CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="client-nojs mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="ro" dir="ltr"> <head> <base href="https://ro.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia"> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Polonia - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )rowikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","ianuarie","februarie","martie","aprilie","mai","iunie","iulie","august","septembrie","octombrie","noiembrie","decembrie"],"wgRequestId":"d8bcb0ee-9e16-41da-acb0-6d851b762c03","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Polonia","wgTitle":"Polonia","wgCurRevisionId":16671977,"wgRevisionId":16671977,"wgArticleId":450,"wgIsArticle":true, "wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"ro","wgPageContentLanguage":"ro","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Polonia","wgRelevantArticleId":450,"wgTempUserName":null,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"ro","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"ro"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000, "wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn", "autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv", "kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks", "lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q36","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":false,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":false},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0],"wgSiteNoticeId":"2.2"};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.kartographer.style":"ready", "ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready","ext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.kartographer.link","ext.tmh.player","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init", "mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking","ext.dismissableSiteNotice"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=ro&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.dismissableSiteNotice.styles%7Cext.kartographer.style%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async src="/w/load.php?lang=ro&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/1200px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="750"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/800px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="500"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/640px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="400"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Polonia - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Modificare" href="/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (ro)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//ro.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-By" content="Google"> <meta http-equiv="X-Translated-To" content="en"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.1hbgkFx4Qn8.O/am=DgY/d=1/rs=AN8SPfqlmAPxwfG457BPbRXwNq39oSMGHg/m=corsproxy" data-sourceurl="https://ro.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia"></script> <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20..48,100..700,0..1,-50..200" rel="stylesheet"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.1hbgkFx4Qn8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfqlmAPxwfG457BPbRXwNq39oSMGHg/m=phishing_protection" data-phishing-protection-enabled="false" data-forms-warning-enabled="true" data-source-url="https://ro.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia"></script> <meta name="robots" content="none"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Polonia rootpage-Polonia stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://www.gstatic.com/_/translate_http/_/js/k=translate_http.tr.en_GB.1hbgkFx4Qn8.O/am=DgY/d=1/exm=corsproxy,phishing_protection/ed=1/rs=AN8SPfqlmAPxwfG457BPbRXwNq39oSMGHg/m=navigationui" data-environment="prod" data-proxy-url="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog" data-proxy-full-url="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-source-url="https://ro.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" data-source-language="auto" data-target-language="en" data-display-language="en-GB" data-detected-source-language="ro" data-is-source-untranslated="false" data-source-untranslated-url="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia&anno=2" data-client="tr"></script> <div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"><a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"><input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Acasă </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Aleatoriu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Aleatoriu </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Nearby?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> În apropiere </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:Autentificare&returnto=Polonia&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Autentificare </a></li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Polonia&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Setări </a></li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source%3Ddonate%26utm_medium%3Dsidebar%26utm_campaign%3DC13_ro.wikipedia.org%26uselang%3Dro%26utm_key%3Dminerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donații </a></li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Despre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Despre Wikipedia </a></li> <li class="toggle-list-item "><a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Termeni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-mw="interface"> Termeni </a></li> </ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pagina_principal%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Căutare"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Căutare în Wikipedia" aria-label="Căutare în Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Căutare în Wikipedia [c]" accesskey="c"> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Căutare </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Navigarea de utilizator"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Polonia</h1> <div class="tagline"> țară din Europa Centrală </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Limbă" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Limbă </a></li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Special:Autentificare&returnto=Polonia&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Urmărește </a></li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Modificare </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> Polonia (în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneză</a> Rzeczpospolita Polska și Polska; pronunție <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneză</a>: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pl-Polska.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pronunție audio"><img alt="Pronunție audio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pl-Polska.ogg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fișier:Pl-Polska.ogg">audio</a>; oficial Republica Polonă, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneză</a> Rzeczpospolita Polska<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-10">[a]</a>) este un stat european din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_Central%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa Centrală">Europa Centrală</a>, care se învecinează cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania">Germania</a> la vest, cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cehia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cehia">Cehia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovacia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovacia">Slovacia</a> la sud, cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucraina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> la est și cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituania">Lituania</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Marea Baltică</a> la nord. Are, de asemenea, o frontieră maritimă cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danemarca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danemarca">Danemarca</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suedia">Suedia</a>. Întreaga suprafață a Poloniei este de 312.679 km²,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CSO_2008-11">[10]</a> situând acest stat pe poziția 70 în lume din punct de vedere al suprafeței.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Polonia are o populație de 38,5 milioane de locuitori,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-CSO_2008-11">[10]</a> concentrați, în principal, în orașe și municipii mai mari, precum capitala istorică – <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a>, și cea actuală – <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a>. Este o republică compusă din șaisprezece voievodate (województwo).<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-13">[12]</a> <table class="infocaseta"> <tbody> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="antet harta" style="background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Polonia Republica Polonă</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background: linear-gradient( to right, rgba(204, 210, 217, 1), rgba(204, 210, 217, 1), rgba(204, 210, 217, 1), rgba(156, 163, 170, 1)) repeat-y right; font-size: 130%; line-height: 1.2em; padding-top: 0;">Polska (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneză</a>) Rzeczpospolita Polska (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneză</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"> <table align="center" style="width:100%; background:none;"> <tbody> <tr> <td width="58%"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Poland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Drapelul Poloniei"><img alt="Drapelul Poloniei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/125px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/188px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/250px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400"></a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Herb_Polski.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Stema Poloniei"><img alt="Stema Poloniei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/85px-Herb_Polski.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/128px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Herb_Polski.svg/170px-Herb_Polski.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="3716"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drapelul_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drapelul Poloniei">Drapelul Poloniei</a></td> <td align="center"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stema_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stema Poloniei">Stema Poloniei</a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Deviz%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Deviză">Deviză</a>: Move your imagination <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36%23P1546" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"> <div style="margin:auto;text-align:center"> <div style="margin-bottom:20"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imn_na%C8%9Bional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imn național">Imnul național</a>: (Mazurca lui Dąbrowski) </div> </div> <div style="margin:auto"> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="43" data-mwtitle="Mazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"> <source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Mazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b1/Mazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg/Mazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=ab&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ab" label="аԥсшәа ‪(ab)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=be-tarask&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="be-tarask" label="беларуская (тарашкевіца) ‪(be-tarask)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=bs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="bs" label="bosanski ‪(bs)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=cs&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="cs" label="čeština ‪(cs)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=hr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hr" label="hrvatski ‪(hr)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=hu&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="hu" label="magyar ‪(hu)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=it&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="it" label="italiano ‪(it)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=ja&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ja" label="日本語 ‪(ja)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=lb&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="lb" label="Lëtzebuergesch ‪(lb)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=ms&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ms" label="Bahasa Melayu ‪(ms)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=sl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sl" label="slovenščina ‪(sl)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=th&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="th" label="ไทย ‪(th)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=tl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tl" label="Tagalog ‪(tl)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr"><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AMazurek_Dabrowskiego.ogg&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr"> </audio><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mazurek_D%C4%85browskiego?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mazurek Dąbrowskiego">Mazurek Dąbrowskiego</a> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"> <table> <tbody> <tr> <td> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:EU-Poland.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU-Poland.svg/290px-EU-Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU-Poland.svg/435px-EU-Poland.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/EU-Poland.svg/580px-EU-Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2045" data-file-height="1720"></a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></td> </tr> <tr> <td> <div style="position:relative;top:0.3em"> </div></td> </tr> </tbody> </table></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Geografie</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Suprafață</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";font-weight: normal;"> - totală</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">312.679 km² (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_dup%C4%83_suprafa%C8%9B%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor după suprafață">locul 71</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ap%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Apă">Apă</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Procentaj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Procentaj">%</a>)</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">3,07</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Cel mai înalt punct</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rysy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rysy">Rysy</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-375aedaa96614a13b02d16cd2ededcd4-8">[8]</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16236537">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"„""”""«""»"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style> (2.499 m) <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36%23P610" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Cel mai jos punct</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736104" class="extiw" title="d:Q3736104">Żuławy Wiślane</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr>[[Żuławy Wiślane (Mesoregion and river delta of the Vistula, Poland)|]]<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-9b48c6644781070e4be480d30fc5d326-7">[7]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> (−1,8 m) <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36%23P1589" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Cel mai mare oraș</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Vecini</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cehia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cehia">Cehia</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania">Germania</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucraina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovacia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovacia">Slovacia</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituania">Lituania</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36%23P47" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fus_orar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fus orar">Fus orar</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>+1</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Or%C4%83_de_var%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Oră de vară">Ora de vară</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UTC?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>+2</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Populație</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Densitate</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">123 loc/km²</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"> - Estimare 2019</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">38.382.576</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Limbi oficiale</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">Poloneză</a>1</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Etnonim</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonezi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonezi">Polonez</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Grupuri etnice</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"> <div class="plainlist"> <ul> <li>93,52% <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonezi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonezi">Polonezi</a></li> <li>1,09% <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silezia">Silezieni</a></li> <li>0,13% <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germanii_din_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germanii din Polonia">Germani</a></li> <li>0,10% <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belaru%C8%99i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belaruși">Belaruși</a></li> <li>0,09% <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucrainieni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucrainieni">Ucrainieni</a></li> <li>0,04% <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ca%C8%99ubi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cașubi">Cașubi</a></li> <li>0,03% <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romi">Țigani</a></li> <li>0,02% <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lemkieni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lemkieni">Lemkieni</a></li> <li>4,86% altele</li> </ul> </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Guvernare</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Sistem politic</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic%C4%83_parlamentar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republică parlamentară">Republică parlamentară</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre%C8%99edintele_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Președintele Poloniei">Președintele Poloniei</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrzej_Duda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36%23P35" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prim-ministru_al_Poloniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Prim-ministru al Poloniei — pagină inexistentă">Prim-ministru</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3259469" class="extiw" title="d:Q3259469">d</a>)</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donald_Tusk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36%23P6" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Legislativ</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">Adunarea Națională</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Camera superioară</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senat">Senat</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Camera inferioară</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seimul_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Seimul Poloniei">Sejm</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Capitala</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Istorie</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinarea_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creștinarea Poloniei">Creștinarea Poloniei</a>2</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">14 aprilie 966</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regatul_Poloniei_(1025%E2%80%931385)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Regatul Poloniei (1025–1385) — pagină inexistentă">Regatul Poloniei</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">18 aprilie 1025</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83r%C8%9Birile_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Împărțirile Poloniei">Împărțirea Poloniei</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">24 octombrie 1795</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ducatul_Var%C8%99oviei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ducatul Varșoviei">Ducatul Varșoviei</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">22 iulie 1807</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invadarea_Poloniei_(1939)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invadarea Poloniei (1939)">Invadarea Poloniei</a>, Al Doilea Război Mondial</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">1 septembrie 1939</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Polon%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republica Populară Polonă">Polonia comunistă</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">8 aprilie 1945</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Polonia democrată</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">13 septembrie 1989</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Intrarea în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">UE</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">1 mai 2004</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Economie</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produs_intern_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Produs intern brut">PIB</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paritatea_puterii_de_cump%C4%83rare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paritatea puterii de cumpărare">PPC</a>)</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">2022</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"> - Total</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">▲ $1.525 trilioane<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMFWEOPL-3">[3]</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C3%AEn_func%C8%9Bie_de_PIB_(PPC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor în funcție de PIB (PPC)">locul 19</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"> - Pe cap de locuitor</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">▲ $40.341<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMFWEOPL-3">[3]</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C3%AEn_func%C8%9Bie_de_PIB_(PPC)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor în funcție de PIB (PPC)">locul 39</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Produs_intern_brut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Produs intern brut">PIB</a> (nominal)</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">2022</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"> - Total</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">▲ $720 miliarde<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMFWEOPL-3">[3]</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C3%AEn_func%C8%9Bie_de_PIB_(nominal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor în funcție de PIB (nominal)">locul 22</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"> - Pe cap de locuitor</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">(<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C3%AEn_func%C8%9Bie_de_PIB_(nominal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor în funcție de PIB (nominal)">locul 44</a>)▲ $19.056<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-IMFWEOPL-3">[3]</a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Coeficientul_lui_Gini?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Coeficientul lui Gini">Gini</a> (2019)</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">(scăzut)28.5</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indicele_dezvolt%C4%83rii_umane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indicele dezvoltării umane">IDU</a> (2019)</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">▲ 0.880 (foarte ridicat) (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_dup%C4%83_indicele_dezvolt%C4%83rii_umane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor după indicele dezvoltării umane">locul 35</a>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Valut%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Valută">Monedă</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlot_polonez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlot polonez">Zlotul</a> (<code><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_4217?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 4217">PLN</a></code>)</td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Coduri și identificatori</th> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Cod <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comitetul_Olimpic_Interna%C8%9Bional?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comitetul Olimpic Internațional">CIO</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">POL <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36%23P984" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Cod mobil</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">260 <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36%23P2258" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";">Prefix telefonic</th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">48</td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/ISO_3166-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";">PL <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36%23P297" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600"></a></td> </tr> <tr> <th style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domeniu_na%C8%9Bional_de_nivel_superior?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domeniu național de nivel superior">Domeniu Internet</a></th> <td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.pl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".pl">.pl</a>3</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"> <div style="font-size:smaller;text-align:left"> 1 Limbile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_bielorus%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Limba bielorusă">bielorusă</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_ca%C8%99ubian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Limba cașubiană">cașubiană</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germană</a> sunt folosite ca limbi auxiliare în 16 comune. 2Adoptarea creștinității în Polonia este văzută de mulți polonezi, indiferent de afilierea religioasă, ca unul dintre cele mai importante evenimente din istoria țării, deoarece a fost folosită pentru a unifica triburile din regiune.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-6">[6]</a> 3 Se poate folosi și domeniul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/.eu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title=".eu">.eu</a>, pentru că Polonia face parte din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a>. </div></td> </tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ccd2d9;color:#000000;">Prezență online</th> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.facebook.com/polska">pagină Facebook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://x.com/poland">cont Twitter</a> <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hashtags-hub.toolforge.org/Poland">hasthtag</a></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##ccd2d9 solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;">Modifică <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36" class="extiw" title="d:Q36">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPolonia%26action%3Dedit%26section%3D0">text</a> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_%25C8%259Aar%25C4%2583" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/24px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60"></a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16573438">.mw-parser-output .infocaseta{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#000)}.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> Primul stat polonez a fost creat în anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/966?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="966">966</a> de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mieszko_I_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mieszko I al Poloniei">Mieszko I</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Teritoriul său a fost similar cu limitele actuale ale țării. În anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1025?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1025">1025</a>, Polonia a devenit regat și în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1569?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1569">1569</a> a cimentat o asociație de lungă durată cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marele_Ducat_al_Lituaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marele Ducat al Lituaniei">Marele Ducat Lituanian</a>, prin unire formând <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_statal%C4%83_polono-lituanian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea statală polono-lituaniană">Republica celor Două Națiuni</a>. Republica a fost desființată în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1795?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1795">1795</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gierowski3-15">[14]</a> Polonia și-a recăpătat independența în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1918">1918</a> după <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primul Război Mondial">Primul Război Mondial</a>, dar și-a pierdut-o din nou în timpul celui de-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al Doilea Război Mondial</a>, fiind ocupată de forțele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania_Nazist%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania Nazistă">Germaniei Naziste</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniunea Sovietică">Uniunii Sovietice</a>, iar după 1945 a devenit un stat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comunism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comunism">comunist</a> aflat sub controlul fostei Uniuni Sovietice. În anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989">1989</a>, dominația comunistă <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C4%83derea_comunismului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Căderea comunismului">a fost răsturnată</a> și Polonia a devenit ceea ce este neoficial denumit „a Treia Republică Poloneză”. Polonia este o putere regională, precum și o posibilă <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mare_putere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mare putere">putere mondială</a> emergentă.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_%C3%AEn_func%C8%9Bie_de_PIB_(nominal)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor în funcție de PIB (nominal)">a opta ca mărime</a> și una dintre cele mai dinamice economii din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a>,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-18">[17]</a>, și are un <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lista_%C8%9B%C4%83rilor_dup%C4%83_indicele_dezvolt%C4%83rii_umane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lista țărilor după indicele dezvoltării umane">nivel foarte înalt</a> de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indicele_dezvolt%C4%83rii_umane?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indicele dezvoltării umane">dezvoltare umană</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Human_Development_Index_and_its_components-19">[18]</a> și un nivel <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Indicele_de_percep%C8%9Bie_a_corup%C8%9Biei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Indicele de percepție a corupției">relativ scăzut</a> de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corup%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corupție">corupție</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Polonia este o <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%9Aar%C4%83_dezvoltat%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Țară dezvoltată">țară dezvoltată</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-21">[20]</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Democra%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Democrație">democratică</a>, cu standarde foarte ridicate de trai, de calitate a vieții,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-22">[21]</a> siguranță, educație și libertate economică.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-23">[22]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Situată între <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_de_Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa de Est">Europa de Est</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_de_Vest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa de Vest">Vest</a>, Polonia a dezvoltat un bogat patrimoniu cultural, ce include numeroase monumente istorice și 16 <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Locuri_din_Patrimoniul_Mondial_UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Locuri din Patrimoniul Mondial UNESCO">situri arheologice</a> ale <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Poland_%E2%80%93_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre-25">[24]</a> Polonia este membră a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizația Națiunilor Unite">ONU</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/OECD?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Mondial%C4%83_a_Comer%C8%9Bului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizația Mondială a Comerțului">Organizației Mondiale a Comerțului</a> și a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunii Europene</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="ro" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Cuprins</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Nume">1 Nume</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Istorie">2 Istorie</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Antichitate">2.1 Antichitate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Evul_Mediu">2.2 Evul Mediu</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Republica_Celor_Dou%C4%83_Na%C8%9Biuni">2.3 Republica Celor Două Națiuni</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ducatul_Var%C8%99oviei">2.4 Ducatul Varșoviei</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Dup%C4%83_Congresul_de_la_Viena">2.5 După Congresul de la Viena</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Imperiul_Rus">2.5.1 Imperiul Rus</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Austria_%C8%99i_Austro-Ungaria">2.5.2 Austria și Austro-Ungaria</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Republica_Cracovian%C4%83">2.5.3 Republica Cracoviană</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Prusia">2.5.4 Prusia</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial">2.6 Primul Război Mondial</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#A_doua_Republic%C4%83">2.7 A doua Republică</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial">2.8 Al Doilea Război Mondial</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Republica_Popular%C4%83_Polon%C4%83">2.9 Republica Populară Polonă</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Polonia_contemporan%C4%83">2.10 Polonia contemporană</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Geografie">3 Geografie</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Topografie">3.1 Topografie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ape">3.2 Ape</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Clim%C4%83">3.3 Climă</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ora%C8%99e">3.4 Orașe</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Zone_metropolitane">3.4.1 Zone metropolitane</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Politic%C4%83">4 Politică</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Puterea_legislativ%C4%83">4.1 Puterea legislativă</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Puterea_executiv%C4%83">4.2 Puterea executivă</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Puterea_judec%C4%83toreasc%C4%83">4.3 Puterea judecătorească</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Organizarea_administrativ-teritorial%C4%83">4.4 Organizarea administrativ-teritorială</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Ap%C4%83rare">4.5 Apărare</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Economie">5 Economie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transport">6 Transport</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#C%C4%83i_ferate">6.1 Căi ferate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Drumuri_%C8%99i_autostr%C4%83zi">6.2 Drumuri și autostrăzi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transport_aerian">6.3 Transport aerian</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Transport_urban">6.4 Transport urban</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Demografie">7 Demografie</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Istorie_demografic%C4%83">7.1 Istorie demografică</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-37"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Limbi">7.2 Limbi</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Na%C8%9Bionalit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_%C8%99i_minorit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_etnice">7.3 Naționalități și minorități etnice</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Structur%C4%83_confesional%C4%83">7.4 Structură confesională</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Educa%C8%9Bie_%C8%99i_%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83">8 Educație și știință</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Cultur%C4%83_%C8%99i_literatur%C4%83">9 Cultură și literatură</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Sport">9.1 Sport</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-43"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Note_de_completare">10 Note de completare</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-44"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Note_bibliografice">11 Note bibliografice</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Bibliografie">12 Bibliografie</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Vezi_%C8%99i">13 Vezi și</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Leg%C4%83turi_externe">14 Legături externe</a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <h2 id="Nume">Nume</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Nume" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Polonia se numește oficial Republica Polonă. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">limba poloneză</a> există, totuși, două cuvinte corespunzătoare cuvântului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba română">românesc</a> republică: republika<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-26">[25]</a> și rzeczpospolita<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-27">[26]</a>, dar cel de-al doilea este folosit exclusiv în legătură cu statul polonez. Numele rzeczpospolita însemnând lucru public este traducerea directă a vorbei latinești res publica<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-28">[27]</a>. Originea numelui Polska rămâne incertă, dar există o ipoteză foarte verosimilă, care afirmă că acest toponim este derivat din cuvântul pole (din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_slav%C4%83_veche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba slavă veche">slava veche</a> *polje) însemnând câmp<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-29">[28]</a>. O părere că numele statului nu vine direct de la pole, ci a derivat prin intermediul numelui unui popor vest-slavic, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polani&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Polani — pagină inexistentă">Polani</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428713" class="extiw" title="d:Q428713">d</a>), deși este foarte recunoscută, a fost recent pusă la îndoială de către unii istorici<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-30">[29]</a>. În trecut, în special în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evul_Mediu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evul Mediu">Evul Mediu</a>, Polonia era cunoscută în afara țărilor slave sub denumirile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba latină">latinești</a> — terra Poloniæ (țara Poloniei) și Regnum Poloniæ (Regatul Poloniei).<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Din numele acestea vin și denumirile străine în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbi_romanice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbi romanice">limbile romanice</a> pentru a desemna acest stat — <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_francez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba franceză">franceză</a> Pologne, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_portughez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba portugheză">portugheză</a> Polónia sau Polônia, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_spaniol%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba spaniolă">spaniolă</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba română">română</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_italian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba italiană">italiană</a> Polonia. Din numele slav vin denumirile în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbi_germanice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbi germanice">limbi germanice</a> – <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germană</a> Polen, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba engleză">engleză</a> Poland. În unele limbi, cuvântul pentru a desemna Polonia vine de o altă rădăcină, legată cu numele tribului slav <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lenzieni&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lenzieni — pagină inexistentă">lenzieni</a> și cuvântul lęda însemnând pârloagă — <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_maghiar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba maghiară">maghiară</a> Lengyelország, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_lituanian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba lituaniană">lituaniană</a> Lenkija, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_persan%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba persană">persană</a> لهستان Lahestan.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-32">[31]</a> În româna veche, polonezului i se spunea „leah”, la plural „leși”, nume întâlnit și în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucrainean%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucraineană">ucraineană</a>:ljach. A rămas în română ca nume de familie, Leahu. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <h2 id="Istorie">Istorie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Istoria_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Istoria Poloniei">Istoria Poloniei</a>. </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16505893">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .rellink{display:flex}}</style> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Antichitate">Antichitate</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Antichitate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png/250px-Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="505"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 182px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png/250px-Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png" data-width="250" data-height="182" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png/375px-Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png/500px-Eastern_and_Central_Europe_around_750_BC.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Europa Centrală și de Est în Epoca Fierului (cu civilizațiile slave Lusațiană, Milograd și Chernoles, cca 750 î.Hr.) </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Przeworsk_culture.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Przeworsk_culture.png/250px-Przeworsk_culture.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="777" data-file-height="471"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 152px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Przeworsk_culture.png/250px-Przeworsk_culture.png" data-width="250" data-height="152" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Przeworsk_culture.png/375px-Przeworsk_culture.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Przeworsk_culture.png/500px-Przeworsk_culture.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Culturile slave Przeworsk (verde; situată pe teritoriul actual al Poloniei) și Zarubintsy (roșu; parțial situată și pe teritoriul actual al Poloniei) ale Epocii Fierului, datând din perioada cuprinsă între secolul al III-lea î.Hr. și secolul al V-lea d.Hr. </figcaption> </figure> În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antichitatea_t%C3%A2rzie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antichitatea târzie">antichitatea târzie</a>, diverse grupuri etnice au locuit pe teritoriul Poloniei de astăzi. Datele privind respectivele grupuri nu sunt exacte, iar afilierea lor lingvistică este controversată.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-muzeumczestochowa.pl-33">[32]</a> Teritoriul Poloniei a fost locuit, între altele, de triburi <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popoare_slave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Popoare slave">slave</a>,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UzP_122-167-34">[33]</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Celt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">celtice</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Popoare_baltice&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Popoare baltice — pagină inexistentă">baltice</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UzP_76-121-35">[34]</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popoare_germanice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Popoare germanice">germanice</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UzP_122-167-34">[33]</a> Este disputată, de asemenea, originea slavilor. În principal, se disting două teze în această privință: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Alohton&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Alohton — pagină inexistentă">alohtonia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Autohton&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Autohton — pagină inexistentă">autohtonia</a>. Cea mai cunoscută descoperire <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arheologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arheologie">arheologică</a> privind Polonia preistorică este o așezare fortificată din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Biskupin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Biskupin — pagină inexistentă">Biskupin</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q866393" class="extiw" title="d:Q866393">d</a>),<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-36">[35]</a> datată din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cultura_luza%C8%9Bian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cultura luzațiană — pagină inexistentă">cultura luzațiană</a> a epocii timpurii a fierului, în jurul anului 750 î.e.n. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Evul_Mediu">Evul Mediu</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Evul Mediu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia_%C3%AEn_timpul_Evului_Mediu&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Polonia în timpul Evului Mediu — pagină inexistentă">Polonia în timpul Evului Mediu</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg/250px-Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="1175"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg/250px-Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg/375px-Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg/500px-Matejko_Christianization_of_Poland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Primirea botezului de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Matejko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Primul conducător atestat al statului polonez a fost <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mieszko_I_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mieszko I al Poloniei">Mieszko I</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinastia_Piast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dinastia Piast">dinastia Piast</a>, care a fost botezat în anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/966?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="966">966</a> de misionari din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regatul_Ceh&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Regatul Ceh — pagină inexistentă">Regatul Ceh</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-K%C5%82oczowski2000-37">[36]</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cre%C8%99tinarea_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Creștinarea Poloniei">Creștinarea Poloniei</a> a început în această perioadă și s-a desfășurat concomitent cu combaterea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mitologia_slav%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitologia slavă">credințelor slave păgâne</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-38">[37]</a> Succesorul și fiul său, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boleslav_I_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boleslav I al Poloniei">Boleslav Viteazul</a>, a devenit primul rege al Poloniei în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1025?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1025">1025</a>,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-39">[38]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-40">[39]</a> impunând independența statului față de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sf%C3%A2ntul_Imperiu_Roman_de_Na%C8%9Biune_German%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Sfântul Imperiu Roman de Națiune Germană">Sfântul Imperiu Roman de Națiune Germană</a>, cel mai mare și cel mai puternic vecin al Poloniei în acea epocă.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Succesorul său, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mieszko_al_II-lea_Lambert?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mieszko al II-lea Lambert">Mieszko al II-lea Lambert</a>, nu a reușit să consolideze realizările acestuia, a destabilizat țara și a pierdut o serie de teritorii.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-UzP_122-167-34">[33]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Wyrozumski_93%E2%80%9396-42">[41]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Poland1020-c.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Poland1020-c.png/250px-Poland1020-c.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="691"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Poland1020-c.png/250px-Poland1020-c.png" data-width="250" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Poland1020-c.png/375px-Poland1020-c.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Poland1020-c.png/500px-Poland1020-c.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Polonia în timpul dinastiei Piaștilor (secolul al X-lea) </figcaption> </figure> Fiul lui Mieszko II, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cazimir_Restauratorul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cazimir Restauratorul">Cazimir Restauratorul</a>, a restaurat statul, a întărit armata, a dezvoltat economia și a protejat Biserica. În timpul domniei sale a început formarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Statul_cavaleresc&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Statul cavaleresc — pagină inexistentă">statului cavaleresc</a>. Deși a avut parte de multe succese cât a fost la putere, lui Cazimir Restauratorul nu i-a fost acordat niciodată titlul de rege. Fiul său, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boleslav_al_II-lea_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boleslav al II-lea al Poloniei">Boleslav al II-lea cel Curajos</a>, a primit acest titlu în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1076?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1076">1076</a>,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mhp_1-43">[42]</a> dar a fost exilat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1079?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1079">1079</a>, după ce a dat un ordin de ucidere a episcopului Cracoviei sub acuzația de trădare.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-44">[43]</a> I-a urmat pe tron <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladislav_I_Herman?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladislav I Herman">Vladislav I Herman</a>, dar acesta a renunțat la titlu regal. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Boleslaw_III_Wrymouth.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Boleslaw_III_Wrymouth.jpg/200px-Boleslaw_III_Wrymouth.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="230" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="663"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 230px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Boleslaw_III_Wrymouth.jpg/200px-Boleslaw_III_Wrymouth.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="230" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Boleslaw_III_Wrymouth.jpg/300px-Boleslaw_III_Wrymouth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Boleslaw_III_Wrymouth.jpg/400px-Boleslaw_III_Wrymouth.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boleslav_al_III-lea_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boleslav al III-lea al Poloniei">Boleslav al III-lea Gură Strâmbă</a> </figcaption> </figure> Conducătorul următor, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boleslav_al_III-lea_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boleslav al III-lea al Poloniei">Boleslav al III-lea Gură Strâmbă</a>, a câștigat tronul Poloniei după o luptă lungă cu fratele său, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zbigniew_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zbigniew al Poloniei">Zbigniew</a>. În testamentul său, acesta a decis să <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinastia_Piast?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Fragmentarea_%C8%9B%C4%83rii_(1138_%E2%80%93_1314)" title="Dinastia Piast">scindeze statul</a> pentru a preveni astfel războaie civile între fiii lui. A dispus testamentar crearea a șase teritorii (dzielnica, pl. dzielnice, „districte”), trei pentru fii, unul pentru soția sa, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Salomea_din_Berg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Salomea din Berg">Salomea</a>, unul pentru fiul cel mai mare (senior), teritoriu compus din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia Mică">Polonia Mică</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pomerelia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> și o parte a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonia Mare">Poloniei Mari</a>, și unul sub control senioral (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pomerania_Occidental%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pomerania Occidentală">Pomerania Occidentală</a>). Seniorul controla provincia sa, provincia seniorală și alte teritorii aflate sub controlul senioral. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1138?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1138">1138</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladislav_al_II-lea_Exilatul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladislav al II-lea Exilatul">Vladislav al II-lea Exilatul</a> a primit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silezia">Silezia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boleslav_al_IV-lea_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Boleslav al IV-lea al Poloniei">Boleslav al IV-lea cel Creț</a> — <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mazovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mazovia">Mazovia</a>, iar <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mieszko_al_III-lea_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mieszko al III-lea al Poloniei">Mieszko al III-lea cel Bătrân</a> — o parte a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonia Mare">Poloniei Marii</a>, care nu a făcut parte din provincia seniorală. Moștenitorul lui Bolesław Krzywousty, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Henric_din_Sandomierz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Henric din Sandomierz — pagină inexistentă">Henric din Sandomierz</a>, a fost duce al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sandomierz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sandomierz">Sandomierzului</a> pe care l-a primit în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1146?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1146">1146</a>. Vladislav al II-lea Exilatul a devenit primul senior. În perioada fragmentării teritoriale au avut loc unele încercări de reunificare a teritoriului, dar încercările au eșuat sau au fost de scurtă durată. Una dintre cele mai reușite a fost cea a „Henricilor silezieni” („<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Henrykowie_%C5%9Al%C4%85scy&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Henrykowie Śląscy — pagină inexistentă">Henrykowie Śląscy</a>”), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henric_I_cel_B%C4%83rbos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henric I cel Bărbos">Henric I cel Bărbos</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henric_al_II-lea_cel_Pios?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henric al II-lea cel Pios">Henric al II-lea cel Pios</a>. Ei au unit două provincii: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silezia">Silezia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia Mică">Polonia Mică</a>, dar statul lor s-a prăbușit ca urmare a atacurilor <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mongolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mongolia">mongole</a>, respectiv a înfrângerilor suferite în bătăliile de la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Chmielnik?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Chmielnik">Chmielnik</a> și de la Legnice (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legnica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legnica">Legnița)</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1241?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1241">1241</a>. O altă încercare importantă a fost a lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Przemys%C5%82_al_II-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Przemysł al II-lea">Przemysł al II-lea</a>. El a unit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonia Mare">Polonia Mare</a> cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pomerelia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a> și a fost încoronat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1295?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1295">1295</a>. Statul său s-a destrămat la moartea acestuia, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1296?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1296">1296</a>, survenită în condiții misterioase. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jadwiga_CP.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/250px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/250px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/375px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jadwiga_CP.jpg/500px-Jadwiga_CP.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Sacrofagul lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hedviga_de_Anjou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Hedviga de Anjou">Jadwiga</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Catedrala_Wawel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Catedrala Wawel">Catedrala Wawel</a>. </figcaption> </figure> O încercare reușită a fost făcută de pe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladislav_I_cel_Scurt?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladislav I cel Scurt">Vladislav I cel Scurt</a>. El a unit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia Mică">Polonia Mică</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonia Mare">Polonia Mare</a>, cele mai importante părți ale țării, și s-a încoronat la data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_ianuarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 ianuarie">20 ianuarie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1320?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1320">1320</a>. Fiul său, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cazimir_al_III-lea_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cazimir al III-lea al Poloniei">Cazimir al III-lea cel Mare</a>, a întărit poziția Poloniei în regiune, a extins teritoriul țării spre est, adăugând teritoriile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rutenia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rutenia">rutene</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Podolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>. Pe plan internațional, el a realizat alianțe și pacte cu casele regale de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casa_de_Luxemburg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Casa de Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casa_de_Anjou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Casa de Anjou">Anjou</a> și a dezvoltat economia și sistemul de apărare a țării. După moartea lui Cazimir, datorită lipsei de moștenitori, tronul Poloniei a fost ocupat de monarhi din casa Anjou, luând sfârșit, astfel, perioada Piaștilor. În anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1370?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1370">1370</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludovic_I_al_Ungariei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludovic I al Ungariei">Ludovic I al Ungariei</a> a fost încoronat ca rege al Poloniei. În timpul domniei sale a început supremația <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nobilime?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nobilime">nobilimii</a> în viața politică a țării. Nobilimea a primit primul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Privilegii_ale_nobilimii_poloneze&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Privilegii ale nobilimii poloneze — pagină inexistentă">privilegiu general</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ko%C5%A1ice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Košice">Košice</a>, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1374?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1374">1374</a>. După moartea lui Ludovic d'Anjou, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1382?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1382">1382</a>, a început cea mai lungă perioadă de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Interregn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Interregn">interregn</a> din istoria Poloniei. În cele din urmă, fiica lui Ludovic, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jadwiga_de_Anjou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Jadwiga de Anjou">Jadwiga de Anjou</a>, a fost încoronată nu ca regină a Poloniei, ci ca rege, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/16_octombrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="16 octombrie">16 octombrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1384?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1384">1384</a>. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1386?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1386">1386</a> regina Jadwiga s-a măritat cu ducele Lituaniei Iogailas (Jagiello), cunoscut, ulterior, ca <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladislav_al_II-lea_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladislav al II-lea al Poloniei">Vladislav al II-lea al Poloniei</a>. Încoronarea lui a fost la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/4_martie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="4 martie">4 martie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1386?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1386">1386</a>, inaugurându-se, astfel, perioada dinastică a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dinastia_Jagiellonilor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinastia Jagiellonilor">casei regale a Jagiellonilor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Republica_Celor_Două_Națiuni">Republica Celor Două Națiuni</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Republica Celor Două Națiuni" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_statal%C4%83_polono-lituanian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea statală polono-lituaniană">Uniunea statală polono-lituaniană</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jan_Matejko,_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg/250px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="111" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="11788" data-file-height="5235"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 111px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg/250px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="111" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg/375px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg/500px-Jan_Matejko%2C_Bitwa_pod_Grunwaldem.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Grunwald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bătălia de la Grunwald">Bătălia de la Grunwald</a> a fost pictată de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Matejko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>, autor și al altor picturi care prezintă istoria Poloniei. </figcaption> </figure> Uniunea personală cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marele_Ducat_al_Lituaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marele Ducat al Lituaniei">Marele Ducat al Lituaniei</a>, vecinul din nord și est, începută prin încoronarea lui Jagiello pe tronul polonez,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-45">[44]</a> a permis extinderea puterii poloneze spre est și crearea (conform <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_statal%C4%83_polono-lituanian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Unirea_de_la_Lublin" title="Uniunea statală polono-lituaniană">Uniunii de la Lublin</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1569?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1569">1569</a>) confederației Polono-Lituaniene (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_statal%C4%83_polono-lituanian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea statală polono-lituaniană">Rzeczpospolita</a>), ce cuprindea un teritoriu situat între <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Marea Baltică</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Carpa%C8%9Bi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munții Carpați">Munții Carpați</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarusul</a> actual, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nistru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nistru">Nistrul</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nipru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nipru">Niprul</a>. La nord-vest, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ordinul_teutonic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordinul teutonic">cavalerii teutoni</a>, conducători ai Prusiei din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XIII">secolul XIII</a>, au fost învinși de forțele unite polono-lituaniene în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Grunwald?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bătălia de la Grunwald">bătălia de la Grunwald</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1410?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1410">1410</a>) și, ulterior, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C4%83zboi_de_Treisprezece_Ani&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Război de Treisprezece Ani — pagină inexistentă">Războiul de Treisprezece Ani</a>. Conform celui de-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Al_doilea_tratat_de_la_Toru%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Al doilea tratat de la Toruń — pagină inexistentă">al doilea tratat de la Toruń</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1466?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1466">1466</a>, ei au trebuit să cedeze partea occidentală a teritoriului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Coroana_Regatului_Polonez&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Coroana Regatului Polonez — pagină inexistentă">Coroanei Poloneze</a> (teritorii mai târziu cunoscute ca <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia_Regal%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia Regală">Prusia Regală</a>) și au acceptat suzeranitatea polono-lituaniană asupra restului teritoriului lor (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia_Ducal%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prusia Ducală">Prusia Ducală</a>). <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Death_of_Sigismund_Augustus_at_Knyszyn.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Death_of_Sigismund_Augustus_at_Knyszyn.JPG/250px-Death_of_Sigismund_Augustus_at_Knyszyn.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="191" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2408" data-file-height="1840"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 191px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Death_of_Sigismund_Augustus_at_Knyszyn.JPG/250px-Death_of_Sigismund_Augustus_at_Knyszyn.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="191" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Death_of_Sigismund_Augustus_at_Knyszyn.JPG/375px-Death_of_Sigismund_Augustus_at_Knyszyn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Death_of_Sigismund_Augustus_at_Knyszyn.JPG/500px-Death_of_Sigismund_Augustus_at_Knyszyn.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Moartea lui Sigismund II August, pictată de Jan Matejko. </figcaption> </figure> În această perioadă, Polonia a devenit țara cu cea mai mare populație <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evrei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evrei">evreiască</a> a Europei, datorită unor edicte regale emise în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XIII">secolul XIII</a>, care au garantat siguranța și libertatea religioasă evreilor. Acestea au contrastat cu persecuțiile periodice din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Europa_Vestic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Europa Vestică — pagină inexistentă">Europa Vestică</a>, persecuții ce s-au intensificat după <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moartea_Neagr%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Moartea Neagră">Moartea Neagră</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1348?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1348">1348</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1349?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1349">1349</a>), când unele grupuri din Occident i-au acuzat pe evrei ca fiind cauzatori ai bolii. Mare parte din Polonia a fost cruțată de această boală și emigrarea evreilor a adus beneficii într-un stat în curs de dezvoltare. Cea mai mare creștere a numărului evreilor a avut loc în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XIX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XIX">secolul XIX</a>, când ei au constituit 7% din întreaga populație poloneză. În general, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regii_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Regii Poloniei">regii Poloniei</a> și nobilimea erau amabili cu evreii, pe când țărănimea și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biserica Romano-Catolică">Biserica Romano-Catolică</a> nu. În timpul existenței statului unit polono-lituanian, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_al_XVI-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Secolul al XVI-lea">secolul al XVI-lea</a> Polonia a devenit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarhie_electiv%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Monarhie electivă">monarhie electivă</a>, a cărui rege era ales pe viață. La moartea acestuia se organizau alegeri. Această situație a fost necesară în urma crizei din anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1572?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1572">1572</a>, când regele Poloniei, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sigismund_al_II-lea_August?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sigismund al II-lea August">Sigismund al II-lea August</a>, a decedat fără moștenitor. Nefiind stabilită nici o metodă de alegere a regelui, în această eventualitate, a fost nevoie de mai mult timp pentru a decide metoda de alegere a noului rege. În final, după lungi dezbateri, s-a decis să se permită întregii nobilimi poloneze să aleagă un nou rege. Nobilimea s-a adunat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> și a votat într-o „alegere liberă”, vot ce s-a efectuat după moartea regelui. Primele alegeri poloneze au avut loc în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1573?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1573">1573</a>. Patru oameni au fost candidați pentru rege: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henric_al_III-lea_al_Fran%C8%9Bei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henric al III-lea al Franței">Henric de Valois</a> (Henryk Walezy), fratele regelui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franței</a> (Carol <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Carol_al_IX-lea_al_Fran%C8%9Bei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Carol al IX-lea al Franței">al IX-lea</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ivan_cel_Groaznic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivan cel Groaznic">Ivan cel Groaznic</a>, țarul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusiei</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ernest_de_Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ernest de Austria">arhiducele Ernest</a> din casa Habsburg și regele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suedia">Suediei</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ioan_Vasa_III&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ioan Vasa III — pagină inexistentă">Ioan Vasa III</a>. Alegerea a fost foarte dezordonată și a fost câștigată de Henric de Valois. Cauza pentru cea mai mare parte a dezordinii din timpul alegerilor a fost numărul mare de oameni care au venit să voteze. <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pot%C4%99ga_Rzeczypospolitej_u_zenitu._Z%C5%82ota_wolno%C5%9B%C4%87._Elekcja_R.P._1573.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pot%C4%99ga_Rzeczypospolitej_u_zenitu._Z%C5%82ota_wolno%C5%9B%C4%87._Elekcja_R.P._1573.jpg/250px-Pot%C4%99ga_Rzeczypospolitej_u_zenitu._Z%C5%82ota_wolno%C5%9B%C4%87._Elekcja_R.P._1573.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="507"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pot%C4%99ga_Rzeczypospolitej_u_zenitu._Z%C5%82ota_wolno%C5%9B%C4%87._Elekcja_R.P._1573.jpg/250px-Pot%C4%99ga_Rzeczypospolitej_u_zenitu._Z%C5%82ota_wolno%C5%9B%C4%87._Elekcja_R.P._1573.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pot%C4%99ga_Rzeczypospolitej_u_zenitu._Z%C5%82ota_wolno%C5%9B%C4%87._Elekcja_R.P._1573.jpg/375px-Pot%C4%99ga_Rzeczypospolitej_u_zenitu._Z%C5%82ota_wolno%C5%9B%C4%87._Elekcja_R.P._1573.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Pot%C4%99ga_Rzeczypospolitej_u_zenitu._Z%C5%82ota_wolno%C5%9B%C4%87._Elekcja_R.P._1573.jpg/500px-Pot%C4%99ga_Rzeczypospolitej_u_zenitu._Z%C5%82ota_wolno%C5%9B%C4%87._Elekcja_R.P._1573.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Alegerea din 1573, pictată de Jan Matejko. </figcaption> </figure> Henric de Valois a părăsit tronul Poloniei după doar patru luni de domnie, după ce a primit vestea morții fratelui său, care l-a numit moștenitor. Henric a devenit rege al Franței sub titlul de Henric III. Această mișcare a surprins majoritatea nobilimii, deoarece în timpul conducerii lui Henric economia Poloniei s-a dezvoltat. După <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1569?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1569">1569</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_statal%C4%83_polono-lituanian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea statală polono-lituaniană">uniunea statală polono-lituaniană</a> a suferit o serie de invazii <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/T%C4%83tari?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tătari">tătărești</a>, care aveau drept scop a prăda, a jefui și a prinde sclavi. Zona limitrofă de la sud-est a fost într-o stare de război semi-permanent până în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XVIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XVIII">secolul XVIII</a>. De asemenea, tătarii au sprijinit revoltele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cazac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Cazac">cazacilor</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1593?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1593">1593</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1626?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1626">1626</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1637?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1637">1637</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1638?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1638">1638</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1648?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1648">1648</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1654?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1654">1654</a>. Ultima, care a durat șase ani, a fost condusă de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bogdan_Hmelni%C8%9Bki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bogdan Hmelnițki">Bogdan Hmelnițki</a>. Ca rezultat al mai multor cereri făcute de hatman, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucraina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a> a fost pusă sub protecția <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusiei</a>. Acordul a fost făcut în ianuarie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1654?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1654">1654</a>, în orașul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pereslavl_Zaleschii&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pereslavl Zaleschii — pagină inexistentă">Pereiaslavl</a>. Acesta a cauzat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C4%83zboiul_polono-rus_(1654-1667)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Războiul polono-rus (1654-1667) — pagină inexistentă">războiul polono-rus</a>, care a durat între <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1654?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1654">1654</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1667?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1667">1667</a>. La sfârșitul acestuia, opozanții au semnat un acord în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Adrusovo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Adrusovo — pagină inexistentă">Adrusovo</a> (în jurul orașului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Smolensk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>), unde Polonia a cedat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucraina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a> Rusiei și cazacii au primit drept de autonomie locală și armată internă. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Allegory_of_the_1st_partition_of_Poland.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Allegory_of_the_1st_partition_of_Poland.jpg/250px-Allegory_of_the_1st_partition_of_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="381" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1313" data-file-height="2000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 381px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Allegory_of_the_1st_partition_of_Poland.jpg/250px-Allegory_of_the_1st_partition_of_Poland.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="381" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Allegory_of_the_1st_partition_of_Poland.jpg/375px-Allegory_of_the_1st_partition_of_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Allegory_of_the_1st_partition_of_Poland.jpg/500px-Allegory_of_the_1st_partition_of_Poland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Alegoria primei împărțiri a Poloniei </figcaption> </figure> Polonia a avut unsprezece regi aleși. Aceștia au fost: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henric_al_III-lea_al_Fran%C8%9Bei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henric al III-lea al Franței">Henric de Valois</a> (Henryk Walezy), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%98tefan_B%C3%A1thory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ștefan Báthory">Ștefan Báthory</a> (Stefan Batory), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sigismund_al_III-lea_Vasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sigismund al III-lea Vasa">Sigismund al III-lea Vasa</a> (Zygmunt III Waza), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vladislav_al_IV-lea_Vasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vladislav al IV-lea Vasa">Vladislav al IV-lea Vasa</a> (Władysław IV Waza), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ioan_Cazimir_al_II-lea_Vasa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ioan Cazimir al II-lea Vasa">Ioan Cazimir al II-lea Vasa</a> (Jan Kazimierz Waza), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mihail_Korybut_Wi%C5%9Bniowiecki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mihail Korybut Wiśniowiecki">Mihai I</a> (Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ioan_al_III-lea_Sobieski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ioan al III-lea Sobieski">Ioan al III-lea Sobieski</a> (Jan III Sobieski), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August_al_II-lea_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="August al II-lea al Poloniei">August al II-lea cel Puternic</a> (August II Mocny), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Leszczy%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Leszczyński">Stanisław Leszczyński</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/August_al_III-lea_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="August al III-lea al Poloniei">August al III-lea</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a>. Statul polono-lituanian de după <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Uniunea_de_la_Lublin,_1569&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Uniunea de la Lublin, 1569 — pagină inexistentă">Uniunea de la Lublin</a> a reprezentat un contrapunct interesant în perioada <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Monarhie_absolut%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarhie absolută">monarhiilor absolute</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_Occidental%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa Occidentală">Europa Occidentală</a>. Sistemul său politic cvasi-democratic, numit „libertatea de aur a nobilimii”, a reprezentat o situație politică fără precedent în istoria Europei. Din nefericire, luptele puternice dintre nobilimea mai săracă, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magnaterie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magnaterie — pagină inexistentă">magnații</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pan">panii</a>) și regii aleși au subminat valorile cetățenești și au erodat, treptat, autoritatea și puterea guvernului. După seria războaielor pustiitoare din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XVII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XVII">secolul XVII</a> (cele mai notabile fiind <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C4%83scoala_lui_Hmelni%C8%9Bki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Răscoala lui Hmelnițki">Răscoala lui Bogdan Hmelnițki</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Potopul?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Potopul">Potopul</a>), Polonia-Lituania a devenit un stat slab din punct de vedere politic pe scena europeană. Economia și dezvoltarea sa au fost afectate datorită păstrării caracterului agricol al țării și a statutului de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%98erbie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Șerbie">șerbie</a> pentru majoritatea populației, ceea ce a întârziat industrializarea țării. La începutul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XVIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XVIII">secolului XVIII</a> uniunea polono-lituaniană, unul dintre cele mai mari state ale Europei, a devenit nimic mai mult decât marioneta vecinilor săi: a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_Austriac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul Austriac">Austriei</a>, a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia">Prusiei</a> și a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_Rus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul Rus">Rusiei</a>. Odată cu pătrunderea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Iluminismul_%C3%AEn_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Iluminismul în Polonia">iluminismului în Polonia</a>, în cea de-a doua jumătate a secolului al XVIII-lea,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gierowski2-46">[45]</a> o mișcare de reformă și revitalizare a statului a adus schimbări importante în sistemul politic și economic, sfârșind prin introducerea primei constituții din Europa: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitu%C8%9Bia_de_la_3_mai_1791?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constituția de la 3 mai 1791">Constituția de la 3 mai 1791</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-47">[46]</a> Din nefericire, aceasta a venit prea târziu pentru a putea impune reforme temeinice, deoarece vecinii antemenționați <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83r%C8%9Birile_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Împărțirile Poloniei">au împărțit Polonia</a> într-o serie de trei partiții.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ducatul_Varșoviei">Ducatul Varșoviei</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=6&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ducatul Varșoviei" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ducatul_Var%C8%99oviei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ducatul Varșoviei">Ducatul Varșoviei</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nap1807.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nap1807.JPG/250px-Nap1807.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="236"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Nap1807.JPG/250px-Nap1807.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Nap1807.JPG 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> înmânând <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Constitu%C8%9Bia_Ducatului_Var%C8%99oviei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Constituția Ducatului Varșoviei — pagină inexistentă">Constituția</a> pentru <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ducatul_Var%C8%99oviei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ducatul Varșoviei">Ducatul Varșoviei</a>. </figcaption> </figure> După împărțiri, s-a început o perioadă de stagnare pe teritoriul polonez, care a durat până la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1806?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1806">1806</a>, când o parte a fostei Polonii a fost eliberată prin revolta populară inspirată de succesele lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a>. Prima grijă a noului guvern a fost asigurarea hranei pentru armata franceză, care a luptat împotriva forțelor ruse în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia_R%C4%83s%C4%83ritean%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia Răsăriteană">Prusia Răsăriteană</a>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> a creat în mod oficial <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ducatul_Var%C8%99oviei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ducatul Varșoviei">Ducatul Varșoviei</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1807?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1807">1807</a>. Crearea statului a fost unul dintre punctele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tratatul_de_la_Tilsit&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tratatul de la Tilsit — pagină inexistentă">tratatului de la Tilsit</a> cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia">Prusia</a>. Bonaparte a fost sprijinit atât de republicanii locali, cât și de importanta minoritate poloneză din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a> ca unicul om care putea să restituie suveranitatea poloneză după împărțiri. Deși a fost creat ca un <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stat_satelit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stat satelit">stat satelit</a> al Franței (și era doar un <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ducat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ducat">ducat</a>, nu un <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regat">regat</a>), în acele timpuri se credea că <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonezi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonezi">națiunea poloneză</a> va fi capabilă să-și recapete fostul statut și, poate, chiar și fostele frontiere. În mod oficial, statul a fost un ducat independent, aliat cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a> și a făcut uniune personală cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regatul_Saxoniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regatul Saxoniei">Regatul Saxoniei</a> — regele saxon, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Frederic_Augustus_I_de_Saxonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frederic Augustus I de Saxonia">Frederic Augustus</a> a fost, de asemenea, ducele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșoviei</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Flathe-50">[49]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Schaefer-51">[50]</a> Dar în fapt, cea mai importantă persoană în ducat a fost ambasadorul francez. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Duchy_of_Warsaw_and_Republic_of_Danzig.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Duchy_of_Warsaw_and_Republic_of_Danzig.JPG/250px-Duchy_of_Warsaw_and_Republic_of_Danzig.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="235" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="724"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 235px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Duchy_of_Warsaw_and_Republic_of_Danzig.JPG/250px-Duchy_of_Warsaw_and_Republic_of_Danzig.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="235" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Duchy_of_Warsaw_and_Republic_of_Danzig.JPG/375px-Duchy_of_Warsaw_and_Republic_of_Danzig.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Duchy_of_Warsaw_and_Republic_of_Danzig.JPG/500px-Duchy_of_Warsaw_and_Republic_of_Danzig.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Ducatul Varșoviei după 1809. </figcaption> </figure> În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1809?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1809">1809</a> s-a început un război scurt împortivă <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austriei</a>. Deși în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Raszyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bătălia de la Raszyn">bătălia de la Raszyn</a> polonezii au fost înfrânți și austriecii au intrat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a>, în cele din urmă polonezii au executat cu succes o manevră de învăluire a inamicului, reușind cucerirea orașelor <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liov">Liov</a> și a celei mai mari părți a regiunii anexate de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> în timpul împărțirilor Poloniei. Tratatul care a pus capăt conflictului, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Sch%C3%B6nbrunn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tratatul de la Schönbrunn">tratatul de la Schönbrunn</a> a permis extinderea teritoriului ducatului în zonele sudice pe care le stăpânise odinioară Polonia. Ducatul nu și-a schimbat frontierele până la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congresul_de_la_Viena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congresul de la Viena">congresul de la Viena</a>. După înfrângerea lui Bonaparte, mare parte a teritoriului ducatului a fost primită de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> în ianuarie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1813?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1813">1813</a>. Restul statului a fost anexat de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia">Prusia</a>. Aceste schimbări au fost acceptate la congres. Unica excepție a fost orașul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a>, care a fost controlat de către Austria, Prusia și Rusia ca <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ora%C8%99ul_Liber_Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orașul Liber Cracovia">Orașul Liber Cracovia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="După_Congresul_de_la_Viena">După Congresul de la Viena</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=7&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: După Congresul de la Viena" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> La data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/3_mai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="3 mai">3 mai</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a>, în timpul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Congresul_de_la_Viena?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Congresul de la Viena">congresului de la Viena</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> a semnat cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia">Prusia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austria">Austria</a> tratate bilaterale de împărțire a Ducatului Varșoviei și acordul trilateral de creare a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ora%C8%99ul_Liber_Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orașul Liber Cracovia">Orașului Liber Cracovia</a>. S-a decis că ducatul va fi împărțit în trei părți: <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wieliczka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wieliczka">Wieliczka</a> și împrejurimi — Imperiul Austriac</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonia Mare">Polonia Mare</a> — Regatul Prusian</li> <li>restul ducatului — Imperiul Rus</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Imperiul_Rus">Imperiul Rus</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=8&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Imperiul Rus" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Congresului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia Congresului">Polonia Congresului</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bitwa_pod_Ostroleka.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bitwa_pod_Ostroleka.jpg/250px-Bitwa_pod_Ostroleka.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1893" data-file-height="1353"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 179px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bitwa_pod_Ostroleka.jpg/250px-Bitwa_pod_Ostroleka.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="179" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bitwa_pod_Ostroleka.jpg/375px-Bitwa_pod_Ostroleka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Bitwa_pod_Ostroleka.jpg/500px-Bitwa_pod_Ostroleka.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Bătălia de la Ostrołęka, pictată de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juliusz_Kossak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juliusz Kossak">Juliusz Kossak</a>. </figcaption> </figure> O parte a Ducatului Varșoviei a fost schimbată în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Congresului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia Congresului">Regatul Poloniei</a>, în mod popular numit și Regatul Congresului sau Polonia Congresului. Acesta a fost începutul „uniunii eterne” cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> — fiecare țar următor al Rusiei avea să fie și rege polonez, conform constituției Regatului din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/27_noiembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="27 noiembrie">27 noiembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a>. Competențele monarhului includeau: politica externă, conducerea forțelor armate, alegerea persoanelor oficiale principale, dreptul de veto împotriva legilor Seimului ș.a.m.d. Țarul-rege a fost reprezentat în Polonia printr-un guvernator. Primul a fost generalul. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Zaj%C4%85czek&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Józef Zajączek — pagină inexistentă">Józef Zajączek</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q428311" class="extiw" title="d:Q428311">d</a>) (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1826?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1826">1826</a>). După moartea lui, țarul a renunțat la alegerea celui nou și a dat competențele lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Consiliu_Administrativ_(Polonia_Congresului)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Consiliu Administrativ (Polonia Congresului) — pagină inexistentă">Consiliului Administrativ</a>. După <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolta_din_Noiembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolta din Noiembrie">revolta din noiembrie</a> poziția de guvernator a fost reintrodusă. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Powstanie_listopadowe_5_z%C5%82otych_1831.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Powstanie_listopadowe_5_z%C5%82otych_1831.JPG/250px-Powstanie_listopadowe_5_z%C5%82otych_1831.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1038" data-file-height="518"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 125px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Powstanie_listopadowe_5_z%C5%82otych_1831.JPG/250px-Powstanie_listopadowe_5_z%C5%82otych_1831.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="125" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Powstanie_listopadowe_5_z%C5%82otych_1831.JPG/375px-Powstanie_listopadowe_5_z%C5%82otych_1831.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Powstanie_listopadowe_5_z%C5%82otych_1831.JPG/500px-Powstanie_listopadowe_5_z%C5%82otych_1831.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> 5 <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlot_polonez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlot polonez">zloți polonezi</a> din timpul revoltei de noiembrie. </figcaption> </figure> La data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/29_noiembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="29 noiembrie">29 noiembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1830?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1830">1830</a> a început în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> revolta, cauzată de primirea independenței de către <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belgia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belgia">Belgia</a> în acel an. În timpul revoltei, Seimul l-a detronat pe regele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolae_I_al_Rusiei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolae I al Rusiei">Nicolae I Romanov</a> la data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_ianuarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 ianuarie">25 ianuarie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1831?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1831">1831</a>. S-a sperat în alegerea unui nou rege. A avut loc intervenția forțelor ruse sub conducerea feldmareșalului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Paschevici&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ivan Paschevici — pagină inexistentă">Ivan Paschevici</a>. La data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/21_octombrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="21 octombrie">21 octombrie</a> a capitulat ultimul punct de rezistență al revoluționarilor — cetatea din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zamość">Zamość</a>. După revolta din noiembrie și detronare, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Casa_Romanov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Casa Romanov">casa Romanov</a> a uzurpat titlul de rege al Poloniei. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolae_II_al_Rusiei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae II al Rusiei">Nicolae II</a> a renunțat la acesta la data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_decembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 decembrie">25 decembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1916?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1916">1916</a>, recunoscând suveranitatea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regatul_Polonez_(1916-1918)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Regatul Polonez (1916-1918) — pagină inexistentă">Regatului Polonez</a>. După revoltă s-a intensificat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusificare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusificare">rusificarea</a>, iar autonomia regiunii a fost limitată. La data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/22_ianuarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="22 ianuarie">22 ianuarie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1863?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1863">1863</a> a început cel de-al doilea război de independență, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Revolta_din_ianuarie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Revolta din ianuarie — pagină inexistentă">revolta din ianuarie</a>. Și aceasta a fost împotriva Imperiului Rus. Lupte au avut loc atât pe teritoriul Regatului Congresului, cât și în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituania">Lituania</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> și o parte a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucraina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ucraina">Ucrainei</a>. S-a finalizat în primăvara anului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1864?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1864">1864</a>. După aceasta, autonomia Poloniei a fost definitiv anulată. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Austria_și_Austro-Ungaria">Austria și Austro-Ungaria</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=9&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Austria și Austro-Ungaria" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gali%C8%9Bia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galiția">Galiția</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ukraine-Lviv-University.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ukraine-Lviv-University.jpg/250px-Ukraine-Lviv-University.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 187px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ukraine-Lviv-University.jpg/250px-Ukraine-Lviv-University.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="187" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ukraine-Lviv-University.jpg/375px-Ukraine-Lviv-University.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Ukraine-Lviv-University.jpg/500px-Ukraine-Lviv-University.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Clădirea parlamentului Galiției, acum Universitatea Liov. </figcaption> </figure> Termenul Galiția și Lodomeria, tradițional prescurtat Galiția, a intrat în uz după prima împărțire a Poloniei, când <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_Austriac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul Austriac">Imperiul Austriac</a> a primit partea sudică a Republicii Celor Două Națiuni, cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Voievodatul_rutean_(Republica_Celor_Dou%C4%83_Na%C8%9Biuni)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Voievodatul rutean (Republica Celor Două Națiuni) — pagină inexistentă">voievodatul rutean</a> cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liov">Liov</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belz">Belz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sanok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sanok">Sanok</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Przemy%C5%9Bl?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Przemyśl">Przemyśl</a>, partea sudică a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia Mică">Poloniei Mici</a> cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jaworzno?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jaworzno">Jaworzno</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nowy_Targ?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nowy Targ">Nowy Targ</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nowy_S%C4%85cz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nowy Sącz">Nowy Sącz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zamość">Zamość</a> și câteva fortărețe din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Podolia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Podolia">Podolia</a> — <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarnopol?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarnopol">Tarnopol</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zbaraj?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zbaraj">Zbaraj</a>. Aceste teritorii au primit un statut de statul regal al Austriei, cu denumirea oficială Regatul Galiției și Lodomeriei (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germană</a> Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien). Purtând titlu Rex Galiciæ et Lodomeriæ, diplomația austriacă a încercat să vizualizeze dreptul monarhilor austrieci — similar stăpânitorilor coroanei ungare — pentru a controla teritoriile cucerite. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1861?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1861">1861</a> Galiția a primit autonomia cu parlament statal și guvern local în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liov">Liov</a>. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1867?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1867">1867</a>, după crearea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austro-Ungaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austro-Ungaria">monarhiei dualiste</a>, (Regatul Galiției și Lodomeriei a rămas în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_Austriac?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul Austriac">Imperiul Austriac</a>), autonomia a fost mai extinsă. Guvernul austriac a garantat că guvernatorii vor fi aleși din populația locală. Parlamentul a avut drept de a face legi legate de economia regiunii, comunicații, educație și sănătate. Datorită acelor schimbări, Galiția a devenit centrul mișcării liberaționiste poloneze, aici luând ființă partide politice și organizații paramilitare, care au constituit baza pentru crearea Legiunilor Poloneze la începutul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XX">secolului XX</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Republica_Cracoviană">Republica Cracoviană</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=10&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Republica Cracoviană" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ora%C8%99ul_Liber_Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orașul Liber Cracovia">Orașul Liber Cracovia</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> Republica Cracoviană, cunoscută și ca <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ora%C8%99ul_Liber_Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orașul Liber Cracovia">Orașul Liber Cracovia</a>, a fost creată în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a>, din inițiativa țarului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Alexandru_I_al_Rusiei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Alexandru I al Rusiei">Alexandru I</a>, care a propus în cursul negocierilor între cele trei imperii transformarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracoviei</a> și a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toru%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toruń">Toruńului</a> în orașe libere. Finalmente, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toru%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> a fost anexat de Prusia, iar Cracovia și împrejurimile sale au fost organizate în statul „liber, independent și exigent neutru” sub controlul Austriei, Rusiei și Prusiei. Noul stat nu a primit dreptul la politică externă proprie. Interesele lui au fost reprezentate de cele trei imperii. Aceste state au promis respectul etern pentru neutralitatea Orașului Liber și nu au permis armatelor lor intrarea în teritoriul cracovian. În răspuns, Cracovia a trebuit să predea toți agenții străini și dezertorii, care au căutat azil pe teritoriul ei. Data formală de creare a statului a fost <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_octombrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 octombrie">18 octombrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1815?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1815">1815</a>. Statul cracovian a fost dizolvat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1846?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1846">1846</a>, după <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Revolta_cracovian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Revolta cracoviană — pagină inexistentă">revolta cracoviană</a> și apoi a devenit o parte a Galiției. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Prusia">Prusia</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=11&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Prusia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Marele_Ducat_Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Marele Ducat Poznań — pagină inexistentă">Marele Ducat Poznań</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Posen_1905.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Posen_1905.png/250px-Posen_1905.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="273" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="1485"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 273px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Posen_1905.png/250px-Posen_1905.png" data-width="250" data-height="273" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Posen_1905.png/375px-Posen_1905.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Posen_1905.png/500px-Posen_1905.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Harta provinciei Posen din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1905?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1905">1905</a>. </figcaption> </figure> În teritoriul polonez aparținând Prusiei, conform Congresului de la Viena, a fost creat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Marele_Ducat_Pozna%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Marele Ducat Poznań — pagină inexistentă">Marele Ducat Poznań</a>, ducatul autonom în cadrul regatului Prusiei, care nu făcea parte din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Confedera%C8%9Bia_German%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Confederația Germană">Confederația Germană</a>. Guvernul prusac l-a creat pentru a stabiliza situația în acest teritoriu și pentru a liniști ambițiile naționale ale polonezilor. După revolta din noiembrie în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Congresului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia Congresului">Polonia Congresului</a>, sprijinită de locuitorii regiunii, autonomia ducatului a fost minimizată și, apoi, după revoltele velicopolone din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Revolta_velicopolon%C4%83,_1846&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Revolta velicopolonă, 1846 — pagină inexistentă">1846</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Revolta_velicopolon%C4%83,_1848&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Revolta velicopolonă, 1848 — pagină inexistentă">1848</a>, abolită în integralitate. Administrația prusacă a schimbat denumirea regiunii în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Provincia_Posen&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Provincia Posen — pagină inexistentă">Provincia Posen</a> (Provinz Posen), dar numele vechi a continuat să fie folosit în mod neoficial. De asemenea, titlul regal al regilor prusaci, precum și cel imperial al împăraților germani, a conținut această denumire până la abdicarea lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wilhelm_II_al_Germaniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II al Germaniei">Wilhelm al II-lea</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Primul_Război_Mondial">Primul Război Mondial</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=12&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Primul Război Mondial" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia_%C3%AEn_timpul_Primului_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Polonia în timpul Primului Război Mondial — pagină inexistentă">Polonia în timpul Primului Război Mondial</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jeneral_Haller_przysiega_na_wiernosc_Sztandarowi._(81937553)_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Jeneral_Haller_przysiega_na_wiernosc_Sztandarowi._%2881937553%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Jeneral_Haller_przysiega_na_wiernosc_Sztandarowi._%2881937553%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4625" data-file-height="2685"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Jeneral_Haller_przysiega_na_wiernosc_Sztandarowi._%2881937553%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Jeneral_Haller_przysiega_na_wiernosc_Sztandarowi._%2881937553%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Jeneral_Haller_przysiega_na_wiernosc_Sztandarowi._%2881937553%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Jeneral_Haller_przysiega_na_wiernosc_Sztandarowi._%2881937553%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Jeneral_Haller_przysiega_na_wiernosc_Sztandarowi._%2881937553%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Jeneral_Haller_przysiega_na_wiernosc_Sztandarowi._%2881937553%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Armata Albastră, formațiune militară poloneză creată în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a>. </figcaption> </figure> În anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1914?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1914">1914</a> a început <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primul Război Mondial">Primul Război Mondial</a>, la care au luat parte și cele trei state care își împărțeau teritoriul polonez. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_German?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul German">Imperiul German</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Austro-Ungaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Austro-Ungaria">Austro-Ungaria</a> făceau parte din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Puterile_centrale?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Puterile centrale">Puterile Centrale</a>, iar <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imperiul_Rus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Imperiul Rus">Imperiul Rus</a> a devenit membrul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Antanta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Antanta">Antantei</a>. Această situație a creat posibilitatea refacerii statului independent polonez. Această perioadă a fost una de austeritate, caracterizată prin nivelul slab de aprovizionare a populației, precum și prin pierderi mari de vieți omenești, atât în rândul soldaților, cât și în cadrul populației civile, forțată să efectueze muncă obligatorie. Din cauza deceselor și a deportărilor, populația teritoriului care, ulterior, a format <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_doua_Republic%C4%83_Polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A doua Republică Poloneză">A doua Republică</a> s-a redus cu aproximativ 14,9%<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-52">[51]</a>. Pierderile materiale cauzate de război au fost și ele extrem de importante. Rușii au dat foc la câmpul de țiței din Galiția, în timp ce germanii au distrus numeroase fabrici, demolându-le și reconstruindu-le în Germania cu componente aduse din Polonia. În general, se consideră că pentru Polonia și polonezi Primul Războiul Mondial s-a sfârșit la data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_noiembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 noiembrie">11 noiembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1918">1918</a>. Această dată este sărbătorită actualmente ca Ziua Independenței.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cienciala-53">[52]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="A_doua_Republică">A doua Republică</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=13&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: A doua Republică" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/A_doua_Republic%C4%83_Polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="A doua Republică Poloneză">A doua Republică Poloneză</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg/150px-Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 216px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg/150px-Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="216" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg/225px-Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg/300px-Jozef_Pilsudski.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Bij_Bolszewika.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bij_Bolszewika.jpg/250px-Bij_Bolszewika.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="335" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="444"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 335px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Bij_Bolszewika.jpg/250px-Bij_Bolszewika.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="335" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Bij_Bolszewika.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Afiș propagandistic din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1920?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1920">1920</a> cu inscripția „Bate-i pe bolșevici”. </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:HistPol-admin.1.04.1938.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HistPol-admin.1.04.1938.png/250px-HistPol-admin.1.04.1938.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="277" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1810" data-file-height="2004"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 277px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HistPol-admin.1.04.1938.png/250px-HistPol-admin.1.04.1938.png" data-width="250" data-height="277" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HistPol-admin.1.04.1938.png/375px-HistPol-admin.1.04.1938.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/HistPol-admin.1.04.1938.png/500px-HistPol-admin.1.04.1938.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Harta celei de-a doua Republici cu voievodatele și powiatele marcate. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Poland1939_physical.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Poland1939_physical.jpg/250px-Poland1939_physical.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="596" data-file-height="448"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Poland1939_physical.jpg/250px-Poland1939_physical.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Poland1939_physical.jpg/375px-Poland1939_physical.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Poland1939_physical.jpg/500px-Poland1939_physical.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Polonia, 1938-1939 </figcaption> </figure> Contemporanii au numit statul polonez din perioadă înterbelică A doua Republică (în poloneză II Rzeczpospolita). Această denumire este folosită pentru a arăta continuarea Primei Republici — uniunea statală între Polonia și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituania">Lituania</a>. Începutul ei a avut loc la data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/11_noiembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="11 noiembrie">11 noiembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1918">1918</a>, când <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Pi%C5%82sudski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Józef Piłsudski">Józef Piłsudski</a> a primit conducerea militară în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Cienciala-53">[52]</a> și, apoi, trei zile mai târziu, pe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/14_noiembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="14 noiembrie">14 noiembrie</a>, când a primit și conducerea civilă. Două date sunt considerate ca sfârșitul celei de-a doua Republici — <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_septembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 septembrie">17 septembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1939?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1939">1939</a>, când autoritățile poloneze au traversat frontiera <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="România">românească</a>, și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/25_septembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="25 septembrie">25 septembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1939?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1939">1939</a>, când președintele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ignacy_Mo%C5%9Bcicki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ignacy Mościcki">Ignacy Mościcki</a> a predat puterile sale guvernului polonez din exil. Statul nou a primit doar teritoriul care a fost controlat de polonezi în noiembrie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1918?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1918">1918</a> și partea vestică a Prusiei (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia_Occidental%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Prusia Occidentală">Prusia Occidentală</a>), cu excepția orașului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (care a fost transformat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ora%C8%99ul_Liber_Danzig?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Orașul Liber Danzig">Orașul Liber Danzig</a> sub controlul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania">Germaniei</a> și Poloniei, sub supravegherea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liga_Na%C8%9Biunilor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga Națiunilor">Ligii Națiunilor</a>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polonia Mare">Polonia Mare</a> a fost unită cu Polonia după <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Revolta_velicopolon%C4%83,_1918&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Revolta velicopolonă, 1918 — pagină inexistentă">revolta velicopolonă</a>, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1919?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1919">1919</a>. Părțile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silezia">Sileziei</a> și orașul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> s-au alăturat în urma unui plebiscit și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Revolte_sileziene,_1919-1921&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Revolte sileziene, 1919-1921 — pagină inexistentă">a trei revolte</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1921?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1921">1921</a>. În cele din urmă, teritoriul estic ce cuprindea orașele cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liov">Liov</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Brest?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Brest">Brest</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hrodna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hrodna">Hrodna</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vilnius?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> a fost adăugat Poloniei conform <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tratatul_de_la_Riga_(1921)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tratatul de la Riga (1921)">tratatului de la Riga</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/18_martie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="18 martie">18 martie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1921?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1921">1921</a>. Silezia poloneză a avut statutul de regiune autonomă numită <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Voievodatul_Silezia_(interbelic)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Voievodatul Silezia (interbelic) — pagină inexistentă">voievodatul Silezia</a>, cu reședința la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> și dotată cu un parlament propriu. Statul polonez, alături de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania_Nazist%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania Nazistă">Germania Nazistă</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ungaria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ungaria">Ungaria</a>, a participat la împărțirea Cehoslovaciei în anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1938?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1938">1938</a>. Polonia a primit regiunea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zaolzie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaolzie">Zaolzie</a> și câteva minuscule teritorii din Slovacia situate în jurul munților <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Tatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munții Tatra">Tatra</a>. În perioada interbelică, Polonia a fost un stat multinațional și multietnic. Polonezii reprezentau între 64 și 69% din populație. În toate regiunile estice, cu excepția <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Voievodatul_Liov_(interbelic)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Voievodatul Liov (interbelic) — pagină inexistentă">voievodatului Liov</a> și a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Voievodatul_Vilnius_(interbelic)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Voievodatul Vilnius (interbelic) — pagină inexistentă">voievodatului Vilnius</a> polonezii erau minoritari. În Pomerania și Polonia Mare germanii reprezentau minoritatea cea mai importantă. Evreii locuiau în majoritatea orașelor mari, fiind minoritatea cea mai importantă din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liov">Liov</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>. Cu toate acestea singura limbă oficială era <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneza</a> iar <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_romano-catolic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biserica romano-catolică">religia romano-catolică</a> era religia oficială a statului. Această stare de fapt a cauzat numeroase probleme etnice și religioase în aproape fiecare regiune a statului. Polonia a fost înconjurată din fiecare parte de state inamice sau ostile — <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania">Germania</a> la vest, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituania">Lituania</a> la nord-est, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniunea Sovietică">Uniunea Sovietică</a> la est și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cehoslovacia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cehoslovacia">Cehoslovacia</a> la sud. Doar <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Letonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Letonia">Letonia</a> la nord-est și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="România">România</a> la sud-est au avut relații diplomatice bune cu Polonia. La începutul celui de-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al Doilea Război Mondial</a>, aceasta din urmă a oferit refugiu guvernului polonez. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Al_Doilea_Război_Mondial">Al Doilea Război Mondial</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=14&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Al Doilea Război Mondial" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia_%C3%AEn_timpul_celui_de-al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Polonia în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial — pagină inexistentă">Polonia în timpul celui de-al Doilea Război Mondial</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Schleswig_Holstein_firing_Westerplatte_September_1939.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Schleswig_Holstein_firing_Westerplatte_September_1939.jpg/250px-Schleswig_Holstein_firing_Westerplatte_September_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Schleswig_Holstein_firing_Westerplatte_September_1939.jpg/250px-Schleswig_Holstein_firing_Westerplatte_September_1939.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Schleswig_Holstein_firing_Westerplatte_September_1939.jpg/375px-Schleswig_Holstein_firing_Westerplatte_September_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Schleswig_Holstein_firing_Westerplatte_September_1939.jpg/500px-Schleswig_Holstein_firing_Westerplatte_September_1939.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Cuirasatul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Schleswig-Holstein_(cuirasat)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Schleswig-Holstein (cuirasat) — pagină inexistentă">Scheswig-Holstein</a> atacând <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gdynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> la data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/13_septembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="13 septembrie">13 septembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1939?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1939">1939</a>. </figcaption> </figure> La data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/23_august?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="23 august">23 august</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1939?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1939">1939</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania_nazist%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Germania nazistă">Germania nazistă</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniunea Sovietică">Uniunea Sovietică</a> au semnat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pactul_Ribbentrop-Molotov?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov">pactul Ribbentrop-Molotov</a>, care a conținut și punctul secret privind împărțirea Poloniei în două zone de control: cea germană și cea sovietică. La <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1_septembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1 septembrie">1 septembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1939?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1939">1939</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adolf_Hitler?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> a ordonat trupelor sale să intre în Polonia. La început, au fost atacate cetăți în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Westerplatte?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a>) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wielu%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wieluń">Wieluń</a>. la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/17_septembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="17 septembrie">17 septembrie</a> și trupele sovietice au atacat Polonia dinspre est, bucurându-se de suportul populației de origine bielorusă și ucraineană. Guvernul polonez a scăpat refugiindu-se în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="România">România</a> și, apoi, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Franța">Franța</a>. Când Germania a atacat și Uniunea Sovietică, întreaga suprafață a statului a fost ocupată de forțe armate germane. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flaga_PPP.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/100px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="63" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="627"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 63px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/100px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="63" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/150px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flaga_PPP.svg/200px-Flaga_PPP.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Drapelul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Armata_Statal%C4%83_(Polonia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Armata Statală (Polonia) — pagină inexistentă">Armatei Statale</a> și al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statul_Secret_Polonez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statul Secret Polonez">Statului Secret Polonez</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonezi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonezi">Polonezii</a> au format <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statul_Secret_Polonez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statul Secret Polonez">mișcarea de rezistență națională</a> și guvernul în exil, la început în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Paris?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Paris">Paris</a> și, apoi, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Londra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Londra">Londra</a>, care au fost recunoscute de Uniunea Sovietică. În timpul celui de-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al Doilea Război Mondial</a>, 400.000 de polonezi au luptat sub conducere sovietică, iar 200.000 au făcut parte din armatele vestice, în unitățile loiale guvernului polonez aflat în exil. În aprilie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1944?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1944">1944</a> autoritățile Uniunii Sovietice au rupt relațiile cu guvernul exilat, atunci când soldații germani au anunțat că au descoperit morminte ale ofițerilor polonezi <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masacrul_de_la_Katy%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masacrul de la Katyń">omorâți în Katyń</a>. Sovieticii au răspuns că polonezii i-au insultat prin cererea lor ca <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Crucea_Ro%C8%99ie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucea Roșie">Crucea Roșie</a> să cerceteze aceste raporturi. În iulie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1944?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1944">1944</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Armata_Ro%C8%99ie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Armata Roșie">Armata Roșie</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ludowe_Wojsko_Polskie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ludowe Wojsko Polskie">Armata Poporului Polonez</a> (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie, LWP) au intrat în Polonia, alungând, cu grele pierderi (600.000 de morți) trupele germane și instalând în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> „<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Comitetul_Polonez_de_Eliberare_Na%C8%9Bional%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Comitetul Polonez de Eliberare Națională — pagină inexistentă">Comitetul Polonez de Eliberare Națională</a>” (Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego, PKWN, guvern temporar controlat de către comuniști. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Destroyed_Warsaw,_capital_of_Poland,_January_1945.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/250px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="206" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="824"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 206px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/250px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="206" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/375px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg/500px-Destroyed_Warsaw%2C_capital_of_Poland%2C_January_1945.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Varșovia, distrusă de naziști după revolta din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1944?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1944">1944</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Deși la est forțele sovieto-poloneze au înregistrat multe succese, germanii încă au avut puterea de a controla mare parte a fostului stat polonez. Au avut loc multe încercări de schimbare a acestuia și cea mai importantă a fost în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a>, unde a fost organizată <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Revolta_din_Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Revolta din Varșovia">revolta</a>. Aceasta a fost plănuită cu încrederea că forțele sovietice, așteptând pe malul drept al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vistula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vistula">Vistulei</a>, în refacere, vor da un ajutor masiv în bătălia pentru eliberarea Varșoviei. Însă, nici un ajutor nu a venit din partea sovietică. Forțele Uniunii Sovietice au ocupat înainte fluviul și au dat polonezilor care au organizat revolta eticheta de „criminali” în radioemisiuni. În următoarele două luni, sovieticii au observat calm cum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nazism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nazism">naziștii</a> au reprimat cu brutalitate feroce eforturile revoluționarilor. După capitularea polonezilor, Hitler a comandat distrugerea orașului zicând „nu vor sta în Varșovia nici două cărămizi”.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-55">[54]</a> Germanii au fost finalmente învinși când forțele sovietice și-au reluat invazia în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1945">1945</a>. În timpul războiului, aproximativ 6 milioane de cetățeni polonezi au fost omorâți de germani și peste 2,5 milioane au fost deportați în Germania, pentru muncă forțată, sau în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lag%C4%83r_de_exterminare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lagăr de exterminare">lagăre de exterminare</a> precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lag%C4%83rul_de_concentrare_Auschwitz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lagărul de concentrare Auschwitz">Auschwitz-Birkenau</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-56">[55]</a>. Între <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1941?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1941">1941</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1943?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1943">1943</a> naționaliștii ucraineni au omorât mai mult de 100.000 de polonezi în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gali%C8%9Bia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Galiția">Galiția</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Volinia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Volinia">Volânia</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Snyder2-57">[56]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Od_rzezi,_447-58">[57]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Aproximativ 500.000 de cetățeni polonezi au fost deportați în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniunea Sovietică">Uniunea Sovietică</a>, mulți în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gulag?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gulag">gulaguri</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Subtelny489-60">[59]</a> Guvernul sovietic a insistat pentru a reține majoritatea teritoriilor capturate conform pactului Ribbentrop-Molotov din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1939?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1939">1939</a> (acum teritorii occidentale ale <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarusului</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucraina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ucraina">Ucrainei</a>), recompensând Polonia cu părțile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silezia">Sileziei</a>, ale <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pomerania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pomerania">Pomeraniei</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Prusia_Oriental%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Prusia Orientală">Prusiei Orientale</a>, cu orașe precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (Danzig), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olsztyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a> (Allenstein), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> (Stettin) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> (Breslau), acum unele dintre cele mai importante din stat. O dată cu anexarea teritoriilor de către Polonia, majoritatea germanilor au fost expulzați în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania">Germania</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Republica_Populară_Polonă">Republica Populară Polonă</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=15&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Republica Populară Polonă" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_Popular%C4%83_Polon%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republica Populară Polonă">Republica Populară Polonă</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> În iunie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1945?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1945">1945</a>, după <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Conferin%C8%9Ba_de_la_Ialta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Conferința de la Ialta">conferința de la Ialta</a>, a fost creat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Guvernul_Provizoriu_Polonez_al_Unit%C4%83%C8%9Bii_Na%C8%9Bionale&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Guvernul Provizoriu Polonez al Unității Naționale — pagină inexistentă">Guvernul Provizoriu Polonez al Unității Naționale</a> și, în luna următoare, a fost recunoscut de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Organiza%C8%9Bia_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Organizația Națiunilor Unite">ONU</a>. Deși în acord se cereau alegeri libere, cele organizate în ianuarie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1947?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1947">1947</a> au fost controlate de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Partidul_Muncitoresc_Unit_Polonez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Partidul Muncitoresc Unit Polonez">partidul comunist</a>. Comuniștii au instalat apoi un regim în totalitate sub controlul lor. Guvernul polonez exilat a existat până în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990">1990</a>, dar influența lui a fost foarte limitată. În octombrie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1956?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1956">1956</a>, după al XX-lea congres al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PCUS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PCUS">PCUS</a> (ținut în același an la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Moscova?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Moscova">Moscova</a> și care a inițiat <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Destalinizare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Destalinizare">destalinizarea</a>), în Polonia a avut loc o zguduire a regimului comunist polonez, ca urmare a revoltei muncitorilor din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>. Deși regimul a menținut în cea mai mare parte țelurile comuniste economice și societale, guvernarea condusă de prim-secretarul partidului comunist, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Gomu%C5%82ka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Władysław Gomułka">Władysław Gomułka</a>, a început liberalizarea vieții în Polonia. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Zjazd_KOED_Gda%C5%84sk_2015_-_77.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Zjazd_KOED_Gda%C5%84sk_2015_-_77.JPG/200px-Zjazd_KOED_Gda%C5%84sk_2015_-_77.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Zjazd_KOED_Gda%C5%84sk_2015_-_77.JPG/200px-Zjazd_KOED_Gda%C5%84sk_2015_-_77.JPG" data-width="200" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Zjazd_KOED_Gda%C5%84sk_2015_-_77.JPG/300px-Zjazd_KOED_Gda%C5%84sk_2015_-_77.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Zjazd_KOED_Gda%C5%84sk_2015_-_77.JPG/400px-Zjazd_KOED_Gda%C5%84sk_2015_-_77.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> „<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solidaritatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solidaritatea">Solidaritatea</a>” a avut un rol important în istoria <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_Central%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa Centrală">Europei Centrale</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_de_Est?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa de Est">Estice</a>. </figcaption> </figure> În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1968?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1968">1968</a>, aceasta tendință a fost anulată, când demonstrațiile studenților au fost reprimate și o campanie anti<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sionism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sionism">sionistă</a>, inițial vizând adepții lui Gomułka, a cauzat emigrarea majorității <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Evrei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Evrei">evreilor</a> rămași în Polonia după A<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">l Doilea Război Mondial</a>. În decembrie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1970">1970</a>, au avut loc noi tulburări și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grev%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grevă">greve</a> în trei porturi principale: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gdynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, izbucnite din cauza majorării prețurilor la produsele de bază. Grevele au reflectat nemulțumirea în societatea poloneză față de condițiile de trai și de muncă. Gomułka a fost înlocuit cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edward_Gierek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edward Gierek">Edward Gierek</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/20_decembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="20 decembrie">20 decembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1970">1970</a>). Sprijinită prin infuzii mari de credite din țările vestice, rata creșterii economiei poloneze a fost una dintre cele mai mari în lume în prima jumătate a anilor '70 ai <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XX">secolului XX</a>. Însă capitalul împrumutat a fost în majoritate prost investit și, în consecință, pierdut. Economia dirijată de stat nu a putut folosi eficient resursele noi. Povara datoriilor a devenit insuportabilă la sfârșitul deceniului opt, iar creșterea economică a devenit negativă în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1979?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1979">1979</a>. În octombrie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1978?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1978">1978</a> arhiepiscopul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracoviei</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papa_Ioan_Paul_al_II-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea">Karol Wojtyła,</a> a devenit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papa_Ioan_Paul_al_II-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea">Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea</a>, cap al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biserica Romano-Catolică">Bisericii Romano-Catolice</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vatican-bio-en-61">[60]</a> Catolicii polonezi s-au bucurat de alegerea compatriotului lor și au salutat cu entuziasm vizita sa în Polonia din iunie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1979?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1979">1979</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Vatican-bio-en-61">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wojciech_Jaruzelski_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wojciech_Jaruzelski_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/200px-Wojciech_Jaruzelski_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="498" data-file-height="480"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wojciech_Jaruzelski_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/200px-Wojciech_Jaruzelski_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wojciech_Jaruzelski_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/300px-Wojciech_Jaruzelski_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Wojciech_Jaruzelski_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg/400px-Wojciech_Jaruzelski_%26_Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a> </figcaption> </figure> Având o datorie externă de circa 20 de miliarde de dolari, guvernul a făcut la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1_iulie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1 iulie">1 iulie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1980?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1980">1980</a> a recurs la o nouă majorare a prețurilor la carne.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-62">[61]</a> O reacție în lanț a paralizat sectorul economic pe coasta <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Balticii</a> la sfârșitul lunii august, și, pentru prima dată, s-au închis majoritatea minelor din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silezia">Silezia</a>. Polonia a întrat într-o criză majoră, care avea să-i influențeze puternic viitorul. La <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_august?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 august">31 august</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1980?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1980">1980</a>, muncitorii de la șantierele navale „V. I. Lenin” în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, conduși de electricianul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a>, au semnat un acord de 21 de puncte cu guvernul, după care și-au încetat greva. Acorduri similare au fost semnate și cu muncitorii din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> și din provincia <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silezia">Silezia</a>. Principala clauză a acordurilor prevedea garantarea drepturlor muncitorești de a înființa sindicate libere și dreptul la grevă. După semnarea acordului de la Gdańsk, noua mișcare sindicală „<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solidaritatea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solidaritatea">Solidaritatea</a>” (Solidarność) s-a extins în toată Polonia.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-63">[62]</a> Nemulțumirea exprimată în greve a crescut în urma știrilor despre acte grave de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Corup%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Corupție">corupție</a> și erori de guvernare și management, de care se făceau responsabile, în primul rând ,eșaloanele superioare din conducerea partidului comunist din Polonia. În septembrie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1980?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1980">1980</a>, Edward Gierek a fost înlocuit cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Kania">Stanisław Kania</a> în funcția de prim-secretar al partidului.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Time80-64">[63]</a> Alarmată de PZPR din cauza slăbirii rapide a autorității după acordul de la Gdańsk, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_Sovietic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniunea Sovietică">Uniunea Sovietică</a> a reacționat în decembrie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1980?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1980">1980</a> prin masarea de trupe de-a lungul frontierei cu Polonia. În februarie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1981?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1981">1981</a>, ministrul Apărării, generalul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a>, a devenit prim-ministru iar în octombrie, în același an, a fost numit prim secretar al partidului comunist.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Revolution1989-65">[64]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Britannica-66">[65]</a> În timpul primului congres al „Solidarității” (septembrie-octombrie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1981?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1981">1981</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> a fost ales președintele național al sindicatului. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Stakingsleider_Lech_Walesa_deelt_handtekeningen_uit,_Bestanddeelnr_253-8300.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Stakingsleider_Lech_Walesa_deelt_handtekeningen_uit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8300.jpg/220px-Stakingsleider_Lech_Walesa_deelt_handtekeningen_uit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8300.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3640" data-file-height="2386"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 144px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Stakingsleider_Lech_Walesa_deelt_handtekeningen_uit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8300.jpg/220px-Stakingsleider_Lech_Walesa_deelt_handtekeningen_uit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8300.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="144" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Stakingsleider_Lech_Walesa_deelt_handtekeningen_uit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8300.jpg/330px-Stakingsleider_Lech_Walesa_deelt_handtekeningen_uit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8300.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Stakingsleider_Lech_Walesa_deelt_handtekeningen_uit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8300.jpg/440px-Stakingsleider_Lech_Walesa_deelt_handtekeningen_uit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_253-8300.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> </figcaption> </figure> În noaptea de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/12_decembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="12 decembrie">12</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/13_decembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="13 decembrie">13 decembrie</a>, regimul a introdus <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legea_mar%C8%9Bial%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legea marțială în Polonia">legea marțială</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Armata și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Unit%C4%83%C8%9Bile_Armate_ale_Mili%C8%9Biei_Cet%C4%83%C8%9Bene%C8%99ti&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Unitățile Armate ale Miliției Cetățenești — pagină inexistentă">Unitățile Armate ale Miliției Cetățenești</a> (Zbrojne Oddziały Milicji Obywatelskiej) au fost folosite pentru a combate „Solidaritatea”. Practic, toți conducătorii sindicatului „Solidaritatea” și mulți susținători au fost arestați. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Statele_Unite_ale_Americii?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Statele Unite ale Americii">Statele Unite ale Americii</a> și alte țări occidentale au reacționat prin impunerea de sancțiuni împotriva guvernului polonez și a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/URSS?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">Uniunii Sovietice</a>. Starea de neliniște în stat a persistat mulți ani după aceste evenimente. Regimul comunist polonez a suspendat legea marțială, în cadrul unei serii de măsuri lente și neuniforme. Suspendarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legea_mar%C8%9Bial%C4%83_%C3%AEn_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legea marțială în Polonia">legii marțiale</a> a avut loc în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1982?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1982">1982, când</a> au fost eliberați câțiva deținuți politici. Deși dreptul formal s-a finalizat în iulie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1983?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1983">1983</a> și amnistia generală a fost legiferată, sute de prizonieri de conștiință au continuat să rămână în detenție. În iulie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1984?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1984">1984</a> a fost declarată încă o amnistie generală și, după doi ani, au fost eliberați aproape toți deținuții politici. Însă autoritățile au continuat să persecute dizidenții și activiștii sindicatului liber. „Solidaritatea” a rămas proscrisă și publicațiile ei erau interzise, iar publicațiile independente erau cenzurate. La sfârșitul anilor '80, regimul a fost nevoit să negocieze cu „Solidaritatea” în așa-zisele negocieri la masa rotundă. Alegerile legislative din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989">1989</a> au fost unul dintre cele mai importante evenimente, deoarece au marcat căderea comunismului, la început în Polonia, apoi în alte țări ale Europei Centrale și Răsăritene. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Polonia_contemporană">Polonia contemporană</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=16&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Polonia contemporană" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> După căderea comunismului, Polonia, precum alte state ale Europei Centrale, s-a transformat în republică democratică, și, precum vecinii săi, s-a confruntat cu probleme economice și cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Infla%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inflație">inflația</a>. În 2007 este clasificată drept stat în curs de dezvoltare. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1999?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1999">1999</a> a devenit membru al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-68">[67]</a> și în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2004?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2004">2004</a> — al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunii Europene</a>. În 2007 Polonia a intrat în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spa%C8%9Biul_Schengen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spațiul Schengen">spațiul Schengen</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Din 2009 până în 2012, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jerzy_Buzek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jerzy Buzek">Jerzy Buzek</a>, fostul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prim-ministrul_Poloniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Prim-ministrul Poloniei — pagină inexistentă">prim-ministru</a>, a fost ales <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre%C8%99edinte_al_Parlamentului_European?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Președinte al Parlamentului European">Președinte al Parlamentului European</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Comisia Europeană a blocat fonduri de 150 milioane Euro pentru zonele libere de LGBT din Polonia, a blocat de asemenea plata a 42 miliarde Euro din fondul de recuperare după Covid, deoarece Polonia nu respectă dreptul european.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2021_Pol-LGBT-71">[70]</a> Curtea Constituțională a Poloniei a decis să nu se supună unor prevederi ale dreptului european. Comentatorii apreciază că acest fapt va avea consecințe asupra rolului Poloniei în UE.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-DW.COM_primacy-72">[71]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <h2 id="Geografie">Geografie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=17&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Geografie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Geografia_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Geografia Poloniei">Geografia Poloniei</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <div class="nounderlines" style="width: 300px; float: right; margin: none; padding: none; border: none; clear: right; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"> <div style="background-color: ;"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kopia_Map_of_Poland.svg/300px-Kopia_Map_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="322" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="1131"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 322px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kopia_Map_of_Poland.svg/300px-Kopia_Map_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="300" data-height="322" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kopia_Map_of_Poland.svg/450px-Kopia_Map_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Kopia_Map_of_Poland.svg/600px-Kopia_Map_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element">  </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:170.5px; top: 251.5px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:119px; top: 227px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:71.5px; top: 191.5px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:138px; top: 186px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:66.5px; top: 136px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:109px; top: 106px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bydgoszcz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:209px; top: 206px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:204px; top: 106px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:84px; top: 64.5px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:34px; top: 92px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:176.5px; top: 140.5px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:93px; top: 27px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Marea Baltică</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:156.5px; top: 277px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Tatra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munții Tatra">Tatra</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:190.5px; top: 54.5px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Regiunea_Kaliningrad?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Regiunea Kaliningrad">Rusia</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:239.5px; top: 39.5px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituania">Lituania</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:255px; top: 147px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:251px; top: 267px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucraina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:139px; top: 292px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovacia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovacia">Slovacia</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:26.5px; top: 257px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_Ceh%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Cehă">Cehia</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:6.5px; top: 159.5px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania">Ger.</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:9px; top: 7px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suedia">Suedia</a> </div> <div style="position: absolute; text-align: center; left:24px; top: 27px;"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bornholm?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bornholm">Danemarca</a> </div> </div> Lungimea frontierelor Poloniei este de 3.511 km, dintre care 440 km reprezintă o frontieră maritimă (coasta <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Mării Baltice</a>, care nu formează frontiera statală, are o lungime de 528 km). Vecinii Poloniei sunt<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-73">[72]</a>: <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Germany.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Germania"> <noscript> <img alt="Germania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/20px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" data-alt="Germania" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/40px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germania">Germania</a> la vest (467 km)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Republica Cehă"> <noscript> <img alt="Republica Cehă" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="Republica Cehă" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republica_Ceh%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica Cehă">Republica Cehă</a> (796 km) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Slovakia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Slovacia"> <noscript> <img alt="Slovacia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" data-alt="Slovacia" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Slovacia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Slovacia">Slovacia</a> (541 km) la sud</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ucraina"> <noscript> <img alt="Ucraina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ucraina" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucraina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ucraina">Ucraina</a> (535 km) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Belarus.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Belarus"> <noscript> <img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" data-alt="Belarus" data-width="20" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Belarus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> (418 km) la est</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Lituania"> <noscript> <img alt="Lituania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 12px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" data-alt="Lituania" data-width="20" data-height="12" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituania">Lituania</a> (104 km) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Russia.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Rusia"> <noscript> <img alt="Rusia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" data-alt="Rusia" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rusia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> (210 km) la nord</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Denmark.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Danemarca"> <noscript> <img alt="Danemarca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" data-alt="Danemarca" data-width="20" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Danemarca?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Danemarca">Danemarca</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Flag_of_Sweden.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Suedia"> <noscript> <img alt="Suedia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 13px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/20px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" data-alt="Suedia" data-width="20" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suedia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suedia">Suedia</a> pe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Marea Baltică</a></li> </ul> După suprafață, Polonia ocupă locul 9 în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europa</a> și 69 în întreaga lume. De la nord la sud Polonia se întinde pe o lungime de 649 km sau 5°50'. Acest fapt cauzează o diferență în durata zilei între nordul și sudul țării. Vara, ziua în nord este mai lungă cu aproximativ o oră, pe când în iarnă – invers. De la vest la est, țara are 689 km sau 10° 02'. Întinderea totală a Poloniei (vest-est și nord-sud) este de 15°51'. Polonia se află în fusul orar al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa_Central%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa Centrală">Europei Centrale</a>, timpul solar al meridianului 15°, care trece la vest de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a>, și la est de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>. Punctele extreme ale Poloniei sunt: <ul> <li>la sud: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A2rful_Opo%C5%82onek&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vârful Opołonek — pagină inexistentă">vârful Opołonek</a> (49°00' N)</li> <li>la nord: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jastrz%C4%99bia_G%C3%B3ra&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jastrzębia Góra — pagină inexistentă">Jastrzębia Góra</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1021252" class="extiw" title="d:Q1021252">d</a>), cartierul orașului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82awowo?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Władysławowo">Władysławowo</a> (54°50' N)</li> <li>la vest: curba fluviului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Odra">Odra</a> în apropierea satului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Osin%C3%B3w_Dolny&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Osinów Dolny — pagină inexistentă">Osinów Dolny</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q999412" class="extiw" title="d:Q999412">d</a>) (14°07' E)</li> <li>la est: curba râului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A2ul_Bug?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Râul Bug">Bug</a> în apropierea satului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zosin&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zosin — pagină inexistentă">Zosin</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q226867" class="extiw" title="d:Q226867">d</a>) (24°09')</li> </ul> Centrul geografic al Poloniei se află în satul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pi%C4%85tek&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Piątek — pagină inexistentă">Piątek</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1967734" class="extiw" title="d:Q1967734">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Powiat_%C5%82%C4%99czycki&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Powiat łęczycki — pagină inexistentă">Powiat łęczycki</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q517800" class="extiw" title="d:Q517800">d</a>). Cel mai vechi centru calculat al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Europa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Europa">Europei</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1775?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1775">1775</a>) este în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suchowola?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suchowola">Suchowola</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Powiat_sok%C3%B3lski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Powiat sokólski — pagină inexistentă">Powiat sokólski</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q943131" class="extiw" title="d:Q943131">d</a>). Alte localități aflate pe acest punct pe teritoriul Poloniei nu sunt de acord cu calculele științifice. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Topografie">Topografie</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=18&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Topografie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Rysy-2004-06-11.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rysy-2004-06-11.jpg/250px-Rysy-2004-06-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rysy-2004-06-11.jpg/250px-Rysy-2004-06-11.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rysy-2004-06-11.jpg/375px-Rysy-2004-06-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Rysy-2004-06-11.jpg/500px-Rysy-2004-06-11.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Vârful muntelui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rysy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rysy">Rysy</a>. </figcaption> </figure> Teritoriul Poloniei se extinde peste cinci <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regiune_geografic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Regiune geografică — pagină inexistentă">regiuni geografice</a>. La nord-vest se află <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Litoral_al_M%C4%83rii_Baltice&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Litoral al Mării Baltice — pagină inexistentă">litoralul Mării Baltice</a>, care se întinde de la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Golful_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Golful Pomeranian — pagină inexistentă">Golful Pomeranian</a> la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Golful_Gda%C5%84sk&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Golful Gdańsk — pagină inexistentă">Golful Gdańsk</a>. Aceasta coastă este marcată prin mai multe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peninsul%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peninsulă">peninsule</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lac_de_coast%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lac de coastă — pagină inexistentă">lacuri de coastă</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dun%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dună">dune</a>. În general netedă, ea este croită prin <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Laguna_Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Laguna Szczecin">Laguna Szczecin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Golful_Puck&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Golful Puck — pagină inexistentă">Golful Puck</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Laguna_Vistulean%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Laguna Vistuleană — pagină inexistentă">Laguna Vistuleană</a>. Centrul țării, împreună cu părțile nordului, se află în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2mpia_Europei_de_Nord?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Câmpia Europei de Nord">Câmpia Europei de Nord</a>. Răsărind delicat de deasupra acest podiș se află o regiune geografică cuprinsă de patru districte ale lacurilor: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Districtul_Lacurilor_Pomeranian&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Districtul Lacurilor Pomeranian — pagină inexistentă">Districtul Lacurilor Pomeranian</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Districtul_Lacurilor_al_Poloniei_Marii&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Districtul Lacurilor al Poloniei Marii — pagină inexistentă">Districtul Lacurilor al Poloniei Marii</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Districtul_Lacurilor_Ca%C8%99ubian&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Districtul Lacurilor Cașubian — pagină inexistentă">Districtul Lacurilor Cașubian</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Districtul_Lacurilor_Mazurian?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Districtul Lacurilor Mazurian">Districtul Lacurilor Mazurian</a>, cel din urmă fiind mai mare și cuprinzând părțile nord-estice ale țării. La sud, se află o regiune montană a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Silezia">Sileziei</a> și a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia_Mic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonia Mică">Poloniei Mici</a>. Polonia are 21 de munți care depășesc 2.000 de metri înălțime, toți în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tatra_%C3%8Enalt%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatra Înaltă">Tatra Înaltă</a> (Wysokie Tatry). Tatra poloneză, care este alcătuită din Tatra Înaltă și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tatra_Occidental%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tatra Occidentală — pagină inexistentă">Tatra Occidentală</a>, reprezintă cel mai înalt grup de munți din Polonia și din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Carpa%C8%9Bi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munții Carpați">Carpați</a>. Cel mai înalt vârf al Poloniei este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rysy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rysy">Rysy</a> și are 2.499 de metri. Alte grupe de munți mari sunt: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Beskizi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Beskizi — pagină inexistentă">Beskizi</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muntele_Babia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muntele Babia">Babia Góra</a>, 1.725 de metri), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mun%C8%9Bii_Karkonosze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Munții Karkonosze">Karkonosze</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Anie%C5%BCka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Śnieżka">Śnieżka</a>, 1.602 de metri) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bieszczady?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bieszczady">Bieszczady</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8247766" class="extiw" title="d:Q8247766">d</a>) (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tarnica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tarnica — pagină inexistentă">Tarnica</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q577655" class="extiw" title="d:Q577655">d</a>), 1.346 de metri). Punctul cel mai jos al Poloniei – 2 metri sub nivelul mării – se află în satul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Raczki_Elbl%C4%85skie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Raczki Elbląskie — pagină inexistentă">Raczki Elbląskie</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2501207" class="extiw" title="d:Q2501207">d</a>), în apropierea orașului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a>, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Delta_Vistulei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Delta Vistulei — pagină inexistentă">Delta Vistulei</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Ape">Ape</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=19&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ape" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> Cele mai lungi râuri ale Poloniei sunt: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vistula?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vistula">Vistula (Wisla)</a> - 1.047 km), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Odra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Odra">Oder (Odra</a>) - 854 km , <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Warta">Warta</a> (808 km) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A2ul_Bug?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Râul Bug">râul Bug</a> (772 km). Vistula și Odra se varsă în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Marea Baltică</a>, precum multe râuri din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pomerania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a> (de exemplu, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A2ul_Rega&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Râul Rega — pagină inexistentă">Rega</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A2ul_Pars%C4%99ta&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Râul Parsęta — pagină inexistentă">Parsęta</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A2ul_S%C5%82upia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Râul Słupia">Słupia</a>). Râurile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A2ul_%C5%81yna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Râul Łyna">Łyna</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A2ul_Angrapa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Râul Angrapa — pagină inexistentă">Angrapa</a> sunt afluenți ai <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A2ul_Pregolia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Râul Pregolia — pagină inexistentă">Pregoliei</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A2ul_Czarna_Ha%C5%84cza&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Râul Czarna Hańcza — pagină inexistentă">Czarna Hańcza</a> – al <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nemunas?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemunas">Nemunasului</a>. Atât Pregolia cât și Nemunas se varsă în Marea Baltică. Pe când majoritatea râurilor poloneze se varsă direct sau indirect în Marea Baltică, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Beskizi&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Beskizi — pagină inexistentă">Beskizi</a> își au izvorul câțiva afluenți superiori ai <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A2ul_Orava&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Râul Orava — pagină inexistentă">Oravei</a>, care se varsă via <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%C3%A2ul_V%C3%A1h?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Râul Váh">Váh</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Dun%C4%83re?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunăre">Dunăre</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Neagr%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Neagră">Marea Neagră</a>, precum și cele ale <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nistru?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nistru">Nistrului</a>, care, de asemenea, este un afluent al Mării Negre. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:2005-09_Masuren.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2005-09_Masuren.jpg/250px-2005-09_Masuren.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="1169"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2005-09_Masuren.jpg/250px-2005-09_Masuren.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2005-09_Masuren.jpg/375px-2005-09_Masuren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/2005-09_Masuren.jpg/500px-2005-09_Masuren.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lacul_%C5%9Aniardwy&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lacul Śniardwy — pagină inexistentă">Lacul Śniardwy</a> în timpul crepusculului. </figcaption> </figure> Cu aproape 10.000 de corpuri de apă acoperind mai mult de un hectar, Polonia este unul dintre statele cu cele mai numeroase lacuri din Europa. In Europa, doar <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Finlanda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Finlanda">Finlanda</a> are o mai mare densitate a lacurilor. Cele mai mari lacuri se află în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mazuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mazuria">Mazuria</a> și se întind pe mai mult de 100 km² lacurile (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lacul_%C5%9Aniardwy&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lacul Śniardwy — pagină inexistentă">Śniardwy</a> – 113,8 km² și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lacul_Mamry&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lacul Mamry — pagină inexistentă">Mamry</a> – 104 km²). Alte lacuri importante sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lacul_%C5%81ebsko&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lacul Łebsko — pagină inexistentă">Łebsko</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lacul_D%C4%85bie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lacul Dąbie — pagină inexistentă">Dąbie</a>. Departe de districtele lacurilor la nord, există și multe iazuri în munți, din care <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Morskie_Oko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Morskie Oko">Morskie Oko</a> este cel mai mare. Cel mai adânc lac este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lacul_Ha%C5%84cza&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lacul Hańcza — pagină inexistentă">lacul Hańcza</a>, care are 108,5 de metri adâncime. Se află în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Podlasia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Podlasia">voievodatul Podlasia</a>, în apropierea orașului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a>. Pe lângă lacurile naturale, există și 98<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-74">[73]</a> de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lac_de_acumulare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lac de acumulare">lacuri de acumulare</a>. Cel mai vechi este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lacul_Mylof&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lacul Mylof — pagină inexistentă">lacul Mylof</a> (lacul Zapora), creat în anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1848?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1848">1848</a>. Cel mai important este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lacul_W%C5%82oc%C5%82awek&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lacul Włocławek — pagină inexistentă">lacul Włocławek</a>, care are o suprafață de 70,4 km² și capacitate de 408 hm³ (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lacul_Solina&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lacul Solina — pagină inexistentă">lacul Solina</a> are o capacitate mai mare – 472 hm³, dar este mai mic – suprafață sa este de 22 km²). <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Slowinski_National_Park.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slowinski_National_Park.jpg/250px-Slowinski_National_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slowinski_National_Park.jpg/250px-Slowinski_National_Park.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slowinski_National_Park.jpg/375px-Slowinski_National_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Slowinski_National_Park.jpg/500px-Slowinski_National_Park.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Dunele din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parcul_Na%C8%9Bional_S%C5%82owi%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parcul Național Słowiński">Parcul Național Słowiński</a>, pe coasta Mării Baltice. </figcaption> </figure> Coasta poloneză a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Mării Baltice</a> are 528 de kilometri și se extinde de la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a> pe insulele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Usedom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Usedom">Usedom</a> (Uznam) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wolin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Wolin">Wolin</a> la vest, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krynica_Morska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krynica Morska">Krynica Morska</a> pe <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Peninsula_Vistulean%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Peninsula Vistuleană — pagină inexistentă">Peninsula Vistuleană</a>. În cea mai mare parte, Polonia are o linie de coastă netedă, formată prin mișcarea continuă a nisipului datorită vânturilor. Această eroziune a format stânci, dune și peninsule, închizând lagune vechi și creând lacuri, precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lacul_%C5%81ebsko&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lacul Łebsko — pagină inexistentă">lacul Łebsko</a> în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parcul_Na%C8%9Bional_S%C5%82owi%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parcul Național Słowiński">Parcul Național Słowiński</a>. Cele mai lungi peninsule sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Peninsula_Hel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Peninsula Hel">Peninsula Hel</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Peninsula_Vistulean%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Peninsula Vistuleană — pagină inexistentă">Peninsula Vistuleană</a>. Pe coastă există și multe stațiuni turistice, precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sopot,_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sopot, Polonia">Sopot</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a> sau <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ustka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ustka">Ustka</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Climă">Climă</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=20&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Climă" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> Polonia are o <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Clim%C4%83_moderat%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Climă moderată — pagină inexistentă">climă moderată</a>, caldă tranzitivă cu temperaturile din sud atingând valori mai înalte decât în nord. Vara, o temperatură medie este de 17 °C pe coastă și de 18,3 °C în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Silezia_Inferioar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Silezia Inferioară">voievodatul Silezia Inferioară</a>. Iarna, temperaturile medii sunt între 0 °C în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a> și -7 °C în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Suwa%C5%82ki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Suwałki">Suwałki</a>. Precipitațiile sunt intense pe întregul an, dar, în special în estul țării, iarna este mai secetoasă decât vara.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Photius-75">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Orașe">Orașe</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=21&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Orașe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List%C4%83_de_ora%C8%99e_din_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Listă de orașe din Polonia">listă de orașe din Polonia</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Warszawa,_ul._Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_87,_89_20170516_003.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Warszawa%2C_ul._Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_87%2C_89_20170516_003.jpg/250px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_87%2C_89_20170516_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5996" data-file-height="4003"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Warszawa%2C_ul._Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_87%2C_89_20170516_003.jpg/250px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_87%2C_89_20170516_003.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Warszawa%2C_ul._Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_87%2C_89_20170516_003.jpg/375px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_87%2C_89_20170516_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Warszawa%2C_ul._Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_87%2C_89_20170516_003.jpg/500px-Warszawa%2C_ul._Krakowskie_Przedmie%C5%9Bcie_87%2C_89_20170516_003.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Piața Castelului din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town_at_dusk_(9159202954).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town_at_dusk_%289159202954%29.jpg/250px-Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town_at_dusk_%289159202954%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town_at_dusk_%289159202954%29.jpg/250px-Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town_at_dusk_%289159202954%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town_at_dusk_%289159202954%29.jpg/375px-Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town_at_dusk_%289159202954%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town_at_dusk_%289159202954%29.jpg/500px-Krak%C3%B3w_Old_Town_at_dusk_%289159202954%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Strada Floriańska din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Ayuntamiento,_Poznan,_Polonia,_2014-09-18,_DD_73-75_HDR.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_73-75_HDR.jpg/250px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_73-75_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="210" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4150" data-file-height="3487"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 210px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_73-75_HDR.jpg/250px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_73-75_HDR.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="210" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_73-75_HDR.jpg/375px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_73-75_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_73-75_HDR.jpg/500px-Ayuntamiento%2C_Poznan%2C_Polonia%2C_2014-09-18%2C_DD_73-75_HDR.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Piață în centrul orașului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>. </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw,_September_2022_07.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg/250px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg/250px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg/375px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg/500px-Old_Town_Hall_in_Wroc%C5%82aw%2C_September_2022_07.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> </figcaption> </figure> În Polonia sunt 913 orașe,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-76">[75]</a> dintre care cel mai recente două au primit titulatura de orașe la data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1_ianuarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1 ianuarie">1 ianuarie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2014?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2014">2014</a>. Cel mai mic oraș este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wy%C5%9Bmierzyce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wyśmierzyce">Wyśmierzyce</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Powiat_bia%C5%82obrzeski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Powiat białobrzeski — pagină inexistentă">Powiat białobrzeski</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727262" class="extiw" title="d:Q727262">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Mazovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Mazovia">voievodatul Mazovia</a>), care are o populație de 906 locuitori. Cel mai mare – <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> – are o populație de 1.700.536 de locuitorii în cadrul frontierelor orășenești. 17 orașe au o populație mai mare de 200.000 de locuitori: <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> — 1.758.536 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a> — 766 739 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> — 693 797 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> — 638.364 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> — 551.627 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> — 463.754 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> — 405.657 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bydgoszcz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> — 366.074 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> — 354.967 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> — 317.220 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> — 294.864 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gdynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> — 252.791 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a> — 246.890 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radom">Radom</a> — 227.018 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sosnowiec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sosnowiec">Sosnowiec</a> — 226.034 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kielce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kielce">Kielce</a> — 208.193 de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toru%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> — 208.007 de locuitori</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"> <h4 id="Zone_metropolitane">Zone metropolitane</h4> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=22&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Zone metropolitane" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> Cele mai mari zone metropolitane ale Poloniei sunt: <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Regiunea_Industrial%C4%83_a_Sileziei_Superioare&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Regiunea Industrială a Sileziei Superioare — pagină inexistentă">Regiunea Industrială a Sileziei Superioare</a>, centrată în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> — aproximativ 3,5 milioane de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aglomera%C8%9Bia_Var%C8%99ovian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aglomerația Varșoviană — pagină inexistentă">Aglomerația Varșoviană</a> — aproximativ 3.1 milioane de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aglomera%C8%9Bia_Cracovian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aglomerația Cracoviană — pagină inexistentă">Aglomerația Cracoviană</a> — aproximativ 1,3 milioane de locuitori</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aglomera%C8%9Bia_ora%C8%99ului_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aglomerația orașului Łódź — pagină inexistentă">Aglomerația orașului Łódź</a> — aproximativ 1,16 milioane de locuitori</li> <li>„<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triora%C8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trioraș">Trioraș</a>” (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gdynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sopot,_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sopot, Polonia">Sopot</a> și împrejurimi) — 1,1 milioane de locuitori</li> </ul> Zonele metropolitane mai mici sunt formate din capitalele altor regiuni și din alte orașe mari, de ex. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bydgoszcz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kielce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kielce">Kielce</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <h2 id="Politică">Politică</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=23&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Politică" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Politica_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Politica Poloniei">politica Poloniei</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> Conform <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Constitu%C8%9Bia_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Constituția Poloniei">Constituției Republicii Poloneze</a> din anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1997?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1997">1997</a>, Polonia este o <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Republic%C4%83_parlamentar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Republică parlamentară">republică parlamentară</a> bazată pe principiul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Separarea_puterilor_%C3%AEn_stat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Separarea puterilor în stat">separării puterilor în stat</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-77">[76]</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Puterea_legislativă">Puterea legislativă</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=24&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Puterea legislativă" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:20070111_obrady_sejmu_sala_plenarna1.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20070111_obrady_sejmu_sala_plenarna1.jpg/220px-20070111_obrady_sejmu_sala_plenarna1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20070111_obrady_sejmu_sala_plenarna1.jpg/220px-20070111_obrady_sejmu_sala_plenarna1.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20070111_obrady_sejmu_sala_plenarna1.jpg/330px-20070111_obrady_sejmu_sala_plenarna1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/20070111_obrady_sejmu_sala_plenarna1.jpg/440px-20070111_obrady_sejmu_sala_plenarna1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Interiorul Seimului </figcaption> </figure> Parlamentul, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Putere_legislativ%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Putere legislativă">puterea legislativă</a>, este împărțit în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bicameralism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bicameralism">două camere</a> – <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Seim?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Seim">Seim</a> (camera inferioară) cu 460 de membri, și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Senat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Senat">Senatul</a> (camera superioară) cu 100 de membri. Este ales prin vot universal, direct, egal, secret și proporțional pentru o perioadă de 4 ani. Îndatorirea sa principală este stabilirea drepturilor prin aprobarea legilor și ratificarea convențiilor internaționale. Dizolvarea Seimului înainte de terminarea mandatului e posibilă doar în unele cazuri speciale descrise în Constituție. Prelungirea mandatului este și ea posibilă, dar doar în cursul aplicării dreptului marțial sau cu 3 de luni înainte de sfârșitul mandatului. Seimul și Senatul aleg din cadrul lor un președinte al camerei, numit mareșal (marszałek) și vicepreședinți, numiți vicemareșali (wicemarszałkowie), care formează un <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prezidiu_(parlamentul_polonez)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Prezidiu (parlamentul polonez) — pagină inexistentă">prezidiu</a> (prezydium). Președintele Seimului (Marszałek Sejmu) este ales ca reprezentant suprem al camerei inferioare a Parlamentului. Prerogativele sale sunt conducerea dezbaterilor camerei și reprezentarea Seimului în exterior. Ambele camere creează și comisii parlamentare – permanente, care au drept scop pregătirea proiectelor din domeniul legislației și controlului – în prezent funcționează 41 de comisii (27 în Seim și 14 în Senat). Există și comisii speciale, create cu scopul de a cerceta cazurile concrete ale camerelor, care sunt dizolvate în urma realizării activității. Parlamentarii pot crea cluburi parlamentare formate din cel puțin cincisprezece membri. Membrii Seimului pot, de asemenea, forma grupuri parlamentare, care necesită cel puțin 3 membri. Parlamentarii se bucură de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Imunitate?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-disambig" title="Imunitate">imunitate</a> pe perioada legislativă. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Puterea_executivă">Puterea executivă</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=25&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Puterea executivă" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r13393782/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:left;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption-center{text-align:center;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"> <div class="trow"> <div class="tsingle" style="width:188px;max-width:188px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:260px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:President_of_Poland_Andrzej_Duda_Full_Resolution_(cropped).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/President_of_Poland_Andrzej_Duda_Full_Resolution_%28cropped%29.jpg/186px-President_of_Poland_Andrzej_Duda_Full_Resolution_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="186" height="261" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1556" data-file-height="2181"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 186px;height: 261px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/President_of_Poland_Andrzej_Duda_Full_Resolution_%28cropped%29.jpg/186px-President_of_Poland_Andrzej_Duda_Full_Resolution_%28cropped%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="186" data-height="261" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/President_of_Poland_Andrzej_Duda_Full_Resolution_%28cropped%29.jpg/279px-President_of_Poland_Andrzej_Duda_Full_Resolution_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/President_of_Poland_Andrzej_Duda_Full_Resolution_%28cropped%29.jpg/372px-President_of_Poland_Andrzej_Duda_Full_Resolution_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"> <div class="thumbimage" style="height:260px;overflow:hidden"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Premier_Donald_Tusk_KPRM.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Premier_Donald_Tusk_KPRM.jpg/198px-Premier_Donald_Tusk_KPRM.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="260" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="526"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 198px;height: 260px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Premier_Donald_Tusk_KPRM.jpg/198px-Premier_Donald_Tusk_KPRM.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="198" data-height="260" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Premier_Donald_Tusk_KPRM.jpg/297px-Premier_Donald_Tusk_KPRM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Premier_Donald_Tusk_KPRM.jpg/396px-Premier_Donald_Tusk_KPRM.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="trow"> <div class="thumbcaption" style="background-color:transparent;color:var(--color-base, #000)"> Șeful de stat, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrzej_Duda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a>; și șeful guvernului, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Donald_Tusk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Donald Tusk">Donald Tusk</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> Puterea executivă este reprezentată în Polonia prin <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pre%C8%99edintele_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Președintele Poloniei">Președinte</a> (Prezydent Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Consiliul_Mini%C8%99trilor_(Polonia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Consiliul Miniștrilor (Polonia) — pagină inexistentă">Consiliul Miniștrilor</a> (Rada Ministrów). Președintele este ales prin vot universal pentru un mandat de 5 ani. Pentru a câștiga alegerile, un candidat trebuie să obțină o majoritate simplă (mai mult de 50%). Poate deține această funcție maxim 10 ani (două mandate). Președinte al Poloniei este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrzej_Duda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrzej Duda">Andrzej Duda</a>. Conform Constituției, Președintele este reprezentantul suprem al statului în relațiile interne și externe, este comandantul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/For%C8%9Bele_armate_ale_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forțele armate ale Poloniei">Forțelor armate ale Republicii Poloneze</a>, garantează inviolabilitatea și indivizibilitatea teritoriului statal, precum și respectarea Constituției. Principalele sale atribuții sunt: promulgarea legilor acceptate de Parlament, ratificarea tratatelor internaționale, numirea judecătorilor, acordarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cet%C4%83%C8%9Benie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cetățenie">cetățeniei</a> sau folosirea dreptului de clemență. Organul consultativ al Președintelui în cazuri de siguranță statală este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Consilul_Siguran%C8%9Bei_Na%C8%9Bionale&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Consilul Siguranței Naționale — pagină inexistentă">Consilul Siguranței Naționale</a> (Rada Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego). În cazuri importante pentru interesul statului, Președintele poate convoca <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Consiliul_Cabinetului&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Consiliul Cabinetului — pagină inexistentă">Consiliul Cabinetului</a> (Rada Gabinetowa) – o ședință la care acesta participă împreună cu membrii Consiliului Miniștrilor. Organul auxiliar al Președintelui, care îl ajută în executarea îndatoririlor, este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cancelaria_Pre%C8%99edintelui_Republicii_Poloneze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cancelaria Președintelui Republicii Poloneze">Cancelaria Președintelui Republicii Poloneze</a> (Kancelaria Prezydenta RP).<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Consiliul Miniștrilor (guvernul) este organul colectiv al puterii executive. Este compus din: prim ministru, vicepremieri, miniștri și șefii comitetelor. Sistemul de creare a guvernului este descris în Constituția Republicii Poloneze, conform căreia Președintele desemnează Consiliul Miniștrilor împreună cu Primul Ministru. Premierul este obligat să prezinte în Seim, într-o perioadă de 14 de zile de la numirea sa, un program de guvernare (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Expos%C3%A9?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Exposé">exposé</a>) prin care cere un <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vot_de_%C3%AEncredere?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vot de încredere">vot de încredere</a>. Seimul poate acorda votul de încredere doar când cel puțin jumătate din delegați sunt prezenți. Dacă guvernul nu obține votul de încredere, Seimul, într-o perioadă de 14 de zile, alege Primul Ministru și miniștrii conform unor principii asemănătoare. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Puterea_judecătorească">Puterea judecătorească</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=26&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Puterea judecătorească" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> Organele puterii judecătorești în Polonia sunt: Curtea Supremă de Justiție (Sąd Najwyższy), judecătoriile locale, regionale, orășenești și curțile de apel, precum și tribunalele (militare și administrative – tribunale administrative regionale și Curtea Supremă Administrativă). Împreună cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribunal_de_Stat_(Polonia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tribunal de Stat (Polonia) — pagină inexistentă">Tribunalul de Stat</a> (Trybunał Stanu) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tribunal_Constitu%C8%9Bional_(Polonia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tribunal Constituțional (Polonia) — pagină inexistentă">Tribunalul Constituțional</a> (Trybunał Konstytucyjny) acestea formează puterea judecătorească independentă de celelalte puteri în stat. Tribunalele judecă litigiile în numele Republicii Polonia, toți judecătorii și membrii tribunalelor supunându-se numai Constituției și legilor. Judecătorii nu pot fi membri de partid politic ori de sindicat și nu pot desfășura activități publice care contravin principiilor de independență a tribunalelor și a judecătorilor (art. 178 alin 3. din Constituția Poloniei).<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Organizarea_administrativ-teritorială">Organizarea administrativ-teritorială</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=27&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Organizarea administrativ-teritorială" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C3%8Emp%C4%83r%C8%9Birea_administrativ%C4%83_a_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Împărțirea administrativă a Poloniei">împărțirea administrativă a Poloniei</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> Polonia este împărțită în 16 <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatele_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatele Poloniei">voievodate</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneză</a> województwo). Acestea sunt subdivizate în 314 <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Powiatele_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Powiatele Poloniei">powiate</a>, 65 de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Municipiile_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipiile Poloniei">municipii</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneză</a> miasto na prawach powiatu sau powiat grodzki) și 2.478 de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Comunele_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Comunele Poloniei">comune</a> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneză</a> gmina, dintre care 307 sunt comune urbane, 582 comune urbane și 1.589 comune rurale). <table border="1" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-color:#f2f2f4; margin-top:1px; margin-bottom:15px; font-size:84%" cellpadding="1" width="100%"> <tbody> <tr> <th bgcolor="#ffffff" rowspan="18" width="40%"> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png/400px-POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="371" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="948"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 371px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png/400px-POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png" data-width="400" data-height="371" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png/600px-POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png/800px-POLSKA_mapa_woj_z_powiatami.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption></figcaption> </figure></th> <th bgcolor="#efefef" width="3%"></th> <th align="left" bgcolor="#f2f2f4" width="19%">Voievodat</th> <th align="left" bgcolor="#f2f2f4" width="14%">Reședință</th> <th align="right" bgcolor="#f2f2f4" width="11%">Suprafață (km²)</th> <th align="right" bgcolor="#f2f2f4" width="13%">Populație(1)</th> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">1</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Silezia_Inferioar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Silezia Inferioară">dolnośląskie</a> (voievodatul Silezia Inferioară)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a></td> <td align="right">19.947</td> <td align="right">2.888.232</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">2</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Cuiavia_%C8%99i_Pomerania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Cuiavia și Pomerania">kujawsko-pomorskie</a> (voievodatul Cuiavia și Pomerania)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bydgoszcz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>/<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toru%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>(2)</td> <td align="right">17.972</td> <td align="right">2.068.253</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">3</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Lublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Lublin">lubelskie</a> (voievodatul Lublin)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lublin">Lublin</a></td> <td align="right">25.122</td> <td align="right">2 179.611</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">4</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Lubusz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Lubusz">lubuskie</a> (voievodatul Lubusz)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a>/<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a>(3)</td> <td align="right">13.988</td> <td align="right">1.009.198</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">5</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Łódź">łódzkie</a> (voievodatul Łódź)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a></td> <td align="right">18.219</td> <td align="right">2.577.465</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">6</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Polonia_Mic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Polonia Mică">małopolskie</a> (voievodatul Polonia Mică)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a></td> <td align="right">15.183</td> <td align="right">3.266.187</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">7</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Mazovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Mazovia">mazowieckie</a> (voievodatul Mazovia)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a></td> <td align="right">35.557</td> <td align="right">5.157.729</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">8</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Opole">opolskie</a> (voievodatul Opole)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Opole?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Opole">Opole</a></td> <td align="right">9.412</td> <td align="right">1.047.407</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">9</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Carpa%C8%9Bilor_de_Jos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Voievodatul Carpaților de Jos">podkarpackie</a> (voievodatul Carpaților de Jos)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a></td> <td align="right">17.846</td> <td align="right">2.098.263</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">10</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Podlasia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Podlasia">podlaskie</a> (voievodatul Podlasia)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Białystok">Białystok</a></td> <td align="right">20.187</td> <td align="right">1.199.689</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">11</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Pomerania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Pomerania">pomorskie</a> (voievodatul Pomerania)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a></td> <td align="right">18.314</td> <td align="right">2.199.043</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">12</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Silezia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Silezia">śląskie</a> (voievodatul Silezia)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a></td> <td align="right">12.334</td> <td align="right">4.685.775</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">13</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Sfintei_Cruci?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Sfintei Cruci">świętokrzyskie</a> (voievodatul Sfintei Cruci)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kielce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kielce">Kielce</a></td> <td align="right">11.710</td> <td align="right">1.285.007</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">14</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Varmia_%C8%99i_Mazuria?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Varmia și Mazuria">warmińsko-mazurskie</a> (voievodatul Varmia și Mazuria)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olsztyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a></td> <td align="right">24.173</td> <td align="right">1.428.601</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">15</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Polonia_Mare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Polonia Mare">wielkopolskie</a> (voievodatul Polonia Mare)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a></td> <td align="right">29 827</td> <td align="right">3 372 417</td> </tr> <tr> <td align="center">16</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Pomerania_Occidental%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Pomerania Occidentală">zachodniopomorskie</a> (voievodatul Pomerania Occidentală)</td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a></td> <td align="right">22.892</td> <td align="right">1.694.178</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="6" style="font-size:smaller">(1) la dată de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1_ianuarie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1 ianuarie">1 ianuarie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2006">2006</a> (2) <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bydgoszcz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a> este sediul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievod">voievodului</a>, când <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toru%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> – unui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sejmik&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sejmik — pagină inexistentă">Sejmik</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2064448" class="extiw" title="d:Q2064448">d</a>). (3) <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a> este sediul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievod?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievod">voievodului</a>, când <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zielona_G%C3%B3ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zielona Góra">Zielona Góra</a> – unui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Sejmik&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Sejmik — pagină inexistentă">Sejmik</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2064448" class="extiw" title="d:Q2064448">d</a>).</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Apărare">Apărare</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=28&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Apărare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/For%C8%9Bele_armate_ale_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Forțele armate ale Poloniei">Forțele armate ale Poloniei</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Polish_Army_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Polish_Army_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg/250px-Polish_Army_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="664"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 162px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Polish_Army_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg/250px-Polish_Army_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="162" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Polish_Army_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg/375px-Polish_Army_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Polish_Army_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg/500px-Polish_Army_soldiers_in_Afghanistan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Patrulă poloneză în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afganistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> </figcaption> </figure> Forțele armate poloneze sunt compuse din patru ramuri: Forțele Terestre (Wojska Lądowe), Forțele Navale (Marynarka Wojenna), Forțele Aeriene (Siły Powietrzne) și Forțele Speciale (Wojska Specjalne). Armata este subordonată <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ministrerul_Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii_Na%C8%9Bionale_al_Poloniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ministrerul Apărării Naționale al Poloniei — pagină inexistentă">Ministrului Apărării Naționale</a>, însă comandantul său suprem este Președintele Republicii. Armata poloneză este formată în prezent dintr-un efectiv de 65.000 de personal activ, în timp ce Marina și Forțele Aeriene au 14.300 respectiv 26.126 de militari (bărbați și femei). <dl> <dt> Marina Militară </dt> </dl> Marina poloneză este una dintre cele mai mari forțe navale din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marea_Baltic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marea Baltică">Marea Baltică</a> și este în mare parte implicată în operațiuni pe Marea Baltică, cum ar fi misiuni de căutare și salvare în apele teritoriale ale Poloniei, precum și măsurători hidrografice și de cercetare, cu toate acestea, recent Marina Poloneză a jucat rol internațional în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invazia_Irakului_din_2003?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invazia Irakului din 2003">Invazia Irakului din 2003</a>, asigurând suport logistic pentru <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/United_States_Navy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Navy">Marina Statelor Unite</a>. <dl> <dt> Forțele Aeriene </dt> </dl> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_(48).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg/225px-F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 225px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg/225px-F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg" data-width="225" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg/338px-F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg/450px-F-16_Jastrz%C4%85b_%2848%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F-16?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16</a> Fighting Falcon al Forțelor Aeriene Poloneze </figcaption> </figure> Poziția actuală a Forțelor Aeriene Poloneze este cam la fel, de obicei participă în misiuni de rutină deasupra Mării Baltice, dar cu excepția unui număr de unități care servesc în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Afganistan?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a>, nu a participat la nicio luptă activă de la sfârșitul celui de-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">al Doilea Război Mondial</a>. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2003?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2003">2003</a>, avionul de producție americană <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/F-16?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16">F-16 C Fighting Falcon</a> a fost ales ca noul avion de vânătoare multirol pentru Forțele Aeriene, primele livrări au avut loc în noiembrie <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2006">2006</a>. Cea mai importantă misiune a forțelor armate este apărarea integrității teritoriale a Poloniei și interesele poloneze în străinătate.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mil-80">[79]</a> Obiectivul național de securitate al Poloniei este de a se integra mai mult cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/NATO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> și apărarea europeană, economic și cu instituțiile sale politice, prin modernizarea și reorganizarea forțelor sale militare.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mil-80">[79]</a> În prezent, forțele armate sunt în curs de reorganizare în conformitate cu standardele NATO, iar de la 1 ianuarie 2010 s-a trecut în întregime la serviciu militar pe bază de contract.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Din 2007 până la modificarea legii privind serviciul militar obligatoriu, termenul obligatoriu de serviciu militar a fost de nouă luni.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Poland_ends_army_conscription-82">[81]</a> Doctrina militară poloneză reflectă aceeași natură defensivă ca și cea a partenerilor săi din NATO. Din 1953-2009 Polonia a fost un mare contribuitor la diferite misiuni de menținere a păcii ale Națiunilor Unite.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-mil-80">[79]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Polska_zako%C5%84czy%C5%82a_udzia%C5%82_w_misjach_po_auspicjami_ONZ_%E2%80%93_Wiadomo%C5%9Bci_z_kraju_i_ze_%C5%9Bwiata_%E2%80%93_Gazeta_Prawna_%E2%80%93_Partner_pracodawcy,_narz%C4%99dzie_specjalisty-83">[82]</a> Forțele armate poloneze au luat parte la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Invazia_Irakului_din_2003?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Invazia Irakului din 2003">Invazia Irakului din 2003</a> cu trimiterea a 2.500 de soldați în sudul țării.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Armata a fost temporar, dar grav afectată de pierderea multora dintre comandanții săi de top în urma <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Accidentul_aviatic_de_la_Smolensk_din_2010?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Accidentul aviatic de la Smolensk din 2010">accidentului aviatic de la Smolensk, din 2010</a>, în care au decedat toți cei 96 de pasageri și echipajul avionului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-154?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tupolev Tu-154">Tu-154</a>, inclusiv, printre alții, șeful Statului Major General, Franciszek Gagor și Comandantul Forțelor Aeriene, generalul Andrzej Blasik. Delegația era în drum pentru comemorarea a 70 de ani de la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Masacrul_de_la_Katy%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Masacrul de la Katyń">Masacrul de la Katyń</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Accident_Database-85">[84]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Senior_Polish_figures_killed_in_plane_crash-86">[85]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"> <h2 id="Economie">Economie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=29&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Economie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Economia_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Economia Poloniei">Economia Poloniei</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:100zl_r.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/ro/e/e0/100zl_r.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="100"> </noscript> </a> <figcaption> O sută de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zlot_polonez?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zlot polonez">zloți</a>. </figcaption> </figure> După <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C4%83derea_comunismului?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Căderea comunismului">căderea comunismului</a>, Polonia a urmat o politică de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Neoliberalism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Neoliberalism">liberalizare</a> a economiei și astăzi este unul dintre exemplele tranziției de succes de la o <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Economie_dirijat%C4%83_de_stat&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Economie dirijată de stat — pagină inexistentă">economie dirijată de stat</a> la o economie de piață. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Privatizare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Privatizare">Privatizarea</a> companiilor mici și mijlocii care au fost controlate de guvern și dreptul liber de înființare de firme noi au permis dezvoltarea agresivă a sectorului privat. Ca o consecință, au apărut și organizații de apărare a drepturilor consumatorilor. Restructurarea și privatizarea „sectoarelor sensibile” precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industria_minier%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria minieră">industria minieră</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Industria_metalurgic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Industria metalurgică">metalurgică</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polskie_Koleje_Pa%C5%84stwowe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polskie Koleje Państwowe">căile ferate</a> și energia au fost demarate începând din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990">1990</a>. Între anii <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007">2007</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2010?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2010">2010</a>, Guvernul Poloniei plănuiește să listeze douăzeci de companii publice pe bursa poloneză, inclusiv companii din industria minieră. Până în prezent (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007">2007</a>), cele mai mari privatizări au fost vânzarea companiei naționale de telecomunicații, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Orange_Polonia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Orange Polonia — pagină inexistentă">Telekomunikacja Polska</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1465005" class="extiw" title="d:Q1465005">d</a>), către operatorul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/France_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9com?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="France Télécom">France Télécom</a>, în anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2000">2000</a> și vânzarea a unui procent de 30% din acțiunile celei mai mari bănci a Poloniei, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/PKO_Bank_Polski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="PKO Bank Polski">PKO Bank Polski</a>, pe Bursa din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> în anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2004?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2004">2004</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Downtown_Warsaw.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Downtown_Warsaw.jpg/220px-Downtown_Warsaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4940" data-file-height="3267"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 145px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Downtown_Warsaw.jpg/220px-Downtown_Warsaw.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="145" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Downtown_Warsaw.jpg/330px-Downtown_Warsaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Downtown_Warsaw.jpg/440px-Downtown_Warsaw.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Centru financiar din Varșovia </figcaption> </figure> În domeniul agriculturii, Polonia dispune de mai mult de două milioane de ferme private,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-agEcon-88">[87]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-89">[88]</a> având potențial de a deveni cel mai important stat producător de alimente din întreaga <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniune Europeană</a>. Există însă o serie de probleme, legate în special de lipsa investițiilor în anumite sectoare economice. Reformele structurale din domeniul asistenței medicale, a educației, din sistemul de pensii, precum și din administrația de stat au sfârșit prin a provoca o mare presiune fiscală asupra contribuitorilor polonezi. Creșterea PIB-ului a fost puternică și stabilă între anii <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1993?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1993">1993</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2000">2000</a>, cu o perioadă scurtă de încetinire a ritmului în intervalul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2001?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2001">2001</a>-<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002">2002</a>. Perspectiva integrării mai apropiate în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a> a determinat o dezvoltare economică susținută, cu o creștere anuală de 3,7% în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2003?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2003">2003</a>, față de numai 1,4% în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002">2002</a>. În anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2004?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2004">2004</a>, creșterea PIB-ului a fost de 5,4%, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2005?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2005">2005</a> – 3,3%, în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2006">2006</a> – 6,1%. Pentru anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007">2007</a>, guvernul a prognozat o creștere economică de 6,5-7%. Polonia a înregistrat în 2008 un Produs Intern Brut de 530 miliarde dolari, în timp ce PIB-ul per cap de locuitor a ajuns la 17.500 dolari<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wisd2010-08-23-90">[89]</a>. În anul 2009, Polonia a înregistrat o creștere economică de 1,7%<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-wisd2010-08-23-90">[89]</a>, fiind singura țară din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunea Europeană</a> care a înregistrat creștere economică în acel an, în timp ce toate celelalte state membre se aflau în recesiune<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nr2010-08-27-91">[90]</a>. Deși economia poloneză se află astăzi într-un proces de dezvoltare rapidă, există încă multe provocări. Cea mai importantă sarcină economică în viitor este pregătirea economiei pentru a permite Poloniei să îndeplinească criteriile necesare pentru adoptarea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Euro?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Euro">euro</a> ca monedă națională.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-92">[91]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"> <h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=30&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Transport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transport_%C3%AEn_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transport în Polonia">transport în Polonia</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Căi_ferate">Căi ferate</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=31&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Căi ferate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articole principale: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Transportul_feroviar_%C3%AEn_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Transportul feroviar în Polonia">transportul feroviar în Polonia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polskie_Koleje_Pa%C5%84stwowe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polskie Koleje Państwowe">Polskie Koleje Państwowe</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_-_Pendolino.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_-_Pendolino.JPG/250px-Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_-_Pendolino.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_-_Pendolino.JPG/250px-Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_-_Pendolino.JPG" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_-_Pendolino.JPG/375px-Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_-_Pendolino.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_-_Pendolino.JPG/500px-Wroc%C5%82aw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny_-_Pendolino.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polskie_Koleje_Pa%C5%84stwowe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polskie Koleje Państwowe">Căile Ferate Statale Poloneze</a> - <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pendolino?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pendolino">Pendolino</a> </figcaption> </figure> Cea mai mare companie care lucrează în transportul feroviar este gruparea <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polskie_Koleje_Pa%C5%84stwowe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polskie Koleje Państwowe">Polskie Koleje Państwowe S.A.</a> (Căile Ferate Statale Poloneze), compusă din 17 companii autonome, dintre care cele mai importante sunt: <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=PKP_Polskie_Linie_Kolejowe_S.A.&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A. — pagină inexistentă">PKP Polskie Linie Kolejowe S.A.</a> — responsabilă pentru infrastructură</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=PKP_Przewozy_Regionalne_Sp._z_o.o.&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="PKP Przewozy Regionalne Sp. z o.o. — pagină inexistentă">PKP Przewozy Regionalne Sp. z o.o.</a> — responsabilă pentru servicii de transport al pasagerilor</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=PKP_Cargo_S.A.&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="PKP Cargo S.A. — pagină inexistentă">PKP Cargo S.A.</a> — servicii marfare, a doua companie de transport feroviar de marfă din Europa ca mărime<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-93">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=PKP_InterCity_Sp._z_o.o.&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="PKP InterCity Sp. z o.o. — pagină inexistentă">PKP InterCity Sp. z o.o.</a> — responsabilă pentru trenuri rapide <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/EuroCity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="EuroCity">EuroCity</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/InterCity?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="InterCity">InterCity</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tanie_Linie_Kolejowe&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tanie Linie Kolejowe — pagină inexistentă">Tanie Linie Kolejowe</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q590406" class="extiw" title="d:Q590406">d</a>) și trenuri Express.</li> </ul> În câteva voievodate se creează companii autonome PKP S.A. împreună cu organele administrației locale, de exemplu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Koleje_Mazowieckie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Koleje Mazowieckie — pagină inexistentă">Koleje Mazowieckie</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847966" class="extiw" title="d:Q847966">d</a>) (Căile Ferate Mazoviene) în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Voievodatul_Mazovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Voievodatul Mazovia">voievodatul Mazovia</a>. În <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triora%C8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trioraș">Trioraș</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> există și linii urbane, care folosesc șinele lui Polskie Linie Kolejowe, numite <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Cale_Ferat%C4%83_Urban%C4%83_Rapid%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Cale Ferată Urbană Rapidă — pagină inexistentă">Cale Ferată Urbană Rapidă</a> (Szybka Kolej Miejska). În cea din urmă funcționează și calea navetiștilor, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Calea_Naveti%C8%99tilor_Var%C8%99ovian%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Calea Navetiștilor Varșoviană — pagină inexistentă">Calea Navetiștilor Varșoviană</a> (Warszawska Kolej Dojazdowa).<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-94">[93]</a> În afară de PKP S.A., funcționează și alți operatori de cale ferată, care servesc, în principal, pentru transportul de mărfuri. Unii dintre ei sunt: PTKiGK Rybnik S.A., PCC Rail Szczakowa sau CTL. Puțini operatori au o licențiere pentru servicii de transport al pasagerilor, dar în afară de PKP, doar companii care funcționează pe șine de mică măsură. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:20WE.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/20WE.jpg/250px-20WE.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/20WE.jpg/250px-20WE.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/20WE.jpg/375px-20WE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/20WE.jpg/500px-20WE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Rama electrică Newag 20WE în gara din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Weglewo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Weglewo — pagină inexistentă">Weglewo</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8041119" class="extiw" title="d:Q8041119">d</a>) </figcaption> </figure> Lungimea totală a magistralelor este de 23.852 de kilometri. Majoritatea lor este deținută de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=PKP_Polskie_Linie_Kolejeowe_S.A.&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="PKP Polskie Linie Kolejeowe S.A. — pagină inexistentă">PKP Polskie Linie Kolejeowe S.A.</a> și alți operatori trebuie să plătească pentru utilizare. Multe linii feroviare au fost închise după <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990">1990</a> din cauza lipsei de venituri. În special, reducerea numărului căilor ferate folosite este vizibilă în părțile țării care în trecut au făcut parte din Germania, pentru că rețeaua feroviară este mai mult extinsă acolo decât în alte regiuni. Cele mai importante magistrale feroviare în Polonia sunt: <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magistrala_PKP_E20&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magistrala PKP E20 — pagină inexistentă">E20</a>: frontiera germană ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pozna%C5%84_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Poznań Główny — pagină inexistentă">Poznań Główny</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q53394" class="extiw" title="d:Q53394">d</a>) ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warszawa_Centralna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warszawa Centralna">Warszawa Centralna</a> ↔ frontieria bielorusă</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magistrala_PKP_E30&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magistrala PKP E30 — pagină inexistentă">E30</a>: frontiera germană ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroclaw_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wroclaw Główny">Wrocław Główny</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Katowice_G%C5%82%C3%B3wne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Katowice Główne — pagină inexistentă">Katowice Główne</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Krak%C3%B3w_G%C5%82%C3%B3wny&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kraków Główny — pagină inexistentă">Kraków Główny</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2154725" class="extiw" title="d:Q2154725">d</a>) ↔ frontiera ucraineană</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magistrala_PKP_E65&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magistrala PKP E65 — pagină inexistentă">E65</a>: frontiera cehă ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Katowice_G%C5%82%C3%B3wne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Katowice Główne — pagină inexistentă">Katowice Główne</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Warszawa_Centralna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Warszawa Centralna">Warszawa Centralna</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tczew_(gar%C4%83)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tczew (gară) — pagină inexistentă">Tczew</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gdynia_G%C5%82%C3%B3wna&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gdynia Główna — pagină inexistentă">Gdynia Główna</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q800808" class="extiw" title="d:Q800808">d</a>)</li> </ul> O parte a magistralei E65 între <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Katowice_G%C5%82%C3%B3wne&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Katowice Główne — pagină inexistentă">Katowice Główne</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Warszawa_Zachodnia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Warszawa Zachodnia — pagină inexistentă">Warszawa Zachodnia</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2694091" class="extiw" title="d:Q2694091">d</a>) este cunoscută ca <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Linia_feroviar%C4%83_Grodzisk_Mazowiecki%E2%80%93Zawiercie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Linia feroviară Grodzisk Mazowiecki–Zawiercie">Magistrala Feroviară Centrală</a> (Centralna Magistrala Kolejowa) și este pregătită pentru trenuri de mare viteză. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Drumuri_și_autostrăzi">Drumuri și autostrăzi</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=32&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Drumuri și autostrăzi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drumuri_%C8%99i_autostr%C4%83zi_%C3%AEn_Polonia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Drumuri și autostrăzi în Polonia — pagină inexistentă">drumuri și autostrăzi în Polonia</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:A6_foto.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A6_foto.jpg/250px-A6_foto.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="276"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A6_foto.jpg/250px-A6_foto.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/A6_foto.jpg/375px-A6_foto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1f/A6_foto.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Autostrada_A6_(Polonia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Autostrada A6 (Polonia) — pagină inexistentă">Autostrada A6</a> în jurul orașului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> </figcaption> </figure> Polonia are o infrastructură slab dezvoltată a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Drum?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Drum">drumurilor</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autostrad%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autostradă">autostrăzilor</a> după standarde vest-europene. Există doar câteva autostrăzi și drumuri rapide (asemănătoare cu autovías în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Spania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Spania">Spania</a>), și o rețea extensivă a drumurilor, din care majoritatea au doar câte un sens, care leagă orașele principale. Calitatea drumurilor poloneze constituie o barieră importantă pentru dezvoltarea țării, în special într-un context de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Integrare_european%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Integrare europeană">integrare europeană</a>. Deși lungimea totală a drumurilor este relativ mare, Polonia nu are densitatea cerută de autostrăzi. Căile principale au o lungime de 18.036 km. La data de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/31_decembrie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="31 decembrie">31 decembrie</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2001?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2001">2001</a>, doar 398 km dintre ele erau autostrăzi și 206,2 km — drumuri rapide. Pe o lungă întindere (104 km sau 26,1%) erau într-un stadiu atât de mare de deteriorare, încât necesitau reconstruirea completă. 4.808 km din drumurile poloneze au fost clasificate ca parte a coridoarelor de transport europene <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Tina">TINA</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q292357" class="extiw" title="d:Q292357">d</a>), dar doar 7% dintre ele (346 km) sunt în concordanță cu standardele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">Uniunii Europene</a>. Între anii <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990">1990</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2001?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2001">2001</a> au fost construite doar 138 km de autostrăzi și 33 km de drumuri rapide. Până la sfârșitul anului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2001?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2001">2001</a>, erau în construcție doar 38 km de drumuri. Conform informațiilor mai recente, până în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2004?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2004">2004</a>, 67 km de autostrăzi au mai fost deschise pentru trafic, pe când 284 km erau în construcție la sfârșitul acestui an. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Krajowa10c.PNG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Krajowa10c.PNG/250px-Krajowa10c.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="204" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="367"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 204px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Krajowa10c.PNG/250px-Krajowa10c.PNG" data-width="250" data-height="204" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Krajowa10c.PNG/375px-Krajowa10c.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2a/Krajowa10c.PNG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Drumul_na%C8%9Bional_10_(Polonia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Drumul național 10 (Polonia) — pagină inexistentă">Drumul național 10</a> în jurul orașului <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Solec_Kujawski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Solec Kujawski">Solec Kujawski</a> </figcaption> </figure> De-a lungul ultimilor ani, situația s-a îmbunătățit și bugetul guvernului pentru construirea căilor de transport a fost mărit datorită finanțărilor Uniunii Europene pentru proiecte infrastructurale. În ultimii ani, situația s-a îmbunătățit, iar bugetul guvernului pentru construirea căilor de comunicații a fost majorat datorită cofinanțării de către Uniunea Europeană a proiectelor de infrastructură. În prezent, se construiesc autostrăzi și autostrăzi care traversează Polonia de la nord la sud și de la vest la est. Orașe majore (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lublin">Lublin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toru%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krakow?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Krakow">Krakow</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kielce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kielce">Kielce</a>) sunt conectate la rețeaua de autostrăzi și drumuri din Europa de Vest din Republica Cehă și Slovacia. Noile drumuri au completat rețeaua existentă de autostrăzi scurte și drumuri expres (de exemplu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piotrk%C3%B3w_Trybunalski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piotrków Trybunalski">Piotrków Trybunalski</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kielce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kielce">Kielce</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wrze%C5%9Bnia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Września">Września</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>). Autostrăzi, numite autostrada (autostrady la plural), plănuite sunt: <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tabliczka_A1.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A1"> <noscript> <img alt="A1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tabliczka_A1.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tabliczka_A1.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A1.svg.png" data-alt="A1" data-width="30" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tabliczka_A1.svg/45px-Tabliczka_A1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Tabliczka_A1.svg/60px-Tabliczka_A1.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autostrada_A1_(Polonia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autostrada A1 (Polonia)">A1</a>: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gdynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toru%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toruń">Toruń</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gliwice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gliwice">Gliwice</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Gorzyczki&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Gorzyczki — pagină inexistentă">Gorzyczki</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5587085" class="extiw" title="d:Q5587085">d</a>) (frontiera cehă)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tabliczka_A2.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A2"> <noscript> <img alt="A2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tabliczka_A2.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tabliczka_A2.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A2.svg.png" data-alt="A2" data-width="30" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tabliczka_A2.svg/45px-Tabliczka_A2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Tabliczka_A2.svg/60px-Tabliczka_A2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autostrada_A2_(Polonia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autostrada A2 (Polonia)">A2</a>: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Awiecko&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Świecko — pagină inexistentă">Świecko</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q387476" class="extiw" title="d:Q387476">d</a>) (frontiera germană) ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Siedlce?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Siedlce">Siedlce</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kukuryki&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kukuryki — pagină inexistentă">Kukuryki</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2567776" class="extiw" title="d:Q2567776">d</a>) (frontiera bielorusă)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tabliczka_A4.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A4"> <noscript> <img alt="A4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tabliczka_A4.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tabliczka_A4.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A4.svg.png" data-alt="A4" data-width="30" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tabliczka_A4.svg/45px-Tabliczka_A4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Tabliczka_A4.svg/60px-Tabliczka_A4.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autostrada_A4_(Polonia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autostrada A4 (Polonia)">A4</a>: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=J%C4%99drzychowice&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jędrzychowice — pagină inexistentă">Jędrzychowice</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6322132" class="extiw" title="d:Q6322132">d</a>) (frontiera germană) ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rzesz%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rzeszów">Rzeszów</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Korczowa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Korczowa — pagină inexistentă">Korczowa</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1881185" class="extiw" title="d:Q1881185">d</a>) (frontiera ucraineană)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tabliczka_A6.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A6"> <noscript> <img alt="A6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tabliczka_A6.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tabliczka_A6.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A6.svg.png" data-alt="A6" data-width="30" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tabliczka_A6.svg/45px-Tabliczka_A6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Tabliczka_A6.svg/60px-Tabliczka_A6.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Autostrada_A6_(Polonia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Autostrada A6 (Polonia) — pagină inexistentă">A6</a>: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ko%C5%82baskowo&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kołbaskowo — pagină inexistentă">Kołbaskowo</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1016309" class="extiw" title="d:Q1016309">d</a>) (frontiera germană) ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Goleni%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Goleniów">Goleniów</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koszalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C5%82upsk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gdynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> (prioritate mică și multe alte variante de linie)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tabliczka_A8.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A8"> <noscript> <img alt="A8" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tabliczka_A8.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tabliczka_A8.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A8.svg.png" data-alt="A8" data-width="30" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tabliczka_A8.svg/45px-Tabliczka_A8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Tabliczka_A8.svg/60px-Tabliczka_A8.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autostrada_A8_(Polonia)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autostrada A8 (Polonia)">A8</a>: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Magnice&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Magnice — pagină inexistentă">Magnice</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2096132" class="extiw" title="d:Q2096132">d</a>) ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a> ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Paw%C5%82owice&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pawłowice — pagină inexistentă">Pawłowice</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413780" class="extiw" title="d:Q413780">d</a>) (șosea de centură a lui Wrocław)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Tabliczka_A18.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="A18"> <noscript> <img alt="A18" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tabliczka_A18.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A18.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="19" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="130"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 19px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tabliczka_A18.svg/30px-Tabliczka_A18.svg.png" data-alt="A18" data-width="30" data-height="19" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tabliczka_A18.svg/45px-Tabliczka_A18.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Tabliczka_A18.svg/60px-Tabliczka_A18.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Autostrada_A18_(Polonia)&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Autostrada A18 (Polonia) — pagină inexistentă">A18</a>: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Olszyna&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Olszyna — pagină inexistentă">Olszyna</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q616551" class="extiw" title="d:Q616551">d</a>) (frontiera germană) ↔ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Krzy%C5%BCowa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Krzyżowa — pagină inexistentă">Krzyżowa</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1222178" class="extiw" title="d:Q1222178">d</a>) (joncțiune cu A4)</li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transport_aerian">Transport aerian</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=33&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Transport aerian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:LOT_Boeing_787_landing_at_Miami_International_Airport.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LOT_Boeing_787_landing_at_Miami_International_Airport.jpg/250px-LOT_Boeing_787_landing_at_Miami_International_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4800" data-file-height="3200"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 167px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LOT_Boeing_787_landing_at_Miami_International_Airport.jpg/250px-LOT_Boeing_787_landing_at_Miami_International_Airport.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="167" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LOT_Boeing_787_landing_at_Miami_International_Airport.jpg/375px-LOT_Boeing_787_landing_at_Miami_International_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/LOT_Boeing_787_landing_at_Miami_International_Airport.jpg/500px-LOT_Boeing_787_landing_at_Miami_International_Airport.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/LOT_Polish_Airlines?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="LOT Polish Airlines">LOT Polish Airlines</a> </figcaption> </figure> Companiile poloneze de transport aerian sunt: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polskie_Linie_Lotnicze?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Polskie Linie Lotnicze">PLL LOT</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=EuroLOT&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="EuroLOT — pagină inexistentă">EuroLOT</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q311233" class="extiw" title="d:Q311233">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Prima_Charter&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Prima Charter — pagină inexistentă">Prima Charter</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q632159" class="extiw" title="d:Q632159">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Air_Poland&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Air Poland — pagină inexistentă">Air Poland</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407725" class="extiw" title="d:Q407725">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=White_Eagle_Aviation&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="White Eagle Aviation — pagină inexistentă">White Eagle Aviation</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2714882" class="extiw" title="d:Q2714882">d</a>) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jet_Ait&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jet Ait — pagină inexistentă">Jet Ait</a> (acum cu zborurile anulate). Pe aeroporturile poloneze operează și alte companii aeriene precum: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Air_France?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Air France">Air France</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/British_Airways?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lufthansa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ryanair?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ryanair">Ryanair</a> sau <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/TAROM?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="TAROM">TAROM</a>. Cele mai importante aeroporturi sunt: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_interna%C8%9Bional_Warszawa_Ok%C4%99cie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aeroportul internațional Warszawa Okęcie — pagină inexistentă">Warszawa Okęcie</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_interna%C8%9Bional_Bydgoszcz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aeroportul internațional Bydgoszcz — pagină inexistentă">Bydgoszcz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_interna%C8%9Bional_Gda%C5%84sk&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aeroportul internațional Gdańsk — pagină inexistentă">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_interna%C8%9Bional_Katowice_Pyrzowice&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aeroportul internațional Katowice Pyrzowice — pagină inexistentă">Katowice Pyrzowice</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_interna%C8%9Bional_Krak%C3%B3w_Balice&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aeroportul internațional Kraków Balice — pagină inexistentă">Kraków Balice</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_interna%C8%9Bional_%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aeroportul internațional Łódź — pagină inexistentă">Łódź</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_interna%C8%9Bional_Pozna%C5%84_%C5%81awica&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aeroportul internațional Poznań Ławica — pagină inexistentă">Poznań Ławica</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_interna%C8%9Bional_Szczecin_Goleni%C3%B3w&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aeroportul internațional Szczecin Goleniów — pagină inexistentă">Szczecin Goleniów</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_interna%C8%9Bional_Wroc%C5%82aw_Strachowice&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aeroportul internațional Wrocław Strachowice — pagină inexistentă">Wrocław Strachowice</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aeroportul_Var%C8%99ovia_Modlin_Mazovia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aeroportul Varșovia Modlin Mazovia — pagină inexistentă">Aeroportul Varșovia Modlin Mazovia</a>. Rețeaua legăturilor aeriene în Polonia nu este dezvoltată și majoritatea zborurilor sunt făcute prin aeroportul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ok%C4%99cie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Okęcie — pagină inexistentă">Okęcie</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7082802" class="extiw" title="d:Q7082802">d</a>). Aproximativ 20 de aeroporturi, care acum sunt nefolosite, pot fi modernizate spre a deschide transportul aerian. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Transport_urban">Transport urban</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=34&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Transport urban" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> În Polonia, tipurile principale de transport urban sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Autobuz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Autobuz">autobuzele</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tramvai?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tramvai">tramvaiele</a>. Există și o linie de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metrou?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metrou">metrou</a> — <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Metroul_din_Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Metroul din Varșovia">în Varșovia</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-95">[94]</a>. Varșovia și aglomerația <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triora%C8%99?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Trioraș">Gdańsk-Gdynia</a> au, de asemenea, un sistem de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Tren_urban&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Tren urban — pagină inexistentă">trenuri urbane rapide</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-96">[95]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-97">[96]</a>, numit Calea Ferată Rapidă Urbană (Szybka Kolej Miejska). Suplimentul pentru transportul urban, tramvaiul rapid, funcționează în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-98">[97]</a>, sisteme asemănătoare sunt construite și în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-99">[98]</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-100">[99]</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-101">[100]</a>. Tramvaiele sunt în uz în: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bydgoszcz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bydgoszcz">Bydgoszcz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cz%C4%99stochowa?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Częstochowa">Częstochowa</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aria_Industriala_de_Silezia_Superioar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aria Industriala de Silezia Superioară — pagină inexistentă">Aria Industriala de Silezia Superioară</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grudzi%C4%85dz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grudziądz">Grudziądz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pabianice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Pabianice">Pabianice</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Szczecin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toru%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>. În trecut, erau folosite și în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bielsko-Bia%C5%82a?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bielsko-Biała">Bielsko-Biała</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cieszyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gubin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gubin">Gubin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Inowroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kostrzyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kostrzyn">Kostrzyn</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koszalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legnica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legnica">Legnica</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olsztyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C5%82ubice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Słubice">Słubice</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C5%82upsk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tarn%C3%B3w?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tarnów">Tarnów</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wałbrzych">Wałbrzych</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zgorzelec?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zgorzelec">Zgorzelec</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-102">[101]</a>. Troleibuzele funcționează în prezent în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gdynia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdynia">Gdynia</a> - <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sopot,_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sopot, Polonia">Sopot</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lublin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lublin">Lublin</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tychy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tychy">Tychy</a>. Erau utilizate și în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/D%C4%99bica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Dębica">Dębica</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gorz%C3%B3w_Wielkopolski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gorzów Wielkopolski">Gorzów Wielkopolski</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legnica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legnica">Legnica</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Olsztyn?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Olsztyn">Olsztyn</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/S%C5%82upsk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wa%C5%82brzych?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wałbrzych">Wałbrzych</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Varșovia">Varșovia</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>. Încercările de instalare ale acestui sistem de transport public nu s-au bucurat de succes în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jelenia_G%C3%B3ra?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jelenia Góra">Jelenia Góra</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-103">[102]</a>. </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"> <h2 id="Demografie">Demografie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=35&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Demografie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Demografia_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Demografia Poloniei">demografia Poloniei</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Istorie_demografică">Istorie demografică</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=36&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istorie demografică" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 90%; float: right; margin: 0 0 1em 1em;"> <tbody> <tr> <th colspan="6">Populația Poloniei</th> </tr> <tr> <th>An</th> <th>Populație</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1846?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1846">1846</a></th> <th>▬ 11 107 394</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1911?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1911">1911</a></th> <th>▲ 22 110 952</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1921?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1921">1921</a></th> <th>▲ 27 177 894</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1931?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1931">1931</a></th> <th>▲ 32 107 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1938?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1938">1938</a></th> <th>▲ 34 849 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1946?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1946">1946</a></th> <th>▼ 23 930 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1950?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1950">1950</a></th> <th>▲ 25 008 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1960?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1960">1960</a></th> <th>▲ 29 776 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1970?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1970">1970</a></th> <th>▲ 32 642 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1978?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1978">1978</a></th> <th>▲ 35 061 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1988?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1988">1988</a></th> <th>▲ 37 879 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1990?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1990">1990</a></th> <th>▲ 38 183 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1995?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1995">1995</a></th> <th>▲ 38 610 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2000?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2000">2000</a></th> <th>▲ 38 654 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2005?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2005">2005</a></th> <th>▼ 38 190 608</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2010?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2010">2010</a></th> <th>▲ 38 200 037</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2011?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2011">2011</a></th> <th>▲ 38 538 447</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2012?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2012">2012</a></th> <th>▲ 38 544 513</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2013?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2013">2013</a></th> <th>▼ 38 496 000</th> </tr> <tr> <th><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2014?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2014">2014</a></th> <th>▼ 38 484 00</th> </tr> </tbody> </table> În perioada de formare a statului, Polonia avea o suprafață de aproximativ 250.000 km², și aproape un milion de locuitori.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-104">[103]</a> În timpul regelui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cazimir_al_III-lea_al_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cazimir al III-lea al Poloniei">Cazimir al III-lea cel Mare</a>, populația a crescut la 2,5 milioane de locuitori pe un teritoriu de ap. 270.000 km².<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-cam727-105">[104]</a> Uniunea cu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituania?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituania">Lituania</a> a adus cu sine o creștere a populației și a teritoriului. În timpul lui <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%98tefan_B%C3%A1thory?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ștefan Báthory">Ștefan Báthory</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_statal%C4%83_polono-lituanian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea statală polono-lituaniană">Rzeczpospolita</a> a avut o suprafață de un milion de kilometri pătrați, iar populația a ajuns la 9 milioane. Când Polonia și-a pierdut independența, a avut o populație de aproximativ 13-14 milioane, dar majoritatea lor (în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XVIII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XVIII">secolul XVIII</a> aproape 60%) nu vorbeau limba poloneză și nu s-au declarat polonezi. După <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Primul_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Primul Război Mondial">Primul Război Mondial</a> Polonia, devenind stat independent, avea aproximativ 20 de milioane de locuitori, din care 1/3 a fost de naționalitate nepoloneză. Între <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1921?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1921">1921</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1939?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1939">1939</a> populația statului a crescut de la 27,2 de milioane la 35,1 de milioane.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-polex-106">[105]</a> Astăzi, minoritățile naționale și etnice reprezintă doar 3% din întreaga populație a statului. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Radom_bike.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Radom_bike.jpg/220px-Radom_bike.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="412"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 146px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Radom_bike.jpg/220px-Radom_bike.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="146" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Radom_bike.jpg/330px-Radom_bike.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Radom_bike.jpg/440px-Radom_bike.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> Un complex de locuințe modern în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radom">Radom</a>, în partea centrală a țării </figcaption> </figure> După A<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Al_Doilea_R%C4%83zboi_Mondial?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Al Doilea Război Mondial">l Doilea Război Mondial</a> în Polonia a fost consemnată o creștere demografică incredibilă. În ani '50 ai <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XX?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XX">secolului XX</a> s-au născut 500.000 de oameni pe an (ceea ce era egal cu populația contemporană a Cracoviei). După aceasta au mai fost două valuri de creștere demografică: la începutul anilor '70 și la începutul celor '80. După căderea comunismului ritmul de creștere a populației a scăzut și în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XXI?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XXI">secolul XXI</a> a atins nivelul 0. Astăzi se observă creștere mică pentru că unda din anii '70 a întrat în faza de procreare când statul polonez a început politica sa de suport pentru familii. Totuși, din Polonia au plecat spre statele <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Uniunea_European%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Uniunea Europeană">UE</a> aproximativ 500.000-2 milioane de tineri. Conform unor surse, populația Poloniei va scădea la 30 de milioane în anul <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Mileniul_al_III-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Mileniul al III-lea">2060</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Populația multor orașe, inclusiv <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Katowice?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, se micșorează. Numai unele orașe cresc numărul de locuitori, de exemplu <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Poznań">Poznań</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Un număr mare de oameni locuiesc în clădiri multifamiliale (inclusiv <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C5%81%C3%B3d%C5%BA?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Łódź">Łódź</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Radom?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Radom">Radom</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Pu%C5%82awy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Puławy">Puławy</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koszalin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Police?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Police">Police</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Limbi">Limbi</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=37&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Limbi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articole principale: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Limbile_Poloniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Limbile Poloniei — pagină inexistentă">limbile Poloniei</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Comune_bilingve_ale_Poloniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Comune bilingve ale Poloniei — pagină inexistentă">comune bilingve ale Poloniei</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">Limba poloneză</a> este cea mai răspândită limbă în Polonia, și singura care are statut de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limb%C4%83_oficial%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbă oficială">limbă oficială</a>. Aproximativ 97% dintre oamenii care trăiesc în Polonia declară această limbă ca fiind limba lor natală, și o vorbesc acasă. Alte patru limbi sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Limb%C4%83_auxiliar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Limbă auxiliară — pagină inexistentă">limbi auxiliare</a> și pot fi folosite în cincizeci și una de comune: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_bielorus%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Limba bielorusă">bielorusa</a> (ap. 220.000 de vorbitori<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ethnologuepl-109">[108]</a> — poate fi folosită în 12 de comune<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-podlasia-110">[109]</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_ca%C8%99ubian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Limba cașubiană">cașubiana</a> (ap. 3.000-200.000 de vorbitori<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ethnologuepl-109">[108]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-111">[110]</a>, rezultatele evaluărilor variază — poate fi folosită în 10 comune<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-112">[111]</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">germana</a> (ap. 500.000 de vorbitori<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ethnologuepl-109">[108]</a> — poate fi folosită în 28 de comune<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-113">[112]</a>) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_lituanian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba lituaniană">lituaniana</a> (ap. 3.000 de vorbitori<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-114">[113]</a> — poate fi folosită într-o comună<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-podlasia-110">[109]</a>). Alte limbi folosite sunt: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_romani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba romani">romani</a> (patru dialecte, ap. 40.000 de vorbitori<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ethnologuepl-109">[108]</a>) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_ucrainean%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba ucraineană">ucraineana</a> (ap. 150.000 de vorbitori<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-ethnologuepl-109">[108]</a>). Existența <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_silezian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba sileziană">limbii sileziane</a> este un subiect de discuție al lingviștilor și al opiniei publice. Recent, el a primit un cod ISO szl<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-115">[114]</a>. La recensământul din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002">2002</a>, aproximativ 60.000 de persoane au declarat sileziana ca limba vorbită acasă. Astăzi există probe de codificare a limbii și cea mai cunoscută este cea creată de utilizatorii portalului „Pů našymu”<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-116">[115]</a>. Se studiază câteva limbi străine în Polonia. Cea mai populară este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba engleză">limba engleză</a>, urmată de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_german%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba germană">limba germană</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Poles_return_to_Russian_language-117">[116]</a> Înainte de schimbările politice din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/1989?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="1989">1989</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_rus%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba rusă">limba rusă</a> a fost cea mai cunoscută în societate.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Poles_return_to_Russian_language-117">[116]</a> Celelalte limbi: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_francez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba franceză">franceză</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_italian%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba italiană">italiană</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_spaniol%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba spaniolă">spaniolă</a> și „limbile clasice” (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba latină">latină</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83_veche?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba greacă veche">greacă veche</a>) nu au fost foarte populare niciodată. Studenții universităților pot, de asemenea, să învețe alte limbi, precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_ceh%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba cehă">ceha</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba greacă">greaca</a> sau <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba română">româna</a>, dacă aleg studii <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Filologie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Filologie">filologice</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Naționalități_și_minorități_etnice">Naționalități și minorități etnice</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=38&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Naționalități și minorități etnice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonezi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Polonezi">Polonezii</a>, care reprezintă 95,63% din populația Poloniei, sunt un <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Popoare_slave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Popoare slave">popor slav</a> și vorbesc <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">limba poloneză</a>, o <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limbi_slave?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limbi slave">limbă slavă</a> din subgrupul occidental. Conform datelor <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Recens%C4%83m%C3%A2ntul_Na%C8%9Bional_2002_al_Poloniei&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Recensământul Național 2002 al Poloniei — pagină inexistentă">Recensământului Național</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002">2002</a>, în Polonia trăiesc 36.658.166 de polonezi. Alte naționalități și grupuri etnice erau: <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Silezieni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Silezieni">silezieni</a>: 173.200 de persoane (0,45%)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Germani?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Germani">germani</a>: 152.900 de persoane (0,40%)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bieloru%C8%99i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Bieloruși">bieloruși</a>: 48.700 de persoane (0,13%)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ucrainieni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ucrainieni">ucrainieni</a>: 31.000 de persoane (0,08%)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Romi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Romi">romi</a>: 12.900 de persoane (0,03%)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ru%C8%99i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruși">ruși</a>: 6.100 de persoane (0,01%)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Lemci&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Lemci — pagină inexistentă">lemci</a>: 5.900 de persoane (0,01%)</li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lituanieni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lituanieni">lituanieni</a>: 5.800 de persoane (0.01%)</li> </ul> 471.500 de persoane au declarat altă naționalitate, pe când 774.900 de persoane nu au declarat nici una. La recensământul din 2021, din populația de 38.036,1 mii de locuitori, 111,9 mii erau cetățeni străini , mai ales ucraineni (53 mii), belaruși (18,6 mii), ruși (4,9 mii), germani (3,5 mii), vietnamezi (2,8 mii), britanici (2 mii) și italieni (1,9 mii). 0,3 mii de locuitori aveau cetățenie necunoscută. Voievodatele cu cei mai mulți străini erau Mazovia (32,7 mii) si Silezia Inferioara (14,5 mii).<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stat.gov.pl/en/national-census/national-population-and-housing-census-2021/national-population-and-housing-census-2021/preliminary-results-of-the-national-population-and-housing-census-2021,1,1.html">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Structură_confesională">Structură confesională</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=39&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Structură confesională" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Religia_%C3%AEn_Polonia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Religia în Polonia — pagină inexistentă">Religia în Polonia</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> Conform publicației anuale de statistică, cea mai mare comunitate confesională este <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_Romano-Catolic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biserica Romano-Catolică">Biserica Romano-Catolică</a>, care are aproximativ 34,21 milioane de credincioși. În forma romano-catolică sunt botezați 34.158.305 dintre cetățenii Poloniei, reprezentând aproximativ 89% din întreaga populație a statului. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_Greco-Catolic%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biserica Greco-Catolică">Biserica Greco-Catolică</a> are ca membri 53.000 dintre locuitori, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_Armean%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biserica Armeană">Biserica Armeană</a> – 5.000, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Biserica_Neounit%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Biserica Neounită — pagină inexistentă">Biserica Neounită</a> – 195, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Biserica_Catolic%C4%83_Veche&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Biserica Catolică Veche — pagină inexistentă">Biserica Catolică Veche</a> derivată din Biserica Romano-Catolică are 45.000 de credincioși. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_Ortodox%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Biserica Ortodoxă">Biserica Ortodoxă</a>, cea de-a doua după mărime, este formată din 507.000 de persoane.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GUS99-118">[117]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-repgus2012-119">[118]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gusrel09-11-120">[119]</a> Religiile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Protestantism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Protestantism">protestante</a> au aproape 150.000 de credincioși. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Biserica_Luteran%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Biserica Luterană">Biserica Luterană</a> este cea mai mare și are 77.500 de credincioși. Alte comunități și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ateism?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ateism">ateii</a> formează 5-10% de populație (depinde de surse).<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GUS99-118">[117]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-repgus2012-119">[118]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"> <h2 id="Educație_și_știință">Educație și știință</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=40&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Educație și știință" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educa%C8%9Bia_%C3%AEn_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educația în Polonia">educația în Polonia</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> Sistemul de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Educa%C8%9Bie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Educație">educație</a> în Polonia este compus din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Gr%C4%83dini%C8%9B%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grădiniță">grădinițe</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/%C8%98coal%C4%83_elementar%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Școală elementară">școli elementare</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=%C8%98coal%C4%83_secundar%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Școală secundară — pagină inexistentă">școli secundare</a> (gimnazii), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liceu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liceu">licee</a> și alte școli postgimnaziale, școli postliceale, școli artistice și altele. În Polonia există peste 500 de universități acreditate.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-GUS-2-121">[120]</a> Universitățile și alte școli înalte nu fac parte din sistemul de educație și au drept de autonomie. Conform Constituției Republicii Poloneze, oricine are dreptul de a învăța. Educația este obligatorie până la 18 ani, dar doar școlile elementare și secundare au statut de instituții obligatorii. Educația în școlile publice este gratuită. <center> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody> <tr> <th align="center"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitatea_din_Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitatea din Varșovia">Universitatea din Varșovia</a></th> <th align="center"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitatea_Adam_Mickiewicz_din_Pozna%C5%84?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitatea Adam Mickiewicz din Poznań">Universitatea Mickiewicz din Poznań</a></th> <th align="center"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitatea_Jagiellon%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitatea Jagiellonă">Universitatea Jagiellonă</a> din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cracovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cracovia">Cracovia</a></th> <th align="center"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Universitatea_din_Wroc%C5%82aw?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Universitatea din Wrocław">Universitatea din Wrocław</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pasteura_5.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pasteura_5.jpg/178px-Pasteura_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4555" data-file-height="3314"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 178px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pasteura_5.jpg/178px-Pasteura_5.jpg" data-width="178" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pasteura_5.jpg/267px-Pasteura_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pasteura_5.jpg/356px-Pasteura_5.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Minus_23.09.2011_p4.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Minus_23.09.2011_p4.jpg/205px-Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Minus_23.09.2011_p4.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2040"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 205px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Minus_23.09.2011_p4.jpg/205px-Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Minus_23.09.2011_p4.jpg" data-width="205" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Minus_23.09.2011_p4.jpg/308px-Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Minus_23.09.2011_p4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Minus_23.09.2011_p4.jpg/410px-Pozna%C5%84_Collegium_Minus_23.09.2011_p4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum,_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski,_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street,_Old_Town,_Krakow,_Poland.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/204px-Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5358" data-file-height="3413"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 204px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/204px-Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg" data-width="204" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/306px-Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg/408px-Jagiellonian_University_Collegium_Novum%2C_1882_designed_by_Feliks_Ksi%C4%99%C5%BCarski%2C_24_Go%C5%82%C4%99bia_street%2C_Old_Town%2C_Krakow%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg/201px-Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5505" data-file-height="3562"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 201px;height: 130px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg/201px-Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg" data-width="201" data-height="130" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg/302px-Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg/402px-Wroclaw_-_Uniwersytet_Wroclawski_o_poranku.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </center> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"> <h2 id="Cultură_și_literatură">Cultură și literatură</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=41&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Cultură și literatură" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cultura_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cultura Poloniei">Cultura Poloniei</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Marie_Curie_1903.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg/180px-Marie_Curie_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="255" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 255px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg/180px-Marie_Curie_1903.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="255" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg/270px-Marie_Curie_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie_Curie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a>, dublu laureată a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premiul_Nobel?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Premiul Nobel">Premiului Nobel</a> </figcaption> </figure> Cultura poloneză are o istorie bogată, veche de o mie de ani, cu influențe atât din occident, cât și orient. Astăzi, aceste influențe sunt vizibile în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arhitectur%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Arhitectură">arhitectura</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Folclor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Folclor">folclorul</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Arta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Arta">arta</a> țării. Polonia este locul de naștere a multor persoane celebre în întreaga lume, precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Papa_Ioan_Paul_al_II-lea?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Papa Ioan Paul al II-lea">papa Ioan Paul al II-lea</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Marie_Curie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Marie Curie">Marie Skłodowska-Curie</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Casimir_Pulaski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Casimir Pulaski — pagină inexistentă">Casimir Pulaski</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q381854" class="extiw" title="d:Q381854">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tadeusz_Ko%C5%9Bciuszko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Tadeusz Kościuszko">Tadeusz Kościuszko</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernic?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Nicolaus Copernic">Nicolaus Copernic</a>,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-copernicus-122">[121]</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-124">[123]</a> și altele. Caracterul unic al artei poloneze a reflectat întotdeauna tendințele mondiale. Pictorul celebru polonez, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Matejko?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Matejko">Jan Matejko</a>, a inclus multe evenimente istorice importante în imaginile sale. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Literatur%C4%83_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Literatură poloneză">Literatura poloneză</a> datează din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Secolul_XII?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Secolul XII">secolul al XII-lea</a> și include mulți poeți și scriitori renumiți, precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jan_Kochanowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jan Kochanowski">Jan Kochanowski</a>,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-gierowski-125">[124]</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Blavascunas2008-126">[125]</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Henryk Sienkiewicz">Henryk Sienkiewicz</a> (câștigătorul Premiului Nobel 1905<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nobl-127">[126]</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Prus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bolesław Prus">Bolesław Prus</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a> (câștigătorul Premiului Nobel 1924<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nobl-127">[126]</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Juliusz Słowacki">Juliusz Słowacki</a>,<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Blavascunas2008-126">[125]</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Witold_Gombrowicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Witold Gombrowicz">Witold Gombrowicz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Mi%C5%82osz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czesław Miłosz">Czesław Miłosz</a> (câștigătorul Premiului Nobel 1980<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nobl-127">[126]</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wis%C5%82awa_Szymborska?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wisława Szymborska">Wisława Szymborska</a> (câștigătorul Premiului Nobel 1996<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-nobl-127">[126]</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lem?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Stanisław Lem">Stanisław Lem</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ryszard_Kapu%C5%9Bci%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ryszard Kapuściński">Ryszard Kapuściński</a>. Regizorii renumiți din Polonia includ câștigătorii <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Premiul_Oscar?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Premiul Oscar">Premiului Oscar</a>: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Roman_Pola%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Polański">Roman Polański</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zbigniew_Rybczy%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zbigniew Rybczyński">Zbigniew Rybczyński</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Janusz_Kami%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Janusz Kamiński — pagină inexistentă">Janusz Kamiński</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q365230" class="extiw" title="d:Q365230">d</a>) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krzysztof_Kie%C5%9Blowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krzysztof Kieślowski">Krzysztof Kieślowski</a>. Compozitorii celebri de muzică clasică sunt, între alți, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Frédéric Chopin">Frédéric Chopin</a> (în Polonia cunoscut ca Fryderyk Chopin), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Krzysztof_Penderecki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Krzysztof Penderecki">Krzysztof Penderecki</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Karol_Szymanowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Karol Szymanowski">Karol Szymanowski</a>. Genuri variate de muzică modernă sunt azi apreciate în Polonia. Cele mai populare acum sunt: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_pop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muzică pop">pop</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_rock?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muzică rock">rock</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_dance?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muzică dance">dance</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Hip-hop?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/R%26B?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muzic%C4%83_metal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Muzică metal">metal</a>. Artiștii populari din Polonia includ: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Anita_Lipnicka&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Anita Lipnicka — pagină inexistentă">Anita Lipnicka</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525977" class="extiw" title="d:Q525977">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Behemoth?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Behemoth">Behemoth</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Decapitare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Decapitare">Decapitated</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Edyta_G%C3%B3rniak?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Edyta Górniak">Edyta Górniak</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ich_Troje&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Ich Troje — pagină inexistentă">Ich Troje</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578742" class="extiw" title="d:Q578742">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Maryla_Rodowicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Maryla Rodowicz">Maryla Rodowicz</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Riverside&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Riverside — pagină inexistentă">Riverside</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225614" class="extiw" title="d:Q225614">d</a>) și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vader&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Vader — pagină inexistentă">Vader</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q448519" class="extiw" title="d:Q448519">d</a>). Tineretul polonez ascultă și muzicieni din alte țări. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:National_Stadium_in_Warsaw,_Poland.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/National_Stadium_in_Warsaw%2C_Poland.jpg/220px-National_Stadium_in_Warsaw%2C_Poland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/National_Stadium_in_Warsaw%2C_Poland.jpg/220px-National_Stadium_in_Warsaw%2C_Poland.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/National_Stadium_in_Warsaw%2C_Poland.jpg/330px-National_Stadium_in_Warsaw%2C_Poland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/National_Stadium_in_Warsaw%2C_Poland.jpg/440px-National_Stadium_in_Warsaw%2C_Poland.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Stadionul_Na%C8%9Bional_din_Var%C8%99ovia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadionul Național din Varșovia">Stadionul Național din Varșovia</a>, gazda <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Echipa_na%C8%9Bional%C4%83_de_fotbal_a_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Echipa națională de fotbal a Poloniei">echipei naționale</a> și unul din stadioanele care au găzduit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2012?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="UEFA Euro 2012">Euro 2012</a> </figcaption> </figure> Feluri recunoscute din bucătărie poloneză sunt <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/C%C3%A2rnat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cârnat">cârnatul</a> (kiełbasa), supa de sfeclă roșie (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Barszcz_czerwony&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Barszcz czerwony — pagină inexistentă">Barszcz czerwony</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4551" class="extiw" title="d:Q4551">d</a>)), supa de sânge de rață (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Czernina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Czernina">czernina</a>), colțunașe (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Piro%C8%99c%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Piroșcă">pierogi</a>), sarmale din varză și carne (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sarma?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sarma">gołąbki</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Cotlet_schabowy?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Cotlet schabowy">cotlete</a> din carne de porc, tocană (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bigos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bigos">bigos</a>), diverse preparate pe bază de cartofi, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zapiekanka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zapiekanka">zapiekanka</a> (un tip de <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fast-food?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast-food">fast-food</a>) și alte.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Deserturi tipice sunt gogoșile, înghețatele și turtele dulci. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=42&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Sport" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:LewandowskiR.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LewandowskiR.jpg/180px-LewandowskiR.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="331" data-file-height="400"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 218px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LewandowskiR.jpg/180px-LewandowskiR.jpg" data-width="180" data-height="218" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/LewandowskiR.jpg/270px-LewandowskiR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2d/LewandowskiR.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <figcaption> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Lewandowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Lewandowski">Robert Lewandowski</a> </figcaption> </figure> <div role="note" class="dezambiguizare rellink boilerplate seealso"> Articol principal: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sportul_%C3%AEn_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sportul în Polonia">Sportul în Polonia</a>. </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16505893"> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fotbal?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fotbal">Fotbalul</a> este cel mai popular sport, cu o istorie bogată în competițiile internaționale.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FIFA_World_Cup_Statistics-Poland-129">[128]</a><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-FIFA_Statistics_%E2%80%93_Poland-130">[129]</a> Printre alte sporturi populare se numără atletismul, baschetul, handbalul, boxul, MMA, motocros, săriturile cu schiurile, hochei, tenis, scrimă, înot și haltere. Epoca de aur a <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fotbalul_%C3%AEn_Polonia&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Fotbalul în Polonia — pagină inexistentă">fotbalului din Polonia</a> a avut loc începând cu anii '70 și până la începutul anilor '80, cu naționala Poloniei reușind să obțină locul al treilea la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campionatul_Mondial_de_Fotbal_1974?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 1974">Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal din 1974</a> și la cel din <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campionatul_Mondial_de_Fotbal_1982?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campionatul Mondial de Fotbal 1982">1982</a>. În această perioadă se remarcă jucători precum <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Zbigniew_Boniek?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Zbigniew Boniek">Zbigniew Boniek</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Luba%C5%84ski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Włodzimierz Lubański">Włodzimierz Lubański</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Grzegorz_Lato?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Grzegorz Lato">Grzegorz Lato</a>. Naționala de fotbal a mai obținut o medalie de aur la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jocurile_Olimpice_de_var%C4%83_din_1976?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1976">Jocurile Olimpice de vară din 1976</a> și două de bronz, în 1976 și 1992. Alături de Ucraina, Polonia a găzduit <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Campionatul_European_de_Fotbal_2012?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Campionatul European de Fotbal 2012">Campionatul European de Fotbal 2012</a>.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-warsaw-life-131">[130]</a> Printre jucătorii actuali se numără <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Robert_Lewandowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Robert Lewandowski">Robert Lewandowski</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jakub_B%C5%82aszczykowski?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jakub Błaszczykowski">Jakub Błaszczykowski</a>. Polonia are mulți alpiniști care au escaladat vârfuri de peste 8000 de metri. Printre aceștia se numără <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Jerzy_Kukuczka&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Jerzy Kukuczka — pagină inexistentă">Jerzy Kukuczka</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312401" class="extiw" title="d:Q312401">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Krzysztof_Wielicki&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Krzysztof Wielicki — pagină inexistentă">Krzysztof Wielicki</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q720874" class="extiw" title="d:Q720874">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Pustelnik&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Piotr Pustelnik — pagină inexistentă">Piotr Pustelnik</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q949795" class="extiw" title="d:Q949795">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Zawada&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Andrzej Zawada — pagină inexistentă">Andrzej Zawada</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q508646" class="extiw" title="d:Q508646">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maciej_Berbeka&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Maciej Berbeka — pagină inexistentă">Maciej Berbeka</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491645" class="extiw" title="d:Q3491645">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Artur_Hajzer&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Artur Hajzer — pagină inexistentă">Artur Hajzer</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3491970" class="extiw" title="d:Q3491970">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Andrzej_Czok&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Andrzej Czok — pagină inexistentă">Andrzej Czok</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3492042" class="extiw" title="d:Q3492042">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wojciech_Kurtyka&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wojciech Kurtyka — pagină inexistentă">Wojciech Kurtyka</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q935028" class="extiw" title="d:Q935028">d</a>) și femeile <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wanda_Rutkiewicz?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wanda Rutkiewicz">Wanda Rutkiewicz</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kinga_Baranowska&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kinga Baranowska — pagină inexistentă">Kinga Baranowska</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461593" class="extiw" title="d:Q461593">d</a>). Munții Poloniei reprezintă o atracție turistică pentru doritorii de cățărări, schi sau ciclism montan.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-turism-132">[131]</a> Activitățile recreaționale din timpul verii sunt legate de sporturile de apă, fiind amenajate în acest sens mai multe locații pentru pescuit, caiac-canoe, navigat și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Windsurfing?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Windsurfing">windsurfing</a>, în special în regiunile de nord ale țării.<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-133">[132]</a> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"> <h2 id="Note_de_completare">Note de completare</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=43&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note de completare" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: lower-alpha;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-10">^</a> Cuvântul rzeczpospolita înseamnă republică și este folosit doar cu referire la Polonia. Pentru alte țări, se folosește cuvântul republika.</li> </ol> </div> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"> <h2 id="Note_bibliografice">Note bibliografice</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=44&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note bibliografice" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MFAoP-1"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-MFAoP_1-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Pałłasz, Edward. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223051742/http://en.poland.gov.pl/THE,POLISH,NATIONAL,ANTHEM,7060.html">„The Polish National Anthem”</a>. Poland - Official Promotional Website of the Republic of Poland. Varșovia, PL: Ministerul Afacerilor Externe din Polonia. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://en.poland.gov.pl/THE,POLISH,NATIONAL,ANTHEM,7060.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-02-23">23 februarie 2013</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-03-07">7 martie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poland+-+Official+Promotional+Website+of+the+Republic+of+Poland&rft.atitle=The+Polish+National+Anthem&rft.aulast=Pa%C5%82%C5%82asz&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.poland.gov.pl%2FTHE%2CPOLISH%2CNATIONAL%2CANTHEM%2C7060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Trochimczyk2000-2"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Trochimczyk2000_2-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Maja_Trochimczyk&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Maja Trochimczyk — pagină inexistentă">Trochimczyk, Maja</a> (<time datetime="2000">2000</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130226044926/http://www.usc.edu/dept/polish_music/repertoi/dabrowski.html">„Dąbrowski Mazurka”</a>. National Anthems of Poland. Los Angeles, CA: Polish Music Center. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=USC_Thornton_School_of_Music&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="USC Thornton School of Music — pagină inexistentă">USC Thornton School of Music</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5386547" class="extiw" title="d:Q5386547">d</a>). Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.usc.edu/dept/polish_music/repertoi/dabrowski.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2013-02-26">26 februarie 2013</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-03-07">7 martie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Anthems+of+Poland&rft.atitle=D%C4%85browski+Mazurka&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Trochimczyk&rft.aufirst=Maja&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usc.edu%2Fdept%2Fpolish_music%2Frepertoi%2Fdabrowski.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEOPL-3">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMFWEOPL_3-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMFWEOPL_3-1">b</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMFWEOPL_3-2">c</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-IMFWEOPL_3-3">d</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2021/October/weo-report?c%3D964,%26s%3DNGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2026%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1">„World Economic Outlook Database, October 2021”</a>. IMF.org. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-10-13">13 octombrie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2021%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D964%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2020%26ey%3D2026%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtessi190%26plugin%3D1">„Gini coefficient of equivalised disposable income – EU-SILC survey”</a>. ec.europa.eu. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Eurostat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Eurostat">Eurostat</a>. Accesat în <time datetime="2020-03-20">20 martie 2020</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ec.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Gini+coefficient+of+equivalised+disposable+income+%E2%80%93+EU-SILC+survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fec.europa.eu%2Feurostat%2Ftgm%2Ftable.do%3Ftab%3Dtable%26init%3D1%26language%3Den%26pcode%3Dtessi190%26plugin%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/latest-human-development-index-ranking">„Human Development Report 2020”</a> (PDF) (în engleză). <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Programul_Na%C8%9Biunilor_Unite_pentru_Dezvoltare?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Programul Națiunilor Unite pentru Dezvoltare">United Nations Development Programme</a>. <time datetime="2019-12-10">10 decembrie 2019</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2019-12-10">10 decembrie 2019</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2020&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2019-12-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Flatest-human-development-index-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-6">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.google.com/books?id%3D39SoSG4NGAoC%26pg%3DPA77%26lpg%3DPA77%26dq%3Dpoland%2527s%2Bmillennium%26sig%3DuQ-qK9oxqMuHmVvZJj8lszrm1">Disruptive Religion: The Force of Faith in Social-movement Activism</a>. Books.google.com. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-09-09">9 septembrie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Disruptive+Religion%3A+The+Force+of+Faith+in+Social-movement+Activism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39SoSG4NGAoC%26pg%3DPA77%26lpg%3DPA77%26dq%3Dpoland%2527s%2Bmillennium%26sig%3DuQ-qK9oxqMuHmVvZJj8lszrm1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-9b48c6644781070e4be480d30fc5d326-7"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-9b48c6644781070e4be480d30fc5d326_7-0">^</a> <cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_geo/1817/%25D0%2596%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B">http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_geo/1817/%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdic.academic.ru%2Fdic.nsf%2Fenc_geo%2F1817%2F%25D0%2596%25D1%2583%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B2%25D1%258B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-375aedaa96614a13b02d16cd2ededcd4-8"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-375aedaa96614a13b02d16cd2ededcd4_8-0">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9311474" class="extiw" title="d:Q9311474">Rocznik Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr>[[Rocznik Statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej |]]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%26%238203%3B%5D%5D%3C%2Fspan%3E%5B%5BCategorie%3AArticole+cu+leg%C4%83turi+c%C4%83tre+elemente+f%C4%83r%C4%83+etichet%C4%83+%C3%AEn+limba+rom%C3%A2n%C4%83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  Verificați valoarea <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|titlelink=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#bad_paramlink" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-ae11912d079d8897d6a902514e561da0-9"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ae11912d079d8897d6a902514e561da0_9-0">^</a> <cite class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-divison-as-of-december-31-2019,3,27.html">https://stat.gov.pl/en/topics/population/population/population-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-divison-as-of-december-31-2019,3,27.html</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.pl%2Fen%2Ftopics%2Fpopulation%2Fpopulation%2Fpopulation-size-and-structure-and-vital-statistics-in-poland-by-territorial-divison-as-of-december-31-2019%2C3%2C27.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  Lipsește sau este vid: <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|title=</code> (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#citation_missing_title" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-CSO_2008-11">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CSO_2008_11-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-CSO_2008_11-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_maly_rocznik_statystyczny_2008.pdf">„Concise Statistical Yearbook of Poland, 2008”</a> (PDF). <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Oficiul_Principal_de_Statistic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Oficiul Principal de Statistică — pagină inexistentă">Central Statistical Office (Poland)</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1547190" class="extiw" title="d:Q1547190">d</a>). <time datetime="2008-07-28">28 iulie 2008</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-08-12">12 august 2008</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concise+Statistical+Yearbook+of+Poland%2C+2008&rft.pub=Central+Statistical+Office+%28Poland%29%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Oficiul+Principal+de+Statistic%C4%83+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2FPUBL_maly_rocznik_statystyczny_2008.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-12">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209041128/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">„The World Factbook”</a>, cia.gov, arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2147rank.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-02-09">9 februarie 2014</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-28">28 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2147rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-13">^</a> "Goverment - Administrative divisions: 16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular–wojewodztwo)..." "Poland," in <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/The_World_Factbook?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="The World Factbook">The CIA World Factbook</a> 2010, New York, Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2009, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781602397279?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9781602397279</a>, p. 546. Aceeași informație se găsește și online la <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html">CIA World Factbook, Poland, Administrative divisions.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818041414/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2019-08-18">18 august 2019</time>, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-14">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Lukowski, Jerzy; Zawaszki, Hubert (<time datetime="2001">2001</time>). A Concise History of Poland (ed. First Edition). University of Stirling Libraries – Popular Loan (Q 43.8 LUK): Cambridge University Press. p. 3. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-521-55917-0?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-521-55917-0">0-521-55917-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Poland&rft.place=University+of+Stirling+Libraries+%E2%80%93+Popular+Loan+%28Q+43.8+LUK%29&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=First+Edition&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-521-55917-0&rft.au=Lukowski%2C+Jerzy%3B+Zawaszki%2C+Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988"> Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Nume_multiple:_lista_autorilor?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Nume multiple: lista autorilor">link</a>) Mentenanță CS1: Text în plus (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Text_%C3%AEn_plus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Text în plus">link</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-gierowski3-15"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gierowski3_15-0">^</a> Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Historia Polski 1764–1864 (History of Poland 1764–1864), p. 74-101</li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-16">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Recap, Research (<time datetime="2009-01-16">16 ianuarie 2009</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://seekingalpha.com/article/115133-japan-turkey-poland-mexico-the-rising-world-powers">„Japan, Turkey, Poland, Mexico the Rising World Powers?”</a>. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-07-23">23 iulie 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Japan%2C+Turkey%2C+Poland%2C+Mexico+the+Rising+World+Powers%3F&rft.date=2009-01-16&rft.aulast=Recap&rft.aufirst=Research&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseekingalpha.com%2Farticle%2F115133-japan-turkey-poland-mexico-the-rising-world-powers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-17">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709064655/http://multishoring.info/market-news/bloomberg-businessweek-%25E2%2580%259Ehow-poland-became-europes-most-dynamic-economy%25E2%2580%259D/">„Bloomberg Businessweek: "How Poland Became Europe's Most Dynamic Economy" -”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://multishoring.info/market-news/bloomberg-businessweek-%25E2%2580%259Ehow-poland-became-europes-most-dynamic-economy%25E2%2580%259D/">original</a> la <time datetime="2018-07-09">9 iulie 2018</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-04-14">14 aprilie 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bloomberg+Businessweek%3A+%22How+Poland+Became+Europe%E2%80%99s+Most+Dynamic+Economy%22+-&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmultishoring.info%2Fmarket-news%2Fbloomberg-businessweek-%25E2%2580%259Ehow-poland-became-europes-most-dynamic-economy%25E2%2580%259D%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2013-11-27/how-poland-became-europes-most-dynamic-economy">„How Poland Became Europe's Most Dynamic Economy”</a>. <time datetime="2013-11-27">27 noiembrie 2013</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-04-14">14 aprilie 2017</time> – via www.bloomberg.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Poland+Became+Europe%27s+Most+Dynamic+Economy&rft.date=2013-11-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2013-11-27%2Fhow-poland-became-europes-most-dynamic-economy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Human_Development_Index_and_its_components-19"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Human_Development_Index_and_its_components_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf">„Human Development Index and its components”</a> (PDF). hdr.undp.org. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-08-27">27 august 2011</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hdr.undp.org&rft.atitle=Human+Development+Index+and+its+components&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fen%2Fmedia%2FHDR_2010_EN_Table1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.transparency.org/en/news/corruption-perceptions-index-2016?token%3D0-6DEP8J9gsvrwbDFWOEJICG4YkpcWjn">„Corruption Perceptions Index 2016 - News”</a>. Transparency.org. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-23">23 martie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Transparency.org&rft.atitle=Corruption+Perceptions+Index+2016+-+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.transparency.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fcorruption-perceptions-index-2016%3Ftoken%3D0-6DEP8J9gsvrwbDFWOEJICG4YkpcWjn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Veeke, Justin van der. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170425031145/https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/resources/developing-countries">„Developing Countries – isi-web.org”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.isi-web.org/index.php/resources/developing-countries">original</a> la <time datetime="2017-04-25">25 aprilie 2017</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-04-24">24 aprilie 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Developing+Countries+%E2%80%93+isi-web.org&rft.aulast=Veeke&rft.aufirst=Justin+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isi-web.org%2Findex.php%2Fresources%2Fdeveloping-countries&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.numbeo.com/quality-of-life/rankings_by_country.jsp">[1]</a> Numbeo Quality of Life Index 2015 Mid Year</li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415012741/http://www.city-safe.com/danger-rankings/">„World's Safest Countries Ranked — CitySafe”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.city-safe.com/danger-rankings/">original</a> la <time datetime="2017-04-15">15 aprilie 2017</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-04-14">14 aprilie 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World%27s+Safest+Countries+Ranked+%E2%80%94+CitySafe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.city-safe.com%2Fdanger-rankings%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.thenews.pl/1/9/Artykul/272767,Poland-25th-worldwide-in-expat-ranking">„Poland 25th worldwide in expat ranking”</a>. Accesat în <time datetime="2017-04-14">14 aprilie 2017</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+25th+worldwide+in+expat+ranking&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.pl%2F1%2F9%2FArtykul%2F272767%2CPoland-25th-worldwide-in-expat-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Poland_–_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre-25"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Poland_%E2%80%93_UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre_25-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/pl">„Poland – UNESCO World Heritage Centre”</a>. Whc.unesco.org. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-02-06">6 februarie 2012</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Poland+%E2%80%93+UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fpl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sjp.pl/co/republika">„Słownik Języka Polskiego: republika”</a> (în poloneză). Accesat în <time datetime="2009-05-06">6 mai 2009</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+J%C4%99zyka+Polskiego%3A+republika&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjp.pl%2Fco%2Frepublika&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">[<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930142052/http://www.sjp.pl/co/rzeczpospolita">„Słownik Języka Polskiego: rzeczpospolita”</a> (în poloneză). Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sjp.pl/co/rzeczpospolita">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-09-30">30 septembrie 2011</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-05-06">6 mai 2009</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+J%C4%99zyka+Polskiego%3A+rzeczpospolita&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sjp.pl%2Fco%2Frzeczpospolita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://wiktoria635.webpark.pl/polska.htm">„Polska”</a>. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-05-06">6 mai 2009</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polska&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiktoria635.webpark.pl%2Fpolska.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907165821/http://poradnia.pwn.pl/lista.php?id%3D2783">„Poradnia językowa PWN”</a> (în poloneză). Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://poradnia.pwn.pl/lista.php?id%3D2783">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-09-07">7 septembrie 2011</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-05-06">6 mai 2009</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poradnia+j%C4%99zykowa+PWN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fporadnia.pwn.pl%2Flista.php%3Fid%3D2783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mai mulți autori (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). U źródeł Polski - do roku 1038. Wrocław: Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U+%C5%BAr%C3%B3de%C5%82+Polski+-+do+roku+1038&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Mai+mul%C8%9Bi+autori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFKrystyna_Długosz-Kurczabowa2003" class="citation">Krystyna Długosz-Kurczabowa (<time datetime="2003-02-21">21 februarie 2003</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sjp.pwn.pl/slowniki/terra-Poloniae.html">„Jaka jest etymologia słowa Polska (nazwa kraju)?”</a>, Sjp.pwn.pl, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-26">26 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sjp.pwn.pl&rft.atitle=Jaka+jest+etymologia+s%C5%82owa+Polska+%28nazwa+kraju%29%3F&rft.date=2003-02-21&rft.au=Krystyna+D%C5%82ugosz-Kurczabowa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsjp.pwn.pl%2Fslowniki%2Fterra-Poloniae.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wielka_Encyklopedia_Powszechna_PWN&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN — pagină inexistentă">Wielka Encyklopedia Powszechna PWN</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q952407" class="extiw" title="d:Q952407">d</a>) în polonă.</li> <li id="cite_note-muzeumczestochowa.pl-33"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-muzeumczestochowa.pl_33-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Maciej Kosiński, Magdalena Wieczorek-Szmal (<time datetime="2007">2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.muzeumczestochowa.pl/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/folder.pdf">Z mroku dziejów. Kultura Łużycka</a> (PDF file, direct download 1.95 MB). Muzeum Częstochowskie. Rezerwat archeologiczny (Museum of Częstochowa). pp. 3–4. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-83-60128-11-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-83-60128-11-4">978-83-60128-11-4</a>. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-01-09">9 ianuarie 2013</time>. <q>Możemy jedynie stwierdzić, że kultura łużycka nie tworzyła jednej zwartej całości. Jak się wydaje, jej skład etniczny był niejednorodny.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Z+mroku+dziej%C3%B3w.+Kultura+%C5%81u%C5%BCycka&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=Muzeum+Cz%C4%99stochowskie.+Rezerwat+archeologiczny+%28Museum+of+Cz%C4%99stochowa%29&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-83-60128-11-4&rft.au=Maciej+Kosi%C5%84ski%2C+Magdalena+Wieczorek-Szmal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muzeumczestochowa.pl%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2012%2F11%2Ffolder.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-UzP_122-167-34">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UzP_122-167_34-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UzP_122-167_34-1">b</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UzP_122-167_34-2">c</a> Diverși autori, ed. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Marek_Derwich&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Marek Derwich — pagină inexistentă">Marek Derwich</a> și <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Adam_%C5%BBurek&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Adam Żurek — pagină inexistentă">Adam Żurek</a>, U źródeł Polski (do roku 1038) - Fundamentele Poloniei (până în anul 1038), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Wydawnictwo_Dolno%C5%9Bl%C4%85skie&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie — pagină inexistentă">Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8039666" class="extiw" title="d:Q8039666">d</a>), Wrocław 2002, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/8370239544?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 83-7023-954-4</a>, p. 1-143</li> <li id="cite_note-UzP_76-121-35"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-UzP_76-121_35-0">^</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#CITEREFDerwich%C5%BBurek2002">Derwich & Żurek 2002</a>, pp. 76–121. .</li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-36">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.visittorun.pl/259,l2.html">„VisitTorun: Torun Guide - Biskupin”</a>, Visittorun.pl, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-28">28 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Visittorun.pl&rft.atitle=VisitTorun%3A+Torun+Guide+-+Biskupin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visittorun.pl%2F259%2Cl2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Kłoczowski2000-37"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-K%C5%82oczowski2000_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Jerzy Kłoczowski (<time datetime="2000-09-14">14 septembrie 2000</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.google.com/books?id%3Decdye8hk_tgC%26pg%3DPA10">A History of Polish Christianity</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 10–13. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-521-36429-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-521-36429-4">978-0-521-36429-4</a>. Accesat în <time datetime="2012-04-05">5 aprilie 2012</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Polish+Christianity&rft.pages=10-13&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-09-14&rft.isbn=978-0-521-36429-4&rft.au=Jerzy+K%C5%82oczowski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Decdye8hk_tgC%26pg%3DPA10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-38">^</a> G. Labuda, Mieszko I, cap. IV.3.</li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-39">^</a> Tadeusz Wojciechowski: Szkice historyczne jedynastego wieku, ed. III. 1951, p. 153</li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-40">^</a> Wipo: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.hs-augsburg.de/~harsch/Chronologia/Lspost11/Wipo/wip_vit4.html">Gesta Chuonradi II imperatoris (în latină)</a> (accesat la 23 octombrie 2014)</li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation book">J. Gordon Melton (<time datetime="2014">2014</time>). Faiths Across Time: 5,000 Years of Religious History. ABC-CLIO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faiths+Across+Time%3A+5%2C000+Years+of+Religious+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.au=J.+Gordon+Melton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Wyrozumski_93–96-42"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Wyrozumski_93%E2%80%9396_42-0">^</a> Jerzy Wyrozumski, Historia Polski do roku 1505, pp. 93–96</li> <li id="cite_note-mhp_1-43"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mhp_1_43-0">^</a> Praca zbiorowa Multimedialna Historia Polski Tom 2 Polska Piastów, str. 7, Polskapresse Sp. z o.o., <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9788360669020?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-83-60669-02-0</a></li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-44">^</a> André Vauchez, Richard Barrie Dobson, Michael Lapidge, 2000 (ed.). "Boleslas II the Bold". Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages. Routledge. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9781579582821?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-57958-282-1</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-45">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Jerzy Ochmański (<time datetime="1990">1990</time>). Historia Litwy. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. p. 128. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/83-04-03107-8?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/83-04-03107-8">83-04-03107-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Litwy&rft.place=Wroc%C5%82aw&rft.pages=128&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Narodowy+im.+Ossoli%C5%84skich&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=83-04-03107-8&rft.au=Jerzy+Ochma%C5%84ski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-gierowski2-46"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gierowski2_46-0">^</a> Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Historia Polski 1505–1764 (History of Poland 1505–1764), p. 174-301</li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-47">^</a> * Jerzy Kowecki, ed., Konstytucja 3 maja 1791 (Constituția din 3 mai 1791), przedmową opatrzył (cuvânt înainte de) Bogusław Leśnodorski, Varșovia, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pa%C5%84stwowe_Wydawnictwo_Naukowe&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe — pagină inexistentă">Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428376" class="extiw" title="d:Q1428376">d</a>), 1981, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/8301019158?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 83-01-01915-8</a>.</li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-48">^</a> Lukowski, Jerzy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id%3D3315">The Partitions of Poland 1772, 1793, 1795</a> (1998)</li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-49">^</a> Lewitter, Lucjan R. "The Partitions of Poland" in A. Goodwyn, ed. The New Cambridge Modern History: vol 8 1763–93 (1965) pp 333–59</li> <li id="cite_note-Flathe-50"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Flathe_50-0">^</a> Heinrich Theodor Flathe: Friedrich August I., König von Sachsen. In: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie">Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie</a> (ADB). Volume 7, Duncker & Humblot, Leipzig 1878, pp. 786–789 de </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaefer-51"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Schaefer_51-0">^</a> Dagmar Schäfer: Der gefangene Sachsenkönig. Eine Erinnerung an Sachsens ersten König, Friedrich August I. (1750–1827). Tauchaer Verlag, Taucha 1996, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/3910074529?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 3-910074-52-9</a> de </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Research into the Demographic History of Poland: a provisional summing-up. Acta Poloniae Historica, XVIII. pp. 5–17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+into+the+Demographic+History+of+Poland%3A+a+provisional+summing-up&rft.pages=5-17&rft.pub=Acta+Poloniae+Historica%2C+XVIII&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Cienciala-53">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cienciala_53-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Cienciala_53-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Anna_M._Cienciala&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Anna M. Cienciala — pagină inexistentă">Cienciala, Anna M.</a> (<time datetime="2002">2002</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205175847/http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect11.htm">„The Rebirth of Poland (lecture notes)”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect11.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2012-02-05">5 februarie 2012</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2006-06-02">2 iunie 2006</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rebirth+of+Poland+%28lecture+notes%29&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cienciala&rft.aufirst=Anna+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.ku.edu%2F~eceurope%2Fhist557%2Flect11.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.amosnews.ro/arhiva/ziua-independentei-poloniei-11-11-2010">„Ziua Independenței Poloniei”</a>, Amosnews.ro, <time datetime="2010-11-11">11 noiembrie 2010</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-27">27 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Amosnews.ro&rft.atitle=Ziua+Independen%C8%9Bei+Poloniei&rft.date=2010-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amosnews.ro%2Farhiva%2Fziua-independentei-poloniei-11-11-2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Teresa Pawlowski (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.ro/books?id%3D8oGZD6n1m80C%26pg%3DPA91%26lpg%3DPA91%26dq%3Dtwo%2Bbricks%2Bwarsaw%2Bhitler%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DilmImFR43l%26sig%3DbAIbr0dqvQvhWrYyBshmr61E8YM%26hl%3Dro%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMIsvTorez5xgIVSgTbCh1K_gjS%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dtwo%2520bricks%2520warsaw%2520hitler%26f%3Dfalse">A Daughter's Promise</a>. Dorrance Publishing. Accesat în <time datetime="2013-09-09">9 septembrie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Daughter%27s+Promise&rft.pub=Dorrance+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Teresa+Pawlowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ro%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8oGZD6n1m80C%26pg%3DPA91%26lpg%3DPA91%26dq%3Dtwo%2Bbricks%2Bwarsaw%2Bhitler%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DilmImFR43l%26sig%3DbAIbr0dqvQvhWrYyBshmr61E8YM%26hl%3Dro%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0CCAQ6AEwAGoVChMIsvTorez5xgIVSgTbCh1K_gjS%23v%3Donepage%26q%3Dtwo%2520bricks%2520warsaw%2520hitler%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-56">^</a> Deși astăzi se face referință la acest lagăr folosindu-se numele polonez Oświęcim-Brzezinka, aceasta nu înseamnă că el a fost utilizat de polonezi sau construit din ideea lor. Astfel, termenul lagăre de exterminare poloneze, frecvent folosit în medii, este incorect.</li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder2-57"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Snyder2_57-0">^</a> Timothy Snyder. The Reconstruction of Nations. Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yale_University_Press?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. 2003. pp. 168-170, 176</li> <li id="cite_note-Od_rzezi,_447-58"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Od_rzezi,_447_58-0">^</a> Grzegorz Motyka, Od rzezi wołyńskiej do akcji "Wisła". Konflikt polsko-ukraiński 1943- 1947. Cracovia 2011, p.447</li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-59">^</a> Ivan Katchanovski, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.cpsa-acsp.ca/papers-2010/Katchanovski.pdf">Terrorists or National Heroes? Politics of the OUN and the UPA in Ukraine</a>, 2010.</li> <li id="cite_note-Subtelny489-60"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Subtelny489_60-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Orest_Subtelny&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Orest Subtelny — pagină inexistentă">Subtelny, Orest</a> (<time datetime="1988">1988</time>). Ukraine: A History. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-8020-5808-6?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-8020-5808-6">0-8020-5808-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ukraine%3A+A+History&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8020-5808-6&rft.aulast=Subtelny&rft.aufirst=Orest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">, p. 489</li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican-bio-en-61">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vatican-bio-en_61-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Vatican-bio-en_61-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.vatican.va/news_services/press/documentazione/documents/santopadre_biografie/giovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html">„Events in the Pontificate of John Paul II”</a>. vatican.va. <time datetime="2005-06-30">30 iunie 2005</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-01-01">1 ianuarie 2009</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Events+in+the+Pontificate+of+John+Paul+II&rft.pub=vatican.va&rft.date=2005-06-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fnews_services%2Fpress%2Fdocumentazione%2Fdocuments%2Fsantopadre_biografie%2Fgiovanni_paolo_ii_biografia_pontificato_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/august/30/newsid_4559000/4559293.stm">„1980: Polish workers win trade union rights”</a>, BBC News, <time datetime="1980">1980</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-27">27 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=1980%3A+Polish+workers+win+trade+union+rights&rft.date=1980&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fonthisday%2Fhi%2Fdates%2Fstories%2Faugust%2F30%2Fnewsid_4559000%2F4559293.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-63">^</a> Solidarity and the fall of communism, Andrzej Paczkowski, Europejskie Centrum Solidarności, 2009</li> <li id="cite_note-Time80-64"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Time80_64-0">^</a> Articol din 22 septembrie 1980, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952741,00.html">POLAND: A New Party Boss Takes Charge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825233319/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,952741,00.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2013-08-25">25 august 2013</time>, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., revista Time</li> <li id="cite_note-Revolution1989-65"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Revolution1989_65-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Sebetsyen, Victor (<time datetime="2009">2009</time>). Revolution 1989: The Fall of the Soviet Empire. New York City: <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Pantheon_Books&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pantheon Books — pagină inexistentă">Pantheon Books</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q520387" class="extiw" title="d:Q520387">d</a>). <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0-375-42532-2?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/0-375-42532-2">0-375-42532-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+1989%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Empire&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=%3APantheon+Books%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Pantheon+Books+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=0-375-42532-2&rft.aulast=Sebetsyen&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-66"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Britannica_66-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/301467/Wojciech-Witold-Jaruzelski">„Wojciech Witold Jaruzelski”</a>. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica Online</a>. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-11-24">24 noiembrie 2008</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wojciech+Witold+Jaruzelski&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F301467%2FWojciech-Witold-Jaruzelski&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-67">^</a> George Sanford, Military Rule in Poland: The Rebuilding of Communist Power, 1981-1983</li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.nato.int/docu/comm/1999/9904-wsh/pres-eng/03acce.pdf">„The accession of the Czech Republic, Hungary and Poland”</a> (PDF), Nato.int, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-27">27 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nato.int&rft.atitle=The+accession+of+the+Czech+Republic%2C+Hungary+and+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fcomm%2F1999%2F9904-wsh%2Fpres-eng%2F03acce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7153490.stm">„Europe's border-free zone expands”</a>. BBC News. <time datetime="2007-12-21">21 decembrie 2007</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-07-28">28 iulie 2011</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+border-free+zone+expands&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2F7153490.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type%3DIM-PRESS%26reference%3D20090713IPR58063%26language%3DEN">„Jerzy Buzek elected President of the European Parliament”</a>. European Parliament. <time datetime="2009-07-14">14 iulie 2009</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-12-12">12 decembrie 2010</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jerzy+Buzek+elected+President+of+the+European+Parliament&rft.pub=European+Parliament&rft.date=2009-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3Ftype%3DIM-PRESS%26reference%3D20090713IPR58063%26language%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2021_Pol-LGBT-71"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2021_Pol-LGBT_71-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Pronczuk, Monika (<time datetime="2021-09-24">24 septembrie 2021</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/24/world/europe/hungary-poland-eu.html">„Europe Tightens Purse Strings to Try to Pressure Poland and Hungary”</a>. The New York Times. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-09-24">24 septembrie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Europe+Tightens+Purse+Strings+to+Try+to+Pressure+Poland+and+Hungary&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft.aulast=Pronczuk&rft.aufirst=Monika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F09%2F24%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fhungary-poland-eu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-DW.COM_primacy-72"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-DW.COM_primacy_72-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.dw.com/en/polands-top-court-rules-against-primacy-of-eu-law/a-59440843">„Poland's top court rules against primacy of EU law - 07.10.2021”</a>. DW.COM. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-10-07">7 octombrie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DW.COM&rft.atitle=Poland%27s+top+court+rules+against+primacy+of+EU+law+-+07.10.2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fpolands-top-court-rules-against-primacy-of-eu-law%2Fa-59440843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stat.gov.pl/opracowania_zbiorcze/maly_rocznik_stat/2005/01_war_nat_i_och_sro.pdf">„Mały Rocznik Statystyczny GUS”</a> (PDF) (în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneză</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ma%C5%82y+Rocznik+Statystyczny+GUS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.pl%2Fopracowania_zbiorcze%2Fmaly_rocznik_stat%2F2005%2F01_war_nat_i_och_sro.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  Parametru necunoscut <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessyear=</code> ignorat (posibil, <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code>?) (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>); Parametru necunoscut <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessmonthday=</code> ignorat (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#parameter_ignored" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Limb%C4%83_nerecunoscut%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută">link</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sztuczne_zbiorniki_wodne_w_Polsce">„Sztuczne zbiorniki wodne w Polsce. Articolul Wikipediei Poloneze”</a> (în <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_polonez%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba poloneză">poloneză</a>).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sztuczne+zbiorniki+wodne+w+Polsce.+Articolul+Wikipediei+Poloneze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpl.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSztuczne_zbiorniki_wodne_w_Polsce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  Parametru necunoscut <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessyear=</code> ignorat (posibil, <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|access-date=</code>?) (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>); Parametru necunoscut <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|accessmonthday=</code> ignorat (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ajutor:Erori_CS1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#parameter_ignored" title="Ajutor:Erori CS1">ajutor</a>)Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută (<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Categorie:Mentenan%C8%9B%C4%83_CS1:_Limb%C4%83_nerecunoscut%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Categorie:Mentenanță CS1: Limbă nerecunoscută">link</a>) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Photius-75"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Photius_75-0">^</a> The CIA World Factbook, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.photius.com/countries/poland/climate/poland_climate_climate.html">Poland Climate.</a> Photius Coutsoukis 2004. The Library of Congress Country Studies.</li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20150911184433/http://urbact.eu/poland">„URBACT inPoland”</a>, Urbact.eu, arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://urbact.eu/poland">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-09-11">11 septembrie 2015</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-27">27 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Urbact.eu&rft.atitle=URBACT+inPoland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furbact.eu%2Fpoland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/polski/kon1.htm">„Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej”</a>. www.sejm.gov.pl. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-23">23 martie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sejm.gov.pl&rft.atitle=Konstytucja+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fprawo%2Fkonst%2Fpolski%2Fkon1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117022639/http://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/status-prawny-kancelarii/statut-kancelarii-prezydenta-rp/">„Akty normatywne określające statut Kancelarii Prezydenta RP”</a>, Oficjalna strona Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, <time datetime="1997-04-02">2 aprilie 1997</time>, arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.prezydent.pl/kancelaria/status-prawny-kancelarii/statut-kancelarii-prezydenta-rp/">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-11-17">17 noiembrie 2015</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-26">26 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oficjalna+strona+Prezydenta+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej&rft.atitle=Akty+normatywne+okre%C5%9Blaj%C4%85ce+statut+Kancelarii+Prezydenta+RP&rft.date=1997-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prezydent.pl%2Fkancelaria%2Fstatus-prawny-kancelarii%2Fstatut-kancelarii-prezydenta-rp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.sejm.gov.pl/prawo/konst/polski/8.htm">Konstytucja Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej - Sądy i Trybunały</a>, <time datetime="1997-04-02">2 aprilie 1997</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-27">27 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Konstytucja+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej+-+S%C4%85dy+i+Trybuna%C5%82y&rft.date=1997-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sejm.gov.pl%2Fprawo%2Fkonst%2Fpolski%2F8.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-mil-80">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mil_80-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mil_80-1">b</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-mil_80-2">c</a> pl <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wp.mil.pl/pliki/File/zalaczniki_do_stron/SBN_RP.pdf">„Strategia Bezpieczeństwa Narodowego RP”</a> (PDF). www.wp.mil.pl. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-09-26">26 septembrie 2008</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wp.mil.pl&rft.atitle=Strategia+Bezpiecze%C5%84stwa+Narodowego+RP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wp.mil.pl%2Fpliki%2FFile%2Fzalaczniki_do_stron%2FSBN_RP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMinisterul_Apărării_Naționale_din_Poloinia2010" class="citation">Ministerul Apărării Naționale din Poloinia (<time datetime="2010">2010</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://archiwalny.mon.gov.pl/en/strona/319/LG_249">Polish Army - National Reserve Forces</a>, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-26">26 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polish+Army+-+National+Reserve+Forces&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Ministerul+Ap%C4%83r%C4%83rii+Na%C8%9Bionale+din+Poloinia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiwalny.mon.gov.pl%2Fen%2Fstrona%2F319%2FLG_249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Poland_ends_army_conscription-82"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Poland_ends_army_conscription_82-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news">Day, Matthew (<time datetime="2008-08-05">5 august 2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/poland/2505447/Poland-ends-army-conscription.html">„Poland ends army conscription”</a>. London: Telegraph. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-07-28">28 iulie 2011</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poland+ends+army+conscription&rft.date=2008-08-05&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fpoland%2F2505447%2FPoland-ends-army-conscription.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Polska_zakończyła_udział_w_misjach_po_auspicjami_ONZ_–_Wiadomości_z_kraju_i_ze_świata_–_Gazeta_Prawna_–_Partner_pracodawcy,_narzędzie_specjalisty-83"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Polska_zako%C5%84czy%C5%82a_udzia%C5%82_w_misjach_po_auspicjami_ONZ_%E2%80%93_Wiadomo%C5%9Bci_z_kraju_i_ze_%C5%9Bwiata_%E2%80%93_Gazeta_Prawna_%E2%80%93_Partner_pracodawcy,_narz%C4%99dzie_specjalisty_83-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.gazetaprawna.pl/wiadomosci/artykuly/382706,polska_zakonczyla_udzial_w_misjach_po_auspicjami_onz.html">„Polska zakończyła udział w misjach po auspicjami ONZ – Wiadomości z kraju i ze świata – Gazeta Prawna – Partner pracodawcy, narzędzie specjalisty”</a>. Gazetaprawna.pl. <time datetime="2009-12-31">31 decembrie 2009</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-11-02">2 noiembrie 2011</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polska+zako%C5%84czy%C5%82a+udzia%C5%82+w+misjach+po+auspicjami+ONZ+%E2%80%93+Wiadomo%C5%9Bci+z+kraju+i+ze+%C5%9Bwiata+%E2%80%93+Gazeta+Prawna+%E2%80%93+Partner+pracodawcy%2C+narz%C4%99dzie+specjalisty&rft.pub=Gazetaprawna.pl&rft.date=2009-12-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gazetaprawna.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fartykuly%2F382706%2Cpolska_zakonczyla_udzial_w_misjach_po_auspicjami_onz.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFVanessa_Gera2008" class="citation">Vanessa Gera (<time datetime="2008-04-11">11 aprilie 2008</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2008/10/04/poland-pulling-troops-out_n_131940.html">„Poland Pulling Troops Out Of Iraq”</a>, Huffingtonpost.com, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-26">26 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Huffingtonpost.com&rft.atitle=Poland+Pulling+Troops+Out+Of+Iraq&rft.date=2008-04-11&rft.au=Vanessa+Gera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2F2008%2F10%2F04%2Fpoland-pulling-troops-out_n_131940.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Accident_Database-85"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Accident_Database_85-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20151105201211/http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date%3D04102010%26reg%3D101%26airline%3DPolish%2BAir%2BForce">„Accident Database”</a>. AirDisaster.com. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.airdisaster.com/cgi-bin/view_details.cgi?date%3D04102010%26reg%3D101%26airline%3DPolish%2BAir%2BForce">original</a> la <time datetime="2015-11-05">5 noiembrie 2015</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-12-12">12 decembrie 2010</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AirDisaster.com&rft.atitle=Accident+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airdisaster.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fview_details.cgi%3Fdate%3D04102010%26reg%3D101%26airline%3DPolish%2BAir%2BForce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Senior_Polish_figures_killed_in_plane_crash-86"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Senior_Polish_figures_killed_in_plane_crash_86-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8613395.stm">„Senior Polish figures killed in plane crash”</a>. BBC. <time datetime="2010-04-11">11 aprilie 2010</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Senior+Polish+figures+killed+in+plane+crash&rft.date=2010-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F8613395.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.pkobp.pl/grupa-pko-banku-polskiego/pko-bank-polski/historia/rys-historyczny/">„Rys historyczny”</a>, PKO Bank Polski, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-27">27 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PKO+Bank+Polski&rft.atitle=Rys+historyczny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pkobp.pl%2Fgrupa-pko-banku-polskiego%2Fpko-bank-polski%2Fhistoria%2Frys-historyczny%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-agEcon-88"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-agEcon_88-0">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2014/03/polands-agriculture">„A golden age for Polish farming?”</a>. The Economist. <time datetime="2014-03-24">24 martie 2014</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2014-11-23">23 noiembrie 2014</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=A+golden+age+for+Polish+farming%3F&rft.date=2014-03-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feasternapproaches%2F2014%2F03%2Fpolands-agriculture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.poland.travel/en-us/agrotourism/">Agrotourism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141031142227/http://www.poland.travel/en-us/agrotourism/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-10-31">31 octombrie 2014</time>, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Poland's Official Travel Website.</li> <li id="cite_note-wisd2010-08-23-90">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wisd2010-08-23_90-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-wisd2010-08-23_90-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wall-street.ro/top/Economie/89871/Top-10-tari-din-UE-care-au-atras-cele-mai-mari-investitii-Romania-locul-14/2/Polonia-11-3-mld-dolari.html">Top 10 tari din UE care au atras cele mai mari investitii. Romania, locul 14</a>, 26 iulie 2010, wall-stret.ro, accesat la 23 august 2010</li> <li id="cite_note-nr2010-08-27-91"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nr2010-08-27_91-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wall-street.ro/slideshow/Economie/84459/Fondurile-europene-Solutia-Romaniei-pentru-iesirea-din-criza.html">Fondurile europene - Solutia Romaniei pentru iesirea din criza?</a>, 26 aprilie 2010, wall-street.ro, accesat la 27 august 2010</li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-92">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://biznes.interia.pl/wiadomosci/news/polska-w-strefie-euro-znajdziemy-sie-najwczesniej-po-2020,2051575,4199">„Polska w strefie euro znajdziemy się najwcześniej po 2020 roku - Biznes w INTERIA.PL”</a>, Biznes.interia.pl, <time datetime="2014-10-10">10 octombrie 2014</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-27">27 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biznes.interia.pl&rft.atitle=Polska+w+strefie+euro+znajdziemy+si%C4%99+najwcze%C5%9Bniej+po+2020+roku+-+Biznes+w+INTERIA.PL&rft.date=2014-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiznes.interia.pl%2Fwiadomosci%2Fnews%2Fpolska-w-strefie-euro-znajdziemy-sie-najwczesniej-po-2020%2C2051575%2C4199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMaciej_Martewicz2014" class="citation">Maciej Martewicz (<time datetime="2014-06-17">17 iunie 2014</time>), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-17/pkp-cargo-drops-as-polish-rail-offers-190-million-stake">„PKP Cargo Drops as Polish Rail Offers $190 Million Stake - Bloomberg Business”</a>, Bloomberg.com, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-28">28 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=PKP+Cargo+Drops+as+Polish+Rail+Offers+%24190+Million+Stake+-+Bloomberg+Business&rft.date=2014-06-17&rft.au=Maciej+Martewicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2014-06-17%2Fpkp-cargo-drops-as-polish-rail-offers-190-million-stake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20160407085451/http://wkd.com.pl/en/about-the-warsaw-commuter-railway-wkd/history-of-ekd-wkd.html">„History of EKD/WKD”</a>, Wkd.com, arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.wkd.com.pl/en/about-the-warsaw-commuter-railway-wkd/history-of-ekd-wkd.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2016-04-07">7 aprilie 2016</time>, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-27">27 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wkd.com&rft.atitle=History+of+EKD%2FWKD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wkd.com.pl%2Fen%2Fabout-the-warsaw-commuter-railway-wkd%2Fhistory-of-ekd-wkd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-95">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326112717/https://www.metro.waw.pl/">„Strona główna - Metro”</a>. www.metro.waw.pl. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.metro.waw.pl/">original</a> la <time datetime="2020-03-26">26 martie 2020</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-23">23 martie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.metro.waw.pl&rft.atitle=Strona+g%C5%82%C3%B3wna+-+Metro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metro.waw.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928120253/http://www.skm.warszawa.pl/">„Trenuri urbane din Varșovia”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.skm.warszawa.pl/">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-09-28">28 septembrie 2007</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-23">23 martie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trenuri+urbane+din+Var%C8%99ovia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skm.warszawa.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227081243/http://www.skm.pkp.pl/">„SKM Trójmiasto”</a>. www.skm.pkp.pl. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.skm.pkp.pl/">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-12-27">27 decembrie 2014</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-23">23 martie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.skm.pkp.pl&rft.atitle=SKM+Tr%C3%B3jmiasto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skm.pkp.pl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501204813/http://www.mpk.poznan.pl/pst10.html">„Pagina oficială a Companiei de Transport Public în Poznań”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.mpk.poznan.pl/pst10.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2009-05-01">1 mai 2009</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-23">23 martie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pagina+oficial%C4%83+a+Companiei+de+Transport+Public+%C3%AEn+Pozna%C5%84&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpk.poznan.pl%2Fpst10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090120215734/http://www.arm.krakow.pl/inwestycje_wtoku_wiecej.php?id%3D31">„Planuri de creare a tramvaiului rapid în Cracovia”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.arm.krakow.pl/inwestycje_wtoku_wiecej.php?id%3D31">original</a> la <time datetime="2009-01-20">20 ianuarie 2009</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-23">23 martie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planuri+de+creare+a+tramvaiului+rapid+%C3%AEn+Cracovia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arm.krakow.pl%2Finwestycje_wtoku_wiecej.php%3Fid%3D31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-100">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.szczecin.eu/pl">„Szczecin.EU - Szczecin Floating Garden”</a>. www.szczecin.eu. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-23">23 martie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.szczecin.eu&rft.atitle=Szczecin.EU+-+Szczecin+Floating+Garden&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.szczecin.eu%2Fpl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024232342/http://www.ipt_lodz.toya.net.pl/news/news/NLDZ_200603_1.htm">„Planuri de creare a tramvaiului rapid în Cracovia”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ipt_lodz.toya.net.pl/news/news/NLDZ_200603_1.htm">original</a> la <time datetime="2007-10-24">24 octombrie 2007</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-10-06">6 octombrie 2007</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Planuri+de+creare+a+tramvaiului+rapid+%C3%AEn+Cracovia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipt_lodz.toya.net.pl%2Fnews%2Fnews%2FNLDZ_200603_1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTramwaj%26oldid%3D9372256%23Sieci_i_linie_tramwajowe_w_Polsce">Lista rețelor de tramvaie în Polonia la articolul Tramwaj în Wikipedia poloneză</a></li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-103">^</a> <a class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DTrolejbus%26oldid%3D9263509%23Trolejbusy_w_Polsce">Lista rețelor de troleibuze în Polonia la articolul Trolejbus în Wikipedia poloneză</a></li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-104">^</a> Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, A Concise History of Poland, Cambridge University Press, 2001, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0521559170?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-55917-0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.google.com/books?id%3DNpMxTvBuWHYC%26pg%3DPA6%26vq%3Dmillion%26dq%3DMieszko%2Bmillion%26source%3Dgbs_search_s%26cad%3D0">Google Print, p.6</a></li> <li id="cite_note-cam727-105"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-cam727_105-0">^</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Gieysztor&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Aleksander Gieysztor — pagină inexistentă">Aleksander Gieysztor</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2832516" class="extiw" title="d:Q2832516">d</a>), Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, in Christopher Allmand (ed.), The New Cambridge Medieval History, Cambridge University Press, 2005, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/0521382963?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-521-38296-3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.google.com/books?id%3DQzc8OeuSXFMC%26pg%3DRA1-PA727%26dq%3Ddemographics%2B%2522Grand%2BDuchy%2Bof%2BLithuania%2522%23PRA1-PA727,M1Google">Print, p.727</a></li> <li id="cite_note-polex-106"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-polex_106-0">^</a> London Nakl. Stowarzyszenia Prawników Polskich w Zjednoczonym Królestwie [1941], Polska w liczbach. Poland in numbers. Zebrali i opracowali Jan Jankowski i Antoni Serafinski. Przedmowa zaopatrzyl Stanislaw Szurlej.</li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-107">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country%3DPL">„Key Development Forecasts for Poland”</a>, Ifs.du.edu, accesat în <time datetime="2015-07-27">27 iulie 2015</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ifs.du.edu&rft.atitle=Key+Development+Forecasts+for+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ifs.du.edu%2Fifs%2Ffrm_CountryProfile.aspx%3FCountry%3DPL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inzynieria.com/budownictwo/rankingi/65215,najwieksze-miasta-w-polsce-2022-ranking">„Największe miasta w Polsce 2022 – ranking”</a>, inzynieria.com, accesat în <time datetime="2023-06-16">16 iunie 2023</time></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=inzynieria.com&rft.atitle=Najwi%C4%99ksze+miasta+w+Polsce+2022+%E2%80%93+ranking&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finzynieria.com%2Fbudownictwo%2Frankingi%2F65215%2Cnajwieksze-miasta-w-polsce-2022-ranking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-ethnologuepl-109">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ethnologuepl_109-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ethnologuepl_109-1">b</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ethnologuepl_109-2">c</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ethnologuepl_109-3">d</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-ethnologuepl_109-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name%3DPL">Raportul Ethnologue despre Polonia</a></li> <li id="cite_note-podlasia-110">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-podlasia_110-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-podlasia_110-1">b</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703103136/http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s%3D1%26id%3D945">„Hartă cu comune de limba bielorusă și de limba lituaniană”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s%3D1%26id%3D945">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-07-03">3 iulie 2014</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-10-06">6 octombrie 2007</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hart%C4%83+cu+comune+de+limba+bielorus%C4%83+%C8%99i+de+limba+lituanian%C4%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mswia.gov.pl%2Fdownload.php%3Fs%3D1%26id%3D945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Limba_ca%C8%99ub%C4%83?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Limba cașubă">Articol în Wikipedia Poloneză</a></li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703120213/http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s%3D1%26id%3D946">„Hartă cu comune de limba cașubiană”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s%3D1%26id%3D946">original</a> la <time datetime="2014-07-03">3 iulie 2014</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-10-06">6 octombrie 2007</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hart%C4%83+cu+comune+de+limba+ca%C8%99ubian%C4%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mswia.gov.pl%2Fdownload.php%3Fs%3D1%26id%3D946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719121743/http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s%3D1%26id%3D944">„Hartă cu comune de limba germană”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www2.mswia.gov.pl/download.php?s%3D1%26id%3D944">original</a> la <time datetime="2012-07-19">19 iulie 2012</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-10-06">6 octombrie 2007</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hart%C4%83+cu+comune+de+limba+german%C4%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.mswia.gov.pl%2Fdownload.php%3Fs%3D1%26id%3D944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Articol_%C3%AEn_Wikipedia_Polonez%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Articol în Wikipedia Poloneză — pagină inexistentă">Articol în Wikipedia Poloneză</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16458413" class="extiw" title="d:Q16458413">d</a>)</li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/szl">„szl - ISO 639-3”</a>. iso639-3.sil.org. Accesat în <time datetime="2021-03-23">23 martie 2021</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iso639-3.sil.org&rft.atitle=szl+-+ISO+639-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Fcode%2Fszl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20080714060852/http://punasymu.com/_indexs.php">„Proiectul Pů našymu, eli po ślůnsku”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://punasymu.com/_indexs.php">original</a> la <time datetime="2008-07-14">14 iulie 2008</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2007-10-06">6 octombrie 2007</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proiectul+P%C5%AF+na%C5%A1ymu%2C+eli+po+%C5%9Bl%C5%AFnsku&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpunasymu.com%2F_indexs.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-Poles_return_to_Russian_language-117">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Poles_return_to_Russian_language_117-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Poles_return_to_Russian_language_117-1">b</a> <cite class="citation news">Jan Repa (<time datetime="2007-01-05">5 ianuarie 2007</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6233821.stm">„Poles return to Russian language”</a>. news.bbc.co.uk. Accesat în <time datetime="2011-08-27">27 august 2011</time>. <q>In former satellite countries like Hungary or Poland, knowledge of Russian dwindled rapidly – to be replaced by English and German.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=news.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Poles+return+to+Russian+language&rft.date=2007-01-05&rft.au=Jan+Repa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6233821.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-GUS99-118">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GUS99_118-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GUS99_118-1">b</a> GUS, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://stat.gov.pl/download/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/LUD_ludnosc_stan_str_dem_spo_NSP2011.pdf">Narodowy Spis Powszechny Ludnosci 2011: 4.4. Przynależność wyznaniowa (National Survey 2011: 4.4 Membership in faith communities)</a> p. 99/337 (PDF file, direct download 3.3 MB). <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9788370275211?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-83-7027-521-1</a> Retrieved 27 December 2014.</li> <li id="cite_note-repgus2012-119">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-repgus2012_119-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-repgus2012_119-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Główny Urząd Statystyczny (<time datetime="2012">2012</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/RS_rocznik_statystyczny_rp_2012.pdf">Rocznik statystyczny Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej 2012</a> (PDF). Warszawa: Zakład Wydawnictw Statystycznych.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rocznik+statystyczny+Rzeczypospolitej+Polskiej+2012&rft.place=Warszawa&rft.pub=Zak%C5%82ad+Wydawnictw+Statystycznych&rft.date=2012&rft.au=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2FRS_rocznik_statystyczny_rp_2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">pl /en </li> <li id="cite_note-gusrel09-11-120"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gusrel09-11_120-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Oficiul_Principal_de_Statistic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Oficiul Principal de Statistică — pagină inexistentă">Główny Urząd Statystyczny</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1547190" class="extiw" title="d:Q1547190">d</a>) (<time datetime="2013-03-28">28 martie 2013</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/oz_wyznania_religijne_stow_nar_i_etn_w_pol_2009-2011.pdf">„Wyznania religijne stowarzyszenia narodowościowe i etniczne w Polsce 2009–2011”</a> (PDF). Accesat în <time datetime="2013-04-19">19 aprilie 2013</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Wyznania+religijne+stowarzyszenia+narodowo%C5%9Bciowe+i+etniczne+w+Polsce+2009%E2%80%932011&rft.date=2013-03-28&rft.au=G%C5%82%C3%B3wny+Urz%C4%85d+Statystyczny%3Csup%3E%3Csmall%3E%E2%81%A0%28%3Cspan+title%3D%22Oficiul+Principal+de+Statistic%C4%83+la+Wikidata%22%3Ed%3C%2Fspan%3E%29%3C%2Fsmall%3E%3C%2Fsup%3E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.gov.pl%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fgus%2Foz_wyznania_religijne_stow_nar_i_etn_w_pol_2009-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">pl /en </li> <li id="cite_note-GUS-2-121"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-GUS-2_121-0">^</a> Central Statistical Office (Poland): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/PUBL_E_szkoly_wyzsze_2008.pdf">Studenci szkół wyższych (łącznie z cudzoziemcami) na dzień 30 XI 2008.</a> pl </li> <li id="cite_note-copernicus-122"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-copernicus_122-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/136591/Nicolaus-Copernicus">„Nicolaus Copernicus”</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Accesat în <time datetime="2008-10-10">10 octombrie 2008</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolaus+Copernicus&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F136591%2FNicolaus-Copernicus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Rey Alain (<time datetime="1993">1993</time>). Le petit Robert 2: dictionnaire universel des noms propres, alphabétique et analogique (în franceză). INIST-CNRS, Cote INIST : L 22712: Le Robert, Paris, FRANCE. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-2-85036-210-1?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-2-85036-210-1">978-2-85036-210-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+petit+Robert+2%3A+dictionnaire+universel+des+noms+propres%2C+alphab%C3%A9tique+et+analogique&rft.place=INIST-CNRS%2C+Cote+INIST+%3A+L+22712&rft.pub=Le+Robert%2C+Paris%2C+FRANCE&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-2-85036-210-1&rft.au=Rey+Alain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Michael Kennedy, ed. (<time datetime="2004">2004</time>). The Concise Oxford dictionary of music. Oxford University Press. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-19-860884-4?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-19-860884-4">978-0-19-860884-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+dictionary+of+music&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860884-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"> p. 141</li> <li id="cite_note-gierowski-125"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-gierowski_125-0">^</a> Józef Andrzej Gierowski – Historia Polski 1505–1764 (History of Poland 1505–1764), p. 105-173</li> <li id="cite_note-Blavascunas2008-126">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Blavascunas2008_126-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Blavascunas2008_126-1">b</a> <cite class="citation book">Eunice L. Blavascunas (<time datetime="2008">2008</time>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://books.google.com/books?id%3DZsEzM8Gbl68C%26pg%3DPA98">The Peasant and Communist Past in the Making of an Ecological Region: Podlasie, Poland</a>. ProQuest. p. 98. <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/978-0-549-65633-3?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Special:Referințe în cărți/978-0-549-65633-3">978-0-549-65633-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Peasant+and+Communist+Past+in+the+Making+of+an+Ecological+Region%3A+Podlasie%2C+Poland&rft.pages=98&rft.pub=ProQuest&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-549-65633-3&rft.au=Eunice+L.+Blavascunas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZsEzM8Gbl68C%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537">[<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Leg%C4%83turi_externe?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Wikipedia:Legături externe">nefuncțională</a>]</li> <li id="cite_note-nobl-127">^ <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nobl_127-0">a</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nobl_127-1">b</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nobl_127-2">c</a> <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-nobl_127-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.polska.pl/info/informacje_o_polsce/noblisci.htm">Câștigatorii Premiului Nobel din Polonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007105205/http://www.polska.pl/info/informacje_o_polsce/noblisci.htm">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-10-07">7 octombrie 2007</time>, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., accesat la data de 7 IX 2007</li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-128">^</a> "Tu się w lasy schroniły wygnane ze zbytkowych stołów, narodowe potrawy, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Barszcz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Barszcz — pagină inexistentă">Barszcz</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4551" class="extiw" title="d:Q4551">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bigos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bigos">Bigos</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Zrazy&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Zrazy — pagină inexistentă">Zrazy</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176436" class="extiw" title="d:Q176436">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Col%C8%9Buna%C8%99i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colțunași">Pirogi</a> i <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Piecze%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Pieczeń — pagină inexistentă">Pieczeń</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4865573" class="extiw" title="d:Q4865573">d</a>)" [in:] Jan N. de Bobrowicz. Maxymilian arcyksiąże Austryacki obrany Król polski. 1848. s. 74; "<a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Barszcz&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Barszcz — pagină inexistentă">Barszcz</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4551" class="extiw" title="d:Q4551">d</a>), <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Ros%C3%B3%C5%82&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Rosół — pagină inexistentă">Rosół</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17099188" class="extiw" title="d:Q17099188">d</a>), sztuka mięsa, pieczenie huzarskie, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Bigos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Bigos">bigos</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Col%C8%9Buna%C8%99i?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Colțunași">Pierogi</a>, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Kie%C5%82basa&action=edit&redlink=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="new" title="Kiełbasa — pagină inexistentă">Kiełbasa</a>⁠(<a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829720" class="extiw" title="d:Q829720">d</a>) z kapustą, przede wszystkim zaś rozmaite kasze" Zbigniew Kuchowicz Obyczaje staropolskie XVII-XVIII wieku. 1975; "pieczeń cielęca pieczona (panierowana), pieczeń cielęca zapiekana w sosie beszamelowym, pieczeń huzarska (=pieczeń wołowa przekładana farszem), pieczeń rzymska (klops), pieczeń rzymska (klops z cielęciny) w sosie śmietanowym, pieczeń rzymska z królika " [in:] Stanisław Berger. Kuchnia polska. 1974.; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://books.google.pl/books?id%3DeXuO_-KMm2sC%26pg%3DPA89%26dq%3Dpiecze%25C5%2584%2Broast%26hl%3Dpl%26ei%3DwwZMTom_NI6r-gbdmuGOCQ%26sa%3DX%26oi%3Dbook_result%26ct%3Dbook-preview-link%26resnum%3D7%26ved%3D0CE8QuwUwBg%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse">Polish Holiday Cookery</a> by Robert Strybel, 2003</li> <li id="cite_note-FIFA_World_Cup_Statistics-Poland-129"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FIFA_World_Cup_Statistics-Poland_129-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511111015/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/associations/association%3Dpol/worldcup/index.html">„FIFA World Cup Statistics-Poland”</a>. FIFA. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/associations/association%3Dpol/worldcup/index.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-05-11">11 mai 2011</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-12-12">12 decembrie 2010</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIFA+World+Cup+Statistics-Poland&rft.pub=FIFA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldfootball%2Fstatisticsandrecords%2Fassociations%2Fassociation%3Dpol%2Fworldcup%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-FIFA_Statistics_–_Poland-130"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-FIFA_Statistics_%E2%80%93_Poland_130-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110955/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/associations/association%3Dpol/othertournaments/index.html">„FIFA Statistics – Poland”</a>. Arhivat din <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/associations/association%3Dpol/othertournaments/index.html">original</a> la <time datetime="2011-05-11">11 mai 2011</time>. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-12-12">12 decembrie 2010</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIFA+Statistics+%E2%80%93+Poland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldfootball%2Fstatisticsandrecords%2Fassociations%2Fassociation%3Dpol%2Fothertournaments%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-warsaw-life-131"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-warsaw-life_131-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.warsaw-life.com/poland/euro-2012">„Poland hosts Euro 2012!”</a>. warsaw-life.com. Accesat în <time datetime="2010-12-12">12 decembrie 2010</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poland+hosts+Euro+2012%21&rft.pub=warsaw-life.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.warsaw-life.com%2Fpoland%2Feuro-2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-turism-132"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-turism_132-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.tourismroi.com/Content_Attachments/27670/File_633513750035785076.pdf">„UNTWO World Tourism Barometer, Vol.5 No.2”</a> (PDF). tourismroi.com. Accesat în <time datetime="2009-10-12">12 octombrie 2009</time>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tourismroi.com&rft.atitle=UNTWO+World+Tourism+Barometer%2C+Vol.5+No.2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tourismroi.com%2FContent_Attachments%2F27670%2FFile_633513750035785076.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fro.wikipedia.org%3APolonia" class="Z3988">  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16236537"></li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.polandforvisitors.com/travel_poland/summer_sports">Summer Sports in Poland</a> at Poland For Visitors Online. Accesat la 2 noiembrie 2014.</li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"> <h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=45&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <ul> <li>Glinka Leszek: Podręczny Atlas Polski. Editură PPWK, Varșovia, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2002?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2002">2002</a>.</li> <li>Mordawski Jan, Wiecki Wojciech: Geografa 2: Geografia i Człowiek. Editură Operon, Gdynia, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2007?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2007">2007</a>.</li> <li>Roszkowski Wojciech: Najnowsza historia Polski 1945-1980. Editură Świat Książki, Varșovia, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2003?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2003">2003</a>.</li> <li>Mały Rocznik Statystyczny 2006. Editură lui GUS, Varșovia, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2006?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2006">2006</a>.</li> <li>seria cărților Polska: Dzieje cywilizacji i narodu. Editură Wydawnictwo Dolnośląskie, Wrocław, <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/2004?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="2004">2004</a>.</li> <li>Mărculeț I. (coord.): "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.isjbacau.ro/compartiment-curriculum/geografie/an-scolar-2013-2014/statele-uniunii-europene-mica-enciclopedie-format-pdf">Starele Uniunii Europene. Mică enciclopedie</a>", <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9789730162110?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-973-0-16211-0</a>, București, 2014</li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"> <h2 id="Vezi_și">Vezi și</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=46&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nuvola_Polish_flag.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"> <noscript> <img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nuvola_Polish_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_Polish_flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="60"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nuvola_Polish_flag.svg/28px-Nuvola_Polish_flag.svg.png" data-alt="Portal icon" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nuvola_Polish_flag.svg/42px-Nuvola_Polish_flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Nuvola_Polish_flag.svg/56px-Nuvola_Polish_flag.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Portal:Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Portal:Polonia">Portal Polonia </a></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> <ul> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Locuri_din_patrimoniul_mondial_UNESCO?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Locuri din patrimoniul mondial UNESCO">Locuri din patrimoniul mondial UNESCO</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Devize_neoficiale_ale_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Devize neoficiale ale Poloniei">Devize neoficiale ale Poloniei</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List%C4%83_de_ora%C8%99e_din_Polonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Listă de orașe din Polonia">Listă de orașe din Polonia</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/List%C4%83_de_polonezi_celebri?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Listă de polonezi celebri">Listă de polonezi celebri</a></li> <li><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Parcurile_na%C8%9Bionale_ale_Poloniei?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Parcurile naționale ale Poloniei">Parcuri naționale din Polonia</a></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"> <h2 id="Legături_externe">Legături externe</h2> <a role="button" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=edit&section=47&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> modificare </a> </div> <section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <table class="metadata plainlinks mbox-small" style="padding:0.25em 0.5em 0.5em 0.75em;border:1px solid #aaa; color:var(--color-base, #000);"> <tbody> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;margin:auto;text-align:center;">Puteți găsi mai multe informații despre Polonia prin căutarea în proiectele similare ale Wikipediei, grupate sub denumirea generică de <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sister_projects" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Sister projects">„proiecte surori”</a>:</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" title="Search Wiktionary"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1089"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/23px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/35px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/46px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td style="padding-top:0.75em;"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Polonia">Definiții și traduceri</a> în Wikționar</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" title="Search Commons"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 18px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="18" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/37px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/Polonia">Imagini și media</a> la Commons</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" title="Search Wikiquote"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 21px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/21px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="21" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/42px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Polonia">Citate</a> la Wikicitat</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" title="Search Wikisource"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 24px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="24" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/48px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Polonia">Texte sursă</a> la Wikisursă</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" title="Search Wikibooks"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 25px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/25px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="25" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/50px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Polonia">Manuale</a> la Wikimanuale</td> </tr> <tr style="height:25px;"> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" title="Search Wikiversity"> <noscript> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="900"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 25px;height: 23px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/25px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="25" data-height="23" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/38px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Wikiversity-logo-en.svg/50px-Wikiversity-logo-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></td> <td><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Polonia" class="extiw" title="wikiversity:Special:Search/Polonia">Resurse de studiu</a> la Wikiversitate</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <ul> <li>pl <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://polska.pl">Portalul național al Poloniei</a></li> <li>pl en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://prezydent.pl">Pagina oficială a Președintelui Poloniei</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20090908152357/http://www.prezydent.pl/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2009-09-08">8 septembrie 2009</time>, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>pl en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://sejm.gov.pl">Pagina oficială a Seimului</a></li> <li>pl en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://senat.gov.pl">Pagina oficială a Senatului</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20071007044140/http://www.senat.gov.pl/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-10-07">7 octombrie 2007</time>, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>ro pl en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://bukareszt.msz.gov.pl/">Ambasada Poloniei din București</a></li> <li>ro en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://varsovia.mae.ro/">Ambasada României din Varșovia</a></li> <li>en <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html">Polonia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://web.archive.org/web/20190818041414/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pl.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2019-08-18">18 august 2019</time>, la <a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wayback_Machine?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. la CIA World Factbook</li> </ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox-title[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r16513826">    </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPolonia%26oldid%3D16671977">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polonia&oldid=16671977</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"><a class="last-modified-bar" href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Polonia&action=history&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Ultima modificare pe 20 noiembrie 2024, la 21:52 </div></a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Limbi</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – abhază" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abhază" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2588%25D1%258D" title="Полшэ – adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Полшэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – germană (Elveția)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="germană (Elveția)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258D%2596%25E1%2588%258B%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258B%25B5" title="ፖላንድ – amharică" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharică" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – aragoneză" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaland" title="Polaland – engleză veche" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Polaland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="engleză veche" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="पोलैंड – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7" title="بولندا – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DC%25A6%25DC%2598%25DC%25A0%25DC%25A2%25DC%2595" title="ܦܘܠܢܕ – aramaică" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܘܠܢܕ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramaică" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2588%25D9%2586%25D9%258A%25D8%25A7" title="پولونيا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="پولونيا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25A8%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7" title="بولاندا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بولاندا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%2587%25E0%25A6%25A3%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1" title="পোলেণ্ড – asameză" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পোলেণ্ড" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asameză" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – avară" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulu%25C3%25B1a" title="Puluña – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Puluña" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C5%259Fa" title="Polşa – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25DB%258C%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="لهیستان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لهیستان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – balineză" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balineză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poin" title="Poin – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Poin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%25C4%2597nk%25C4%2597j%25C4%2597" title="Lėnkėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lėnkėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bajau Sama</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0" title="Польшча – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D1%2587%25D0%25B0" title="Польшча – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Польшча" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Полша – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полша" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="पोलैंड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulandia" title="Pulandia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Pulandia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2581%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2591%25E1%2580%25AE" title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပိုလန်ခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2595%25E0%25BD%25BC%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BC%258D" title="ཕོ་ལན། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཕོ་ལན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A6%25AA%25E0%25A7%258B%25E0%25A6%25B2%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25AF%25E0%25A6%25BE%25E0%25A6%25A8%25E0%25A7%258D%25E0%25A6%25A1" title="পোল্যান্ড – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পোল্যান্ড" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – bosniacă" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25A8%2584%25E1%25A8%259A%25E1%25A8%2592%25E1%25A8%258A%25E1%25A8%2589" title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ – bugineză" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨄᨚᨒᨊᨉ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="bugineză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25BE" title="Польшо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Польшо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25B2nia" title="Polònia – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C5%258F%25CC%25A4-l%25C3%25A0ng" title="Pŏ̤-làng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Pŏ̤-làng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – cecenă" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="cecenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polskowa" title="Polskowa – cebuană" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Polskowa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaki" title="Polaki – chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Polaki" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258F%2589%25E1%258E%25B3%25E1%258F%2582" title="ᏉᎳᏂ – cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏉᎳᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25DB%2586%25DA%25B5%25DB%2595%25D9%2586%25D8%25AF%25D8%25A7" title="پۆڵەندا – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پۆڵەندا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – corsicană" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="corsicană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehistan" title="Lehistan – turcă crimeeană" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Lehistan" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="turcă crimeeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B2lsk%25C3%25B4" title="Pòlskô – cașubiană" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Pòlskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="cașubiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D2%2584%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Пол҄ьска – slavonă" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Пол҄ьска" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="slavonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwlad_Pwyl" title="Gwlad Pwyl – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwlad Pwyl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="articol recomandat"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B3lska" title="Pólska – sorabă de jos" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="sorabă de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DE%2595%25DE%25AE%25DE%258D%25DE%25AC%25DE%2582%25DE%25B0%25DE%2591%25DE%25AA" title="ޕޮލެންޑު – divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕޮލެންޑު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BD%2594%25E0%25BD%25BC%25E0%25BC%258B%25E0%25BD%25A3%25E0%25BD%25BA%25E0%25BD%2593%25E0%25BD%258C%25E0%25BD%25B2" title="པོ་ལེནཌི – dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="པོ་ལེནཌི" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C9%2594lisa" title="Pɔlisa – ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Pɔlisa" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CF%2589%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Πολωνία – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pul%25C3%25B3gna" title="Pulógna – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Pulógna" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollando" title="Pollando – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pollando" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%25C3%25B1a" title="Poloña – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Poloña" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="لهستان – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لهستان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloonya" title="Poloonya – fulah" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Poloonya" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="fulah" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poola" title="Poola – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Poola" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poladi" title="Poladi – fijiană" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Poladi" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B3lland" title="Pólland – feroeză" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolen" title="Poolen – frizonă nordică" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Poolen" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frizonă nordică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonie" title="Polonie – friulană" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Polonie" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poalen" title="Poalen – frizonă occidentală" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Poalen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frizonă occidentală" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Pholainn" title="An Pholainn – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Pholainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C5%259Fa" title="Polşa – găgăuză" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="găgăuză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%25A2%25E8%2598%25AD" title="波蘭 – chineză gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="chineză gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25B2gn" title="Pològn – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pològn" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2527_Ph%25C3%25B2lainn" title="A' Phòlainn – gaelică scoțiană" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="A' Phòlainn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelică scoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25B3%25C3%25B1a" title="Polóña – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Polóña" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="पोलंड – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25F0%2590%258D%2580%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258C%25BB%25F0%2590%258C%25B0%25F0%2590%258C%25BF%25F0%2590%258C%25BD%25F0%2590%258C%25B9%25F0%2590%258C%25B0" title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰 – gotică" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍀𐌰𐌿𐌻𐌰𐌿𐌽𐌹𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotică" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AA%25AA%25E0%25AB%258B%25E0%25AA%25B2%25E0%25AB%2587%25E0%25AA%2582%25E0%25AA%25A1" title="પોલેંડ – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પોલેંડ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Pholynn" title="Yn Pholynn – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Pholynn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B4-l%25C3%25A0n" title="Pô-làn – chineză hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pô-làn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="chineză hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C5%258Dlani" title="Pōlani – hawaiiană" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Pōlani" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaiiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%259C%25D7%2599%25D7%259F" title="פולין – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="पोलैंड – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B3lska" title="Pólska – sorabă de sus" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Pólska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="sorabă de sus" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25B2y" title="Polòy – haitiană" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Polòy" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengyelorsz%25C3%25A1g" title="Lengyelország – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lengyelország" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D4%25BC%25D5%25A5%25D5%25B0%25D5%25A1%25D5%25BD%25D5%25BF%25D5%25A1%25D5%25B6" title="Լեհաստան – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեհաստան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D5%2593%25D5%25B8%25D5%25AC%25D5%25B8%25D5%25B6%25D5%25AB%25D5%25A1" title="Փոլոնիա – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Փոլոնիա" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puulan" title="Puulan – inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Puulan" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2585%25D0%25B5%25D1%2585%25D1%258C%25D0%25B5" title="Полхехье – ingușă" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Полхехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingușă" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B3lland" title="Pólland – islandeză" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2590%25B3%25E1%2593%259A%25E1%2593%2590%25E1%2591%25A6" title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ – inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᐳᓚᓐᑦ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%259D%25E3%2583%25BC%25E3%2583%25A9%25E3%2583%25B3%25E3%2583%2589" title="ポーランド – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポーランド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puolan" title="Puolan – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Puolan" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/polskas" title="polskas – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="polskas" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598" title="პოლონეთი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunda" title="Bulunda – kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Bulunda" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D1%258D%25D1%2585%25D1%258C%25D1%258B%25D0%25B9" title="Лэхьый – kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лэхьый" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C9%2594l%25C9%2594%25C9%2594%25C3%25B1%25C9%25A9" title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Pɔlɔɔñɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – congoleză" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="congoleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borandi" title="Borandi – kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Borandi" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259F%2592%25E1%259E%259A%25E1%259E%2591%25E1%259F%2581%25E1%259E%259F%25E1%259E%2594%25E1%259F%2589%25E1%259E%25BC%25E1%259E%25A1%25E1%259E%25BC%25E1%259E%2589" title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ – khmeră" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រទេសប៉ូឡូញ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khmeră" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B2%25AA%25E0%25B3%258B%25E0%25B2%25B2%25E0%25B3%2586%25E0%25B2%2582%25E0%25B2%25A1%25E0%25B3%258D" title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪೋಲೆಂಡ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25ED%258F%25B4%25EB%259E%2580%25EB%2593%259C" title="폴란드 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Польска – komi-permiak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Польска" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – karaceai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karaceai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%2588" title="پولینڈ – cașmiră" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cașmiră" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – kölsch" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="kölsch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – kurdă" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – cornică" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – luxemburgheză" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsca" title="Polsca – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Polsca" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bupoolo" title="Bupoolo – ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bupoolo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole" title="Pole – limburgheză" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Pole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – liguriană" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25B2nia" title="Polònia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poloni" title="Poloni – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Poloni" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BA%25B0%25E0%25BB%2580%25E0%25BA%2597%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%2582%25E0%25BA%259B%25E0%25BB%2581%25E0%25BA%25A5%25E0%25BA%2599%25E0%25BA%2594%25E0%25BB%258C" title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌ – laoțiană" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດໂປແລນດ໌" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laoțiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenkija" title="Lenkija – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lenkija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puoleja" title="Puoleja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Puoleja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polija" title="Polija – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Polija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – madureză" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madureză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BD%25D1%258C_%25D0%25BC%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Полень мастор – moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Полень мастор" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B4l%25C3%25B4nia" title="Pôlônia – malgașă" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôlônia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgașă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C5%258Drana" title="Pōrana – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Полска – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Полска" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B4%25AA%25E0%25B5%258B%25E0%25B4%25B3%25E0%25B4%25A3%25E0%25B5%258D%25E0%25B4%259F%25E0%25B5%258D" title="പോളണ്ട് – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളണ്ട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588" title="Польш – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Польш" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EA%25AF%2584%25EA%25AF%25A3%25EA%25AF%2582%25EA%25AF%25A6%25EA%25AF%259F" title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ – manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯂꯦꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="पोलंड – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पोलंड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonja" title="Polonja – malteză" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Polonja" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="malteză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25B3nia" title="Polónia – mirandeză" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2594%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25AF%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25B6" title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ – birmană" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပိုလန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmană" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0_%25D0%259C%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D1%2580" title="Польша Мастор – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Польша Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25D9%2587%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D9%2588%25D9%2586" title="لهستون – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لهستون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonnia" title="Pulonnia – napolitană" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pulonnia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – germana de jos" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="germana de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A8%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="पोल्यान्ड – nepaleză" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पोल्यान्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25AF%25E0%25A4%25BE%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="पोल्याण्ड – newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पोल्याण्ड" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25DF%2594%25DF%258F%25DF%259F%25DF%2590%25DF%25B2%25DF%25A2" title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ – n’ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߔߏߟߐ߲ߢ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polongne" title="Polongne – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Polongne" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – sotho de nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haltso_H%25C3%25B3teelnii_Bik%25C3%25A9yah" title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah – navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Haltso Hóteelnii Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonha" title="Polonha – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Polonha" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%2527%25C5%25A1u" title="Pol'šu – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Pol'šu" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poolaandi" title="Poolaandi – oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Poolaandi" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25C3%25A6" title="Польшæ – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Польшæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A8%25AA%25E0%25A9%258B%25E0%25A8%25B2%25E0%25A9%2588%25E0%25A8%2582%25E0%25A8%25A1" title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੋਲੈਂਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonne" title="Polonne – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Polonne" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2588%25E0%25A4%2582%25E0%25A4%25A1" title="पोलैंड – pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="पोलैंड" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeland" title="Poeland – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Poeland" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25B2nia" title="Polònia – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%2588" title="پولینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A0%25CE%25BF%25CE%25BB%25CF%2589%25CE%25BD%25CE%25AF%25CE%25B1" title="Πολωνία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Πολωνία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ποντιακά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%2586%25DA%2589" title="پولنډ – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پولنډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25B3nia" title="Polónia – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunya" title="Pulunya – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pulunya" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologna" title="Pologna – romanșă" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Pologna" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanșă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – kirundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="kirundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulunii" title="Pulunii – aromână" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Pulunii" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromână" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonie" title="Pulonie – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Pulonie" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25BE" title="Польско – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Польско" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonye" title="Polonye – kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Polonye" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25A4%25AA%25E0%25A5%258B%25E0%25A4%25B2%25E0%25A5%2585%25E0%25A4%25A3%25E0%25A5%258D%25E0%25A4%25A1%25E0%25A5%258D" title="पोलॅण्ड् – sanscrită" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पोलॅण्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrită" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%25B1%25AF%25E1%25B1%25B3%25E1%25B1%259E%25E1%25B1%25AE%25E1%25B1%25B1%25E1%25B1%25B0" title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱳᱞᱮᱱᱰ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25B2nia" title="Polònia – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Polònia" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulonia" title="Pulonia – siciliană" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pulonia" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25D9%258A%25D9%2586%25DA%258A" title="پولينڊ – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پولينڊ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polska" title="Polska – sami de nord" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Polska" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami de nord" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B6l%25C3%25B4ni" title="Pölôni – sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Pölôni" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulunya" title="Bulunya – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Bulunya" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2580%2599%25E1%2580%25AD%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%2584%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2580%25B8%25E1%2580%2595%25E1%2580%25B0%25E1%2580%259D%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2587%25E1%2580%259C%25E1%2582%2585%25E1%2581%25BC%25E1%2580%25BA%25E1%2582%2587" title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B6%25B4%25E0%25B7%259D%25E0%25B6%25BD%25E0%25B6%25B1%25E0%25B7%258A%25E0%25B6%25AD%25E0%25B6%25BA" title="පෝලන්තය – singhaleză" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පෝලන්තය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singhaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%25C4%25BEsko" title="Poľsko – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Poľsko" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%2588" title="پولینڈ – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articol de calitate"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poljska" title="Poljska – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poljska" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – samoană" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puola" title="Puola – sami inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Puola" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami inari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boland" title="Boland – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Boland" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia – albaneză" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Polonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D1%2599%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B0" title="Пољска – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пољска" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikondre" title="Polikondre – sranan tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Polikondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPholandi" title="IPholandi – swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IPholandi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – sesotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="sesotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia – sundaneză" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Polandia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="articol recomandat"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polen" title="Polen – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polandi" title="Polandi – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Polandi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsko" title="Polsko – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Polsko" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25AE%25AA%25E0%25AF%258B%25E0%25AE%25B2%25E0%25AE%25A8%25E0%25AF%258D%25E0%25AE%25A4%25E0%25AF%2581" title="போலந்து – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலந்து" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B0%25AA%25E0%25B1%258B%25E0%25B0%25B2%25E0%25B0%25BE%25E0%25B0%2582%25E0%25B0%25A1%25E0%25B1%258D" title="పోలాండ్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పోలాండ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25B3nia" title="Polónia – tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Polónia" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259B%25D0%25B0%25D2%25B3%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%2582%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD" title="Лаҳистон – tadjică" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лаҳистон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjică" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B8%25A3%25E0%25B8%25B0%25E0%25B9%2580%25E0%25B8%2597%25E0%25B8%25A8%25E0%25B9%2582%25E0%25B8%259B%25E0%25B9%2581%25E0%25B8%25A5%25E0%25B8%2599%25E0%25B8%2594%25E0%25B9%258C" title="ประเทศโปแลนด์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศโปแลนด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%258D%2596%25E1%2588%258B%25E1%258A%2595%25E1%258B%25B5" title="ፖላንድ – tigrină" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ፖላንድ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrină" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C5%259Fa" title="Polşa – turkmenă" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Polşa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmenă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C5%25A1a" title="Polša – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Polša" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polani" title="Polani – tongană" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Polani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polan" title="Polan – tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Polan" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poran" title="Poran – taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Poran" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polendi" title="Polendi – tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Polendi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C5%258Drana" title="Pōrana – tahitiană" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Pōrana" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="tahitiană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – tuvană" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2588%25D0%25B0" title="Польша – udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Польша" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%2584%25DB%2595%25DA%25BE%25D9%2589%25D8%25B3%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A7%25D9%2586" title="لەھىستان – uigură" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لەھىستان" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uigură" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%259F%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BB%25D1%258C%25D1%2589%25D0%25B0" title="Польща – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Польща" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D9%2584%25DB%258C%25D9%2586%25DA%2588" title="پولینڈ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پولینڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polsha" title="Polsha – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Polsha" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland" title="Poland – venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Poland" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%25C5%2582%25C3%25B2nia" title="Połònia – venetă" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Połònia" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%2527%25C5%25A1anma" title="Pol'šanma – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Pol'šanma" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Lan" title="Ba Lan – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ba Lan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooln" title="Pooln – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Pooln" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%25C3%25A4n" title="Polän – volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Polän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pologne" title="Pologne – valonă" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pologne" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valonă" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonya" title="Polonya – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Polonya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polo%25C3%25B1" title="Poloñ – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Poloñ" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%25A2%25E5%2585%25B0" title="波兰 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPoland" title="IPoland – xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IPoland" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%259E%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259A%25E1%2583%259D%25E1%2583%259C%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2597%25E1%2583%2598" title="პოლონეთი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პოლონეთი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%2595%25D7%2599%25D7%259C%25D7%259F" title="פוילן – idiș" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פוילן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="idiș" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%25C3%25B3l%25C3%25A1nd%25C3%25AC" title="Pólándì – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Pólándì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohlanz" title="Bohlanz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bohlanz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%25C3%25B4l%2527n" title="Poôl'n – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Poôl'n" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E2%25B4%25B1%25E2%25B5%2593%25E2%25B5%258D%25E2%25B4%25B0%25E2%25B5%258F%25E2%25B4%25B7%25E2%25B4%25B0" title="ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ – tamazight standard marocană" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵓⵍⴰⵏⴷⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="tamazight standard marocană" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%25A2%25E5%2585%25B0" title="波兰 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波兰" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%25A2%25E8%2598%25AD" title="波蘭 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pho-l%25C3%25A2n" title="Pho-lân – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pho-lân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%25B3%25A2%25E8%2598%25AD" title="波蘭 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="波蘭" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPolandi" title="IPolandi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IPolandi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod">Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 20 noiembrie 2024, ora 21:52.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Conținutul este disponibil sub <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">CC BY-SA 4.0</a>, exceptând cazurile în care se specifică altfel.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Politica de confidențialitate</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Despre?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Despre Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="https://ro-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Termeni?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB">Termeni</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Cod de conduită</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://developer.wikimedia.org">Dezvoltatori</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://stats.wikimedia.org/%23/ro.wikipedia.org">Statistici</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Declarație cookie</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Termeni de utilizare</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title%3DPolonia%26mobileaction%3Dtoggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-vlr7t","wgBackendResponseTime":336,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.932","walltime":"2.509","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11849,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":407868,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":106676,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":17,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":326270,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":28,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1940.818 1 -total"," 33.53% 650.788 1 Format:Infocaseta_Țară"," 11.39% 221.067 70 Format:Ill-wd"," 8.36% 162.185 42 Format:Cite_web"," 5.76% 111.872 6 Format:Casetă_de_navigare_simplă"," 3.80% 73.747 1 Format:Imagini_șef_de_stat_și_de_guvern"," 3.07% 59.491 17 Format:Citation"," 2.46% 47.650 1 Format:Paranteză"," 2.24% 43.412 13 Format:Cite_book"," 2.16% 41.851 1 Format:Control_de_autoritate"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.106","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19945014,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n metatable = table#2\n \"52\",\n \"13\",\n \"N\",\n \"21\",\n \"02\",\n \"E\",\n \"type:city\",\n \"\",\n \"\",\n [\"display\"] = \"inline\",\n}\nnumber1 = 312679\nnumber2 = 312679\nnumber1 = 38382576\nnumber2 = 38382576\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","380","35.2"],["?","180","16.7"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","60","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","60","5.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.7"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getFileInfo","20","1.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getLabelByLanguage","20","1.9"],["type","20","1.9"],["[others]","140","13.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2fxxf","timestamp":"20241123091509","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Polonia","url":"https:\/\/ro.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polonia","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q36","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-09-25T16:10:41Z","dateModified":"2024-11-20T19:52:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/12\/Flag_of_Poland.svg","headline":"\u021bar\u0103 din Europa Central\u0103"}</script> <script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> <script>function gtElInit() {var lib = new google.translate.TranslateService();lib.translatePage('ro', 'en', function () {});}</script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=gtElInit&hl=en-GB&client=wt" type="text/javascript"></script> </body> </html>