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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AC%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="غطاء جليدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غطاء جليدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ледена шапка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ледена шапка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casquet_glacial" title="Casquet glacial – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Casquet glacial" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledov%C3%A1_%C4%8Depice" title="Ledová čepice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ledová čepice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iskappe" title="Iskappe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iskappe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiskappe" title="Eiskappe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eiskappe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4%C3%A4m%C3%BCts" title="Jäämüts – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jäämüts" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Παγοκάλυμμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγοκάλυμμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casquete_de_hielo" title="Casquete de hielo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Casquete de hielo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaci%C4%89apo" title="Glaciĉapo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Glaciĉapo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotz-kasko" title="Izotz-kasko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izotz-kasko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%87%DA%A9_%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C" title="کلاهک یخی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کلاهک یخی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotte_glaciaire" title="Calotte glaciaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calotte glaciaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campos_de_xeo" title="Campos de xeo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Campos de xeo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%99%EB%AA%A8" title="빙모 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="빙모" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80" title="बर्फ़ की टोपी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्फ़ की टोपी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudung_es" title="Tudung es – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tudung es" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvelj%C3%B6kull" title="Hveljökull – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hveljökull" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cappa_di_ghiaccio" title="Cappa di ghiaccio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cappa di ghiaccio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%AA_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%97" title="כיפת קרח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כיפת קרח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ყინულქუდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყინულქუდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litupan_ais" title="Litupan ais – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Litupan ais" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B7%E5%B8%BD" title="氷帽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="氷帽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plat%C3%A5bre" title="Platåbre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Platåbre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cal%C3%B2ta_glaci%C3%A0ria" title="Calòta glaciària – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Calòta glaciària" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czapa_lodowa" title="Czapa lodowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czapa lodowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calota_de_gelo" title="Calota de gelo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calota de gelo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calot%C4%83_glaciar%C4%83" title="Calotă glaciară – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calotă glaciară" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Ледяная шапка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ледяная шапка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ice cap" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ledeni%C5%A1ka_kapa" title="Ledeniška kapa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ledeniška kapa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Ледена капа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ледена капа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakij%C3%A4%C3%A4tikk%C3%B6" title="Lakijäätikkö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lakijäätikkö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="பனிப்படுக்கை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பனிப்படுக்கை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%87" title="ครอบน้ำแข็ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ครอบน้ำแข็ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buz_tabakas%C4%B1" title="Buz tabakası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Buz tabakası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Льодовикова шапка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Льодовикова шапка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%8Fm_b%C4%83ng" title="Chỏm băng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chỏm băng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%B0%E5%B8%BD" title="冰帽 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="冰帽" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q878077#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ice mass that covers less than 50,000 km² of land area</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the glacial feature. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Icecap_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Icecap (disambiguation)">Icecap (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vatnaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg/330px-Vatnaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg/500px-Vatnaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg/600px-Vatnaj%C3%B6kull.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull" title="Vatnajökull">Vatnajökull</a>, Iceland</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">glaciology</a>, an <b>ice cap</b> is a mass of <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> that covers less than 50,000 km<sup>2</sup> (19,000 sq mi) of <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> area (usually covering a highland area). Larger ice masses covering more than 50,000 km<sup>2</sup> (19,000 sq mi) are termed <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">ice sheets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DougBenn_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DougBenn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bennett_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bennett-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreveBlatter2009_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreveBlatter2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cap&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ice caps are not constrained by <a href="/wiki/Topographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical">topographical</a> features (i.e., they will lie over the top of mountains). By contrast, ice masses of similar size that <i>are</i> constrained by topographical features are known as <a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">ice fields</a>. The <i>dome</i> of an ice cap is usually centred on the highest point of a <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a>. Ice flows away from this high point (the <a href="/wiki/Ice_divide" title="Ice divide">ice divide</a>) towards the ice cap's periphery.<sup id="cite_ref-DougBenn_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DougBenn-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GreveBlatter2009_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GreveBlatter2009-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ice caps significantly affect the <a href="/wiki/Geomorphology" title="Geomorphology">geomorphology</a> of the area they occupy. Plastic moulding, gouging and other <a href="/wiki/Glacial" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacial">glacial</a> <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosional</a> features become present upon the glacier's retreat. Many lakes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> in North America, as well as numerous valleys have been formed by glacial action over hundreds of thousands of years. </p><p>The Antarctic and Greenland contain 99% of the ice volume on earth, about 33 million cubic kilometres (7.9 million cubic miles) of total ice mass.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cap&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ice caps are formed when snow is deposited during the cold season and fails to completely melt during the hot season.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the snow builds up and becomes dense, well-bonded snow known as perennial <a href="/wiki/Firn" title="Firn">firn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, the air passages between snow particles close off and transforms into ice.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shape of an ice cap is determined by the landscape it lies on, as melting patterns can vary with terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the lower portions of an ice cap are forced to flow outwards under the weight of the entire ice cap and will follow the downward slopes of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_warming">Global warming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cap&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Global warming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ice caps have been used as indicators of global warming, as increasing temperatures cause ice caps to melt and lose mass faster than they accumulate mass.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ice cap size can be monitored through different remote-sensing methods such as aircraft and satellite data.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ice caps accumulate snow on their upper surfaces, and ablate snow on their lower surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An ice cap in equilibrium accumulates and ablates snow at the same rate. The AAR is the ratio between the accumulation area and the total area of the ice cap, which is used to indicate the health of the glacier.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on their shape and mass, healthy glaciers in equilibrium typically have an AAR of approximately 0.4 to 0.8.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The AAR is impacted by environmental conditions such as temperature and precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Data from 86 mountain glaciers and ice caps shows that over the long term, the AAR of glaciers has been about 0.57.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, data from the most recent years of 1997–2006 yields an AAR of only 0.44.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, glaciers and ice caps are accumulating less snow and are out of equilibrium, causing melting and contributing to sea level rises.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Assuming the climate continues to be in the same state as it was in 2006, it is estimated that ice caps will contribute a 95 ± 29  mm rise in global sea levels until they reach equilibrium.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, environmental conditions have worsened and are predicted to continue to worsen in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given that the rate of melting will accelerate, and by using mathematical models to predict future climate patterns, the actual contribution of ice caps to rising sea levels is expected to be more than double from initial estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Variants">Variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cap&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">Polar ice cap</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Ice field</a></div> <p>High-latitude regions covered in ice, though strictly not an ice cap (since they exceed the maximum area specified in the definition above), are called <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar ice caps</a>; the usage of this designation is widespread in the mass media<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arguably recognized by experts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vatnaj%C3%B6kull" title="Vatnajökull">Vatnajökull</a> is an example of an ice cap in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plateau glaciers are glaciers that overlie a generally flat highland area. Usually, the ice overflows as hanging glaciers in the lower parts of the edges.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An example is <a href="/wiki/Biscayarfonna" title="Biscayarfonna">Biscayarfonna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cap&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">Iceberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">Ice cap climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">Ice shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers_in_Russia" title="List of glaciers in Russia">List of glaciers in Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea ice</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ice_cap&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-DougBenn-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DougBenn_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DougBenn_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBennEvans1998" class="citation book cs1">Benn, Douglas; Evans, David (1998). <i>Glaciers and Glaciation</i>. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ice503" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ice" title="Template:Ice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ice" title="Template talk:Ice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ice503" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Amorphous_ice" title="Phases of ice">Amorphous solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Known_phases" title="Phases of ice">Crystalline phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Ice_XVIII_(superionic_water)" title="Phases of ice">Superionic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_ice" title="Anchor ice">Anchor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cave" title="Ice cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_dune" title="Ice dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">Iceberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icicle" title="Icicle">Icicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_jam" title="Ice jam">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_spike" title="Ice spike">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalactite#Ice_stalactites" title="Stalactite">Stalactites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_volcano" title="Ice volcano">Volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice%E2%80%93albedo_feedback" title="Ice–albedo feedback">Albedo feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_circle" title="Ice circle">Circle or disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_ice" title="Clear ice">Clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">Crystals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firn" title="Firn">Firn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_fog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazil_ice" title="Frazil ice">Frazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_flower" title="Frost flower">Frost flower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost_flower_(sea_ice)" title="Frost flower (sea ice)">sea ice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaze_(ice)" title="Glaze (ice)">Glaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_ice" title="Hair ice">Hair ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_jacking" title="Ice jacking">Jacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9v%C3%A9" title="Névé">Névé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_ice" title="Needle ice">Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_nucleus" title="Ice nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rime_ice" title="Rime ice">Rime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_shove" title="Ice shove">Shove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuga_(ice)" title="Shuga (ice)">Shuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Storm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ice-related<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bath" title="Ice bath">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_blasting" title="Ice blasting">Blasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_blocking" title="Ice blocking">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rafting" title="Ice rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">Skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceboat" title="Iceboat">Iceboating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cricket" title="Ice cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icetrack_cycling" title="Icetrack cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">Figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_racing" title="Ice racing">Ice racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-track_speed_skating" title="Short-track speed skating">Short-track speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_skating" title="Tour skating">Tour skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constructions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bar" title="Ice bar">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bridge" title="Ice bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hotel" title="Ice hotel">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">Igloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_palace" title="Ice palace">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pier" title="Ice pier">Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pykrete" title="Pykrete">Pykrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cutting" title="Ice cutting">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebox" title="Icebox">Icebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_house_(building)" title="Ice house (building)">Icehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceman_(occupation)" title="Iceman (occupation)">Iceman (occupation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pick" title="Ice pick">Pick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_trade" title="Ice trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice chips">Chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cube" title="Ice cube">Cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pack" title="Ice pack">Pack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water_ice" title="Category:Water ice">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ice" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ice">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ice" class="extiw" title="wikt:ice">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glaciers217" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glaciers" title="Template:Glaciers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glaciers" title="Template talk:Glaciers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glaciers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glaciers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glaciers217" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glaciers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufeis" title="Aufeis">Aufeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">Cirque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacieret" title="Glacieret">Glacieret</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ice cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Ice field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Ice sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_shelf" title="Ice shelf">Ice shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_stream" title="Ice stream">Ice stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ledoyom" title="Ledoyom">Ledoyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlet_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Outlet glacier">Outlet glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Piedmont glacier">Piedmont glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_glacier" title="Rock glacier">Rock glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_glacier" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley glacier">Valley glacier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablation_zone" title="Ablation zone">Ablation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accumulation_zone" title="Accumulation zone">Accumulation zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergschrund" title="Bergschrund">Bergschrund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_ice_(glacial)" title="Blue ice (glacial)">Blue ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse" title="Crevasse">Crevasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirt_cone" title="Dirt cone">Dirt cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firn" title="Firn">Firn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_cave" title="Glacier cave">Glacier cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_head" title="Glacier head">Glacier head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_divide" title="Ice divide">Ice divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier tongue">Glacier tongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icefall" title="Icefall">Icefall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_moraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral moraine">Lateral moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medial_moraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Medial moraine">Medial moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulin_(geomorphology)" title="Moulin (geomorphology)">Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitente_(snow_formation)" title="Penitente (snow formation)">Penitente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randkluft" title="Randkluft">Randkluft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serac" title="Serac">Sérac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_terminus" title="Glacier terminus">Terminus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablation" title="Ablation">Ablation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_ice_accumulation" title="Glacier ice accumulation">Accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basal_sliding" title="Basal sliding">Basal sliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">Calving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creep_(deformation)" title="Creep (deformation)">Creep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_motion" title="Glacial motion">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake_outburst_flood" title="Glacial lake outburst flood">Outburst flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overdeepening" title="Overdeepening">Overdeepening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periglaciation" title="Periglaciation">Periglaciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plucking_(glaciation)" title="Plucking (glaciation)">Plucking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850" title="Retreat of glaciers since 1850">Retreat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starvation_(glaciology)" title="Starvation (glaciology)">Starvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_(glacier)" title="Surge (glacier)">Surge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Ice core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_mass_balance" title="Glacier mass balance">Mass balance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Volcanic relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6kulhlaup" title="Jökulhlaup">Jökulhlaup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_eruption" title="Subglacial eruption">Subglacial eruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">Subglacial volcano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuya" title="Tuya">Tuya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glacial_landform" title="Glacial landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Erosional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%AAte" title="Arête">Arête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque" title="Cirque">Cirque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirque_stairway" title="Cirque stairway">Cirque stairway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crag_and_tail" title="Crag and tail">Crag and tail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_lake" title="Finger lake">Finger lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramidal_peak" title="Pyramidal peak">Glacial horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_lake" title="Glacial lake">Glacial lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_striation" title="Glacial striation">Glacial striae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging valley">Hanging valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunatak" title="Nunatak">Nunatak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-form_(geology)" title="P-form (geology)">P-form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_lake" title="Ribbon lake">Ribbon lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roche_moutonn%C3%A9e" title="Roche moutonnée">Roche moutonnée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suncup_(snow)" title="Suncup (snow)">Suncup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarn_(lake)" title="Tarn (lake)">Tarn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_lake" title="Finger lake">Trough lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trough_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Trough valley">Trough valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_valley" title="Tunnel valley">Tunnel valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley#Glacial_valleys" title="Valley">U-valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_step" title="Valley step">Valley step</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zungenbecken" title="Zungenbecken">Zungenbecken</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Depositional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drumlin" title="Drumlin">Drumlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacial_erratic" title="Glacial erratic">Erratic block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine" title="Moraine">Moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraine-dammed_lake" title="Moraine-dammed lake">Moraine-dammed lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulju_moraine" title="Pulju moraine">Pulju moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogen_moraine" title="Rogen moraine">Rogen moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevetti_moraine" title="Sevetti moraine">Sevetti moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_moraine" title="Terminal moraine">Terminal moraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till_plain" title="Till plain">Till plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veiki_moraine" title="Veiki moraine">Veiki moraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glaciofluvial_deposits" class="mw-redirect" title="Glaciofluvial deposits">Glaciofluvial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpentor" title="Alpentor">Alpentor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diluvium" title="Diluvium">Diluvium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esker" title="Esker">Esker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant_current_ripples" title="Giant current ripples">Giant current ripples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kame" title="Kame">Kame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kame_delta" title="Kame delta">Kame delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwash_fan" title="Outwash fan">Outwash fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outwash_plain" title="Outwash plain">Sandur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urstromtal" title="Urstromtal">Urstromtal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciers_on_Mars" title="Glaciers on Mars">Glaciers on Mars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Glaciers" title="Category:Glaciers">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_glaciers" title="List of glaciers">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Periglacial_environment" title="Template:Periglacial environment">Template:Periglacial environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Greenhouse_and_Icehouse_Earth63" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>39 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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