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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-U.S._government_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Federal law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NIH_data_sharing_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NIH_data_sharing_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>NIH data sharing policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NIH_data_sharing_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NSF_Policy_from_Grant_General_Conditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NSF_Policy_from_Grant_General_Conditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>NSF Policy from Grant General Conditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NSF_Policy_from_Grant_General_Conditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_Research_Integrity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_Research_Integrity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Office of Research Integrity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_Research_Integrity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideals_in_data_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideals_in_data_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ideals in data sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ideals_in_data_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International policies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_sharing_problems_in_academia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_sharing_problems_in_academia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Data sharing problems in academia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Data_sharing_problems_in_academia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Data sharing problems in academia subsection</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientists_in_training"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Scientists in training</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientists_in_training-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Differing_approaches_in_different_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Differing_approaches_in_different_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Differing approaches in different fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Differing_approaches_in_different_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:To_deposit_or_not_to_deposit,_that_is_the_question_-_journal.pbio.1001779.g001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/To_deposit_or_not_to_deposit%2C_that_is_the_question_-_journal.pbio.1001779.g001.png/220px-To_deposit_or_not_to_deposit%2C_that_is_the_question_-_journal.pbio.1001779.g001.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/To_deposit_or_not_to_deposit%2C_that_is_the_question_-_journal.pbio.1001779.g001.png/330px-To_deposit_or_not_to_deposit%2C_that_is_the_question_-_journal.pbio.1001779.g001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/To_deposit_or_not_to_deposit%2C_that_is_the_question_-_journal.pbio.1001779.g001.png/440px-To_deposit_or_not_to_deposit%2C_that_is_the_question_-_journal.pbio.1001779.g001.png 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>The decision whether and how to share data often rests with researchers.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Data sharing</b> is the practice of making data used for scholarly research available to other investigators. Many funding agencies, institutions, and publication venues have policies regarding data sharing because transparency and openness are considered by many to be part of the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A number of funding agencies and science journals require authors of <a href="/wiki/Peer_review" title="Peer review">peer-reviewed</a> papers to share any supplemental information (<a href="/wiki/Raw_data" title="Raw data">raw data</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistical_methods" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical methods">statistical methods</a> or <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a>) necessary to understand, develop or <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproduce</a> published research. A great deal of scientific research is not subject to data sharing requirements, and many of these policies have liberal exceptions. In the absence of any binding requirement, data sharing is at the discretion of the scientists themselves. In addition, in certain situations governments<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and institutions prohibit or severely limit data sharing to protect proprietary interests, national security, and subject/patient/victim confidentiality. Data sharing may also be restricted to protect institutions and scientists from use of data for political purposes. </p><p>Data and methods may be requested from an author years after publication. In order to encourage data sharing<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prevent the loss or corruption of data, a number of funding agencies and journals established policies on <a href="/wiki/Scientific_data_archiving" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific data archiving">data archiving</a>. Access to publicly archived data is a recent development in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">history of science</a> made possible by technological advances in communications and <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a>. To take full advantage of modern rapid communication may require consensual agreement on the criteria underlying mutual recognition of respective contributions. Models recognized for improving the timely sharing of data for more effective response to emergent infectious disease threats include the data sharing mechanism introduced by the <a href="/wiki/GISAID" title="GISAID">GISAID</a> Initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite policies on data sharing and archiving, data withholding still happens. Authors may fail to archive data or they only archive a portion of the data. Failure to archive data alone is not data withholding. When a researcher requests additional information, an author sometimes refuses to provide it.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When authors withhold data like this, they run the risk of losing the trust of the science community.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2022 study identified about 3500 research papers which contained statements that the data was available, but upon request and further seeking the data, found that it was unavailable for 94% of papers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data sharing may also indicate the sharing of personal information on a social media platform. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._government_policies">U.S. government policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: U.S. government policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_law">Federal law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Federal law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On August 9, 2007, President Bush signed the <a href="/wiki/America_COMPETES_Act" title="America COMPETES Act">America COMPETES Act</a> (or the "America Creating Opportunities to Meaningfully Promote Excellence in Technology, Education, and Science Act") requiring civilian federal agencies to provide guidelines, policies and procedures, to facilitate and optimize the open exchange of data and research between agencies, the public and policymakers. See Section 1009.<sup id="cite_ref-H.R._2272_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-H.R._2272-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NIH_data_sharing_policy">NIH data sharing policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: NIH data sharing policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>‘The National Institutes of Health (NIH) Grants Policy Statement defines "data" as "recorded information, regardless of the form or medium on which it may be recorded, and includes writings, films, sound recordings, pictorial reproductions, drawings, designs, or other graphic representations, procedural manuals, forms, diagrams, work flow charts, equipment descriptions, data files, <a href="/wiki/Data_processing" title="Data processing">data processing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">computer programs</a> (software), statistical records, and other research data."’ </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Council on Governmental Relations<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The NIH Final Statement of Sharing of Research Data says: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>‘NIH reaffirms its support for the concept of data sharing. We believe that data sharing is essential for expedited translation of research results into knowledge, products, and procedures to improve human health. The NIH endorses the sharing of final research data to serve these and other important scientific goals. The NIH expects and supports the timely release and sharing of final research data from NIH-supported studies for use by other researchers. ‘NIH recognizes that the investigators who collect the data have a legitimate interest in benefiting from their investment of time and effort. We have therefore revised our definition of "the timely release and sharing" to be no later than the acceptance for publication of the main findings from the final data set. NIH continues to expect that the initial investigators may benefit from first and continuing use but not from prolonged exclusive use.’ </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>‘<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-03-032.html">Final NIH statement on sharing research data</a>.’<sup id="cite_ref-Grants_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grants-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NSF_Policy_from_Grant_General_Conditions">NSF Policy from Grant General Conditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: NSF Policy from Grant General Conditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><b>36. Sharing of Findings, Data, and Other Research Products</b> </p><p><i>a. NSF …expects investigators to share with other researchers, at no more than incremental cost and within a reasonable time, the data, samples, physical collections and other supporting materials created or gathered in the course of the work. It also encourages awardees to share software and inventions or otherwise act to make the innovations they embody widely useful and usable.</i> </p> <p><i>b. Adjustments and, where essential, exceptions may be allowed to safeguard the rights of individuals and subjects, the validity of results, or the integrity of collections or to accommodate legitimate interests of investigators.</i> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/pubs/2001/gc101/gc101rev1.pdf">National Science Foundation</a>: Grant General Conditions (GC-1)", April 1, 2001 (p. 17).</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Office_of_Research_Integrity">Office of Research Integrity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Office of Research Integrity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Allegations of misconduct in medical research carry severe consequences. The United States Department of Health and Human Services established an office to oversee investigations of allegations of misconduct, including data withholding. The website defines the mission: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"The Office of Research Integrity (ORI) promotes integrity in biomedical and behavioral research supported by the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS) at about 4,000 institutions worldwide. ORI monitors institutional investigations of research misconduct and facilitates the responsible conduct of research (RCR) through educational, preventive, and regulatory activities." </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ori.dhhs.gov/">Office of Research Integrity</a>.</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideals_in_data_sharing">Ideals in data sharing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ideals in data sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some research organizations feel particularly strongly about data sharing. Stanford University's <a href="/wiki/WaveLab_(mathematics_software)" title="WaveLab (mathematics software)">WaveLab</a> has a philosophy about reproducible research and disclosing all algorithms and source code necessary to reproduce the research. In a paper titled "WaveLab and Reproducible Research," the authors describe some of the problems they encountered in trying to reproduce their own research after a period of time. In many cases, it was so difficult they gave up the effort. These experiences are what convinced them of the importance of disclosing source code.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The philosophy is described: </p> <dl><dd><i>The idea is: An article about computational science in a scientific publication is not the scholarship itself, it is merely advertising of the scholarship. The actual scholarship is the complete software development environment and the complete set of instructions which generated the figures.</i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>The <b>Data Observation Network for Earth</b> (<a href="/wiki/DataONE" title="DataONE">DataONE</a>) and Data Conservancy<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are projects supported by the <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> to encourage and facilitate data sharing among research scientists and better support <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a>. In environmental sciences, the research community is recognizing that major scientific advances involving integration of knowledge in and across fields will require that researchers overcome not only the technological barriers to data sharing but also the historically entrenched institutional and sociological barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dr. Richard J. Hodes, director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_on_Aging" title="National Institute on Aging">National Institute on Aging</a> has stated, "the old model in which researchers jealously guarded their data is no longer applicable".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Alliance for Taxpayer Access is a group of organizations that support open access to government sponsored research. The group has expressed a "Statement of Principles" explaining why they believe open access is important.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also list a number of international public access policies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is no more so than in timely communication of essential information to effectively respond to health emergencies.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While public domain archives have been embraced for depositing data, mainly post formal publication, they have failed to encourage rapid data sharing during health emergencies, among them the Ebola<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Zika,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outbreaks. More clearly defined principles are required to recognize the interests of those generating the data while permitting free, unencumbered access to and use of the data (pre-publication) for research and practical application, such as those adopted by the GISAID Initiative to counter emergent threats from influenza.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_policies">International policies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: International policies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929155132/http://www.dest.gov.au/sectors/science_innovation/publications_resources/profiles/Presentation_Data_for_Science.htmustria">Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fwf.ac.at/en/public_relations/oai/index.html">Austria</a></li> <li>Europe — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ec.europa.eu/information_society/activities/digital_libraries/doc/scientific_information/communication_en.pdf">Commission of European Communities</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfg.de/download/pdf/foerderung/antragstellung/forschungsdaten/guidelines_research_data.pdf">Germany</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukri.org/funding/information-for-award-holders/data-policy/">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>'Omic Data Sharing — a list of policies of major science funders <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fairsharing.org/">FAIRsharing.org Catalogue of Data Policies</a></li> <li>India -<a href="/wiki/National_Data_Sharing_and_Accessibility_Policy_%E2%80%93_Government_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy – Government of India">National Data Sharing and Accessibility Policy – Government of India</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_sharing_problems_in_academia">Data sharing problems in academia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Data sharing problems in academia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetics">Genetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Withholding of data has become so commonplace in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> that researchers at <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_General_Hospital" title="Massachusetts General Hospital">Massachusetts General Hospital</a> published a journal article on the subject. The study found that "Because they were denied access to data, 28% of geneticists reported that they had been unable to confirm published research."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychology">Psychology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2006 study, it was observed that, of 141 authors of a publication from the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA) empirical articles, 103 (73%) did not respond with their data over a 6-month period.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a follow-up study published in 2015, it was found that 246 out of 394 contacted authors of papers in APA journals did not share their data upon request (62%).<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2018 study reported on study of a random sample of 48 articles published during February–May 2017 in the <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Archaeological_Science" title="Journal of Archaeological Science">Journal of Archaeological Science</a></i> which found openly available raw data for 18 papers (53%), with compositional and dating data being the most frequently shared types. The same study also emailed authors of articles on experiments with stone artifacts that were published during 2009 and 2015 to request data relating to the publications. They contacted the authors of 23 articles and received 15 replies, resulting in a 70% response rate. They received five responses that included data files, giving an overall sharing rate of 20%.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientists_in_training">Scientists in training</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scientists in training"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study of scientists in training indicated many had already experienced data withholding.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This study has given rise to the fear the future generation of scientists will not abide by the established practices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Differing_approaches_in_different_fields">Differing approaches in different fields</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Differing approaches in different fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Requirements for data sharing are more commonly imposed by institutions, funding agencies, and publication venues in the medical and biological sciences than in the physical sciences. Requirements vary widely regarding whether data must be shared at all, with whom the data must be shared, and who must bear the expense of data sharing. </p><p>Funding agencies such as the NIH and NSF tend to require greater sharing of data, but even these requirements tend to acknowledge the concerns of patient confidentiality, costs incurred in sharing data, and the legitimacy of the request.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Private interests and public agencies with national security interests (defense and law enforcement) often discourage sharing of data and methods through non-disclosure agreements. </p><p>Data sharing poses specific challenges in <a href="/wiki/Participatory_monitoring" title="Participatory monitoring">participatory monitoring</a> initiatives, for example where forest communities collect data on local social and environmental conditions. In this case, a rights-based approach to the development of data-sharing protocols can be based on principles of <a href="/wiki/Free,_prior_and_informed_consent" title="Free, prior and informed consent">free, prior and informed consent</a>, and prioritise the protection of the rights of those who generated the data, and/or those potentially affected by data-sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Data archive">Data archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_dissemination" title="Data dissemination">Data dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_privacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Data privacy">Data privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_publishing" title="Data publishing">Data publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_citation" class="mw-redirect" title="Data citation">Data citation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAIR_data" title="FAIR data">FAIR data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">File sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Information sharing">Information sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_sharing" title="Knowledge sharing">Knowledge sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_data" title="Open data">Open data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registry_of_Research_Data_Repositories" title="Registry of Research Data Repositories">Registry of Research Data Repositories</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/professor-stefan-elbe/a-global-health-epidemic-_b_14129608.html">"A Global Health Epidemic Is A Ticking Time Bomb - But Virus Databases Can And Are Helping To Save 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"The poor availability of psychological research data for reanalysis". <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>61</b> (7): 726–728. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0003-066X.61.7.726">10.1037/0003-066X.61.7.726</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17032082">17032082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=The+poor+availability+of+psychological+research+data+for+reanalysis&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=726-728&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0003-066X.61.7.726&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17032082&rft.aulast=Wicherts&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft.au=Borsboom%2C+D.&rft.au=Kats%2C+J.&rft.au=Molenaar%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+sharing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanpaemelVermorgenDeriemaeckerStorms2015" class="citation journal cs1">Vanpaemel, W.; Vermorgen, M.; Deriemaecker, L.; Storms, G. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lirias.kuleuven.be/bitstream/123456789/514240/1/Vanpaemel2015AWWAG.pdf">"Are we wasting a good crisis? The availability of psychological research data after the storm"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Collabra</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fcollabra.13">10.1525/collabra.13</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collabra&rft.atitle=Are+we+wasting+a+good+crisis%3F+The+availability+of+psychological+research+data+after+the+storm&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-5&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Fcollabra.13&rft.aulast=Vanpaemel&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.au=Vermorgen%2C+M.&rft.au=Deriemaecker%2C+L.&rft.au=Storms%2C+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flirias.kuleuven.be%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F514240%2F1%2FVanpaemel2015AWWAG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+sharing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarwickBirch2018" class="citation journal cs1">Marwick, Ben; Birch, Suzanne E. Pilaar (5 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faap.2018.3">"A Standard for the Scholarly Citation of Archaeological Data as an Incentive to Data Sharing"</a>. <i>Advances in Archaeological Practice</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 125–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Faap.2018.3">10.1017/aap.2018.3</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Advances+in+Archaeological+Practice&rft.atitle=A+Standard+for+the+Scholarly+Citation+of+Archaeological+Data+as+an+Incentive+to+Data+Sharing&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-143&rft.date=2018-04-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Faap.2018.3&rft.aulast=Marwick&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Birch%2C+Suzanne+E.+Pilaar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Faap.2018.3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+sharing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVogeliYucelBendavid2006" class="citation journal cs1">Vogeli C, Yucel R, Bendavid E, et al. (February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001888-200602000-00007">"Data withholding and the next generation of scientists: results of a national survey"</a>. <i>Acad Med</i>. <b>81</b> (2): 128–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F00001888-200602000-00007">10.1097/00001888-200602000-00007</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16436573">16436573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acad+Med&rft.atitle=Data+withholding+and+the+next+generation+of+scientists%3A+results+of+a+national+survey&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=128-36&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F00001888-200602000-00007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16436573&rft.aulast=Vogeli&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Yucel%2C+R&rft.au=Bendavid%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F00001888-200602000-00007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+sharing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grants.nih.gov/grants/policy/data_sharing/data_sharing_guidance.htm">"NIH Data Sharing Policy and Implementation Guidance"</a>. <i>grants.nih.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grants.nih.gov&rft.atitle=NIH+Data+Sharing+Policy+and+Implementation+Guidance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrants.nih.gov%2Fgrants%2Fpolicy%2Fdata_sharing%2Fdata_sharing_guidance.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+sharing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D Sabogal. 2015. Data sharing in community-based forest monitoring: lessons from Guyana. Global Canopy Programme. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://forestcompass.org/how/resources/data-sharing-community-based-forest-monitoring-lessons-guyana">http://forestcompass.org/how/resources/data-sharing-community-based-forest-monitoring-lessons-guyana</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q5227350" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q5227350">Data sharing</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee_on_Issues_in_the_Transborder_Flow_of_Scientific_Data,_National_Research_Council1997" class="citation book cs1">Committee on Issues in the Transborder Flow of Scientific Data, National Research Council (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nap.edu/books/0309056357/html/index.html"><i>Bits of Power: Issues in Global Access to Scientific Data</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F5504">10.17226/5504</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-05635-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-05635-9"><bdi>978-0-309-05635-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bits+of+Power%3A+Issues+in+Global+Access+to+Scientific+Data&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Academy+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F5504&rft.isbn=978-0-309-05635-9&rft.au=Committee+on+Issues+in+the+Transborder+Flow+of+Scientific+Data%2C+National+Research+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nap.edu%2Fbooks%2F0309056357%2Fhtml%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AData+sharing" class="Z3988"></span> — discusses the international exchange of data in the natural sciences. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/1680/the_selfish_gene_data_sharing_and_withholding_in_academic_genetics/(parent)/158">The Selfish Gene</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080805201613/http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/1680/the_selfish_gene_data_sharing_and_withholding_in_academic_genetics/(parent)/158">Archived</a> 2008-08-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: Data Sharing and Withholding in Academic Genetics" by Eric Campbell and David Blumenthal published May 31, 2002.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.org/science/data/homepage.html">Data sharing and data archiving</a> ― American Psychological Association</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dataaccess.ucsd.edu/">The Public Domain of Digital Research Data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~wavelab/Wavelab_850/wavelab.pdf">WaveLab and Reproducible Research</a> by Jonathan B. Buckheit and David L. Donoho of Stanford University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.stlouisfed.org/wp/2005/2005-014.pdf">The Role of Data and Program Code Archives in the Future of Economic Research</a> published by The Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esa.org/science_resources/datasharing.php">Ecological Society of America data sharing and archiving initiative</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310171037/http://www.esa.org/science_resources/datasharing.php">Archived</a> 2008-03-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fairsharing.org">FAIRsharing.org</a> A website on data sharing and data policies in biology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.data-archive.ac.uk/sharing/sharing.asp">UK Data Archive: Manage and Share data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523212120/http://www.icpsr.umich.edu/icpsrweb/ICPSR/dmp/resources.jsp">Data Management Plan Resources and Examples</a> - Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dataone.org">DataONE</a></li> <li>Nature <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/scientificdata/about/">Scientific Data</a>: open-access, online-only publication for descriptions of scientifically valuable datasets.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&oldid=1241350206">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Data_sharing&oldid=1241350206</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Data" title="Category:Data">Data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_method" title="Category:Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scholarly_communication" title="Category:Scholarly communication">Scholarly communication</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_publishing" title="Category:Academic publishing">Academic publishing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Data_publishing" title="Category:Data publishing">Data publishing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_access_(publishing)" title="Category:Open access (publishing)">Open access (publishing)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_data" title="Category:Open data">Open data</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Open_science" title="Category:Open science">Open science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_misconduct" title="Category:Scientific misconduct">Scientific misconduct</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sharing" title="Category:Sharing">Sharing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_April_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from April 2016">Wikipedia external links cleanup from April 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 August 2024, at 17:51<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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