrews" title="United College, St Andrews">United College of St Salvator and St Leonard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mediaeval_university-15">[15]</a> Throughout this period student numbers were very low; for instance, when <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a> visited the university in 1773, the university had fewer than 100 students, and was in his opinion in a steady decline. He described it as "pining in decay and struggling for life".<a href="#cite_note-gutenberg.org-24">[24]</a> The poverty of Scotland during this period also damaged St Andrews, as few were able to patronise the university and its colleges, and with state support being improbable, the income they received was scarce. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern period">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Women">Women</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Gateway,_St_Andrews_geograph-6299409-by-Bill-Harrison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Gateway%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6299409-by-Bill-Harrison.jpg/220px-The_Gateway%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6299409-by-Bill-Harrison.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Gateway%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6299409-by-Bill-Harrison.jpg/330px-The_Gateway%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6299409-by-Bill-Harrison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/The_Gateway%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6299409-by-Bill-Harrison.jpg/440px-The_Gateway%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6299409-by-Bill-Harrison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5048" data-file-height="3792" /></a><figcaption>The Gateway building, built in 2000 as an International Golf Club and now used by the university's School of Management</figcaption></figure> In the second half of the 19th century, the pressure was building upon universities to open up higher education to women.<a href="#cite_note-Discovery_in_archives-25">[25]</a> In 1876, the university senate decided to allow women to receive an education at St Andrews at a level roughly equal to the <a href="/wiki/MA_(Scotland)" class="mw-redirect" title="MA (Scotland)">Master of Arts degree</a> that men were able to take at the time. The scheme came to be known as the '<a href="/wiki/Lady_Literate_in_Arts" title="Lady Literate in Arts">LLA examination</a>' (Lady Literate in Arts). It required women to pass five subjects at an ordinary level and one at honours level and entitled them to hold a diploma from the university. Not being required to attend the university in person, the women were learning by <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">correspondence</a>, taking as many years as needed to complete the course. They were both examined and assisted in their studies by <a href="/wiki/Educator" class="mw-redirect" title="Educator">educationalists</a> in the town or city in which they lived in the UK or abroad.<a href="#cite_note-Ladies_Literate_in_Arts-26">[26]</a> In 1889 the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_university_governance_in_Scotland" title="Ancient university governance in Scotland">Universities (Scotland) Act</a><a href="#cite_note-Universities_(Scotland)_Act_1889-27">[27]</a> made it possible to admit women to St Andrews formally and to receive an education equal to that of male students. In September 1892, the university was reported as having "lately taken the lead in opening its classes to women" and proclaimed that "St Andrews hails a ladies' school – <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_School" title="St Leonards School">St Leonards</a> – second to none in the land, and probably second to few in England".<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> By 1892, the headmistress of St Leonard's Ladies School, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Dove" title="Frances Dove">Dame Frances Dove</a>, had become "possessor" of the buildings of the university's old <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Leonard's College, St Andrews">St Leonard's College</a> which were being used again for their original purpose of providing accommodation for students, only this time not for males but for "girl graduates and <a href="/wiki/Undergraduates" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduates">undergraduates</a>".<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Having <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Forbes_Blackadder" title="Agnes Forbes Blackadder">Agnes Forbes Blackadder</a> entered the university in 1892 and became the first woman to graduate from St Andrews on the same level as men on 29 March 1895, when she gained her <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_Special_Collections-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Who_was_the_first_female_graduate_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews?-31">[31]</a> The first female lecturer at the university was <a href="/wiki/Alice_Marion_Umpherston" title="Alice Marion Umpherston">Alice Marion Umpherston</a>, appointed in 1896 to teach Physiology to women students.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In response to the increasing number of female students attending the university, the first women's <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_residence" class="mw-redirect" title="Hall of residence">hall of residence</a> was founded in 1896 by <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Lumsden" title="Louisa Lumsden">Dame Louisa Lumsden</a>, the first principal of <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_School" title="St Leonards School">St Leonards School</a>, which adjoined the university. The residence was named <a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(University_of_St_Andrews)" title="University Hall (University of St Andrews)">University Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Literate_Ladies_–_A_fifty_year_experiment-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dundee">Dundee</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dundee">edit</a>]</div> Until the start of the 20th century, St Andrews offered a traditional education based on classical languages, divinity and philosophical studies, and was slow to embrace more practical fields such as science and medicine that were becoming more popular at other universities. In response to the need for modernisation and in order to increase student numbers and alleviate financial problems, the university had, by 1883, established a university college in <a href="/wiki/University_College,_Dundee" class="mw-redirect" title="University College, Dundee">Dundee</a> which formally merged with St Andrews in 1897.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> From its inception, the Dundee college had a focus on scientific, and professional subjects; the college's <a href="/wiki/Co-education" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-education">mixed sexes</a> read <a href="/wiki/Classics" title="Classics">Classics</a> and English at St Andrews. The union was fraught with difficulties; in 1894, The Educational Times reported in the article The Quarrel between St Andrews and Dundee that University College, Dundee was "forbidden" to give such instruction in the Arts "as he [the Dundeen student] might require".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> After the incorporation of University College Dundee, St Andrews' various problems generally receded. For example, it was able to offer medical degrees. Until 1967, many students who obtained a degree from the University of St Andrews had in fact spent most, and sometimes all, of their undergraduate career based in Dundee. In 1967, the union with Queen's College Dundee (formerly University College Dundee) ended, when it became an independent institution under the name of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a>. As a result of this, St Andrews lost its capacity to provide degrees in many areas such as Medicine, Dentistry, Law, Accountancy, and Engineering. As well as losing the right to confer the undergraduate medical degree <a href="/wiki/MBChB" class="mw-redirect" title="MBChB">MBChB</a>, it was also deprived of the right to confer the postgraduate degree MD. St Andrews was eventually able to continue to offer the opportunity to study medicine through a new arrangement with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a> in England. In 1974, the College of St Leonard was reconstituted as a postgraduate institute.<a href="#cite_note-St_leonards_college-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Links_with_the_United_States">Links with the United States</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Links with the United States">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._10.jpg/240px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._10.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._10.jpg/360px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._10.jpg/480px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5826" data-file-height="3433" /></a><figcaption>St Salvator's Quadrangle from the cloisters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Scores,_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Scores%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139944.jpg/240px-The_Scores%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139944.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Scores%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139944.jpg/360px-The_Scores%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/The_Scores%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139944.jpg/480px-The_Scores%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_139944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>The Scores</figcaption></figure> St Andrews' historical links with the United States predate the country's independence. <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a>, a signer of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>, attended (but did not graduate from) St Andrews. Wilson was one of six original justices appointed by <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> and was a founder of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Law_School" title="University of Pennsylvania Law School">University of Pennsylvania Law School</a>. Other prominent American figures associated with St Andrews include Scottish American industrialist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>, who was elected <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews">Rector</a> in 1901 and whose name is given to the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Trust_for_the_Universities_of_Scotland" title="Carnegie Trust for the Universities of Scotland">Carnegie Scholarship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Harkness" title="Edward Harkness">Edward Harkness</a>, an American philanthropist who in 1930 provided for the construction of <a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Hall" title="St Salvator's Hall">St Salvator's Hall</a>. American <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer)" title="Bobby Jones (golfer)">Bobby Jones</a>, co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Augusta_National_Golf_Club" title="Augusta National Golf Club">Augusta National Golf Club</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Masters_Tournament" title="Masters Tournament">Masters Tournament</a>, was named a <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freeman of the City</a> of St Andrews in 1958, becoming only the second American to be so honoured, the other being Benjamin Franklin in 1759.<a href="#cite_note-Citizen_Jones-39">[39]</a> Links with the United States have been maintained into the present day and continue to grow. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Louise_Richardson" title="Louise Richardson">Louise Richardson</a>, an Irish-American political scientist specialising in the study of terrorism, was drawn from Harvard to serve as the first female <a href="/wiki/Principal_(academia)" title="Principal (academia)">Principal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Vice Chancellor</a> of St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-The_Catholic_coup_at_St_Andrews-40">[40]</a> She later went on to her next appointment as the vice chancellor to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Active recruitment of students from North America first began in 1984, with Americans now making up around 1 in 6 of the student population in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Students from almost every state in the United States and province in Canada are represented.<a href="#cite_note-International-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> This is the highest proportion and absolute number of American students amongst all British universities.<a href="#cite_note-Americans_at_St_Andrews-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-US_undergraduates_choosing_UK_for_their_studies-46">[46]</a> Media reports indicate growing numbers of American students are attracted to the university's academics, traditions, prestige, internationalism, and comparatively low <a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuition fees">tuition fees</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Will_and_Kate_(and_Uncle_Sam)_Studied_Here-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Going_Off_to_College_for_Less_NYT-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_College_Bargain-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Who_Needs_Harvard_Or_Yale?-50">[50]</a> The university also regularly features as one of the few non-North American universities in the <a href="/wiki/Fiske_Guide_to_Colleges" title="Fiske Guide to Colleges">Fiske Guide to Colleges</a>, an American college guide, as a 'Best Buy'.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> St Andrews has developed a sizable alumni presence in the United States, with over 8000 alumni spread across all 50 states.<a href="#cite_note-US_Alumni-53">[53]</a> Most major cities host alumni clubs, the largest of which is in New York.<a href="#cite_note-NY_Alumni_Club-54">[54]</a> Both London and New York also host the <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Angels" title="St Andrews Angels">St Andrews Angels</a>, an alumni-led angel investment network, which centres upon the wider university communities in both the United Kingdom and United States.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> St Andrews has also established relationships with other university alumni clubs and private membership clubs in the United States to provide alumni with social and networking opportunities. For example, alumni are eligible for membership at the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Club_of_New_York" title="Princeton Club of New York">Princeton Club of New York</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Penn_Club_of_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn Club of New York City">Penn Club of New York City</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_Club" title="Algonquin Club">Algonquin Club</a> in Boston.<a href="#cite_note-Algonquin_Club-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Princeton_club_–_St_Andrews-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penn_Club_of_NYC_—_Affiliate_Schools-58">[58]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, former United States Secretary of State, took part in the academic celebration marking the 600th anniversary of the founding of the University of St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-Hillary_Rodham_Clinton_to_address_academic_leaders_in_St_Andrews-59">[59]</a> Clinton received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws and provided the graduation address, in which she said, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I do take comfort from knowing there is a long tradition of Americans being warmly welcomed here at St Andrews. Every year I learn you educate more than one thousand American students, exposing them to new ideas and perspectives as well as providing them with a first-class education. I've been proud and fortunate to hire a few St Andrews alumni over the years and I thank you for training them so well.<a href="#cite_note-Graduation_address_—_Secretary_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton-60">[60]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_administration">Governance and administration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Governance and administration">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_of_St_Andrews_Courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/University_of_St_Andrews_Courtyard.jpg/220px-University_of_St_Andrews_Courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/University_of_St_Andrews_Courtyard.jpg/330px-University_of_St_Andrews_Courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/University_of_St_Andrews_Courtyard.jpg/440px-University_of_St_Andrews_Courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Courtyard of the United College</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Governance_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Governance of the University of St Andrews">Governance of the University of St Andrews</a></div> As with the other ancient universities of Scotland, the governance of the university is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Universities_(Scotland)_Act_1858" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities (Scotland) Act 1858">Universities (Scotland) Act 1858</a>. This act created three bodies: the <a href="/wiki/General_Council_(Scottish_university)" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council (Scottish university)">General Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="University Court">University Court</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academic_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Senate">Academic Senate</a> (Senatus Academicus). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_Council">General Council</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: General Council">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_St_Andrews_University" class="mw-redirect" title="General Council of St Andrews University">General Council of St Andrews University</a></div> The General Council is a standing advisory body of all the <a href="/wiki/Alumnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alumnus">graduates</a>, academics, and former academics of the university. It meets twice a year and appoints a business committee to manage business between these meetings. Its most important functions are to appoint two <a href="/wiki/Assessor_(law)" title="Assessor (law)">assessors</a> to the <a href="/wiki/University_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="University Court">University Court</a> and elect the university's <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Chancellor of the University of St Andrews">chancellor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_Court">University Court</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: University Court">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/University_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="University Court">University Court</a> is the body responsible for administrative and financial matters and is in effect the governing body of the university. It is chaired by the <a href="/wiki/Rector_(academia)" title="Rector (academia)">rector</a>, who is elected by the <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculated</a> students of the university. Members are appointed by the General Council, <a href="/wiki/Academic_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Senate">Academic Senate</a> and Fife Council. The president of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Students%27_Association" title="University of St Andrews Students' Association">Students' Association</a> and director of education are ex officio members of the court. Several <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay</a> members are also co-opted and must include a fixed number of alumni of the university. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senatus_Academicus">Senatus Academicus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Senatus Academicus">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Academic_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic Senate">Academic Senate</a> (Latin Senatus Academicus) is the supreme academic body for the university. Its members include all the professors of the university, certain senior <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">readers</a>, a number of <a href="/wiki/Senior_lecturer" title="Senior lecturer">senior lecturers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lecturer" title="Lecturer">lecturers</a>, and three elected student senate representatives – one from the arts and divinity faculty, one from the science and medicine faculty and one postgraduate student. It is responsible for authorising degree programmes and issuing all degrees to graduates, and managing student discipline. The president of the Senate is the <a href="/wiki/University_Principal" class="mw-redirect" title="University Principal">University Principal</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_officials">University officials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: University officials">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Chancellor of the University of St Andrews">Chancellor of the University of St Andrews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principal_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Principal of the University of St Andrews">Principal of the University of St Andrews</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews">Rector of the University of St Andrews</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_portrait_of_Lord_Campbell_of_Pittenweem_crop_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Official_portrait_of_Lord_Campbell_of_Pittenweem_crop_2.jpg/110px-Official_portrait_of_Lord_Campbell_of_Pittenweem_crop_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Official_portrait_of_Lord_Campbell_of_Pittenweem_crop_2.jpg/165px-Official_portrait_of_Lord_Campbell_of_Pittenweem_crop_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Official_portrait_of_Lord_Campbell_of_Pittenweem_crop_2.jpg/220px-Official_portrait_of_Lord_Campbell_of_Pittenweem_crop_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Menzies_Campbell" title="Menzies Campbell">The Lord Campbell of Pittenweem</a>, current <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Chancellor of the University of St Andrews">Chancellor</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:126px;max-width:126px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:146px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Principal_Sally_Mapstone_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Principal_Sally_Mapstone_%28cropped%29.jpg/124px-Principal_Sally_Mapstone_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Principal_Sally_Mapstone_%28cropped%29.jpg/186px-Principal_Sally_Mapstone_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Principal_Sally_Mapstone_%28cropped%29.jpg/248px-Principal_Sally_Mapstone_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="1196" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Mapstone" title="Sally Mapstone">Dame Sally Mapstone</a>, current <a href="/wiki/Principal_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Principal of the University of St Andrews">Principal and Vice-Chancellor</a></div></div></div></div></div> The university's three most significant officials are its chancellor, principal, and rector, whose rights and responsibilities are largely derived from the <a href="/wiki/Universities_(Scotland)_Act_1858" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities (Scotland) Act 1858">Universities (Scotland) Act 1858</a>. The Chancellor of the University of St Andrews is the titular head of the University of St Andrews. Their duties include conferring degrees, promoting the university's image throughout the world, and furthering the university's interests worldwide. The Principal is the chief executive of the university and is assisted in that role by several key officers, including the deputy principal, <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_United_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of the United College">Master of the United College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaestor_(University_of_St_Andrews)" title="Quaestor (University of St Andrews)">Quaestor</a>. The principal has responsibility for the overall running of the university and presides over the University Senate.<a href="#cite_note-Office_of_the_Principal-61">[61]</a> In Scotland, the position of Rector exists at the four <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient universities">ancient universities</a> (St Andrews, <a href="/wiki/Glasgow_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasgow University">Glasgow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen University">Aberdeen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh University">Edinburgh</a>) – as well as the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a>. The post was made an integral part of these universities by the <a href="/wiki/Universities_(Scotland)_Act_1889" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities (Scotland) Act 1889">Universities (Scotland) Act 1889</a>. The rector of the University of St Andrews chairs meetings of the University Court, the governing body of the university; and is elected by the matriculated student body to ensure that their needs are adequately considered by the university's leadership. Throughout St Andrews' history a number of notable people have been elected to the post, including the actor <a href="/wiki/John_Cleese" title="John Cleese">John Cleese</a>, industrialist and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>, author and poet <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> and the <a href="/wiki/British_Prime_Minister" class="mw-redirect" title="British Prime Minister">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_rector_of_the_university-62">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_-_Madras_College.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_Andrews_-_Madras_College.JPG/220px-St_Andrews_-_Madras_College.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_Andrews_-_Madras_College.JPG/330px-St_Andrews_-_Madras_College.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/St_Andrews_-_Madras_College.JPG/440px-St_Andrews_-_Madras_College.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Madras College's former campus is the proposed location for New College</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colleges">Colleges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Colleges">edit</a>]</div> The university encompasses three <a href="/wiki/College" title="College">colleges</a>: <a href="/wiki/United_College,_St_Andrews" title="United College, St Andrews">United College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Mary's College, St Andrews">St Mary's College</a> and <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College_(University_of_St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leonard's College (University of St Andrews)">St Leonard's College</a>. The purpose of the colleges at St Andrews is mainly ceremonial, as students are housed in separate residential halls or private accommodations. United College is responsible for all students in the faculties of arts, sciences, and medicine, and is based around St Salvator's Quadrangle.<a href="#cite_note-United_College-63">[63]</a> St Mary's College is responsible for all students studying in the Faculty of Divinity, and has its own dedicated site in St Mary's Quadrangle.<a href="#cite_note-St_Marys_college-64">[64]</a> St Leonard's College is now responsible for all postgraduate students.<a href="#cite_note-St_Leonards_College-65">[65]</a> In 2022 the university announced its intention to create New College, a fourth college responsible for the school of International Relations and the newly formed Business School, which comprises the departments of Economics, Finance and Management. It will be located at the former site of <a href="/wiki/Madras_College" title="Madras College">Madras College</a> in the town's centre, and is expected to cost £100 million.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1041518.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Castle_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1041518.jpg/170px-Castle_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1041518.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Castle_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1041518.jpg/255px-Castle_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1041518.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Castle_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1041518.jpg/340px-Castle_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1041518.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Castle House, School of English</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Faculties_and_schools">Faculties and schools</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Faculties and schools">edit</a>]</div> The four academic <a href="/wiki/Faculty_(division)" title="Faculty (division)">faculties</a> collectively encompass 18 schools. A <a href="/wiki/Dean_(education)" title="Dean (education)">dean</a> is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_United_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of the United College">Master of the United College</a> to oversee the day-to-day running of each faculty. Students apply to become members of a particular faculty, as opposed to the school within which teaching is based. The faculties and their affiliated schools are: <ul><li>Faculty of Arts: art history, classics, economics, English, film studies, history, international relations, management, modern languages, philosophy, social anthropology.<a href="#cite_note-Faculty_of_Arts-67">[67]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Mary's College, St Andrews">Faculty of Divinity</a>: divinity.<a href="#cite_note-Faculty_of_Divinity-68">[68]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_School_of_Medicine" title="University of St Andrews School of Medicine">Faculty of Medicine</a>: medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Faculty_of_Medicine-69">[69]</a></li> <li>Faculty of Science: biology, chemistry, computer science, geography and geosciences, mathematics, physics and astronomy, psychology and neuroscience.<a href="#cite_note-Faculty_of_Science-70">[70]</a></li></ul> Certain subjects are offered within both the Faculties of Arts and Sciences, the six subjects are: economics, geography, management, mathematics, psychology, and sustainable development. The content of the subject is the same regardless of the faculty.<a href="#cite_note-Faculties-71">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academics">Academics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Academics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semesters">Semesters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Semesters">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._11.jpg/280px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._11.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._11.jpg/420px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._11.jpg/560px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6401" data-file-height="3124" /></a><figcaption>View across St Salvator's Quadrangle</figcaption></figure> The academic year at St Andrews is divided into two semesters, <a href="/wiki/Martinmas" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinmas">Martinmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Candlemas" title="Candlemas">Candlemas</a>, named after two of the four <a href="/wiki/Scottish_term_days" title="Scottish term days">Scottish Term and Quarter Days</a>. Martinmas, on 11 November, was originally the feast of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Martin_of_Tours" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Martin of Tours">Saint Martin of Tours</a>, a fourth-century bishop and hermit. Candlemas originally fell on 2 February, the day of the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_Jesus_at_the_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Presentation of Jesus at the Temple">Purification</a>, or the Presentation of Christ. Martinmas semester runs from early September until mid-December, with examinations taking place just before the Christmas break. There follows an inter-semester period when Martinmas semester business is concluded and preparations are made for the new Candlemas semester, which starts in January and concludes with examinations in April and May. Most Undergraduate graduations are celebrated in mid-June with Postgraduate graduations being celebrated in late November.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rankings_and_reputation">Rankings and reputation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Rankings and reputation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">Rankings</a></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e0e0e0;"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">National rankings</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Complete_University_Guide" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Complete</a> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-Complete_League_Table-73">[73]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Guardian" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Guardian</a> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian_University_Guide-74">[74]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#The_Times/The_Sunday_Times" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Times / Sunday Times</a> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-The_Times_and_Sunday_Times_University_Guide-75">[75]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e0e0e0;">Global rankings</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities" title="Academic Ranking of World Universities">ARWU</a> (2024)<a href="#cite_note-Academic_Ranking_of_World_Universities-76">[76]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">301–400</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS</a> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-QS_World_University_Rankings-77">[77]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">104</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">THE</a> (2025)<a href="#cite_note-THE_World_University_Rankings-78">[78]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">185=</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_10_Years.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/St_Andrews_10_Years.png/260px-St_Andrews_10_Years.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/St_Andrews_10_Years.png/390px-St_Andrews_10_Years.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/St_Andrews_10_Years.png/520px-St_Andrews_10_Years.png 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption>University of St Andrews' <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">national league table</a> performance over the past ten years</figcaption></figure> In the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide</a>, St Andrews ranked as the best university in the UK, the first university to ever top Oxford and Cambridge in a British ranking.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In the 2023 Guardian University Guide, St Andrews achieved the same feat and ranked first for the first time in the guide's history.<a href="#cite_note-auto-80">[80]</a> In the 2024 versions of both The Guardian University Guide and The Times and Sunday Times Good University Guide, St Andrews was again ranked first in the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> It has been twice named <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Times_University_of_the_Year" title="Sunday Times University of the Year">University of the Year</a> by The Times and Sunday Times.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In a ranking conducted by The Guardian in 2009, St Andrews placed fifth in the UK for national reputation behind Oxford, Cambridge, Imperial & LSE.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> When size is taken into account, St Andrews ranks second in the world out of all small to medium-sized fully comprehensive universities (after <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>) using metrics from the <a href="/wiki/Quacquarelli_Symonds" title="Quacquarelli Symonds">QS Intelligence Unit</a> in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The university is ranked 5th in Europe by Times Higher Education in its 2019 Teaching Rankings.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The 2021 <a href="/wiki/Research_Excellence_Framework" title="Research Excellence Framework">Research Excellence Framework</a> ranked St Andrews 16th in the UK, and second in Scotland, amongst multi-faculty institutions for the research quality (GPA) of its output profile.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> St Andrews was ranked ninth overall in The Sunday Times 10-year (1998–2007) average ranking of British universities based on consistent league table performance,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> and is one of only three universities to have never left the top 10 in any of the three main domestic league tables since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> According to data released by the <a href="/wiki/Department_for_Education" title="Department for Education">Department for Education</a> in 2018, St Andrews was rated as the fifth best university in the UK for boosting male graduate earnings with male graduates seeing a 24.5% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate, and the ninth best university for females, with female graduates seeing a 14.8% increase in earnings compared to the average graduate.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> St Andrews is placed seventh in the UK (1st in Scotland) for the employability of its graduates as chosen by recruiters from the UK's major companies.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 2017, St Andrews was named as the university with the joint second highest graduate employment rate of any UK university (along with <a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">Warwick</a>), with 97.7 per cent of its graduates in work or further study three and a half years after graduation.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> An independent report conducted by Swedish investment firm, <a href="/wiki/Skandia" title="Skandia">Skandia</a> found that despite its small undergraduate body, St Andrews is the joint-5th best university in the UK for producing millionaires.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> A study by High Fliers confirmed this by reporting that the university also features in the top 5 of UK universities for producing self-made millionaires.<a href="#cite_note-Good_News_for_Graduates-94">[94]</a> According to a study by the Institute of Employment Research, St Andrews has produced more directors of <a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100</a> companies in proportion to its size than any other educational institution in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In the 2019 <a href="/wiki/Complete_University_Guide" class="mw-redirect" title="Complete University Guide">Complete University Guide</a>, 24 out of the 25 subjects offered by St Andrews rank within the top 10 nationally, making St Andrews one of only three multi-faculty universities (along with <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>) in the UK to have over 95% of their subjects in the top 10.<a href="#cite_note-Who's_in_the_Top_Ten_for_their_Subjects_2018-96">[96]</a> The <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times and Sunday Times</a> Good University Guide 2017 revealed that 24 of the 26 subjects offered by St Andrews ranked within the top 6 nationally with 10 subjects placing within the top 3 including English, Management, Philosophy, International Relations, Italian, Physics and Astronomy and Classics and Ancient History.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> University Guide 2019 ranked Biosciences, Computer Science, International Relations, Physics and Psychology first in the UK. Earth and Marine Sciences, Economics, English, Management, Mathematics, Philosophy and Theology placed within the top three nationally.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In the 2015–16 <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_World_University_Rankings" title="Times Higher Education World University Rankings">Times Higher Education World University Rankings</a>, St Andrews is ranked 46th in the world for Social Sciences,<a href="#cite_note-THE_SS-99">[99]</a> 50th in the world for Arts and Humanities<a href="#cite_note-THE_A&H-100">[100]</a> and 74th in the world for Life Sciences.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> The 2014 <a href="/wiki/CWTS_Leiden_Ranking" title="CWTS Leiden Ranking">CWTS Leiden rankings</a>, which "aims to provide highly accurate measurements of the scientific impact of universities", placed St Andrews 39th in the world, ranking it fifth domestically.<a href="#cite_note-Leiden_Rankings-102">[102]</a> The philosophy department is ranked sixth worldwide (3rd in Europe) in the 2020 <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-QS_World_University_Rankings_by_Subject_2020_—_Philosophy-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Admissions">Admissions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Admissions">edit</a>]</div> <table class="floatright"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size:85%; text-align:center; margin-bottom: 5px"> <caption>UCAS Admission Statistics </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>2023 </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2019 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Applications<a href="#cite_note-mainscheme-104">[α]</a><a href="#cite_note-UCASEoC23-105">[104]</a> </td> <td>18,740 </td> <td>21,680 </td> <td>21,405 </td> <td>20,580 </td> <td>19,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Accepted<a href="#cite_note-mainscheme-104">[α]</a><a href="#cite_note-UCASEoC23-105">[104]</a> </td> <td>1,765 </td> <td>1,955 </td> <td>1,820 </td> <td>2,245 </td> <td>1,660 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Applications/Accepted Ratio<a href="#cite_note-mainscheme-104">[α]</a> </td> <td>10.6 </td> <td>11.1 </td> <td>11.8 </td> <td>9.2 </td> <td>11.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Offer Rate (%)<a href="#cite_note-ukjune-106">[β]</a><a href="#cite_note-offer_rate23-107">[105]</a> </td> <td>26.6 </td> <td>24.7 </td> <td>25.0 </td> <td>41.0 </td> <td>42.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UCAS_Tariff" title="UCAS Tariff">Average Entry Tariff</a><a href="#cite_note-CUG_Entry-13">[13]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>212 </td> <td>209 </td> <td>208 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="font-size:80%;float:left"> <tbody><tr> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-greek"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mainscheme-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mainscheme_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mainscheme_104-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mainscheme_104-2">c</a> Main scheme applications, International and UK </li> <li id="cite_note-ukjune-106"><a href="#cite_ref-ukjune_106-0">^</a> UK domiciled applicants only </li> </ol></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable floatright sortable collapsible mw-collapsible" style="font-size:85%; text-align:right;"> <caption class="nowrap">HESA Student Body Composition </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Domicile<a href="#cite_note-domicile-10">[10]</a> and Ethnicity<a href="#cite_note-HESA_ethnicity-108">[106]</a> </th> <th colspan="2" data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="White people in the United Kingdom">British White</a> </td> <td align="right">46% </td> <td align="left">46<div style="width:92px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:red"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom#Collective_terms_for_minority_ethnic_groups" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">British Ethnic Minorities</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[a]</a> </td> <td align="right">8% </td> <td align="left">8<div style="width:16px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:green"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">International EU</a> </td> <td align="right">8% </td> <td align="left">8<div style="width:16px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:blue"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_students_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="International students in the United Kingdom">International Non-EU</a> </td> <td align="right">38% </td> <td align="left">38<div style="width:76px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:gray"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4" data-sort-type="number">Undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Widening_participation" title="Widening participation">Widening Participation</a> Indicators<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-Times23-111">[108]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom#Education" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">Female</a> </td> <td align="right">61% </td> <td align="left">61<div style="width:122px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:purple"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">Private School</a> </td> <td align="right">37% </td> <td align="left">37<div style="width:74px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:orange"> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Low Participation Areas<a href="#cite_note-112">[b]</a> </td> <td align="right">10% </td> <td align="left">10<div style="width:20px;height:2ex;background:#aaa;color:inherit;background:black"> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The university receives applications mainly through <a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Common_Application" title="Common Application">Common Application</a> with the latest figures showing that there are generally 12 applications per undergraduate place available.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> According to 2022 UCAS figures, the university had an offer rate of 24.7% for undergraduate applicants – the third lowest amongst higher education institutions (behind only Oxford and Cambridge).<a href="#cite_note-offer_rate22-12">[12]</a> The university is one of the most competitive universities to gain admission into, with successful undergraduate entrants holding 212 UCAS points (the equivalent of just under A*A*A*A at A Level) ranking it as the highest amongst higher education institutions in the UK for the 2021 admissions cycle.<a href="#cite_note-CUG_Entry-13">[13]</a> The standard offer of a place tends to require five best Highers equivalent to AAAAB, three best A-levels equivalent to AAA or a score of at least 38 points on the International Baccalaureate.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> For 2016–17, the acceptance rate was 8.35% and the offer rate was 22.5% for Scottish/EU applicants where places are capped by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Funding_Council" title="Scottish Funding Council">Scottish Government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sta_admissions-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a> In 2017, the most competitive courses for Scottish/EU applicants were those within the Schools of International Relations, Management, and Economics and Finance with offer rates of 8.0%, 10.9% and 11.5% respectively.<a href="#cite_note-sta_admissions-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> The university hosts the most ethnically diverse student population out of all universities in Scotland, with 17.4% of students from an ethnic minority background and has a higher proportion of female than male students with a female ratio of 59.7% in the undergraduate population.<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> Under 40% of the student body is from <a href="/wiki/Private_schools_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Private schools in the United Kingdom">private schools</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> and the university has one of the smallest percentages of students (13%) from lower income backgrounds, out of all higher education institutions in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-times_access_agenda-122">[118]</a> According to data from UCAS, St Andrews' offer rate to students from the most deprived areas (as measured by SIMD20) has increased from 28% in 2010 to 72.1% for entry in 2022, almost three times higher than the university's overall offer rate for all students.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> The university participates in widening access schemes such as the <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Trust" title="Sutton Trust">Sutton Trust</a> Summer School, First Chances Programme, REACH & SWAP Scotland, and Access for Rural Communities (ARC) in order to promote a more widespread uptake of those traditionally under-represented at university.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> In the seven-year period between 2008 and 2015, the number of pupils engaged with annual outreach programmes at the university has increased by about tenfold whilst the number of students arriving at St Andrews from the most deprived backgrounds has increased by almost 50 per cent in the past year of 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Raising_aspirations_and_attainment-127">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lecture_series">Lecture series</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Lecture series">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg/220px-St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg/330px-St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg/440px-St_Andrews_University_Classics_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Classics Building, Swallowgate</figcaption></figure> To commemorate the university's 600th anniversary the 600th Lecture Series was commissioned in 2011, which brought diverse speakers such as former prime minister <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Brown" title="Gordon Brown">Gordon Brown</a>, naturalist <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a> and linguist <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a> to St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-600th_Lecture_series-128">[124]</a> As part of the celebration of the 400th establishment of the King James Library, the King James Library lectures were initiated in 2009 on the subject of 'The Meaning of the Library'.<a href="#cite_note-King_James_Library_lectures-129">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang_Lecture" title="Andrew Lang Lecture">Andrew Lang Lecture</a> series was initiated in 1927, and named for alumnus and poet <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang" title="Andrew Lang">Andrew Lang</a>. The most famous lecture in this series is that given by <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a> in March 1939, entitled 'Fairy Stories', but published subsequently as '<a href="/wiki/On_Fairy-Stories" title="On Fairy-Stories">On Fairy-Stories</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-Andrew_Lang_lecture-130">[126]</a> The computing Distinguished Lecture Series was initiated in 1969 by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Cole_(scientist)" title="Jack Cole (scientist)">Jack Cole</a>.<a href="#cite_note-st-andrews_distinguished_lectures-131">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exchange_programmes">Exchange programmes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Exchange programmes">edit</a>]</div> St Andrews has developed student exchange partnerships with universities around the globe, though offerings are largely concentrated in North America, Europe, and Asia. Exchange opportunities vary by School and eligibility requirements are specific to each exchange program.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_St_Andrews-132">[128]</a> In North America, the highly competitive Bachelor of Arts International Honours program, run in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a>, allows students studying Classical Studies, Film Studies, International Relations, English, History, or Economics to spend two years at each institution and earn a joint degree from both.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Jones_(golfer)" title="Bobby Jones (golfer)">The Robert T. Jones Memorial Trust</a> funds the Robert T. Jones Jr. Scholarship, which allows selecting St Andrews students to study, fully funded, for a year at <a href="/wiki/Emory_University" title="Emory University">Emory University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">Western University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_at_Kingston" title="Queen's University at Kingston">Queen's University</a> in Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Scholarships_for_Study_Abroad-134">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._McNeil,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert L. McNeil, Jr.">Robert Lincoln McNeil Scholarship</a> allows students to study at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a>. One of the largest North American exchanges is with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California" title="University of California">University of California</a> system, in which students can study at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">UC Berkeley</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UC Los Angeles (UCLA)</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Santa_Cruz" title="University of California, Santa Cruz">UC Santa Cruz (UCSC)</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_San_Diego" title="University of California, San Diego">UC San Diego (UCSD)</a>. Other North American partners offering multiple exchanges include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Virginia" title="University of Virginia">University of Virginia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Chapel_Hill" title="University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill">University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_and_Lee_University" title="Washington and Lee University">Washington and Lee University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elon_University" title="Elon University">Elon University</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_St_Andrews-132">[128]</a> Some exchanges are offered within specific research institutes at St Andrews, rather than across entire Schools. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Handa_Centre_for_the_Study_of_Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence">Handa Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence</a> (CSTPV), within the School of International Relations, offers student exchanges in partnership with the <a href="/wiki/School_of_Foreign_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="School of Foreign Service">School of Foreign Service</a> at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> St Andrews participates in the <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Programme" title="Erasmus Programme">Erasmus Programme</a> and has direct exchanges with universities across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_St_Andrews-132">[128]</a> For example, in France exchanges are offered at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sciences_Po" title="Sciences Po">Sciences Po</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-and-Marie-Curie_University_(University_of_Paris_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-and-Marie-Curie University (University of Paris 6)">University of Paris VI</a>. In the Netherlands, students can study at <a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utrecht_University" title="Utrecht University">Utrecht University</a>. Narrower exchanges include those with the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">University of Copenhagen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinity College, Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>. Exchanges are also available for postgraduate research students, such as the opportunity for social scientists to study at the <a href="/wiki/European_University_Institute" title="European University Institute">European University Institute</a> in Florence, Italy. More recently, St Andrews has developed exchanges with partners in Asia and Oceania. Notable partners include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_University_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Hong Kong University of Science and Technology">Hong Kong University of Science and Technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Singapore" title="National University of Singapore">National University of Singapore</a> in Asia; the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Auckland" title="University of Auckland">University of Auckland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> in Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Buildings,_collections_and_facilities">Buildings, collections and facilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Buildings, collections and facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Observatory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342743.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/University_Observatory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342743.jpg/220px-University_Observatory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342743.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/University_Observatory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342743.jpg/330px-University_Observatory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342743.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/University_Observatory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342743.jpg/440px-University_Observatory_-_geograph.org.uk_-_342743.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Observatory of the university</figcaption></figure> The University of St Andrews is situated in the small town of St Andrews in rural Fife, Scotland. The university has teaching facilities, libraries, student housing and other buildings spread throughout the town. Generally, university departments and buildings are concentrated on North Street, South Street, The Scores, and the <a href="/wiki/North_Haugh_(St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Haugh (St Andrews)">North Haugh</a>. The university has two major sites within the town. The first is the <a href="/wiki/United_College,_St_Andrews" title="United College, St Andrews">United College, St Andrews</a> (also known as the Quad or St Salvator's) on North Street, which functions both as a teaching space and venue for student events, incorporating the Departments of Social Anthropology and Modern Languages. The second is <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Mary's College, St Andrews">St Mary's College, St Andrews</a>, based on South Street, which houses the Schools of Divinity, Psychology and Neuroscience, as well as the King James Library. Several schools are located on The Scores including Classics, English, History, Philosophy, the School of Economics and Finance, and International Relations, as well as the Admissions department, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Museum of the University of St Andrews">Museum of the University of St Andrews</a>, and the principal's residence, University House. North Street is also the site of several departments, including the principal's office, <a href="/wiki/Younger_Hall" title="Younger Hall">Younger Hall</a>, the Department of Film Studies, and the University Library. The North Haugh is principally home to the Natural Sciences such as Chemistry, Physics, and Biology, as well as Mathematics, Computer Science, Medicine, and the School of Management. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Libraries_and_museums">Libraries and museums</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Libraries and museums">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Library" title="University of St Andrews Library">University of St Andrews Library</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_-_University_library.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/St_Andrews_-_University_library.JPG/220px-St_Andrews_-_University_library.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/St_Andrews_-_University_library.JPG/330px-St_Andrews_-_University_library.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/St_Andrews_-_University_library.JPG/440px-St_Andrews_-_University_library.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>St Andrews University library building</figcaption></figure> The University of St Andrews maintains one of the most extensive <a href="/wiki/Academic_library" title="Academic library">university library</a> collections in the United Kingdom, which includes significant holdings of books, manuscripts, muniments, and photographs. The library collection contains over a million volumes and over two hundred thousand rare and antique books.<a href="#cite_note-University_of_St_Andrews_Library-137">[133]</a> The university library was founded by <a href="/wiki/King_James_VI" class="mw-redirect" title="King James VI">King James VI</a> in 1612, with the donation of 350 works from the royal collection, at the urging of <a href="/wiki/George_Gledstanes" title="George Gledstanes">George Gledstanes</a>, the then chancellor of St Andrews, although the libraries of the colleges of <a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College_(University_of_St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leonard's College (University of St Andrews)">St Leonard's College</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Salvator's College, St Andrews">St Salvator's College</a> and St Mary's College had existed prior to this.<a href="#cite_note-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> From 1710 to 1837 the library functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Legal_deposit_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal deposit library">legal deposit library</a>, and as a result has an extensive collection of 18th-century literature.<a href="#cite_note-Rare_books-140">[136]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_-_King_James_Library_from_St_Mary%27s_quad.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/St_Andrews_-_King_James_Library_from_St_Mary%27s_quad.JPG/220px-St_Andrews_-_King_James_Library_from_St_Mary%27s_quad.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/St_Andrews_-_King_James_Library_from_St_Mary%27s_quad.JPG/330px-St_Andrews_-_King_James_Library_from_St_Mary%27s_quad.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/St_Andrews_-_King_James_Library_from_St_Mary%27s_quad.JPG/440px-St_Andrews_-_King_James_Library_from_St_Mary%27s_quad.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>King James Library</figcaption></figure> The library's main building is located on North Street, and houses over 1,000,000 books.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> The library was designed by the architects Faulkner-Brown Hendy Watkinson Stonor based in North East England at <a href="/wiki/Killingworth" title="Killingworth">Killingworth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Faulkner-Brown specialised in libraries and leisure facilities and also designed the <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Canada">National Library of Canada</a> in Ottawa and the <a href="/wiki/Robinson_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Robinson Library">Robinson Library</a> at Newcastle University<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> In 2011 the main library building underwent a £7 million re-development.<a href="#cite_note-Renovated_Library_reopens_its_doors-145">[141]</a> The historic King James library, built in 1643, houses the university's Divinity and Medieval history collections.<a href="#cite_note-King_James_Library_–_A_Short_History-146">[142]</a> In 2012 the university purchased the vacant Martyrs' Kirk on North Street, with the purpose of providing reading rooms for the Special Collections department and university postgraduate research students and staff.<a href="#cite_note-University_to_develop_new_library_facility_in_iconic_St_Andrews_church-147">[143]</a> The university maintains several museums and galleries, open free to the public.<a href="#cite_note-Museums_About_us-148">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Museum of the University of St Andrews">The Museum of the University of St Andrews</a> (MUSA) opened in 2008 and displays some highlights of the university's extensive collection of over 100,000 artefacts.<a href="#cite_note-Welcoming_new_stores_for_the_university's_museum_collections-149">[145]</a> It displays objects relating both to the history of the university, such as its collection of 15th-century maces,<a href="#cite_note-st_salvators_mace-150">[146]</a> and also unrelated objects, such as paintings by <a href="/wiki/John_Opie" title="John Opie">John Opie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Morrocco" title="Alberto Morrocco">Alberto Morrocco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sims_(painter)" title="Charles Sims (painter)">Charles Sims</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MUSA_blog-151">[147]</a> Several of the university's collections have been recognised as being of 'national significance for Scotland' by <a href="/wiki/Museums_Galleries_Scotland" title="Museums Galleries Scotland">Museums Galleries Scotland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collections_of_national_significance-152">[148]</a> The Bell Pettigrew Museum houses the university's natural history collections. Founded in 1912, it is housed in the old Bute Medical School Building in St. Mary's Quad. Among its collections are the remains of several extinct species such as the <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thylacine" title="Thylacine">Tasmanian tiger</a> as well as fossilised fish from the nearby <a href="/wiki/Dura_Den" title="Dura Den">Dura Den</a>, Fife, which when found in 1859 stimulated the debate on evolution.<a href="#cite_note-What_is_there_to_see?_Highlights_of_the_Collection-153">[149]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._20.jpg/220px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._20.jpg/330px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._20.jpg/440px-%2B_908_wurde_St_Andrews_bereits_Bischohfssitz._20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5476" data-file-height="3652" /></a><figcaption>Interior of St Salvator's Chapel</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chapels">Chapels</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Chapels">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wardlaw_Wing,_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_148758.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wardlaw_Wing%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_148758.jpg/220px-Wardlaw_Wing%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_148758.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wardlaw_Wing%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_148758.jpg/330px-Wardlaw_Wing%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_148758.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wardlaw_Wing%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_148758.jpg/440px-Wardlaw_Wing%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_148758.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>The Wardlaw Wing of University Hall</figcaption></figure> The university has two collegiate chapels. <a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Chapel" title="St Salvator's Chapel">The chapel of St Salvator's</a> was founded in 1450 by <a href="/wiki/James_Kennedy_(bishop)" title="James Kennedy (bishop)">Bishop James Kennedy</a>, and today it is a centre of university life.<a href="#cite_note-St_salvators_chapel-154">[150]</a> St Salvator's has a full peal of six bells, and is therefore the only university chapel in Scotland suitable for <a href="/wiki/Change_ringing" title="Change ringing">change ringing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a> The Chapel of St Leonard's is located in the grounds of the nearby <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_School" title="St Leonards School">St Leonards School</a>. It is the university's oldest building, with some parts dating from 1144<a href="#cite_note-St_leonards_chapel-156">[152]</a> and is the smaller of the two chapels. St Salvator's and St Leonard's both have their own choirs, whose members are drawn from the student body. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Student_halls">Student halls</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Student halls">edit</a>]</div> St Andrews is characterised amongst Scottish universities as having a significant number of students who live in <a href="/wiki/Residential_college" title="Residential college">university-maintained accommodation</a>. As of 2012, 52% of the student population lives in university halls.<a href="#cite_note-University_guide_2013:_University_of_St_Andrews-157">[153]</a> The halls vary widely in age and character; the oldest, <a href="/wiki/Deans_Court" title="Deans Court">Deans Court</a> dates from the 12th century, and the newest, Whitehorn Hall, built in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-DRA-158">[154]</a> They are built in styles from <a href="/wiki/Gothic_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic revival">Gothic revival</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brutalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutalist">brutalist</a>. All are now co-educational and non-smoking, and several are catered.<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_accommodation-159">[155]</a> The university guarantees every first-year student a place of accommodation, and many students return to halls in their second, third and final years at St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_Accommodation_guarantee-160">[156]</a> From September 2015 onward, students have had the option of living in alcohol-free flats in David Russell Apartments on the grounds of medical conditions that do not allow drinking or for religious reasons.<a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_-_St_Salvator%27s_Hall_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/St_Andrews_-_St_Salvator%27s_Hall_01.JPG/220px-St_Andrews_-_St_Salvator%27s_Hall_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/St_Andrews_-_St_Salvator%27s_Hall_01.JPG/330px-St_Andrews_-_St_Salvator%27s_Hall_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/St_Andrews_-_St_Salvator%27s_Hall_01.JPG/440px-St_Andrews_-_St_Salvator%27s_Hall_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>St Salvator's Hall</figcaption></figure> Halls of residence include: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Blackadder_Hall" title="Agnes Blackadder Hall">Agnes Blackadder Hall</a></li> <li>Albany Park (demolished 2019–2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Melville_Hall" title="Andrew Melville Hall">Andrew Melville Hall</a></li> <li>David Russell Apartments</li> <li>Fife Park Apartments</li> <li>Gannochy House</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Hall_(University_of_St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamilton Hall (University of St Andrews)">Hamilton Hall</a> (Sold in 2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burnet_Hall" title="John Burnet Hall">John Burnet Hall</a></li> <li>McIntosh Hall</li> <li>Powell Hall (Postgraduate only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Regulus_Hall" title="St Regulus Hall">St Regulus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Hall" title="St Salvator's Hall">St Salvator's Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(University_of_St_Andrews)" title="University Hall (University of St Andrews)">University Hall</a></li> <li>Whitehorn Hall (addition to University Hall, 2018)</li> <li>Angus and Stanley Smith Houses (Postgraduate only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deans_Court" title="Deans Court">Deans Court</a> (Postgraduate only)</li> <li>St Gregory's (Postgraduate only)</li> <li>Gregory Place (Postgraduate only)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renewable_energy_projects">Renewable energy projects</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Renewable energy projects">edit</a>]</div> Since 2013, the university's endowment has been invested under the <a href="/wiki/Principles_for_Responsible_Investment" title="Principles for Responsible Investment">United Nations Principles of Responsible Investment</a> (UNPRI) initiative with a sustainable ethical policy enforced since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-162">[158]</a> The university also funds and administers the international <a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Prize_for_the_Environment" title="St Andrews Prize for the Environment">St Andrews Prize for the Environment</a> established in 1998, which awards $150,000 annually to three environmental projects around the globe.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a> The university has the target of being the UK's first carbon net zero university by 2035 and has invested in a biomass centre as well as solar and wind farms.<a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> It has spent £70 million on the Eden Campus and requires further funding of £100 million to complete works.<a href="#cite_note-166">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Guardbridge" title="Guardbridge">Guardbridge</a> Biomass Energy Centre will generate power using locally sourced wood-fuelled biomass, and hot water will be transported to the university through underground pipes to heat and cool laboratories and student residences.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> The £25 million project is expected to save 10,000 tonnes of carbon annually and the university aims to establish the site as a knowledge exchange hub which would provide "missing link" facilities to allow research and discoveries made in university labs to be translated to working prototypes. The biomass centre became operational in December 2016 and won the Scottish Green Energy Award in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-168">[164]</a> In October 2013, the university received permission to build six medium-sized turbines at Kenly Wind Farm, near <a href="/wiki/Boarhills" title="Boarhills">Boarhills</a>. The wind farms were expected to be operational by 2017 and bring an estimated £22 million boost to the local and national economy saving 19,000 tonnes of carbon annually.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a> However, due to concerns raised by the Ministry of Defence over its proximity to <a href="/wiki/Leuchars_Station" title="Leuchars Station">Leuchars Station</a>, as of 2021, the project has been halted.<a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Student_life">Student life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Student life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Students'_Association">Students' Association</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Students' Association">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Shop_and_Rector%27s_Cafe,_Market_Street,_St_Andrews_geograph-6109914-by-Richard-Sutcliffe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/University_Shop_and_Rector%27s_Cafe%2C_Market_Street%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6109914-by-Richard-Sutcliffe.jpg/220px-University_Shop_and_Rector%27s_Cafe%2C_Market_Street%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6109914-by-Richard-Sutcliffe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/University_Shop_and_Rector%27s_Cafe%2C_Market_Street%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6109914-by-Richard-Sutcliffe.jpg/330px-University_Shop_and_Rector%27s_Cafe%2C_Market_Street%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6109914-by-Richard-Sutcliffe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/University_Shop_and_Rector%27s_Cafe%2C_Market_Street%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6109914-by-Richard-Sutcliffe.jpg/440px-University_Shop_and_Rector%27s_Cafe%2C_Market_Street%2C_St_Andrews_geograph-6109914-by-Richard-Sutcliffe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The university shop and Rector's Cafe, part of the Union</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Students%27_Association" title="University of St Andrews Students' Association">University of St Andrews Students' Association</a> is the organisation that represents the student body of the University of St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-stafoi-171">[167]</a> It was founded in 1885 and comprises the <a href="/wiki/Students%27_representative_council" title="Students' representative council">students' representative council</a> (SRC)<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a> and the Student Activities Forum (SAF) (previously known as the Students' Services Council (SSC)). The Students' Association has 10 SRC subcommittees and 11 SAF subcommittees: SRC: Accommodation, Alumni, BAME Students' Network, Community Relations (ComRels), Disabled Students Network (DSN), Environment, Equal Opportunities (EqualOps), Life Long and Flexible Learners (Lifers), SaintsLGBT+, and Wellbeing. SAF: The Entertainments 'Ents' Committee, Charities Campaign, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Union_Debating_Society" title="University of St Andrews Union Debating Society">Union Debating Society</a>, STAR (St Andrews Radio), Mermaids Performing Arts Fund, Design Team, SVS (Student Voluntary Service), the Music Fund (prev. Music is Love), On the Rocks (an annual arts festival), Societies Committee, and the Postgraduate Society.<a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Every matriculated student is automatically a member of each subcommittee. The Students' Association Building (informally known as the Union) is located on St Mary's Place, St Andrews. Union facilities include several bars (Main, Beacon, and Sandy's) and the university's Student Support Services. In 2013 the Students' Association Building underwent a refurbishment.<a href="#cite_note-Union_redevelopment_given_green_light-174">[170]</a> The Students' Association is affiliated to, and a founding member of, the <a href="/wiki/Coalition_of_Higher_Education_Students_in_Scotland" title="Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland">Coalition of Higher Education Students in Scotland</a> but unlike many other students' unions in the UK is not a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Students_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Union of Students (United Kingdom)">National Union of Students</a>, having most recently rejected membership in a referendum in November 2012.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societies">Societies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Societies">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_buildings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_586036.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/University_buildings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_586036.jpg/220px-University_buildings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_586036.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/University_buildings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_586036.jpg/330px-University_buildings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_586036.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/University_buildings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_586036.jpg/440px-University_buildings_-_geograph.org.uk_-_586036.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Music Centre, <a href="/wiki/Younger_Hall" title="Younger Hall">Younger Hall</a></figcaption></figure> St Andrews is home to over 200 student societies which cover a wide range of interests.<a href="#cite_note-Societies_list-175">[171]</a> The oldest student society in St Andrews is the University of St Andrews Celtic Society which has run continuously without mergers since 1796.<a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a> It promotes Scottish culture to students of the university and the wider community. Currently, it does this through <a href="/wiki/Scottish_country_dance" title="Scottish country dance">Scottish Country Dance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a> Language Classes. Its Scottish Country Dance activities are affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scottish_Country_Dance_Society" title="Royal Scottish Country Dance Society">Royal Scottish Country Dance Society (RSCDS)</a>. All matriculated students are members of the "<a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Union_Debating_Society" title="University of St Andrews Union Debating Society">Union Debating Society</a>", a <a href="/wiki/Debating_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Debating society">student debating society</a> that holds weekly public debates in Lower Parliament Hall, often hosts notable speakers, and participates in competitive debating in both national and international competitions. Its origins go back to the 1794 founding of the Literary Society. However its current form only dates back to the 1890 merger with the Classical Society. Since its roots can be traced back to 1794, it claims to be the oldest continuously run student debating society in the world.<a href="#cite_note-Union_debating_about_us-177">[173]</a> There is a strong tradition of student media at St Andrews. The university's two newspapers are <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Saint_(UK_student_newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Saint (UK student newspaper) (page does not exist)">The Saint</a>, a fortnightly publication, and The Stand, an online publication founded in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-Stand_News-178">[174]</a> There is also the Foreign Affairs Review ran by the Foreign Affairs Society<a href="#cite_note-Foreign_Affairs_Review-179">[175]</a> and the first legal publication in town – the St Andrews Law Review - was launched in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> There are also a number of smaller student publications including The Wynd, a student-run magazine,<a href="#cite_note-The_Tribe,_about-181">[177]</a> ST.ART, a student-run arts magazine founded in 2011 <a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> and The Regulus, a student magazine focusing on politics and current affairs.<a href="#cite_note-About_–_The_Regulus-183">[179]</a> In addition to this there are several student-led academic journals, most notably, Stereoscope Magazine which is focused on student photography and raising awareness of the university's historic photographic collection,<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a> Ha@sta, an annual journal for those interested in art history,<a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> Aporia, the journal of the Philosophy Society,<a href="#cite_note-Aporia-186">[182]</a> and the Postgraduate Journal of Art History and Museum Studies.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> The university's radio station is STAR: St Andrews Radio, an online station that broadcasts 24/7 during term time.<a href="#cite_note-STAR_radio-188">[184]</a> Scoot Around is a literary-cultural magazine based in St Andrews with contributors from universities around the world.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a>The Sinner is an independent website and discussion forum set up by students of the university.<a href="#cite_note-The_sinner-190">[186]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Mary%27s_Quad,_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5484398.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/St_Mary%27s_Quad%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5484398.jpg/220px-St_Mary%27s_Quad%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5484398.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/St_Mary%27s_Quad%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5484398.jpg/330px-St_Mary%27s_Quad%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5484398.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/St_Mary%27s_Quad%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5484398.jpg/440px-St_Mary%27s_Quad%2C_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_5484398.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Quadrangle of St Mary's College</figcaption></figure> The university's Music Society comprises many student-run musical groups, including the university's flagship symphony orchestra, wind band, and chorus. One of the oldest choirs in the university is the St Andrews University Madrigal Group, which performs a concert each term and has an annual summer tour. The <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">A Cappella</a> Society represents all four a cappella groups at St Andrews: <a href="/wiki/The_Other_Guys_(University_of_St_Andrews)" title="The Other Guys (University of St Andrews)">The Other Guys</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Alleycats_(University_of_St_Andrews)" title="The Alleycats (University of St Andrews)">The Alleycats</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_collegiate_a_cappella_groups_in_the_UK#The_Accidentals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of collegiate a cappella groups in the UK">The Accidentals</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_collegiate_a_cappella_groups_in_the_UK#The_Hummingbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of collegiate a cappella groups in the UK">The Hummingbirds</a>. From 2009 to 2011, all four of these groups participated in <a href="/wiki/The_Voice_Festival_UK" title="The Voice Festival UK">The Voice Festival UK</a>(VF-UK) competition, and The Other Guys, The Accidentals, and The Alleycats all reached the London final.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Student theatre at the University of St Andrews is funded by the Mermaids Performing Arts fund. There are regular dramatic and comedic performances staged at the Barron at the Byre Theatre and the Union StAge.<a href="#cite_note-Mermaids_about_us-192">[188]</a> Blind Mirth is the university's <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improvisational theatre troupe</a>, which performs weekly in the town, and annually takes a production to the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Fringe_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Fringe Festival">Edinburgh Fringe Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blind_Mirth-193">[189]</a> The Kate Kennedy Club plays a significant role in the life of the university, maintaining university traditions such as the Kate Kennedy Procession, in which students parade through the town dressed as eminent figures from the university's history, and organising social events such as the Opening and May balls. Founded in 1926, the club is composed of around thirty matriculated students, who are selected by the club's members. The club has received criticism from the university's former principal, Louise Richardson, and alumna the <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Duchess of Rothesay</a>, over its previously male-only admission policy.<a href="#cite_note-What_next_for_the_Kate_Kennedy_tradition_in_St_Andrews?-194">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-University_club_splinters-195">[191]</a> In 2012, the club decided to allow female students to join.<a href="#cite_note-Breaking_News:_Kate_Kennedy_Club_votes_to_admit_women-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_stand_KKC-197">[193]</a> St Andrews is home to several other private clubs, such as <a href="/wiki/The_Kensington_Club" title="The Kensington Club">The Kensington Club</a>, founded in 1739 by Alexander Laird Balgonie and is an all-male dining club that organises private events for members.<a href="#cite_note-The_Kensington_Club_—_A_Brief_History_1739_2010-198">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-More_Andreanic_Fun-199">[195]</a> The St Andrews Fight Club hosts an annual boxing match, training 20 amateur boxers in an intensive course.<a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_clubs_and_the_Athletic_Union">Sports clubs and the Athletic Union</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sports clubs and the Athletic Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Athletic_Union" title="University of St Andrews Athletic Union">University of St Andrews Athletic Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Madras_RFC_Playing_Fields_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_17125.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Madras_RFC_Playing_Fields_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_17125.jpg/220px-Madras_RFC_Playing_Fields_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_17125.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Madras_RFC_Playing_Fields_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_17125.jpg/330px-Madras_RFC_Playing_Fields_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_17125.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Madras_RFC_Playing_Fields_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_17125.jpg/440px-Madras_RFC_Playing_Fields_St_Andrews_-_geograph.org.uk_-_17125.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Madras RFC Playing Fields St Andrews</figcaption></figure> The University of St Andrews Athletic Union is the student representative body for sport. Established in 1901, it is affiliated to <a href="/wiki/British_Universities_and_Colleges_Sport" title="British Universities and Colleges Sport">BUCS</a> and encompasses around sixty sports clubs,<a href="#cite_note-sports_clubs-202">[198]</a> who compete at both a recreational and high-performance level.<a href="#cite_note-saints_sport-203">[199]</a> A notable club is the <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Rugby_Football_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="University of St Andrews Rugby Football Club">University of St Andrews Rugby Football Club</a>, which played a pivotal role in shaping the sport and has produced Scottish international players such as <a href="/wiki/J._S._Thomson" title="J. S. Thomson">J. S. Thomson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Clunies-Ross" title="Alfred Clunies-Ross">Alfred Clunies-Ross</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Club_history-204">[200]</a> In 2015, the university underwent a £14 million five-phase development of the student sports centre which included a new 400-seat eight-court sports hall, a new reception area and expanded gym facilities.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Varsity" title="The Scottish Varsity">The Scottish Varsity</a>, also known as the 'world's oldest varsity match', is played annually against the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_RFC" title="Edinburgh University RFC">University of Edinburgh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditions">Traditions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Traditions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:University_Gates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392463.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/University_Gates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392463.jpg/220px-University_Gates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392463.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/University_Gates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392463.jpg/330px-University_Gates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392463.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/University_Gates_-_geograph.org.uk_-_392463.jpg 2x" data-file-width="424" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to St Mary's College</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sponsio_Academica">Sponsio Academica</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Sponsio Academica">edit</a>]</div> In order to become a student at the university<a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> a person must take an oath in Latin at the point of matriculation, called the <a href="/wiki/Sponsio_Academica" title="Sponsio Academica">Sponsio Academica</a>, although this tradition now has been digitised and is agreed to as part of an online matriculation process. <blockquote style="font-size:100%">Nos ingenui adolescentes, nomina subscribentes, sancte pollicemur nos preceptoribus obsequium debitum exhibituros in omnibus rebus ad disciplinam et bonos mores pertinentibus, Senatus Academici autoritati obtemperaturos, et hujus Academiae Andreanae emolumentum et commodum, quantum in nobis sit, procuraturos, ad quemcunque vitae statum pervenerimus. Item agnoscimus si quis nostrum indecore turbulenterve se gesserit vel si parum diligentem in studiis suis se praebuerit neque admonitus se in melius correxerit eum licere Senatui Academico vel poena congruenti adficere vel etiam ex Universitate expellere.</blockquote> In English: <blockquote style="font-size:100%">We students who set down our names hereunder in all good faith make a solemn promise that we shall show due deference to our teachers in all matters relating to order and good conduct, that we shall be subject to the authority of the Senatus Academicus and shall, whatever be the position we attain hereafter, promote, so far as lies in our power, the profit and the interest in our University of St Andrews. Further, we recognise that, if any of us conducts ourselves in an unbecoming or disorderly manner or shows insufficient diligence in their studies and, though admonished, does not improve, it is within the power of the Senatus Academicus to inflict on such students a fitting penalty or even expel them from the University.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="University_blessing_and_grace">University blessing and grace</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: University blessing and grace">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Redford_Scott_Lang" title="Peter Redford Scott Lang">Peter Redford Scott Lang</a> reintroduced a tradition of praying the grace before and after meals when he brought back student common dinners in 1887.<a href="#cite_note-:1-208">[204]</a> According to Lang, the use of Latin graces at student meals had disappeared by the time of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>'s visit to St Andrews in 1773.<a href="#cite_note-:2-209">[205]</a> Johnson was astonished that the grace was not recited in Latin, and it was requested that he write a Latin grace for the university.<a href="#cite_note-:2-209">[205]</a> Common meals at the university ceased in 1820 and so did the grace with them.<a href="#cite_note-:1-208">[204]</a> Lang wrote that he learned of the grace from <a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Day" title="George Edward Day">George Edward Day</a>, who himself learned it from an elder retired professor while visiting Sir <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ward_Richardson" title="Benjamin Ward Richardson">Benjamin Ward Richardson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-209">[205]</a> At dinner, the retired professor recited a short grace, explaining that Johnson's grace was so long that the president could not remember it except for one sentence: Sit nomen domini benedictum (blessed be the name of the Lord).<a href="#cite_note-:2-209">[205]</a> The shorter grace became the standard until common dinners ceased to occur.<a href="#cite_note-:2-209">[205]</a> Reinstituting common student dinners in 1887, Lang reintroduced the university blessing and university grace.<a href="#cite_note-:1-208">[204]</a> Due to the story of the composition of the graces by Samuel Johnson, there has previously been a belief that the University of St Andrews' graces derived from Johnson's alma mater, <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_College,_Oxford" title="Pembroke College, Oxford">Pembroke College, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[206]</a> According to a historian of the University of St Andrews, Ronald Gordon Cant, the current graces and the music settings composed for them "although based on traditional forms, these forms had no specific connection with earlier St Andrews usage, and bear no resemblance whatsoever to the old Pembroke grace".<a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[206]</a> Thus, Cant states that the current graces "were specially composed for the Common Dinners instituted in 1887".<a href="#cite_note-:3-210">[206]</a> University Blessing:<blockquote>Sit nomen Domini Benedictum per Jesum Christum salvatorem nostrum. Amen.<a href="#cite_note-:1-208">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-211">[207]</a> (Blessed be the name of the Lord through Jesus Christ, our Saviour. Amen.)</blockquote>University Grace: Before Meat:<blockquote>Gloria Patri Filio Spirituique Sancto In Saecula Saeculorum. Amen.<a href="#cite_note-:1-208">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-209">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-211">[207]</a> (Glory be to the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit. World Without End. Amen.)</blockquote>After Meat:<blockquote>Deo Gratias.<a href="#cite_note-:2-209">[205]</a> (Thanks be to God.)</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gowns">Gowns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Gowns">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_gowns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/St_Andrews_gowns.jpg/220px-St_Andrews_gowns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/St_Andrews_gowns.jpg/330px-St_Andrews_gowns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/St_Andrews_gowns.jpg/440px-St_Andrews_gowns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="791" /></a><figcaption>St Andrews students in undergraduate gowns</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_gowns_in_Scotland" title="Undergraduate gowns in Scotland">Undergraduate gowns in Scotland</a></div> One of the most conspicuous traditions at St Andrews is the wearing of academic dress, particularly the distinctive red undergraduate gown of the United College. Undergraduates in Arts and Science subjects can be seen wearing these garments at the installation of a rector or chancellor, at chapel services, on 'Pier Walks', at formal hall dinners, at meetings of the Union Debating Society, and giving tours to prospective students and visitors as well as on St Andrews Day. Divinity students wear a black undergraduate gown with a purple <a href="/wiki/Saltire_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltire cross">saltire cross</a> on the left facing. Postgraduates wear the graduate gown or, as members of St Leonard College, may wear a black gown trimmed with burgundy, introduced for graduate students whose original university is without academic dress. (See <a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Academic dress of the University of St Andrews">Academic dress of the University of St Andrews</a>.) St Mary's College Post Graduates, however, wear their graduate gown with a purple saltire cross on the left facing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bejant">Bejant</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bejant">edit</a>]</div> Bejant is a term used to refer to first-year male students; females being described as Bejantines. Second-year students are known as a Semis, a student in their third year may be referred to as a Tertian, and in their final year as a Magistrand. These terms are thought<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">failed verification</a>] to be unique to St Andrews. When wearing their traditional red gowns, students in each year may be identified according to the way they wear their gowns. In the first year, the gown is worn on the shoulders, in the second year it is worn slightly off the shoulders. In the third year, arts students wear their gowns off their left shoulders, and science students off their right shoulders. Finally, fourth-years wear their gowns right down to their elbows, ready to shed their scarlet gowns for the black graduation gown. The gown is never to be joined at the top as this is considered bad luck.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academic_parents">Academic parents</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Academic parents">edit</a>]</div> The students of the university enjoy an unusual family tradition designed to make new students feel at home and build relationships within the student body. Traditionally, a Bejant or Bejantine acquires academic parents who are at least in their third year as students. These older students act as informal mentors in academic and social matters and it is not uncommon for such academic family ties to stretch well beyond student days. Tradition has it that a Bejant may ask a man to be his Senior Man but must be invited by a woman who is prepared to be his Senior Woman. Similarly, a Bejantine may ask a male to be her Senior Man but there is no overt rule regarding how she acquires a Senior Woman. The establishment of these relationships begins at the very start of the first semester – with the aim of being in place ahead of Raisin Weekend.<a href="#cite_note-St_Andrews_Fresher-213">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raisin_Weekend">Raisin Weekend</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Raisin Weekend">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_Quad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/St_Andrews_Quad.jpg/220px-St_Andrews_Quad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/St_Andrews_Quad.jpg/330px-St_Andrews_Quad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/St_Andrews_Quad.jpg/440px-St_Andrews_Quad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>St Salvator's Quadrangle during the Raisin Weekend foam fight</figcaption></figure> Raisin Weekend celebrates the relationship between the Bejants/Bejantines (first-year students) and their respective academic parents who, in St Andrews' tradition, guide and mentor them in their time at the university. It is traditionally said that students went up to study with a sack of oatmeal and a barrel of salt-herring as staple foods to last them a term and that, therefore, anything more exotic was seen as a luxury. In return for the guidance from academic parents, a further tradition sprang up of rewarding these "parents" with a pound of raisins. Since the 19th century, the giving of raisins was steadily transformed into the giving of a more modern alternative, such as a bottle of wine (although presents are now rarely expected). In return for the raisins or equivalent present, the parents give their "children" a formal receipt — the Raisin Receipt — composed in Latin. Over time this receipt progressively became more elaborate and often humorous. The receipt can be written on anything and is to be carried everywhere by the Bejant/Bejantine on the morning of Raisin Monday until midday.<a href="#cite_note-214">[210]</a> Raisin Weekend is held annually over the last weekend of October. Affairs often begin with a tea party (or similar) thrown by the mother(s) and then a <a href="/wiki/Pub_crawl" title="Pub crawl">pub crawl</a> or house party led by the father(s). It is fairly common for several academic families to combine in the latter stages of the revels.<a href="#cite_note-215">[211]</a> At midday all the First-Years gather in Quad of St Salvator's College to compare their receipts and also to be open to challenge from older students who may look for errors in the Latin of the receipt (an almost inevitable occurrence). Upon detection of such error(s) the bearer may be required to sing the <a href="/wiki/Gaudeamus_igitur" title="Gaudeamus igitur">Gaudie</a>. In more recent years the gathering has culminated in a shaving foam fight.<a href="#cite_note-216">[212]</a> Since 2014, the foam fight has been moved from St Salvator's Quad to the adjacent Lower College Lawn. Raisin Weekend has also become synonymous with binge drinking and a certain amount of humiliation of "academic children", commonly involving embarrassing costumes or drinking games. The University Students' Association provides a special First Aid hotline for Raisin Weekend.<a href="#cite_note-Raisin_weekend_youtube_video_2012-217">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Curse_of_Patrick_Hamilton">The Curse of Patrick Hamilton</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: The Curse of Patrick Hamilton">edit</a>]</div> Situated around the town of St Andrews are cobblestone markings denoting where <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a> were burnt at the stake. To students, the most notable of these is the cobblestone initials "PH" located outside the main gate of St Salvator's College. These cobblestones denote where <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(martyr)" title="Patrick Hamilton (martyr)">Patrick Hamilton</a> was martyred in 1528.<a href="#cite_note-218">[214]</a> According to student tradition, stepping on the "PH" will cause a student to become cursed, with the effect that the offender will fail his or her degree and so students are known to jump over the cobblestones when passing. The 'curse' is said to be lifted by participating in the May Dip.<a href="#cite_note-219">[215]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_May_Dip_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/St_Andrews_May_Dip_2013.jpg/220px-St_Andrews_May_Dip_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/St_Andrews_May_Dip_2013.jpg/330px-St_Andrews_May_Dip_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/St_Andrews_May_Dip_2013.jpg/440px-St_Andrews_May_Dip_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>St Andrews May Dip 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="May_Dip">May Dip</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: May Dip">edit</a>]</div> The May Dip is a student tradition held annually at dawn on <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a>. Students usually stay awake until dawn, at which time they collectively run into the North Sea to the sound of <a href="/wiki/Madrigal_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrigal (music)">madrigals</a> sung by the University Madrigal Group.<a href="#cite_note-220">[216]</a> Students purportedly do so to cleanse themselves of any academic sins (which they may have acquired by stepping on the PH cobblestone) before they sit exams in May.<a href="#cite_note-221">[217]</a> In 2011, the event was "officially" moved by the Students' Association to East Sands in response to concerns for health and safety in its former location on Castle Sands. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Publications">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence">Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence</a> (CSTPV), within the School of International Relations, publishes the online open-access journal <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Voices:_St_Andrews_Journal_of_International_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations">Contemporary Voices: St Andrews Journal of International Relations</a> (formerly Journal of Terrorism Research).<a href="#cite_note-starr-222">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Alumni plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's list of alumni may not follow Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifiability</a> policy. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing names that do not have independent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliable sources</a> showing they merit inclusion in this article AND are alumni, or by incorporating the relevant publications into the body of the article through appropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">citations</a>. (May 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alumni">Alumni</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Alumni">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="List of alumni of the University of St Andrews">List of alumni of the University of St Andrews</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews">Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 116.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 114.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rev_Thomas_Chalmers_by_Thomas_Duncan,_SNPG.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Chalmers"><img alt="Thomas Chalmers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rev_Thomas_Chalmers_by_Thomas_Duncan%2C_SNPG.JPG/172px-Rev_Thomas_Chalmers_by_Thomas_Duncan%2C_SNPG.JPG" decoding="async" width="115" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rev_Thomas_Chalmers_by_Thomas_Duncan%2C_SNPG.JPG/257px-Rev_Thomas_Chalmers_by_Thomas_Duncan%2C_SNPG.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rev_Thomas_Chalmers_by_Thomas_Duncan%2C_SNPG.JPG/343px-Rev_Thomas_Chalmers_by_Thomas_Duncan%2C_SNPG.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 139.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 137.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_Jenner2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Edward Jenner"><img alt="Edward Jenner" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Edward_Jenner2.jpg/206px-Edward_Jenner2.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Edward_Jenner2.jpg/310px-Edward_Jenner2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Edward_Jenner2.jpg/413px-Edward_Jenner2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="2596" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 123.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 121.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Knox.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Knox"><img alt="John Knox" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/33/John_Knox.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="150" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Napier_(Neper).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Napier"><img alt="John Napier" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4b/John_Napier_%28Neper%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="172" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="245" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 137.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 135.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Pringle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Pringle"><img alt="John Pringle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/John_Pringle.jpg/203px-John_Pringle.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/John_Pringle.jpg/304px-John_Pringle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/John_Pringle.jpg/405px-John_Pringle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2210" data-file-height="2812" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Pringle_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pringle (physician)">John Pringle</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><a href="/wiki/File:JusticeJamesWilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Wilson"><img alt="James Wilson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JusticeJamesWilson.jpg/216px-JusticeJamesWilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JusticeJamesWilson.jpg/324px-JusticeJamesWilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JusticeJamesWilson.jpg/433px-JusticeJamesWilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1832" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a></div> </li> </ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:All_smiles_Wedding_of_Prince_William_of_Wales_and_Kate_Middleton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/All_smiles_Wedding_of_Prince_William_of_Wales_and_Kate_Middleton.jpg/220px-All_smiles_Wedding_of_Prince_William_of_Wales_and_Kate_Middleton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/All_smiles_Wedding_of_Prince_William_of_Wales_and_Kate_Middleton.jpg/330px-All_smiles_Wedding_of_Prince_William_of_Wales_and_Kate_Middleton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/All_smiles_Wedding_of_Prince_William_of_Wales_and_Kate_Middleton.jpg/440px-All_smiles_Wedding_of_Prince_William_of_Wales_and_Kate_Middleton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Catherine, Princess of Wales</a> graduated together in 2005 with degrees in Geography and History of Art respectively.</figcaption></figure> Notable University of St Andrews alumni include <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Scotland" title="James II of Scotland">King James II of Scotland</a>; <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a> signatory <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(Founding_Father)" title="James Wilson (Founding Father)">James Wilson</a> (1761); <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">John Campbell</a>; discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Logarithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Logarithms">logarithms</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> (1563); founder of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> and leader of the Protestant Reformation <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> (1531); notable <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Church of Scotland">Leader of the Church of Scotland</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a>; founder of and the first chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Turnbull_(bishop)" title="William Turnbull (bishop)">William Turnbull</a>; founder of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reid_(bishop)" title="Robert Reid (bishop)">Robert Reid</a>; founder of the world's first commercial <a href="/wiki/Trustee_Savings_Bank" title="Trustee Savings Bank">savings bank</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Duncan_(minister)" title="Henry Duncan (minister)">Henry Duncan</a> (1823); journalist and politician during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a> (1775 MD); inventor of <a href="/wiki/Beta-blockers" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-blockers">beta-blockers</a>, <a href="/wiki/H2_receptor_antagonists" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 receptor antagonists">H2 receptor antagonists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Medicine">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a> winner <a href="/wiki/James_W._Black" class="mw-redirect" title="James W. Black">James W. Black</a> (1946 MB ChB); the 'father of military medicine' <a href="/wiki/John_Pringle_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pringle (physician)">Sir John Pringle, 1st Baronet</a>; pioneer of the <a href="/wiki/Smallpox_vaccine" title="Smallpox vaccine">smallpox vaccine</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Jenner" title="Edward Jenner">Edward Jenner</a> (1792 MD); the 'father of medical services in Pakistan' <a href="/wiki/Wajid_Ali_Khan_Burki" title="Wajid Ali Khan Burki">Wajid Ali Khan Burki</a> (1924 MB ChB); <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> (2005) and <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Catherine, Princess of Wales</a> (2005). Alumni in the fields of academia and education have gone on to found the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Melbourne_Faculty_of_Medicine,_Dentistry_and_Health_Sciences" title="University of Melbourne Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences">University of Melbourne Medical School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anthony_Brownless" title="Anthony Brownless">Anthony Brownless</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Church_College" title="Scottish Church College">Scottish Church College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duff_(missionary)" title="Alexander Duff (missionary)">Alexander Duff</a> was also the first Scottish missionary to India), become the first Regent and first principal of the University of Edinburgh (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Rollock" title="Robert Rollock">Robert Rollock</a>), dean of <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Divinity_School" title="Harvard Divinity School">Harvard Divinity School</a> (<a href="/wiki/David_N._Hempton" title="David N. Hempton">David Hempton</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Vice-chancellor_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice-chancellor (education)">Vice Chancellors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Aberdeen University">Aberdeen University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ian_Diamond" title="Ian Diamond">Ian Diamond</a>), <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shearer_West" title="Shearer West">Shearer West</a>), <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Perry" title="Walter Perry">Walter Perry</a> was also the first vice-chancellor) and <a href="/wiki/Sydney_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney University">Sydney University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gavin_Brown_(academic)" title="Gavin Brown (academic)">Gavin Brown</a>), chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maine_System" title="University of Maine System">University of Maine System</a> (<a href="/wiki/James_H._Page" title="James H. Page">James H. Page</a>), provost of <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eric_Anderson_(educator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eric Anderson (educator)">Eric Anderson</a>), discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Berry_Phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Berry Phase">Berry Phase</a> (Sir <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry_(physicist)" title="Michael Berry (physicist)">Michael Berry</a>) and inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Leslie_cube" title="Leslie cube">Leslie cube</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Leslie_(physicist)" title="John Leslie (physicist)">John Leslie</a>. In business and finance, St Andrews graduates have become the <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEOs</a> of multinational companies including <a href="/wiki/BHP" title="BHP">BHP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mackenzie_(businessman)" title="Andrew Mackenzie (businessman)">Andrew Mackenzie</a>), <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Horton_(businessman)" title="Robert Horton (businessman)">Robert Horton</a>), <a href="/wiki/FanDuel" title="FanDuel">FanDuel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nigel_Eccles" title="Nigel Eccles">Nigel Eccles</a> co-founded the company with fellow St Andrews graduate, Lesley Eccles),<a href="#cite_note-223">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce Holdings</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_Rose_(businessman)" title="John Rose (businessman)">John Rose</a>), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Dutch_Shell" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Dutch Shell">Royal Dutch Shell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bob_Reid_(executive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Reid (executive)">Robert Paul Reid</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tate_%26_Lyle" title="Tate & Lyle">Tate & Lyle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iain_Ferguson_(businessman)" title="Iain Ferguson (businessman)">Iain Ferguson</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a> (<a href="/wiki/George_Mathewson" title="George Mathewson">George Mathewson</a>). Other notable businesspeople include Banker <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Sarkozy" title="Olivier Sarkozy">Olivier Sarkozy</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival_Fringe" title="Edinburgh Festival Fringe">Edinburgh Festival Fringe</a> <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Moffat" title="Alistair Moffat">Alistair Moffat</a> and the CEO of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Rugby_Union" title="Scottish Rugby Union">Scottish Rugby Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/ATP_World_Tour_Finals" class="mw-redirect" title="ATP World Tour Finals">ATP World Tour Finals</a> <a href="/wiki/Phil_Anderton" title="Phil Anderton">Phil Anderton</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alex_Salmond,_First_Minister_of_Scotland_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Alex_Salmond%2C_First_Minister_of_Scotland_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Alex_Salmond%2C_First_Minister_of_Scotland_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Alex_Salmond%2C_First_Minister_of_Scotland_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Alex_Salmond%2C_First_Minister_of_Scotland_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Alex_Salmond%2C_First_Minister_of_Scotland_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Alex_Salmond%2C_First_Minister_of_Scotland_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="877" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a> was the <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Scottish_National_Party" title="Leader of the Scottish National Party">Leader of the SNP</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2014_Scottish_independence_referendum" title="2014 Scottish independence referendum">Scottish Independence Referendum in 2014.</a></figcaption></figure> Former St Andrews students active in politics and national intelligence include two <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Secret_Intelligence_Service" title="Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service">Chiefs of MI6</a> <a href="/wiki/Alex_Younger" title="Alex Younger">Alex Younger</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Sawers" title="John Sawers">John Sawers</a>, two deputy directors of the <a href="/wiki/Secret_Intelligence_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Intelligence Service">Secret Intelligence Service</a> (MI6), <a href="/wiki/George_Kennedy_Young" title="George Kennedy Young">George Kennedy Young</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._M._Bruce_Lockhart" title="J. M. Bruce Lockhart">J. M. Bruce Lockhart</a>, Secretary of State for Scotland <a href="/wiki/Michael_Forsyth,_Baron_Forsyth_of_Drumlean" title="Michael Forsyth, Baron Forsyth of Drumlean">Lord Forsyth</a> (Forsyth is also former deputy chairman of <a href="/wiki/JP_Morgan_Chase" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Morgan Chase">JP Morgan</a>), former <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Scotland" title="First Minister of Scotland">First Minister of Scotland</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">SNP</a> for over 20 years <a href="/wiki/Alex_Salmond" title="Alex Salmond">Alex Salmond</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_Secretary_(United_Kingdom)" title="Cabinet Secretary (United Kingdom)">Cabinet Secretary</a> and head of the Civil Service Sir <a href="/wiki/Mark_Sedwill" title="Mark Sedwill">Mark Sedwill</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Defence" title="Secretary of State for Defence">Secretary of State for Defence</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fallon" title="Michael Fallon">Michael Fallon</a>, Deputy Leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrats</a> <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Bruce" title="Malcolm Bruce">Malcolm Bruce</a> and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(UK)" title="Christian Party (UK)">Christian Party</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Hargreaves_(politician)" title="George Hargreaves (politician)">James George Hargreaves</a>. Outside of the UK, alumni include the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Secretary_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Secretary of Hong Kong">financial secretary of Hong Kong</a> credited with laying the foundations for Hong Kong's economic success <a href="/wiki/John_James_Cowperthwaite" title="John James Cowperthwaite">John James Cowperthwaite</a>, former senior director for European and Russian affairs on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">United States National Security Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Hill_(presidential_advisor)" title="Fiona Hill (presidential advisor)">Fiona Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Holmes_(diplomat)" title="David Holmes (diplomat)">David Holmes</a> (both were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_inquiry_against_Donald_Trump" class="mw-redirect" title="Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump">Impeachment inquiry against Donald Trump</a>),<a href="#cite_note-224">[220]</a> and the first female cabinet minister in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> <a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Abu_Zayd" title="Hikmat Abu Zayd">Hikmat Abu Zayd</a>. Alumni have also gone on to serve as diplomats including the current <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representative_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations">Permanent Representative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations</a> and former British Ambassador to China (2015–2020) Dame <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Woodward" title="Barbara Woodward">Barbara Woodward</a>, former ambassador to Russia (2008–2011) Dame <a href="/wiki/Anne_Pringle" title="Anne Pringle">Anne Pringle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bruce,_7th_Earl_of_Elgin" title="Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin">Thomas Bruce</a> who is known for the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Elgin Marbles</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a>. Alumni from the media and the arts include founder of <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a> magazine <a href="/wiki/B._C._Forbes" title="B. C. Forbes">B. C. Forbes</a>, founder of <a href="/wiki/The_Week" title="The Week">The Week</a> <a href="/wiki/Jolyon_Connell" title="Jolyon Connell">Jolyon Connell</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Downing_Street" title="Downing Street">Downing Street</a> <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of Communications">Director of Communications</a> and former controller of <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_News" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC World News">BBC World News</a> <a href="/wiki/Craig_Oliver_(British_journalist)" title="Craig Oliver (British journalist)">Craig Oliver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_editor" title="Political editor">political editor</a> of <a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland" title="BBC Scotland">BBC Scotland</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Taylor_(journalist)" title="Brian Taylor (journalist)">Brian Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a> presenter <a href="/wiki/Louise_Minchin" title="Louise Minchin">Louise Minchin</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Sport" title="BBC Sport">BBC Sport</a> TV presenter <a href="/wiki/Hazel_Irvine" title="Hazel Irvine">Hazel Irvine</a>, editor of <a href="/wiki/Tatler" title="Tatler">Tatler</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dennen" title="Richard Dennen">Richard Dennen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primetime_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Primetime Emmy Award">Primetime Emmy Award</a> winning screenwriter <a href="/wiki/David_Butler_(screenwriter)" title="David Butler (screenwriter)">David Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a> winning author <a href="/wiki/James_Michener" class="mw-redirect" title="James Michener">James Michener</a>, feminist writer <a href="/wiki/Fay_Weldon" title="Fay Weldon">Fay Weldon</a>, poet <a href="/wiki/Len_Pennie" title="Len Pennie">Len Pennie</a>, musician <a href="/wiki/The_Pictish_Trail" title="The Pictish Trail">The Pictish Trail</a> and actors <a href="/wiki/Siobhan_Redmond" title="Siobhan Redmond">Siobhan Redmond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crispin_Bonham-Carter" title="Crispin Bonham-Carter">Crispin Bonham-Carter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ian_McDiarmid" title="Ian McDiarmid">Ian McDiarmid</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Caves" title="David Caves">David Caves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Taylor_Thomas" title="Jonathan Taylor Thomas">Jonathan Taylor Thomas</a>. Other notable alumni include 'father of the <a href="/wiki/Tax_per_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax per head">poll tax</a>' <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Mason" title="Douglas Mason">Douglas Mason</a>, founders of the <a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_Institute" title="Adam Smith Institute">Adam Smith Institute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madsen_Pirie" title="Madsen Pirie">Madsen Pirie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eamonn_Butler" title="Eamonn Butler">Eamonn Butler</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Lord_Justice_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Justice General">Lord Justice General</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen,_Baron_Cullen_of_Whitekirk" title="William Cullen, Baron Cullen of Whitekirk">Lord Cullen</a>, two currently sitting members of the <a href="/wiki/Inner_House" title="Inner House">Inner House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Mackay,_Lord_Eassie" title="Ronald Mackay, Lord Eassie">Lord Eassie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lynda_Clark,_Baroness_Clark_of_Calton" title="Lynda Clark, Baroness Clark of Calton">Baroness Clark of Calton</a>, one of the leading figures in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Golf_Association" title="United States Golf Association">United States Golf Association</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Macdonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles B. Macdonald">Charles B. Macdonald</a>, the captain of <a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Hotspur_F.C." title="Tottenham Hotspur F.C.">Tottenham Hotspur F.C.</a> during its double-winning season <a href="/wiki/Danny_Blanchflower" title="Danny Blanchflower">Danny Blanchflower</a>, and the wildlife conservationist <a href="/wiki/Saba_Douglas-Hamilton" title="Saba Douglas-Hamilton">Saba Douglas-Hamilton</a>. The university also boasts of a rich roll of honorary graduates whose members vary from <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> to <a href="/wiki/Arvo_P%C3%A4rt" title="Arvo Pärt">Arvo Pärt</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Smith" title="Maggie Smith">Maggie Smith</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sean_Connery" title="Sean Connery">Sean Connery</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Nora_K._Chadwick" title="Nora K. Chadwick">Nora K. Chadwick</a> to <a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Martha Nussbaum</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[221]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stevenson" title="Joseph Stevenson">Joseph Stevenson</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Jardine" title="Lisa Jardine">Lisa Jardine</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Seamus_Heaney" title="Seamus Heaney">Seamus Heaney</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Georg_Cantor" title="Georg Cantor">Georg Cantor</a> to <a href="/wiki/David_Attenborough" title="David Attenborough">David Attenborough</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Academics_2">Academics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Academics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews">Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews</a></div> Notable University of St Andrews faculty include <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Medicine">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Wilkins" title="Maurice Wilkins">Maurice Wilkins</a> (lecturer in physics 1945–1946) and discoverer of <a href="/wiki/Herring_bodies" title="Herring bodies">herring bodies</a> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Theodore_Herring" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Theodore Herring">Percy Theodore Herring</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chandos_Chair_of_Medicine_and_Anatomy" title="Chandos Chair of Medicine and Anatomy">Chandos Chair of Medicine and Anatomy</a> 1908–1948). The <a href="/wiki/Morris_water_navigation_task" title="Morris water navigation task">Morris water navigation task</a> was developed by <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Morris" title="Richard G. Morris">Richard Morris</a> at the university's <a href="/wiki/Gatty_Marine_Laboratory" title="Gatty Marine Laboratory">Gatty Marine Laboratory</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <dl><dt>Anthropology</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paloma_Gay_y_Blasco" title="Paloma Gay y Blasco">Paloma Gay y Blasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gow_(anthropologist)" title="Peter Gow (anthropologist)">Peter Gow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladislav_Hol%C3%BD" title="Ladislav Holý">Ladislav Holý</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Overing" title="Joanna Overing">Joanna Overing</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Biology</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struther_Arnott" title="Struther Arnott">Struther Arnott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Dornelas" title="Maria Dornelas">Maria Dornelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Geddes" title="Patrick Geddes">Patrick Geddes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracey_Gloster" title="Tracey Gloster">Tracey Gloster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Horridge" title="Adrian Horridge">Adrian Horridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_D._Healy" title="Susan D. Healy">Susan D. Healy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Arcy_Wentworth_Thompson" title="D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson">D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Business and Management</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meaghan_Delahunt" title="Meaghan Delahunt">Meaghan Delahunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gray_(accountancy_academic)" title="Robert Gray (accountancy academic)">Robert Gray</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Chemistry</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bruce" title="Peter Bruce">Peter Bruce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Goss_(chemist)" title="Rebecca Goss (chemist)">Rebecca Goss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Haworth" title="Norman Haworth">Norman Haworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Irvine_(chemist)" title="James Irvine (chemist)">James Irvine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_E._Morris" title="Russell E. Morris">Russell E Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Naismith_(chemist)" title="James Naismith (chemist)">James H Naismith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Steele" title="Catherine Steele">Catherine Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_B%C3%BChl" title="Michael Bühl">Michael Bühl</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Classics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Campbell_(classicist)" title="Lewis Campbell (classicist)">Lewis Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Carey" title="Chris Carey">Chris Carey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Craig_(classicist)" title="John Craig (classicist)">John Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Dover" title="Kenneth Dover">Kenneth Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Donaldson_(classical_scholar)" title="James Donaldson (classical scholar)">James Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Halliwell_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Halliwell (academic)">Stephen Halliwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Harries" title="Jill Harries">Jill Harries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Lindsay" title="Wallace Lindsay">Wallace Lindsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lorimer_(scholar)" title="William Lorimer (scholar)">William Lorimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Sweetman" title="Rebecca Sweetman">Rebecca Sweetman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Computer Science</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cole_(scientist)" title="Jack Cole (scientist)">Jack Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Gent" title="Ian Gent">Ian Gent</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Divinity</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adamson_(minister)" title="John Adamson (minister)">John Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mario_Aguilar_(academic)" title="Mario Aguilar (academic)">Mario Aguilar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Arnot" title="Robert Arnot">Robert Arnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Macpherson_Baillie" title="Donald Macpherson Baillie">Donald Macpherson Baillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baron_(theologian)" title="Robert Baron (theologian)">Robert Baron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Black" title="Matthew Black">Matthew Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Bradley" title="Ian Bradley">Ian Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(theologian)" title="David Brown (theologian)">David Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Chalmers" title="Thomas Chalmers">Thomas Chalmers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol_Dalgleish" title="Nicol Dalgleish">Nicol Dalgleish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivor_Davidson" title="Ivor Davidson">Ivor Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Duncan_(Biblical_scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Duncan (Biblical scholar)">George Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Esler" title="Philip Esler">Philip Esler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gorringe" title="Timothy Gorringe">Timothy Gorringe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Haldenston" title="James Haldenston">James Haldenston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Halliday_(bishop)" title="Robert Halliday (bishop)">Robert Halliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daphne_Hampson" title="Daphne Hampson">Daphne Hampson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Henderson_(theologian)" title="Alexander Henderson (theologian)">Alexander Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hill_(minister)" title="George Hill (minister)">George Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Melville" title="Andrew Melville">Andrew Melville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._T._Wright" title="N. T. Wright">Nicholas Thomas Wright</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Economics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Harris,_Baron_Harris_of_High_Cross" title="Ralph Harris, Baron Harris of High Cross">Ralph Harris, Baron Harris of High Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Jaeger" title="David A. Jaeger">David A. Jaeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Ponsat%C3%AD_i_Obiols" class="mw-redirect" title="Clara Ponsatí i Obiols">Clara Ponsatí i Obiols</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Engineering</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angus_Robertson_Fulton" title="Angus Robertson Fulton">Angus Robertson Fulton</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>English, Literature, and Poetry</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Alexander" title="Michael J. Alexander">Michael J. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meg_Bateman" title="Meg Bateman">Meg Bateman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burnside_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Burnside (writer)">John Burnside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crawford_(Scottish_poet)" title="Robert Crawford (Scottish poet)">Robert Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dunn" title="Douglas Dunn">Douglas Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green" title="Roger Lancelyn Green">Roger Lancelyn Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Irwin_(writer)" title="Robert Irwin (writer)">Robert Irwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Jamie" title="Kathleen Jamie">Kathleen Jamie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Johnston_(poet)" title="John Johnston (poet)">John Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._L._Kennedy" title="A. L. Kennedy">A. L. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Angus_Knight" title="William Angus Knight">William Angus Knight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Paterson" title="Don Paterson">Don Paterson</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Languages and Linguistics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Branscombe" title="Peter Branscombe">Peter Branscombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hadow" title="George Hadow">George Hadow</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Geology</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hawkesworth" title="Christopher Hawkesworth">Christopher Hawkesworth</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>History and Art History</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Adams" title="Geoffrey Adams">Geoffrey Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Andrews" title="Frances Andrews">Frances Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_M._Ansari" title="Ali M. Ansari">Ali M. Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.W.S._Barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="G.W.S. Barrow">G.W.S. Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bartlett_(historian)" title="Robert Bartlett (historian)">Robert Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alison_Beach" title="Alison Beach">Alison Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bentley_(historian)" title="Michael Bentley (historian)">Michael Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bibire" title="Paul Bibire">Paul Bibire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Brown_(historian)" title="Michael Brown (historian)">Michael Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_K._Chadwick" title="Nora K. Chadwick">Nora K. Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrie_Dobson" title="Barrie Dobson">Barrie Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aileen_Fyfe" title="Aileen Fyfe">Aileen Fyfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Gash" title="Norman Gash">Norman Gash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Given-Wilson" title="Chris Given-Wilson">Chris Given-Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Guy_(historian)" title="John Guy (historian)">John Guy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kerr_Hannay" title="Robert Kerr Hannay">Robert Kerr Hannay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hudson_(historian)" title="John Hudson (historian)">John Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Humfress" title="Caroline Humfress">Caroline Humfress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)" title="Martin Kemp (art historian)">Martin Kemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Philipps_Kenyon" title="John Philipps Kenyon">John Philipps Kenyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Kidd" title="Colin Kidd">Colin Kidd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Magdalino" title="Paul Magdalino">Paul Magdalino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_O%27Brien" title="Phillips O'Brien">Phillips O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pettegree" title="Andrew Pettegree">Andrew Pettegree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Rowlands" title="Guy Rowlands">Guy Rowlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamish_Scott_(historian)" title="Hamish Scott (historian)">Hamish Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Smout" title="Christopher Smout">Christopher Smout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Whatmore" title="Richard Whatmore">Richard Whatmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Woolf" title="Alex Woolf">Alex Woolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Tomasz Kamusella</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>International Relations and Politics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Hoffman" title="Bruce Hoffman">Bruce Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lindsay_of_Balcarres,_Lord_Menmuir" title="John Lindsay of Balcarres, Lord Menmuir">John Lindsay of Balcarres, Lord Menmuir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hew_Strachan" title="Hew Strachan">Hew Strachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Veness" title="David Veness">David Veness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wilkinson_(political_scientist)" title="Paul Wilkinson (political scientist)">Paul Wilkinson</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Mathematics and Astronomy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Couch_Adams" title="John Couch Adams">John Couch Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_A._Bailey" title="Rosemary A. Bailey">Rosemary A. Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Buckland" title="Stephen Buckland">Stephen Buckland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Cameron_(mathematician)" title="Peter Cameron (mathematician)">Peter Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Chrystal" title="George Chrystal">George Chrystal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Copson" title="Edward Copson">Edward Copson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Falconer_(mathematician)" title="Kenneth Falconer (mathematician)">Kenneth Falconer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gregory_(mathematician)" title="James Gregory (mathematician)">James Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hood" title="Alan Hood">Alan Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mackintosh_Howie" title="John Mackintosh Howie">John Mackintosh Howie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Samuel_Jones" class="mw-redirect" title="Douglas Samuel Jones">Douglas Samuel Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._O%27Connor_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John J. O'Connor (mathematician)">John O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Priest" title="Eric Priest">Eric Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Edmund F. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Turnbull" title="Herbert Turnbull">Herbert Turnbull</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Media and Film Studies</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dina_Iordanova" title="Dina Iordanova">Dina Iordanova</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Medicine and Physiology</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adamson_(physician)" title="John Adamson (physician)">John Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Taylor_Brown" title="Oswald Taylor Brown">Oswald Taylor Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edward_Day" title="George Edward Day">George Edward Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fairlie" title="Margaret Fairlie">Margaret Fairlie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Forfar" title="John Forfar">John Forfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Theodore_Herring" class="mw-redirect" title="Percy Theodore Herring">Percy Theodore Herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hunter_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hunter (physician)">Robert Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fairweather_Lamb" title="Joseph Fairweather Lamb">Joseph Fairweather Lamb</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Philosophy and Logic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Spencer_Baynes" title="Thomas Spencer Baynes">Thomas Spencer Baynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piers_Benn" title="Piers Benn">Piers Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Bosanquet_(philosopher)" title="Bernard Bosanquet (philosopher)">Bernard Bosanquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Broad" title="C. D. Broad">C. D. Broad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Broadie" title="Sarah Broadie">Sarah Broadie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burnet_(classicist)" title="John Burnet (classicist)">John Burnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(philosopher)" title="Archibald Campbell (philosopher)">Archibald Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Cappelen" title="Herman Cappelen">Herman Cappelen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershom_Carmichael" title="Gershom Carmichael">Gershom Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Jonathan_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurence Jonathan Cohen">Laurence Jonathan Cohen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Main_Dixon" title="James Main Dixon">James Main Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Drever" title="James Drever">James Drever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Frederick_Ferrier" title="James Frederick Ferrier">James Frederick Ferrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Ferguson" title="Adam Ferguson">Adam Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Joseph_Haldane" class="mw-redirect" title="John Joseph Haldane">John Joseph Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hale_(philosopher)" title="Bob Hale (philosopher)">Bob Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hunter_(logician)" title="Geoffrey Hunter (logician)">Geoffrey Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Knox" class="mw-redirect" title="Malcolm Knox">Malcolm Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Major_(philosopher)" title="John Major (philosopher)">John Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graham_Priest" title="Graham Priest">Graham Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_George_Ritchie" title="David George Ritchie">David George Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Skorupski" title="John Skorupski">John Skorupski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Stout" title="George Stout">George Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._Woozley" title="A. D. Woozley">A.D. Woozley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crispin_Wright" title="Crispin Wright">Crispin Wright</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Physics and Astronomy</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._Stanley_Allen" title="H. Stanley Allen">H. Stanley Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Allen_(physicist)" title="John F. Allen (physicist)">John F. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Anderson_(physicist)" title="Adam Anderson (physicist)">Adam Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry_(physicist)" title="Michael Berry (physicist)">Sir Michael Berry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brewster" title="David Brewster">David Brewster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coulson" title="Charles Coulson">Charles Coulson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_David_Forbes" title="James David Forbes">James David Forbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirk_ter_Haar" title="Dirk ter Haar">Dirk ter Haar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilios_T._Harlaftis" title="Emilios T. Harlaftis">Emilios T. Harlaftis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hood" title="Alan Hood">Alan Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F_Krauss" title="Thomas F Krauss">Thomas F Krauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kuenen" title="Johannes Kuenen">Johannes Kuenen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_P._Mackenzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew P. Mackenzie">Andrew P. Mackenzie</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Psychology</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W._Tecumseh_Fitch" title="W. Tecumseh Fitch">William Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Redfield_Jamison" title="Kay Redfield Jamison">Kay Redfield Jamison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Jeeves" title="Malcolm Jeeves">Malcolm Jeeves</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Zoology</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ian_L._Boyd" title="Ian L. Boyd">Ian L. Boyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._G._Callan" title="H. G. Callan">H. G. Callan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomas_Calman" title="William Thomas Calman">William Thomas Calman</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> The University of St Andrews has appeared in or been referenced by a number of popular media works, in film and literature. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_St_Andrews_from_the_West_Sands.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/View_of_St_Andrews_from_the_West_Sands.jpg/220px-View_of_St_Andrews_from_the_West_Sands.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/View_of_St_Andrews_from_the_West_Sands.jpg/330px-View_of_St_Andrews_from_the_West_Sands.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/View_of_St_Andrews_from_the_West_Sands.jpg/440px-View_of_St_Andrews_from_the_West_Sands.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2784" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>View of St Andrews from the West Sands.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Film and television">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>West Sands Beach in St Andrews was used as a location for the film <a href="/wiki/Chariots_of_Fire" title="Chariots of Fire">Chariots of Fire</a> (1981), the scene, in which several of the main characters run along the beach, has become widely recognised and one of the most famous scenes in British film history.<a href="#cite_note-Chariots_of_Fire_Trivia-227">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chariots_of_fire_beach-228">[224]</a></li> <li>The student hall, Andrew Melville Hall, was used for location shooting of the <a href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Go_(2010_film)" title="Never Let Me Go (2010 film)">2010 film adaptation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kazuo_Ishiguro" title="Kazuo Ishiguro">Kazuo Ishiguro</a>'s novel, <a href="/wiki/Never_Let_Me_Go_(novel)" title="Never Let Me Go (novel)">Never Let Me Go</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Keira_Knightley" title="Keira Knightley">Keira Knightley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carey_Mulligan" title="Carey Mulligan">Carey Mulligan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(season_6)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crown (season 6)">Season 6</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> show <a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a> was in part filmed in St Andrews.</li> <li>The crime drama <a href="/wiki/Karen_Pirie_(TV_series)" title="Karen Pirie (TV series)">Karen Pirie</a> was set and filmed in St Andrews.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Enid_Blyton" title="Enid Blyton">Enid Blyton</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Malory_Towers" title="Malory Towers">Malory Towers</a> novel series, the main heroine Darrell Rivers plans to attend the University of St Andrews after <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Form" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Form">Sixth Form</a> with some of her fellow characters.<a href="#cite_note-Last_term_at_Malory_Towers-231">[227]</a></li> <li>St Andrews appeared in <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Johnson" title="Samuel Johnson">Samuel Johnson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Travel_literature" title="Travel literature">travel narrative</a> <a href="/wiki/A_Journey_to_the_Western_Islands_of_Scotland" title="A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland">A Journey to the Western Islands of Scotland</a> (1775), in which he visited the university.<a href="#cite_note-Journey_to_west_gutenberg-232">[228]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Marshall_(writer)" title="Bruce Marshall (writer)">Bruce Marshall</a>'s romance novel, <a href="/wiki/Girl_in_May" title="Girl in May">Girl in May</a> (1956), is set in St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-Girl_in_May-233">[229]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Nevill" title="Adam Nevill">Adam Nevill</a>'s horror novel <a href="/wiki/Banquet_for_the_Damned" title="Banquet for the Damned">Banquet for the Damned</a> (2004) takes place in St Andrews.<a href="#cite_note-Banquet_for_the_Damned-234">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Parini" title="Jay Parini">Jay Parini</a>'s memoir Borges and Me (2020) recounts the author's road trip from St Andrews to the Highlands with <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Borges_and_Me-235">[231]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews">Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Chancellor of the University of St Andrews">Chancellor of the University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral" title="St Andrews Cathedral">St Andrews Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_universities" title="List of medieval universities">List of medieval universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudy" title="Gaudy">Gaudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Town_and_gown" title="Town and gown">Town and gown</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Includes those who indicate that they identify as <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">Asian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_British_people" title="Black British people">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixed_(United_Kingdom_ethnicity_category)" title="Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)">Mixed Heritage</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Arabs" title="British Arabs">Arab</a> or any other ethnicity except White. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Calculated from the Polar4 measure, using Quintile1, in England and Wales. Calculated from the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Index_of_Multiple_Deprivation" title="Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation">Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation</a> (SIMD) measure, using SIMD20, in Scotland. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Coat_of_Arms-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Coat_of_Arms_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605095922/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/Universitycoatofarms/">"University coat of arms"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/universitycoatofarms/">the original</a> on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 10 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=University+coat+of+arms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Funiversitycoatofarms%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-2"><a href="#cite_ref-History_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130911191652/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/historyoftheuniversity/">"History of the University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/historyoftheuniversity/">the original</a> on 11 September 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fhistoryoftheuniversity%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-St_Andrews_Financial_Statement_22/23-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-St_Andrews_Financial_Statement_22/23_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-St_Andrews_Financial_Statement_22/23_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/finance/documents/financial-statements/financial-statement-31-july-2023.pdf">"Reports and Financial Statements of the University Court for the year to 31 July 2023"</a> (PDF). University of St Andrews. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222224830/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/finance/documents/financial-statements/financial-statement-31-july-2023.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reports+and+Financial+Statements+of+the+University+Court+for+the+year+to+31+July+2023&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Ffinance%2Fdocuments%2Ffinancial-statements%2Ffinancial-statement-31-july-2023.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HESAStaff-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HESAStaff_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HESAStaff_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hesa.ac.uk/data-and-analysis/staff/working-in-he">"Who's working in HE?"</a>. www.hesa.ac.uk. 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Retrieved 8 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fasti+ecclesiae+scoticanae%3B+the+succession+of+ministers+in+the+Church+of+Scotland+from+the+reformation&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=417-418&rft.pub=Oliver+and+Boyd&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Hew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffastiecclesiaesc07scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2011" class="citation book cs1">Holloway, Ernest, R. 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Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. 1–388.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Melville+and+Humanism+in+Renaissance+Scotland+1545%E2%80%931622&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.pages=1-388&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Ernest%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FAndrewMelvilleAndHumanismInRenaissanceScotland15451622%2Fpage%2Fn5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-gutenberg.org-24"><a href="#cite_ref-gutenberg.org_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2064/2064-h/2064-h.htm">"A Journey to the Western Isles of Scotland"</a>. Gutenberg.org. 20 April 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716233921/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/2064/2064-h/2064-h.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 17 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Journey+to+the+Western+Isles+of+Scotland&rft.pub=Gutenberg.org&rft.date=2005-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F2064%2F2064-h%2F2064-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Discovery_in_archives-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Discovery_in_archives_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/discovery-in-archives-sheds-new-light-on-jex-blakes-campaign-for-medical-education-for-women/">"Discovery in archives sheds new light on Jex-Blake's campaign for medical education for women"</a>. 27 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140303172745/https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2012/02/27/discovery-in-archives-sheds-new-light-on-jex-blakes-campaign-for-medical-education-for-women/">Archived</a> from the original on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 3 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Discovery+in+archives+sheds+new+light+on+Jex-Blake%27s+campaign+for+medical+education+for+women&rft.date=2012-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F02%2F27%2Fdiscovery-in-archives-sheds-new-light-on-jex-blakes-campaign-for-medical-education-for-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ladies_Literate_in_Arts-26"><a href="#cite_ref-Ladies_Literate_in_Arts_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620201913/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/lla/">"Ladies Literate in Arts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/lla/">the original</a> on 20 June 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ladies+Literate+in+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fspecialcollections%2Fdidyouknow%2Flla%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Universities_(Scotland)_Act_1889-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Universities_(Scotland)_Act_1889_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/52-53/55/contents">"Universities (Scotland) Act 1889"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002064256/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Vict/52-53/55/contents">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Universities+%28Scotland%29+Act+1889&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2FVict%2F52-53%2F55%2Fcontents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife%2c%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896">"Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland"</a>. Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland. 15 September 1892. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405231718/https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife,%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2022. <q>...lately taken the lead in opening its classes to ladies ...St Andrews hails a ladies' school second to none in the land, and probably second to few in England conducted on the English public-school system...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fifeshire+Journal+Fife%2C+Scotland&rft.date=1892-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genesreunited.com.au%2Fsearchbna%2Fresults%3Fmemberlastsubclass%3Dnone%26searchhistorykey%3D0%26keywords%3Dladies%2520school%2520university%2520garret%2520anderson%26county%3Dfife%252c%2520scotland%26from%3D1892%26to%3D1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0zFAAAAAYAAJ&dq=women%20at%20%20Gifford%20Lectures%20%20in%201890s&pg=PA371">25 Years at St Andrews – 1865–1890 – [Chapter, After The Assembly]</a>. Longmans, Greene & Co. 1892. p. 371. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406100009/https://books.google.com/books?id=0zFAAAAAYAAJ&dq=women%20at%20%20Gifford%20Lectures%20%20in%201890s&pg=PA371">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 23 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=25+Years+at+St+Andrews+%E2%80%93+1865%E2%80%931890+%E2%80%93+%5BChapter%2C+After+The+Assembly%5D&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Greene+%26+Co&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0zFAAAAAYAAJ%26dq%3Dwomen%2520at%2520%2520Gifford%2520Lectures%2520%2520in%25201890s%26pg%3DPA371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-St_Andrews_Special_Collections-30"><a href="#cite_ref-St_Andrews_Special_Collections_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt_Andrews_Special_Collections2017" class="citation web cs1">St Andrews Special Collections (7 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2017/03/07/trailblazing-women-at-the-university-of-st-andrews-a-celebration-for-international-womens-day/">"Trailblazing Women at the University of St Andrews: A Celebration for International Women's Day"</a>. Echoes from the Vault. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925160600/https://standrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com/2017/03/07/trailblazing-women-at-the-university-of-st-andrews-a-celebration-for-international-womens-day/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Echoes+from+the+Vault&rft.atitle=Trailblazing+Women+at+the+University+of+St+Andrews%3A+A+Celebration+for+International+Women%27s+Day&rft.date=2017-03-07&rft.au=St+Andrews+Special+Collections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstandrewsrarebooks.wordpress.com%2F2017%2F03%2F07%2Ftrailblazing-women-at-the-university-of-st-andrews-a-celebration-for-international-womens-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_was_the_first_female_graduate_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews?-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Who_was_the_first_female_graduate_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews?_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130110152020/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/femalegraduate/">"Who was the first female graduate of the University of St Andrews?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/library/specialcollections/didyouknow/femalegraduate/">the original</a> on 10 January 2013. Retrieved 2 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+was+the+first+female+graduate+of+the+University+of+St+Andrews%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Flibrary%2Fspecialcollections%2Fdidyouknow%2Ffemalegraduate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2019/03/08/international-womens-day-2019-the-first-women-in-the-library/">"International Women's Day 2019: The first women in the Library – Special Collections blog"</a>. special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230731234253/https://special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2019/03/08/international-womens-day-2019-the-first-women-in-the-library/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=International+Women%27s+Day+2019%3A+The+first+women+in+the+Library+%E2%80%93+Special+Collections+blog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspecial-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F2019%2F03%2F08%2Finternational-womens-day-2019-the-first-women-in-the-library%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Literate_Ladies_–_A_fifty_year_experiment-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Literate_Ladies_–_A_fifty_year_experiment_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180819225951/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/special-collections/documents/Literate%20Ladies%20Alumnus%20Chronicle%20vol%2059%20June%201968.pdf">"Literate Ladies – A fifty year experiment"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/media/special-collections/documents/Literate%20Ladies%20Alumnus%20Chronicle%20vol%2059%20June%201968.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 19 August 2018. Retrieved 2 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Literate+Ladies+%E2%80%93+A+fifty+year+experiment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fspecial-collections%2Fdocuments%2FLiterate%2520Ladies%2520Alumnus%2520Chronicle%2520vol%252059%2520June%25201968.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife%2c%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896">"Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland"</a>. Fifeshire Journal Fife, Scotland. 15 September 1892. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405231718/https://www.genesreunited.com.au/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=ladies%20school%20university%20garret%20anderson&county=fife,%20scotland&from=1892&to=1896">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 19 February 2022. <q>...lately taken the lead in opening its classes to ladies ...St Andrews hails a ladies' school second to none in the land, and probably second to few in England conducted...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Fifeshire+Journal+Fife%2C+Scotland&rft.date=1892-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genesreunited.com.au%2Fsearchbna%2Fresults%3Fmemberlastsubclass%3Dnone%26searchhistorykey%3D0%26keywords%3Dladies%2520school%2520university%2520garret%2520anderson%26county%3Dfife%252c%2520scotland%26from%3D1892%26to%3D1896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerring1948" class="citation journal cs1">Herring, P. T. (11 April 1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F161591a0">"Prof. E. Waymouth Reid, F.R.S"</a>. Nature. 161 (4094): 591–592. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1948Natur.161..591H">1948Natur.161..591H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F161591a0">10.1038/161591a0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Prof.+E.+Waymouth+Reid%2C+F.R.S&rft.volume=161&rft.issue=4094&rft.pages=591-592&rft.date=1948-04-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F161591a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1948Natur.161..591H&rft.aulast=Herring&rft.aufirst=P.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F161591a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJtAAQAAMAAJ&dq=dundee+university+of+St+andrews+fine+arts&pg=PA30">"Times Education"</a>. Times Education. 1 January 1894. p. 30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230412145037/https://books.google.com/books?id=rJtAAQAAMAAJ&dq=dundee+university+of+St+andrews+fine+arts&pg=PA30">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2023. Retrieved 13 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Times+Education&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1894-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrJtAAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Ddundee%2Buniversity%2Bof%2BSt%2Bandrews%2Bfine%2Barts%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/f3a74f1f-988d-33c6-bcd9-4e0870d6e511">Records of University College, Dundee, being the University of St Andrews in Dundee</a>. University of St Andrews. 1871–1953. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210508144040/https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/search/archives/f3a74f1f-988d-33c6-bcd9-4e0870d6e511">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2021. <q>The Commission of 1878 recommended a college be established in Dundee to teach mathematical and physical and natural sciences and medicine, leaving the literary part of the Arts faculty to St Andrews. The deed of an endowment provided for the erection of a comprehensive 'University College', providing courses for both sexes in a wide variety of subjects except divinity (forbidden by the non-conformist founder) and medicine (which would follow). After 1 October 1897 the college became subject to the academic control of the senate and its teaching staff was appointed by the St Andrews University Court. In an effort to avoid duplication the two Arts chairs (Classics and English) in University College lapsed into lectureships after the professors left in 1895 and 1901 respectively. The other Dundee chairs at this date were Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, Engineering, Natural History, Anatomy and Physiology. A chair in Botany in the University replaced the College chair and teaching was in both Dundee and St Andrews. In 1898 the Conjoint School of Medicine was established at Dundee.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+University+College%2C+Dundee%2C+being+the+University+of+St+Andrews+in+Dundee.&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.date=1871%2F1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchiveshub.jisc.ac.uk%2Fsearch%2Farchives%2Ff3a74f1f-988d-33c6-bcd9-4e0870d6e511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-St_leonards_college-38"><a href="#cite_ref-St_leonards_college_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/pgstudents/stleonards/">"St leonards college"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121213151127/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/pgstudents/stleonards/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+leonards+college&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fpgstudents%2Fstleonards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Citizen_Jones-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Citizen_Jones_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.golfdigest.com/magazine/bobbyjones">"Citizen Jones"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150112225249/http://www.golfdigest.com/magazine/bobbyjones">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2015. Retrieved 11 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Citizen+Jones&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.golfdigest.com%2Fmagazine%2Fbobbyjones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Catholic_coup_at_St_Andrews-40"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Catholic_coup_at_St_Andrews_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/the-catholic-coup-at-st-andrews-1668258.html">"The Catholic coup at St Andrews"</a>. The Independent. London. 14 April 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140413170950/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/the-catholic-coup-at-st-andrews-1668258.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Catholic+coup+at+St+Andrews&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Feducation-news%2Fthe-catholic-coup-at-st-andrews-1668258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/university-officers/vice-chancellor?wssl=1">"Vice-Chancellor — University of Oxford"</a>. www.ox.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200528070737/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/university-officers/vice-chancellor?wssl=1">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2020. Retrieved 9 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Vice-Chancellor+%E2%80%94+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Forganisation%2Funiversity-officers%2Fvice-chancellor%3Fwssl%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/a10274881/st-andrews-scotland/">"How Scotland's University of St. Andrews Became a Top American School"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Town_%26_Country_(magazine)" title="Town & Country (magazine)">Town & Country</a>. 24 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170727214632/http://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/a10274881/st-andrews-scotland/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Scotland%27s+University+of+St.+Andrews+Became+a+Top+American+School&rft.pub=Town+%26+Country&rft.date=2017-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.townandcountrymag.com%2Fsociety%2Fa10274881%2Fst-andrews-scotland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-International-43"><a href="#cite_ref-International_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/international/">"International"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808233518/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/international/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Finternational%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/st-andrews/international">"University of St Andrews — International"</a>. The Complete University Guide. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150510165418/http://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/st-andrews/international">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2015. Retrieved 1 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Complete+University+Guide&rft.atitle=University+of+St+Andrews+%E2%80%94+International&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk%2Fst-andrews%2Finternational&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Americans_at_St_Andrews-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Americans_at_St_Andrews_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2008" class="citation news cs1">Kemp, Jackie (20 May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/may/20/internationalstudents.educationguardian2">"Americans at St Andrews"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228181919/http://www.theguardian.com/education/2008/may/20/internationalstudents.educationguardian2">Archived</a> from the original on 28 February 2014. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Americans+at+St+Andrews&rft.date=2008-05-20&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2008%2Fmay%2F20%2Finternationalstudents.educationguardian2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_undergraduates_choosing_UK_for_their_studies-46"><a href="#cite_ref-US_undergraduates_choosing_UK_for_their_studies_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140604055859/http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/press/us-undergraduates-choosing-uk-their-studies">"US undergraduates choosing UK for their studies"</a>. The British Council. London. 27 January 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishcouncil.org/organisation/press/us-undergraduates-choosing-uk-their-studies">the original</a> on 4 June 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Council&rft.atitle=US+undergraduates+choosing+UK+for+their+studies&rft.date=2014-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishcouncil.org%2Forganisation%2Fpress%2Fus-undergraduates-choosing-uk-their-studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Will_and_Kate_(and_Uncle_Sam)_Studied_Here-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Will_and_Kate_(and_Uncle_Sam)_Studied_Here_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConlin2014" class="citation news cs1">Conlin, Jennifer (18 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/fashion/st-andrews-will-and-kate-and-uncle-sam-studied-here.html">"Will and Kate (and Uncle Sam) Studied Here"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140812214036/http://www.nytimes.com/2014/04/20/fashion/st-andrews-will-and-kate-and-uncle-sam-studied-here.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Will+and+Kate+%28and+Uncle+Sam%29+Studied+Here&rft.date=2014-04-18&rft.aulast=Conlin&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F04%2F20%2Ffashion%2Fst-andrews-will-and-kate-and-uncle-sam-studied-here.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Going_Off_to_College_for_Less_NYT-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Going_Off_to_College_for_Less_NYT_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewin2008" class="citation news cs1">Lewin, Tamar (30 November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/01/education/01scotland.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">"Going Off to College for Less (Passport Required)"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521124356/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/01/education/01scotland.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 21 May 2013. 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Retrieved 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Royal+College+Bargain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fforbes%2F2011%2F0808%2Finvesting-international-education-prince-will-kate-royal-bargain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_Needs_Harvard_Or_Yale?-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Who_Needs_Harvard_Or_Yale?_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120806123356/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-09-24/who-needs-harvard-or-yale">"Who Needs Harvard Or Yale?"</a>. Bloomberg.com. 25 September 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2006-09-24/who-needs-harvard-or-yale">the original</a> on 6 August 2012. Retrieved 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Who+Needs+Harvard+Or+Yale%3F&rft.date=2006-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessweek.com%2Fstories%2F2006-09-24%2Fwho-needs-harvard-or-yale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2017/title,1431651,en.php">"St Andrews named Best Buy"</a>. University of St Andrews.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Andrews+named+Best+Buy&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2017%2Ftitle%2C1431651%2Cen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcd.ie/globalrelations/news/20150721FiskeBestBuy.php">"Trinity College Dublin a 'Best Buy' in Fiske Guide to Colleges 2016"</a>. Trinity College Dublin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820002343/https://www.tcd.ie/globalrelations/news/20150721FiskeBestBuy.php">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2018. Retrieved 29 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trinity+College+Dublin+a+%27Best+Buy%27+in+Fiske+Guide+to+Colleges+2016&rft.pub=Trinity+College+Dublin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2Fglobalrelations%2Fnews%2F20150721FiskeBestBuy.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-US_Alumni-53"><a href="#cite_ref-US_Alumni_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808101023/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/alumni/americanfoundation/">"US Alumni"</a>. 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Retrieved 12 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NY+Alumni+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alumniclubny.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2016" class="citation web cs1">Parker, Lynda Hamilton (24 November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scotlandb2b.co.uk/2016/11/24/angel-investment-network-launches-in-nyc-to-facilitate-scottish-deals/">"Angel investment group launches in NYC to facilitate Scottish deals"</a>. Scotland B2B Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161220075452/http://scotlandb2b.co.uk/2016/11/24/angel-investment-network-launches-in-nyc-to-facilitate-scottish-deals/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 6 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scotland+B2B+Magazine&rft.atitle=Angel+investment+group+launches+in+NYC+to+facilitate+Scottish+deals&rft.date=2016-11-24&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Lynda+Hamilton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscotlandb2b.co.uk%2F2016%2F11%2F24%2Fangel-investment-network-launches-in-nyc-to-facilitate-scottish-deals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Algonquin_Club-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Algonquin_Club_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222203611/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/alumni/relations/alumniclubs/privatemembers/algonquin/">"Algonquin Club"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/alumni/relations/alumniclubs/privatemembers/algonquin/">the original</a> on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 24 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Algonquin+Club&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Falumni%2Frelations%2Falumniclubs%2Fprivatemembers%2Falgonquin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Princeton_club_–_St_Andrews-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Princeton_club_–_St_Andrews_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130513144331/http://www.princetonclub.com/standrews">"Princeton club – St Andrews"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princetonclub.com/standrews">the original</a> on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Princeton+club+%E2%80%93+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princetonclub.com%2Fstandrews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penn_Club_of_NYC_—_Affiliate_Schools-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Penn_Club_of_NYC_—_Affiliate_Schools_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pennclub.org/membership/types/schools-organizations">"Affiliate Schools / Organizations"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181009052758/https://www.pennclub.org/membership/types/schools-organizations">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Affiliate+Schools+%2F+Organizations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pennclub.org%2Fmembership%2Ftypes%2Fschools-organizations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillary_Rodham_Clinton_to_address_academic_leaders_in_St_Andrews-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Hillary_Rodham_Clinton_to_address_academic_leaders_in_St_Andrews_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140803171850/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2013/title,224659,en.php">"Hillary Rodham Clinton to address academic leaders in St Andrews"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2013/title,224659,en.php">the original</a> on 3 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hillary+Rodham+Clinton+to+address+academic+leaders+in+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2013%2Ftitle%2C224659%2Cen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graduation_address_—_Secretary_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Graduation_address_—_Secretary_Hillary_Rodham_Clinton_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813213819/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2013/title,227124,en.php">"Graduation address — Secretary Hillary Rodham Clinton"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/news/archive/2013/title,227124,en.php">the original</a> on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Graduation+address+%E2%80%94+Secretary+Hillary+Rodham+Clinton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2F2013%2Ftitle%2C227124%2Cen.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Office_of_the_Principal-61"><a href="#cite_ref-Office_of_the_Principal_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130124140556/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/administration/principalsoffice/">"Office of the Principal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/administration/principalsoffice/">the original</a> on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+the+Principal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fadministration%2Fprincipalsoffice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_rector_of_the_university-62"><a href="#cite_ref-The_rector_of_the_university_62-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/governance/therector/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/governance/therector/">"The rector of the university"</a>. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rector+of+the+university&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fgovernance%2Ftherector%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fabout%2Fgovernance%2Ftherector%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-United_College-63"><a href="#cite_ref-United_College_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130209064511/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/administration/principalsoffice/members/master/">"United College"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/administration/principalsoffice/members/master/">the original</a> on 9 February 2013. Retrieved 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fadministration%2Fprincipalsoffice%2Fmembers%2Fmaster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-St_Marys_college-64"><a href="#cite_ref-St_Marys_college_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/divinity/">"St Marys college"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210118184343/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/divinity/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2021. 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Retrieved 15 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Leonards+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fpgstudents%2Fstleonards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/development/support/projects/new-college/">"New College – Alumni and supporters – University of St Andrews"</a>. www.st-andrews.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217211055/https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/development/support/projects/new-college/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2022. Retrieved 19 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=New+College+%E2%80%93+Alumni+and+supporters+%E2%80%93+University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fdevelopment%2Fsupport%2Fprojects%2Fnew-college%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faculty_of_Arts-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Faculty_of_Arts_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814011549/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/arts/">"Faculty of Arts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/arts/">the original</a> on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculty+of+Arts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Fug%2Foptions%2Ffaculties%2Farts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faculty_of_Divinity-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Faculty_of_Divinity_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813155247/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/divinity/">"Faculty of Divinity"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/divinity/">the original</a> on 13 August 2014. 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Retrieved 13 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculty+of+Medicine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Fug%2Foptions%2Ffaculties%2Fmedicine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faculty_of_Science-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Faculty_of_Science_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140813161214/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/science/">"Faculty of Science"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/science/">the original</a> on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculty+of+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Fug%2Foptions%2Ffaculties%2Fscience%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faculties-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Faculties_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140814001503/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/">"Faculties"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/study/ug/options/faculties/">the original</a> on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Faculties&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fstudy%2Fug%2Foptions%2Ffaculties%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/semesterdates/">"Semester dates &"</a>. University of St Andrews. August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304060505/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/semesterdates/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2010. Retrieved 9 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semester+dates+%26&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.date=2014-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fsemesterdates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Complete_League_Table-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Complete_League_Table_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk/league-tables/rankings">"Complete University Guide 2025"</a>. The Complete University Guide. 14 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Complete+University+Guide+2025&rft.pub=The+Complete+University+Guide&rft.date=2024-05-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecompleteuniversityguide.co.uk%2Fleague-tables%2Frankings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian_University_Guide-74"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian_University_Guide_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/ng-interactive/2024/sep/07/the-guardian-university-guide-2025-the-rankings">"Guardian University Guide 2025"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+next+for+the+Kate+Kennedy+tradition+in+St+Andrews%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesaint-online.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fwhat-next-for-the-kate-kennedy-tradition-in-st-andrews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-University_club_splinters-195"><a href="#cite_ref-University_club_splinters_195-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardBolton2012" class="citation news cs1">Ward, Victoria; Bolton, Olivia (22 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/kate-middleton/9095871/Victory-for-Kate-Middleton-as-men-only-university-club-splinters.html">"University club splinters"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. 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Retrieved 5 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=University+club+splinters&rft.date=2012-02-22&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Victoria&rft.au=Bolton%2C+Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuknews%2Fkate-middleton%2F9095871%2FVictory-for-Kate-Middleton-as-men-only-university-club-splinters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Breaking_News:_Kate_Kennedy_Club_votes_to_admit_women-196"><a href="#cite_ref-Breaking_News:_Kate_Kennedy_Club_votes_to_admit_women_196-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140517152804/http://www.thesaint-online.com/2012/03/breaking-news-kate-kennedy-club-votes-to-admit-women/">"Breaking News: Kate Kennedy Club votes to admit women"</a>. 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Retrieved 16 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kensington+Club+%E2%80%94+A+Brief+History+1739+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FTheKensingtonClubABriefHistory17392010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-More_Andreanic_Fun-199"><a href="#cite_ref-More_Andreanic_Fun_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.andrewcusack.com/2004/more-andreanic-fun/">"More Andreanic Fun"</a>. 26 July 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151224174658/http://www.andrewcusack.com/2004/more-andreanic-fun/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2015. Retrieved 26 July 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=More+Andreanic+Fun&rft.date=2004-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrewcusack.com%2F2004%2Fmore-andreanic-fun%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint2017" class="citation web cs1">Saint, The (7 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191230142203/http://www.thesaint-online.com/2017/10/welcome-st-andrews-fight-club/">"Welcome to the St Andrews Fight Club"</a>. The Saint. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesaint-online.com/2017/10/welcome-st-andrews-fight-club/">the original</a> on 30 December 2019. 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Retrieved 15 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Student+Conduct&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fstudents%2Frules%2FConductDiscipline%2FConduct%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_208-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_208-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_208-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_208-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2016/12/15/christmas-feasting-in-st-andrews/">"Christmas feasting in St Andrews – Special Collections blog"</a>. special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220414094331/https://special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk/2016/12/15/christmas-feasting-in-st-andrews/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2022. Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=special-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Christmas+feasting+in+St+Andrews+%E2%80%93+Special+Collections+blog&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspecial-collections.wp.st-andrews.ac.uk%2F2016%2F12%2F15%2Fchristmas-feasting-in-st-andrews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_209-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_209-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_209-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_209-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_209-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_209-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_209-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1900" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Peter Redford Scott (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encore.st-andrews.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rx2704075">Notes of Professor Peter Redford Scott Lang on the origins of the Grace of the University of St Andrews and comment thereon</a>. University of St Andrews Library Department of Special Collections: Formerly in the possession of Miss Scott Lang. pp. 1–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223173758/https://encore.st-andrews.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rx2704075?lang=eng&ivts=w06HD%2BuxbbHgHoM1%2FgKnRQ%3D%3D&casts=3BUoEN9zfESrZPlPVNtBKg%3D%3D">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+of+Professor+Peter+Redford+Scott+Lang+on+the+origins+of+the+Grace+of+the+University+of+St+Andrews+and+comment+thereon.&rft.place=University+of+St+Andrews+Library+Department+of+Special+Collections&rft.pages=1-6&rft.pub=Formerly+in+the+possession+of+Miss+Scott+Lang.&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Peter+Redford+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencore.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fiii%2Fencore%2Frecord%2FC__Rx2704075&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_210-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCant1946" class="citation book cs1">Cant, Ronald Gordon (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_jq7AAAAIAAJ&q=ronald%20cant%20history%20of%20university%20of%20st%20andrews">The University of St Andrews: A Short History / by R. G. Cant, M.A., Lecturer in Mediaeval history in the United College of St Salvator and St Leonard</a>. Edinburgh, Tweeddale Court: Oliver and Boyd. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780701117085" title="Special:BookSources/9780701117085"><bdi>9780701117085</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405231718/https://books.google.com/books?id=_jq7AAAAIAAJ&q=ronald%20cant%20history%20of%20university%20of%20st%20andrews">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2023. Retrieved 20 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+St+Andrews%3A+A+Short+History+%2F+by+R.+G.+Cant%2C+M.A.%2C+Lecturer+in+Mediaeval+history+in+the+United+College+of+St+Salvator+and+St+Leonard.&rft.place=Edinburgh%2C+Tweeddale+Court&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Oliver+and+Boyd&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=9780701117085&rft.aulast=Cant&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_jq7AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dronald%2520cant%2520history%2520of%2520university%2520of%2520st%2520andrews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-211">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_211-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_211-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLang1900" class="citation book cs1">Lang, Peter Redford Scott (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encore.st-andrews.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rx2704069">Two copies by Sir Peter Redford Scott Lang of the music for the Grace and Blessing of the University of St Andrews by Sir Alexander Campbell Mackenzie</a>. University of St Andrews Library Department of Special Collections: Sir Alexander Campbell Mackenzie. pp. 1–2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240223173758/https://encore.st-andrews.ac.uk/iii/encore/record/C__Rx2704069?lang=eng&ivts=UA6nkis0s%2FW2UomLeQzVAw%3D%3D&casts=qGp1Ig4IXzExfShaKMvGrg%3D%3D">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2024. Retrieved 12 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+copies+by+Sir+Peter+Redford+Scott+Lang+of+the+music+for+the+Grace+and+Blessing+of+the+University+of+St+Andrews+by+Sir+Alexander+Campbell+Mackenzie.&rft.place=University+of+St+Andrews+Library+Department+of+Special+Collections&rft.pages=1-2&rft.pub=Sir+Alexander+Campbell+Mackenzie&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=Peter+Redford+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencore.st-andrews.ac.uk%2Fiii%2Fencore%2Frecord%2FC__Rx2704069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> See A.S.Neill 'A Dominie's Log', page 193 (ch. XVII): "... the St. Andrew's students form a small happy family; if a reference is made to Bejant Smith everyone understands it. If you mentioned Bejant Smith in the Edinburgh 'Student' no one would know whom you were referring to." </li> <li id="cite_note-St_Andrews_Fresher-213"><a href="#cite_ref-St_Andrews_Fresher_213-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718063819/http://www.standrewsfreshers.com/index.php?content=traditions">"St Andrews Fresher A guide to academic families"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standrewsfreshers.com/index.php?content=traditions&subcontent=academic_families">the original</a> on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Andrews+Fresher+A+guide+to+academic+families&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standrewsfreshers.com%2Findex.php%3Fcontent%3Dtraditions%26subcontent%3Dacademic_families&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBAM_Agency_Ltd" class="citation web cs1">BAM Agency Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourunion.net/raisin">"St Andrews Students' Association – The Home for St Andrews University Students"</a>. Yourunion.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202215050/http://www.yourunion.net/raisin">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St+Andrews+Students%27+Association+%E2%80%93+The+Home+for+St+Andrews+University+Students&rft.pub=Yourunion.net&rft.au=BAM+Agency+Ltd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yourunion.net%2Fraisin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718063819/http://www.standrewsfreshers.com/index.php?content=traditions">"Raisin Weekend"</a>. St. Andrews Freshers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standrewsfreshers.com/index.php?content=traditions&subcontent=raisin_weekend">the original</a> on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Raisin+Weekend&rft.pub=St.+Andrews+Freshers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.standrewsfreshers.com%2Findex.php%3Fcontent%3Dtraditions%26subcontent%3Draisin_weekend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/raisin-weekend-foam-fondling-and-malfeasance-at-st-andrews-a-583468.html">"Raisin Weekend: Foam, Fondling and Malfeasance at St. Andrews"</a>. Der Spiegel. Spiegel.de. 14 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202221544/http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/raisin-weekend-foam-fondling-and-malfeasance-at-st-andrews-a-583468.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2013. Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Raisin+Weekend%3A+Foam%2C+Fondling+and+Malfeasance+at+St.+Andrews&rft.date=2008-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Feurope%2Fraisin-weekend-foam-fondling-and-malfeasance-at-st-andrews-a-583468.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raisin_weekend_youtube_video_2012-217"><a href="#cite_ref-Raisin_weekend_youtube_video_2012_217-0">^</a> Archived at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211211/JPMTuNYxe20">Ghostarchive</a> and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219211215/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPMTuNYxe20">Wayback Machine</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JPMTuNYxe20">"Raisin Weekend 2012 – University of St Andrews"</a>. 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Retrieved 13 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reformationhistory.org&rft.atitle=Reformation+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freformationhistory.org%2Fpatrickhamilton.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/UniversityChapels/ChapelofStSalvator/">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609103751/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/about/UniversityChapels/ChapelofStSalvator/">Archived</a> 9 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120620100224/http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/potw/2011/Name,67906,en.html">"2011 | University of St Andrews"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitstandrews.com/themaydip/">the original</a> on 25 June 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+May+Dip&rft.pub=Visit+St+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitstandrews.com%2Fthemaydip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-starr-222"><a href="#cite_ref-starr_222-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/3886">"Journal of Terrorism Research"</a>. St Andrews Research Repository. 25 May 2015. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F3886">10023/3886</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210408105000/https://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/handle/10023/3886">Archived</a> from the original on 8 April 2021. 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The Belfast Telegraph. 22 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160102220604/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/news/fanduel-tyrone-man-nigel-eccles-will-soon-be-northern-irelands-newest-billionaire-31394470.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=FanDuel%3A+Tyrone+man+Nigel+Eccles+will+soon+be+Northern+Ireland%27s+newest+billionaire&rft.date=2015-07-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fnews%2Ffanduel-tyrone-man-nigel-eccles-will-soon-be-northern-irelands-newest-billionaire-31394470.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200122141119/http://www.thesaint-online.com/2019/11/st-andrews-alums-testify-in-trump-impeachment/">"St Andrews alums testify in Trump's Impeachment Inquiry"</a>. The Saint-Online. 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Retrieved 15 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Saint-Online&rft.atitle=St+Andrews+alums+testify+in+Trump%27s+Impeachment+Inquiry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thesaint-online.com%2F2019%2F11%2Fst-andrews-alums-testify-in-trump-impeachment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/another-classic-for-st-andrews/">"Another 'classic' for St Andrews | University of St Andrews news"</a>. news.st-andrews.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217200602/https://news.st-andrews.ac.uk/archive/another-classic-for-st-andrews/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2023. 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Retrieved 3 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Film+%2B+St.+Andrews%2C+Scotland+%C2%AB+MUSEYON+GUIDES&rft.pub=Museyon.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museyon.com%2Fblog%2F2010%2F04%2F20%2Ffilm-st-andrews-scotland%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCwelich2010" class="citation news cs1">Cwelich, Lorraine (15 September 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-47274">"Carey Mulligan on Her New Movie 'Never Let Me Go'"</a>. Wall Street Journal. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013182527/https://www.wsj.com/articles/BL-SEB-47274">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020. Retrieved 13 October 2020 – via www.wsj.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=Carey+Mulligan+on+Her+New+Movie+%27Never+Let+Me+Go%27&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft.aulast=Cwelich&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FBL-SEB-47274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Last_term_at_Malory_Towers-231"><a href="#cite_ref-Last_term_at_Malory_Towers_231-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blytonlyobvious.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/last-term-at-malory-towers-part-1.html">"Last term at Malory Towers"</a>. 23 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615053635/http://blytonlyobvious.blogspot.co.uk/2010/09/last-term-at-malory-towers-part-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Last+term+at+Malory+Towers&rft.date=2010-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblytonlyobvious.blogspot.co.uk%2F2010%2F09%2Flast-term-at-malory-towers-part-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Journey_to_west_gutenberg-232"><a href="#cite_ref-Journey_to_west_gutenberg_232-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2064">Journey to west gutenberg</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502071459/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/2064">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 29 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+west+gutenberg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Febooks%2F2064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Girl_in_May-233"><a href="#cite_ref-Girl_in_May_233-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/bruce-marshall-4/girl-in-may/">"Girl in May"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826114827/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/bruce-marshall-4/girl-in-may/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 August 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Girl+in+May&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fbruce-marshall-4%2Fgirl-in-may%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Banquet_for_the_Damned-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Banquet_for_the_Damned_234-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spookyisles.com/banquet-for-the-damned-adam-nevill-review/">"Banquet for the Damned"</a>. 29 August 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414184432/https://www.spookyisles.com/banquet-for-the-damned-adam-nevill-review/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021. Retrieved 29 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Banquet+for+the+Damned&rft.date=2017-08-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spookyisles.com%2Fbanquet-for-the-damned-adam-nevill-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Borges_and_Me-235"><a href="#cite_ref-Borges_and_Me_235-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenberg2020" class="citation news cs1">Greenberg, Michael (18 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/18/books/review/jay-parini-borges-and-me.html">"Borges and Me"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818091028/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/18/books/review/jay-parini-borges-and-me.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Borges+and+Me&rft.date=2020-08-18&rft.aulast=Greenberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F08%2F18%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fjay-parini-borges-and-me.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUniversity+of+St+Andrews" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>R.G. Cant The University of St Andrews, A Short History (Oliver and Boyd Ltd. 1946)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="c:Category:University of St Andrews">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:University_of_St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="n:Category:University of St Andrews">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/University_of_St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/University of St Andrews">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/University_of_St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/University of St Andrews">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yourunion.net/">University of St Andrews Students' Association Website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/">Research@StAndrews:FullText</a>, the university's digital repository of research output</li> <li>BBC Your Paintings, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artuk.org/search/search/search/keyword:university-of-st-andrews">Public Catalogue Foundation</a></li></ul> <div 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href="/wiki/Template:University_of_St_Andrews" title="Template:University of St Andrews"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:University_of_St_Andrews" title="Template talk:University of St Andrews"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:University_of_St_Andrews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:University of St Andrews"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="University_of_St_Andrews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of St Andrews</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;">Governance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Chancellor of the University of St Andrews">Chancellor</a>: <a href="/wiki/Menzies_Campbell" title="Menzies Campbell">Menzies Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principal_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Principal of the University of St Andrews">Principal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sally_Mapstone" title="Sally Mapstone">Sally Mapstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rector_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Rector of the University of St Andrews">Rector</a>: Stella Maris</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Governance of the University of St Andrews">Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Council_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="General Council of the University of St Andrews">General Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_court" title="University court">University Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_university_governance_in_Scotland#Senatus_Academicus" title="Ancient university governance in Scotland">Senatus Academicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_the_United_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of the United College">Master of the United College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestor_(University_of_St_Andrews)" title="Quaestor (University of St Andrews)">Quaestor</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:St_Andrews_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_135908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St_Andrews_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_135908.jpg/180px-St_Andrews_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_135908.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St_Andrews_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_135908.jpg/270px-St_Andrews_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_135908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/St_Andrews_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_135908.jpg/360px-St_Andrews_University_-_geograph.org.uk_-_135908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="History of the University of St Andrews">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_dress_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Academic dress of the University of St Andrews">Academic dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_and_St_Andrews_Universities_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities (UK Parliament constituency)">Edinburgh and St Andrews Universities Parliamentary Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Scottish_Universities_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Combined Scottish Universities (UK Parliament constituency)">Combined Scottish Universities Parliamentary Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Literate_in_Arts" title="Lady Literate in Arts">Lady Literate in Arts</a> (LLA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Museum of the University of St Andrews">Museum of the University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privileged_bodies_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom">Privileged bodies of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee#Incorporation_into_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of Dundee">University College/Queen's College, Dundee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;">Colleges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St John's College, St Andrews">St John's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Salvator's College, St Andrews">St Salvator's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College_(University_of_St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leonard's College (University of St Andrews)">St Leonard's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Mary's College, St Andrews">St Mary's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_College,_St_Andrews" title="United College, St Andrews">United College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;">Schools and institutes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centre_for_the_Study_of_Terrorism_and_Political_Violence" title="Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence">Centre for the Study of Terrorism and Political Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Gregory_Telescope" title="James Gregory Telescope">James Gregory Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_School_of_Medicine" title="University of St Andrews School of Medicine">School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatty_Marine_Laboratory" title="Gatty Marine Laboratory">Scottish Oceans Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Mammal_Research_Unit" title="Sea Mammal Research Unit">Sea Mammal Research Unit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;">Halls of Residence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_Blackadder_Hall" title="Agnes Blackadder Hall">Agnes Blackadder Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Melville_Hall" title="Andrew Melville Hall">Andrew Melville Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deans_Court" title="Deans Court">Deans Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Grand" title="Hamilton Grand">Hamilton Hall</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burnet_Hall" title="John Burnet Hall">John Burnet Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Regulus_Hall" title="St Regulus Hall">St Regulus Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Hall" title="St Salvator's Hall">St Salvator's Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Hall_(University_of_St_Andrews)" title="University Hall (University of St Andrews)">University Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;">Student life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Students%27_Association" title="University of St Andrews Students' Association">Students' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Athletic_Union" title="University of St Andrews Athletic Union">Athletic Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Boat_Club" title="University of St Andrews Boat Club">Boat Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_University_F.C." title="St Andrews University F.C.">Football Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_RFC" title="University of St Andrews RFC">Rugby Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_University_Shinty_Club" title="St Andrews University Shinty Club">Shinty Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Varsity" title="The Scottish Varsity">The Scottish Varsity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Union_Debating_Society" title="University of St Andrews Union Debating Society">Debating Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Saint_(UK_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Saint (UK newspaper)">The Saint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_university_a_cappella_groups_in_the_United_Kingdom#University_of_St_Andrews" title="List of university a cappella groups in the United Kingdom">A Cappella</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Guys_(University_of_St_Andrews)" title="The Other Guys (University of St Andrews)">The Other Guys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alleycats_(University_of_St_Andrews)" title="The Alleycats (University of St Andrews)">The Alleycats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Service_Units" title="University Service Units">University Service Units</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_Royal_Naval_Unit_East_Scotland" title="University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland">University Royal Naval Unit East Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayforth_UOTC" title="Tayforth UOTC">Tayforth UOTC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_of_Scotland_Universities_Air_Squadron" title="East of Scotland Universities Air Squadron">East of Scotland Universities Air Squadron</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alumni_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="List of alumni of the University of St Andrews">Alumni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byre_Theatre" title="Byre Theatre">Byre Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Catholic_Chaplaincy" title="University of St Andrews Catholic Chaplaincy">Catholic Chaplaincy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Prize_for_the_Environment" title="St Andrews Prize for the Environment">Environmental Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gifford_Lectures" title="Gifford Lectures">Gifford Lectures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Film_Festival_of_St_Andrews" title="International Film Festival of St Andrews">International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laidlaw_Scholars" title="Laidlaw Scholars">Laidlaw Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Lang_Lecture" title="Andrew Lang Lecture">Lang Lecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_Library" title="University of St Andrews Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics archive">MacTutor Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Chapel" title="St Salvator's Chapel">St Salvator's Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Short_Title_Catalogue" title="Universal Short Title Catalogue">Universal Short Title Catalogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #010963; color: white;;width:1%;background: #6190FF;">Categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Clubs_and_societies_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:Clubs and societies of the University of St Andrews">Clubs and Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_associated_with_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:People associated with the University of St Andrews">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Chancellors_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:Chancellors of the University of St Andrews">Chancellors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rectors_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:Rectors of the University of St Andrews">Rectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Principals_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:Principals of the University of St Andrews">Principals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academics_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:Academics of the University of St Andrews">Academics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:Alumni of the University of St Andrews">Alumni</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #010963; color: white;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:University_of_St_Andrews" title="Category:University of St Andrews">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:University_of_St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:University of St Andrews">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="wikinews:University of St Andrews">Wikinews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:University_of_St_Andrews" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Category:University of St Andrews">Wikisource</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="St_Andrews" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:St_Andrews" title="Template:St Andrews"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:St_Andrews" title="Template talk:St Andrews"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:St_Andrews" title="Special:EditPage/Template:St Andrews"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="St_Andrews" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:St_Andrews" title="Category:St Andrews">St Andrews</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theatres and public houses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barron_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Barron Theatre">Barron Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byre_Theatre" title="Byre Theatre">Byre Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Picture_House" title="New Picture House">New Picture House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigger_Inn" title="Jigger Inn">Jigger Inn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Golf</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Links" title="St Andrews Links">St Andrews Links</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Course_at_St_Andrews" title="Old Course at St Andrews">Old Course</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swilcan_Bridge" title="Swilcan Bridge">Swilcan Bridge</a></li></ul></li> <li>Golf clubs <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Golf_Club" title="The New Golf Club">The New Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_and_Ancient_Golf_Club_of_St_Andrews" title="The Royal and Ancient Golf Club of St Andrews">The Royal and Ancient Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Golf_Club" title="St Andrews Golf Club">St Andrews Golf Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Ladies%27_Putting_Club" title="St Andrews Ladies' Putting Club">St Andrews Ladies' Putting Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_St_Rule_Club" title="The St Rule Club">The St Rule Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_R%26A" title="The R&A">The R&A</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Golf_Union" title="Ladies' Golf Union">Ladies' Golf Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgan_of_St_Andrews" title="Forgan of St Andrews">Forgan of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Morris_Golf_Shop" title="Tom Morris Golf Shop">Tom Morris Golf Shop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hotels and apartment buildings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Grand" title="Hamilton Grand">Hamilton Grand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Course_Hotel" title="Old Course Hotel">Old Course Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufflets_Hotel" title="Rufflets Hotel">Rufflets Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairmont_St_Andrews" title="Fairmont St Andrews">Fairmont St Andrews resort hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusacks_Hotel" title="Rusacks Hotel">Rusacks Hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monuments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Sarcophagus" title="St Andrews Sarcophagus">St Andrews Sarcophagus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%26A_World_Golf_Museum" title="R&A World Golf Museum">R&A World Golf Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_University_of_St_Andrews" title="Museum of the University of St Andrews">Museum of the University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Castle" title="St Andrews Castle">St Andrews Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral" title="St Andrews Cathedral">St Andrews Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Museum" title="St Andrews Museum">St Andrews Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious houses, past and present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_St_Andrews" title="All Saints' Church, St Andrews">All Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars,_St_Andrews" title="Blackfriars, St Andrews">Blackfriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyfriars,_St_Andrews" title="Greyfriars, St Andrews">Greyfriars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity_Church,_St_Andrews" title="Holy Trinity Church, St Andrews">Holy Trinity Church</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Leonards_Hospital,_St_Andrews&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Leonards Hospital, St Andrews (page does not exist)">Hospital of St Leonard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nicholas_Hospital,_St_Andrews" title="St Nicholas Hospital, St Andrews">Hospital of St Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Cathedral_Priory" title="St Andrews Cathedral Priory">St Andrews Cathedral Priory</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St_Leonard%27s_Chapel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St Leonard's Chapel (page does not exist)">St Leonard's Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_Mary_on_the_Rock" title="Church of St Mary on the Rock">St Mary's Collegiate Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_Chapel" title="St Salvator's Chapel">St Salvator's Chapel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madras_College" title="Madras College">Madras College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonards_School" title="St Leonards School">St Leonards School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Park_School" title="New Park School">New Park School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University colleges, past and present</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Leonard%27s_College_(University_of_St_Andrews)" class="mw-redirect" title="St Leonard's College (University of St Andrews)">St Leonard's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Mary's College, St Andrews">St Mary's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St John's College, St Andrews">The Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Salvator%27s_College,_St_Andrews" title="St Salvator's College, St Andrews">St Salvator's College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_College,_St_Andrews" title="United College, St Andrews">United College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Botanic_Garden" title="St Andrews Botanic Garden">Botanic Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_(Fife_ward)" title="St Andrews (Fife ward)">Council ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_St_Andrews_Castle" title="Siege of St Andrews Castle">Siege of St Andrews Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_Town_Hall" title="St Andrews Town Hall">St Andrews Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strathtyrum" title="Strathtyrum">Strathtyrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madras_College_FP_RFC" title="Madras College FP RFC">Madras College FP RFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Andrews_United_F.C." title="St Andrews United F.C.">St Andrews United F.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews_RFC" title="University of St Andrews RFC">University of St Andrews RFC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universities_in_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#07c;color:#FFFFFF;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_in_Scotland" title="Template:Universities in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:Universities in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:#FFFFFF">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universities_in_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Scotland" title="Universities in Scotland">Universities in Scotland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#07c;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_universities_in_Scotland" title="History of universities in Scotland">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Education in Medieval Scotland">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Education in early modern Scotland">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_education_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="Scottish education in the eighteenth century">Eighteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_education_in_the_nineteenth_century" title="Scottish education in the nineteenth century">Nineteenth century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Scotland_in_the_twentieth_century" title="Education in Scotland in the twentieth century">Twentieth century</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Old_College_Quad.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="University of Edinburgh, Old College Quad"><img alt="University of Edinburgh, Old College Quad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Old_College_Quad.jpg/200px-Old_College_Quad.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Old_College_Quad.jpg/300px-Old_College_Quad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Old_College_Quad.jpg/400px-Old_College_Quad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#07c;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">Ancient (pre-1600)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">University of St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#07c;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Red_brick_university" title="Red brick university">Red brick (pre-1890)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">University of Dundee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#07c;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_glass_university" title="Plate glass university">Plate-glass (1960s)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Stirling" title="University of Stirling">University of Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">University of Strathclyde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#07c;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_universities" class="mw-redirect" title="New universities">Modern (1992 on)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University" title="Robert Gordon University">Robert Gordon University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Caledonian_University" title="Glasgow Caledonian University">Glasgow Caledonian University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Napier_University" title="Edinburgh Napier University">Edinburgh Napier University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abertay_University" title="Abertay University">Abertay University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_Scotland" title="University of the West of Scotland">University of the West of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Margaret_University" title="Queen Margaret University">Queen Margaret University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Highlands_and_Islands" title="University of the Highlands and Islands">University of the Highlands and Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#07c;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Distance learning</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_University" class="mw-redirect" title="The Open University">The Open University in Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#07c;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Other institutions of higher education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_School_of_Art" title="Glasgow School of Art">Glasgow School of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Conservatoire_of_Scotland" title="Royal Conservatoire of Scotland">Royal Conservatoire of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland%27s_Rural_College" title="Scotland's Rural College">Scotland's Rural College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#07c;color:#FFFFFF;;width:1%">Related bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Funding_Council" title="Scottish Funding Council">Scottish Funding Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Awards_Agency_for_Scotland" title="Student Awards Agency for Scotland">Student Awards Agency for Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_Scotland" title="Universities Scotland">Universities Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_UK" title="Universities UK">Universities UK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#07c;color:#FFFFFF;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_in_Scotland" title="Category:Universities in Scotland">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Universities in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Universities in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Universities in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Universities in the United Kingdom">Universities in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_England" title="List of universities in England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East of England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bedfordshire" title="University of Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cranfield_University" title="Cranfield University">Cranfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia" title="University of East Anglia">East Anglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Essex" title="University of Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hertfordshire" title="University of Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich_University_of_the_Arts" title="Norwich University of the Arts">Norwich University of the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Suffolk" title="University of Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_higher_education_colleges_in_London" title="List of universities and higher education colleges in London">London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunel_University_of_London" title="Brunel University of London">Brunel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_St_George%27s,_University_of_London" title="City St George's, University of London">City St George's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtauld_Institute_of_Art" title="Courtauld Institute of Art">Courtauld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldsmiths,_University_of_London" title="Goldsmiths, University of London">Goldsmiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Cancer_Research" title="Institute of Cancer Research">Institute of Cancer Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Business_School" title="London Business School">London Business School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">LSHTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music" title="Royal Academy of Music">Royal Academy of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Central_School_of_Speech_and_Drama" title="Royal Central School of Speech and Drama">Royal Central School of Speech and Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Veterinary_College" title="Royal Veterinary College">Royal Veterinary College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Advanced_Study" title="School of Advanced Study">School of Advanced Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOAS_University_of_London" title="SOAS University of London">SOAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">UCL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_East_London" title="University of East London">East London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Greenwich" title="University of Greenwich">Greenwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_University" title="Kingston University">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Metropolitan_University" title="London Metropolitan University">London Met</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_South_Bank_University" title="London South Bank University">London South Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex_University" title="Middlesex University">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_University_%E2%80%93_London" title="Northeastern University – London">Northeastern University – London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravensbourne_University_London" title="Ravensbourne University London">Ravensbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_University_London" title="Regent's University London">Regent's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_The_American_International_University_in_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond, The American International University in London">Richmond, The American International University in London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art" title="Royal College of Art">Royal College of Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Music" title="Royal College of Music">Royal College of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Roehampton" title="University of Roehampton">Roehampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University,_Twickenham" title="St Mary's University, Twickenham">St Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arts_London" title="University of the Arts London">University of the Arts London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Westminster" title="University of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_West_London" title="University of West London">West London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Midlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aston_University" title="Aston University">Aston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_City_University" title="Birmingham City University">Birmingham City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishop_Grosseteste_University" title="Bishop Grosseteste University">Bishop Grosseteste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry_University" title="Coventry University">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Montfort_University" title="De Montfort University">De Montfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Derby" title="University of Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harper_Adams_University" title="Harper Adams University">Harper Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keele_University" title="Keele University">Keele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leicester" title="University of Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Lincoln" title="University of Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loughborough_University" title="Loughborough University">Loughborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman_University,_Birmingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Newman University, Birmingham">Newman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Northampton" title="University of Northampton">Northampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University" title="Nottingham Trent University">Nottingham Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Staffordshire University">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_Birmingham" title="University College Birmingham">University College Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Warwick" title="University of Warwick">Warwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wolverhampton" title="University of Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Worcester" title="University of Worcester">Worcester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bolton" title="University of Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bradford" title="University of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Central_Lancashire" title="University of Central Lancashire">Central Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chester" title="University of Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cumbria" title="University of Cumbria">Cumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edge_Hill_University" title="Edge Hill University">Edge Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Huddersfield" title="University of Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Hull" title="University of Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancaster_University" title="Lancaster University">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Arts_University" title="Leeds Arts University">Leeds Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Beckett_University" title="Leeds Beckett University">Leeds Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Trinity_University" title="Leeds Trinity University">Leeds Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Liverpool" title="University of Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_Hope_University" title="Liverpool Hope University">Liverpool Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_John_Moores_University" title="Liverpool John Moores University">Liverpool John Moores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_School_of_Tropical_Medicine" title="Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine">LSTM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University" title="Manchester Metropolitan University">Manchester Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Salford" title="University of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sheffield" title="University of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University" title="Sheffield Hallam University">Sheffield Hallam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sunderland" title="University of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teesside_University" title="Teesside University">Teesside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_St_John_University" title="York St John University">York St. John</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arts_University_Bournemouth" title="Arts University Bournemouth">Arts University Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_Spa_University" title="Bath Spa University">Bath Spa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_University" title="Bournemouth University">Bournemouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Brighton" title="University of Brighton">Brighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Buckingham" title="University of Buckingham">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire_New_University" title="Buckinghamshire New University">Buckinghamshire New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Christ_Church_University" title="Canterbury Christ Church University">Canterbury Christ Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chichester" title="University of Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_for_the_Creative_Arts" title="University for the Creative Arts">Creative Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Exeter" title="University of Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falmouth_University" title="Falmouth University">Falmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartpury_College" title="Hartpury College">Hartpury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gloucestershire" title="University of Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Brookes_University" title="Oxford Brookes University">Oxford Brookes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Plymouth" title="University of Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Marjon_University" title="Plymouth Marjon University">Plymouth Marjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_University_Plymouth" title="Arts University Plymouth">Arts University Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Portsmouth" title="University of Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Reading" title="University of Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Agricultural_University" title="Royal Agricultural University">Royal Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solent_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Solent University">Solent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Surrey" title="University of Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_England" title="University of the West of England">UWE Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Winchester" title="University of Winchester">Winchester</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of universities in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Scotland" title="List of universities in Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abertay_University" title="Abertay University">Abertay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Dundee" title="University of Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Napier_University" title="Edinburgh Napier University">Edinburgh Napier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow_Caledonian_University" title="Glasgow Caledonian University">Glasgow Caledonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heriot-Watt_University" title="Heriot-Watt University">Heriot-Watt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Highlands_and_Islands" title="University of the Highlands and Islands">Highlands and Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Margaret_University" title="Queen Margaret University">Queen Margaret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gordon_University" title="Robert Gordon University">Robert Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Conservatoire_of_Scotland" title="Royal Conservatoire of Scotland">Royal Conservatoire of Scotland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Stirling" title="University of Stirling">Stirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde" title="University of Strathclyde">Strathclyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_of_Scotland" title="University of the West of Scotland">West of Scotland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Wales" title="List of universities in Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth_University" title="Aberystwyth University">Aberystwyth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor_University" title="Bangor University">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Metropolitan_University" title="Cardiff Metropolitan University">Cardiff Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Wales" title="University of South Wales">South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_University" title="Swansea University">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Trinity_Saint_David" title="University of Wales Trinity Saint David">Wales Trinity Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham_University" title="Wrexham University">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#Universities_in_British_overseas_territories" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">Overseas territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_College" title="Bermuda College">Bermuda College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands_Law_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayman Islands Law School">Cayman Islands Law School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gibraltar" title="University of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_College_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="International College of the Cayman Islands">International College of the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_James_School_of_Medicine" title="Saint James School of Medicine">Saint James School of Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthew%27s_University" title="St. Matthew's University">St. Matthew's University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_College_of_the_Cayman_Islands" title="University College of the Cayman Islands">University College of the Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Science,_Arts_and_Technology" title="University of Science, Arts and Technology">University of Science, Arts and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies_Open_Campus" title="University of the West Indies Open Campus">University of the West Indies Open Campus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom#Universities_in_Crown_Dependencies" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">Crown dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Channel_Islands_in_Guernsey" class="mw-redirect" title="University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey">University of the Channel Islands in Guernsey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arden_University" title="Arden University">Arden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BPP_University" title="BPP University">BPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Law" title="University of Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_London_International_Programmes" class="mw-redirect" title="University of London International Programmes">London International Programmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_student_protests" title="2010 United Kingdom student protests">2010 United Kingdom student protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_universities_by_date_of_foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK universities by date of foundation">List by date of foundation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_university" title="Ancient university">Ancient</a>; <a href="/wiki/Third-oldest_university_in_England_debate" title="Third-oldest university in England debate">Third-oldest in England</a>; <a href="/wiki/Red_brick_university" title="Red brick university">Redbrick</a>; <a href="/wiki/Plate_glass_university" title="Plate glass university">Plate glass</a>; <a href="/wiki/Post-1992_university" title="Post-1992 university">Post-1992</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_universities_by_endowment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK universities by endowment">List by endowment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_enrolment" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom by enrolment">List by enrolment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colleges_within_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Colleges within universities in the United Kingdom">Colleges within universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_degree_abbreviations" title="British degree abbreviations">Degree abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_Wales" title="Higher Education Funding Council for Wales">HEFCW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Students" title="Office for Students">Office for Students</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_Education_Funding_Council_for_England" title="Higher Education Funding Council for England">HEFCE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Rankings of universities in the United Kingdom">Rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Funding_Council" title="Scottish Funding Council">Scottish Funding Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_loans_and_grants_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom">Student loans and grants in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Radio_Association" title="Student Radio Association">Student Radio Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student television in the United Kingdom">Student television in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_unionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student unionism in the United Kingdom">Student unionism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuition_fees_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Tuition fees in the United Kingdom">Tuition fees in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_undergraduate_degree_classification" title="British undergraduate degree classification">Undergraduate degree classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UCAS" title="UCAS">UCAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_and_College_Union" title="University and College Union">University and College Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_(United_Kingdom)" title="Polytechnic (United Kingdom)">Polytechnic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Universities in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of universities in the United Kingdom">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Europaeum" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#960001;color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europaeum" title="Template:Europaeum"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europaeum" title="Template talk:Europaeum"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europaeum" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europaeum"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Europaeum" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Europaeum" title="Europaeum">Europaeum</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">Bologna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_University_of_Portugal" title="Catholic University of Portugal">Católica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_University" title="Central European University">CEU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_University" title="Charles University">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid" title="Complutense University of Madrid">Complutense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen" title="University of Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_University_of_Berlin" title="Free University of Berlin">FU Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">Helsinki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_Institute_of_International_and_Development_Studies" title="Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies">Geneva Graduate Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiellonian_University" title="Jagiellonian University">Jagiellonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leiden_University" title="Leiden University">Leiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Luxembourg" title="University of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig-Maximilians-Universit%C3%A4t_M%C3%BCnchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München">Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompeu_Fabra_University" title="Pompeu Fabra University">Pompeu Fabra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">St Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tartu" title="University of Tartu">Tartu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216273#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216273#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216273#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000459059680">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125053814">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1011194-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80036687">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868071c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868071c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35518314">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko20211099679&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90625003">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000191494&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810574629605606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=494/8353">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269192005171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03389172?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500308311">ULAN</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/982005">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027472140">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&oldid=1257513330">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_St_Andrews&oldid=1257513330</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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