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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mentioned_in_narrative-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John,_father_of_Simon_Peter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John,_father_of_Simon_Peter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>John, father of Simon Peter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John,_father_of_Simon_Peter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_the_Baptist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_the_Baptist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>John the Baptist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_the_Baptist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_the_Apostle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_the_Apostle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>John the Apostle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_the_Apostle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_of_the_high-priestly_family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_of_the_high-priestly_family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>John of the high-priestly family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_of_the_high-priestly_family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Mark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Mark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>John Mark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Mark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Johannine_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johannine_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Johannine literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Johannine_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Johannine literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Johannine_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-John_the_Evangelist" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_the_Evangelist"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>John the Evangelist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_the_Evangelist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_the_Presbyter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_the_Presbyter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>John the Presbyter</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Followers_of_Jesus" title="Category:Followers of Jesus">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">John in the Bible</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""St John the Evangelist" by Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri), 1620s"><img alt=""St John the Evangelist" by Domenichino (Domenico Zampieri), 1620s" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg/180px-Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg/270px-Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg/360px-Zampieri_St_John_Evangelist.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4569" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Evangelist_(Domenichino)" title="Saint John the Evangelist (Domenichino)">Saint John the Evangelist</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Domenichino" title="Domenichino">Domenichino</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_epistles" title="Johannine epistles">Epistles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_of_Revelation" title="Events of Revelation">Events</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">Apostle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved disciple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Presbyter" title="John the Presbyter">Presbyter</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> Related literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocryphon_of_John" title="Apocryphon of John">Apocryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John_in_Rome" title="Acts of John in Rome">Acts in Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signs_Gospel" title="Signs Gospel">Signs Gospel</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;"> See also</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em; display:block;margin-bottom:0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johannine_community" title="Johannine community">Johannine community</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Logos_(Christianity)" title="Logos (Christianity)">Logos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Johannine_literature" title="Holy Spirit in Johannine literature">Holy Spirit in Johannine literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John%27s_vision_of_the_Son_of_Man" title="John's vision of the Son of Man">John's vision of the Son of Man</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New Testament people named John</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John" title="Template:John"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John" title="Template talk:John"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/John_(given_name)" title="John (given name)">name <i>John</i></a> (in Greek, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἰωάννης</span></span>) is prominent in the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and occurs numerous times. Among Jews of this period, the name was one of the most popular, borne by about five percent of men.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, it has long been debated which Johns are to be identified with which.<sup id="cite_ref-Culpepper_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culpepper-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mentioned_in_narrative">Mentioned in narrative</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mentioned in narrative"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At least five unique Johns are mentioned in the texts of New Testament itself. For example, F.P. Dutripon's Latin <a href="/wiki/Bible_concordance" title="Bible concordance">Bible concordance</a> (Paris 1838) identified 10 people named <i>Joannes</i> (John) in the Bible, 5 of whom featured in the New Testament:<sup id="cite_ref-Dutripon_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutripon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle, son of Zebedee</a>, whom Dutripon equated with <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_the_Presbyter" title="John the Presbyter">John the Presbyter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Beloved_Disciple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloved Disciple">Beloved Disciple</a> and John of Ephesus</li> <li>John, father of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a>, whom Dutripon distinguishes from <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a></li> <li>John, son of Annas (Acts 4:6)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John,_father_of_Simon_Peter"><span id="John.2C_father_of_Simon_Peter"></span>John, father of Simon Peter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: John, father of Simon Peter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Peter">Simon Peter</a> is at times called “Simon, son of John”, though in Matthew the text has <i>Simon Bariona</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter appears to be untranslated Aramaic, with <i>bar</i> meaning “son of” and <i>Iona</i> being Jonah, or according to Bauckham, <i>Jôhana‘</i>, an Aramaized form of <i>John</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 104">: 104 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_the_Baptist">John the Baptist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: John the Baptist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>, son of Zechariah, figures prominently in the beginning of each of the four Gospels. The <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a> distinguish him as “the Baptist”, but the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> omits this epithet, as no other John is therein mentioned by name. John the Baptist was <a href="/wiki/Beheading_of_St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Beheading of St. John the Baptist">beheaded</a> during the ministry of Jesus, so in most cases he is easily distinguished from other Johns.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Ford proposes that <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> originated as prophecy of John the Baptist, expanded by his followers to produce the book in its current form,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but most scholars reject this theory.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_the_Apostle">John the Apostle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: John the Apostle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John, son of Zebedee</a> was one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a>, along with his brother <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This John is mentioned frequently in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, but always (with a lone exception<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in company with his brother James<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or often with both.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the first eight chapters of <a href="/wiki/Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts">Acts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> is always accompanied by a certain John,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is almost certainly his fellow apostle, and is presumably also the John that Paul elsewhere lists with Peter and James as “pillars”.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But after the execution of his brother James<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 44, this John is never again mentioned.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There are many early indications that James and John were killed together.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994171–174_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994171–174-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The response of Jesus to these two, “The cup that I drink you shall drink; and you shall be baptized with the baptism with which I am baptized,”<sup id="cite_ref-martyrdom_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martyrdom-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been understood since antiquity as foretelling their <a href="/wiki/Martyrdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrdom">martyrdom</a>. Indeed, <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a> (c. 100) records that James and John “were killed by the Jews”,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and early martyrologies record the martyrdom of “John and James the apostles in Jerusalem”.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_of_the_high-priestly_family">John of the high-priestly family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: John of the high-priestly family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This John is mentioned once in passing as present during the trial of Peter and John in Jerusalem, as recorded in <a href="/wiki/Acts" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts">Acts</a>: “On the next day, their rulers, elders, and experts in the law came together in Jerusalem. <a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a> the high priest was there, and <a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a>, John, Alexander, and others who were members of the high priest’s family.”<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, he is probably distinct from John the Apostle, although some scholars (including the 5th Century writer Nonnus, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Nazarenes" title="Gospel of the Nazarenes">Gospel of the Nazarenes</a>) have suggested that the Zebedees' fishing business made them known to the high priest,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while others conclude that being fishermen (owning multiple boats) is not synonymous with being poor nor precludes priestly connections, and some argue that the other disciple who was known to the high priest and who <i>spoke to the servant-girl on duty there and brought Peter</i> in mentioned in John 18:15 is likely to be the same disciple who is never mentioned by name in John's Gospel. However, the Sons of Zebedee are both present in chapter 21 in the count of five plus two (where seven is the 'complete' number) unnamed disciples. The Beloved Disciple is named as such separately; the other is likely Andrew, which would be the reverse of the first followers identified in John 1:35.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polycrates_of_Ephesus" title="Polycrates of Ephesus">Polycrates of Ephesus</a> (c. 190) writes that John the Evangelist “was a priest, wearing the <a href="/wiki/Tzitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzitz">petalon</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-Polycrates_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polycrates-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—i.e., specifically that he had served as <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_(Judaism)" class="mw-redirect" title="High Priest (Judaism)">High Priest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 447">: 447 </span></sup> In this, he seems to identify the Evangelist with this high-priestly John mentioned in Acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 438–452">: 438–452 </span></sup> Some modern scholars make the same identification,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisler193836–45_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisler193836–45-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> further citing from the Gospel “the other disciple, who was known to the High Priest.”<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although there is no conclusive proof, and early writings such as by Polycrates may be interpretations based on their reading of the gospels,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are many theories - as one example: given that Elizabeth, Mary's kinswoman, was a "Daughter of Aaron" (and so had priestly connections), so too would Mary's sister mentioned in John 19:25... and she is mentioned in a way, some suggest, that might indicate she is John's mother.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Mark">John Mark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: John Mark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John Mark</a></div> <p>“<a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">John, called Mark</a>” is mentioned several times in Acts.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Such use of one Semitic name and another Greek name was a common practice among Jews of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 83">: 83 </span></sup> He is usually identified<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (September 2021)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> with the Mark mentioned in various epistles.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2021)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some traditions and scholars also equate him with <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark the Evangelist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but others such as Dutripon (1838) reject this identification.<sup id="cite_ref-Dutripon_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutripon-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This John is occasionally proposed as author of some of the Johannine works as well.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994107–108_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994107–108-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dionysius_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionysius-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarazi (2004) even goes so far as to attribute to him the Gospels of both <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> and all the other Johannine books.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Johannine_literature">Johannine literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Johannine literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnEvangelistReni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/JohnEvangelistReni.jpg/220px-JohnEvangelistReni.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/JohnEvangelistReni.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="371" /></a><figcaption>Guido Reni, <i>St. John the Evangelist</i>, 17th century.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Johannine_works" title="Authorship of the Johannine works">Authorship of the Johannine works</a></div> <p>Five canonical books of the New Testament are ascribed to John and thus called collectively the <i><a href="/wiki/Johannine_literature" title="Johannine literature">Johannine literature</a></i>: </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_of_John" title="First Epistle of John">First Epistle of John</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">Second Epistle of John</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">Third Epistle of John</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a></li></ul> <p>Only in Revelation does the text itself name its author as John;<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the other Johannine works are ascribed to John only through their attached titles and other external references.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Whether or not these attributions have a basis in historical truth—modern scholars vary widely in their opinions about authorship—the question remains of which John each of these attributions refers to. Since antiquity, many have considered the entire Johannine corpus to be the work of a single author, a certain John of Ephesus, whom many identified with the <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">Apostle John, son of Zebedee</a>. On the other hand, this identification and the authorship of individual works have also been disputed since antiquity. Thus, the reputed authors of the Johannine works are conventionally called more explicitly—without prejudice to the issues of actual authorship and of their mutual identification—as follows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_the_Evangelist">John the Evangelist</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: John the Evangelist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a></div> <p>The author of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel</a> has traditionally been termed <a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">John the Evangelist</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Gospel, the name <i>John</i> occurs exclusively in reference to <a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a> or to the father of <a href="/wiki/Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Peter">Simon Peter</a>, and without that epithet, though “the sons of Zebedee”<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (named James and John in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptics</a>) are also mentioned once. The Gospel even lacks a list of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The anonymous “<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">disciple whom Jesus loved</a>” is identified in the closing verses as the one whose testimony the Gospel bears: “This is the disciple who testifies about these things and has written these things.”<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient sources invariably identify this disciple with the Evangelist, and many modern scholars agree, though others consider that John the Evangelist fashioned the testimony of the Beloved Disciple into a Gospel, as <a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Mark</a> did for <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, or hold on other grounds that the two are not identical.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Further identification of the Beloved Disciple and/or the Evangelist with John the Apostle has been variously defended and impugned.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars see the Gospel's “and we know that his testimony is true,”<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as indicating a second hand, of a hypothetical redactor or some group of elders certifying the work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper199494_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199494-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bauckham, however, argues that this is simply the “<i>we</i> of authoritative testimony” of the author himself, used also in the Epistles.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 369–383">: 369–383 </span></sup> </p><p>As was an ordinary practice of the time,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 359">: 359 </span></sup> the Evangelist may have employed an <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>. Apocryphal sources of about the 5th century variously name <a href="/wiki/Prochorus" class="mw-redirect" title="Prochorus">Prochorus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994269–270_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994269–270-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994359_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994359-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994165–167_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994165–167-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and modern scholars have suggested others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisler1938178–184_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisler1938178–184-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_the_Presbyter">John the Presbyter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: John the Presbyter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_the_Presbyter" title="John the Presbyter">John the Presbyter</a></div> <p>The short <a href="/wiki/Second_Epistle_of_John" title="Second Epistle of John">second</a> and <a href="/wiki/Third_Epistle_of_John" title="Third Epistle of John">third</a> epistles are addressed “From the Elder”.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this basis, the author is termed <a href="/wiki/John_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="John the Elder">John the Elder</a> or John the Presbyter (<i>presbyter</i> being Greek for <i>elder</i>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a> (c. 100) refers to a certain “John the Elder, a disciple of the Lord”, one of the “elders” he had listened to, and from whose sayings he drew in his five-book <i>Exegesis</i>, now lost. Papias goes on to refer to him simply as “the Elder”. Most see Papias as referring to the same John, at least, who penned the epistles.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In later centuries, some saw the address from “the Elder” in the second and third epistles as possibly indicating a different author than the other Johannine works, which cast doubt on their apostolic authority and therefore on their <a href="/wiki/New_Testament_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="New Testament canon">canonicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_of_Patmos">John of Patmos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: John of Patmos"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seven_churches_of_asia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seven_churches_of_asia.svg/220px-Seven_churches_of_asia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seven_churches_of_asia.svg/330px-Seven_churches_of_asia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Seven_churches_of_asia.svg/440px-Seven_churches_of_asia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="623" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>Patmos and the seven churches of Asia.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a></div> <p>The author of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a> (also known as the Apocalypse of John) is variously termed <a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">John of Patmos</a>, John the Revelator, John the Divine, or John the Theologian.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The text of Revelation identifies its author thus: “I, John, your brother and the one who shares with you in the persecution, kingdom, and endurance that are in Jesus, was on the island called <a href="/wiki/Patmos" title="Patmos">Patmos</a> because of the word of God and the testimony about Jesus.”<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patmos was an island near <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, and Revelation begins with letters addressed to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_churches_of_Asia" title="Seven churches of Asia">seven churches of Asia</a>, which were Ephesus and other nearby cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Alexandria" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysius of Alexandria">Dionysius of Alexandria</a> (c. 250) closely criticized Revelation and concluded that it was starkly different from the Gospel and First Epistle (which Dionysius regarded as both the work of John the Apostle) in grammar, style, content, and anonymity, and thus could hardly be the work of the same author, but must have been written by another John, for “there are two monuments in Ephesus, each bearing the name of John.”<sup id="cite_ref-Dionysius_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dionysius-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many modern scholars have concurred with this analysis, but others find striking similarities on closer inspection and attribute the stylistic differences to the Evangelist's use of an <a href="/wiki/Amanuensis" title="Amanuensis">amanuensis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994130–134_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994130–134-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient scholars who accepted Revelation as authentic, however, invariably identified its author as John the Evangelist.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Our earliest and most reliable informant is <a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (c. 180), who knew John's personal disciples while in <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>. Irenaeus firmly identifies the Revelator with the Evangelist<sup id="cite_ref-Irenaeus-authors_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irenaeus-authors-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tells us that he remained with the Church in Ephesus until the time of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (98–117).<sup id="cite_ref-Irenaeus-Trajan_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irenaeus-Trajan-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Revelator was still publicly active until the close of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>’s reign (81–96), as Irenaeus says:<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>For if it were necessary that the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>’s name should be distinctly revealed in this present time, it would have been announced by him who beheld the apocalyptic vision. For he [or <i>it</i>?] was seen no very long time since, but almost in our day, towards the end of Domitian’s reign.</p></blockquote> <p>From Irenaeus’ ambiguous syntax, some later writers inferred that the exile to Patmos occurred under Domitian, though others explicitly ascribed it to <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a> (54–68); modern scholars still debate which is more likely.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a>, a contemporary of Irenaeus, tells an anecdote of John and the young robber captain, which opens with:<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When, on the tyrant’s death, he returned to Ephesus from the isle of Patmos, he went away, being invited, to the contiguous territories of the nations, here to appoint bishops, there to set in order whole Churches, there to ordain such as were marked out by the Spirit.</p></blockquote> <p>So again the Revelator is identified with the Bishop of Ephesus, about whom ancient sources have much to say.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="John_of_Ephesus">John of Ephesus</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: John of Ephesus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Patristic sources from as early as the 2nd century widely attest to a certain John, a disciple of Jesus, who lived to old age in <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a>, and to whom all the Johannine works are ascribed.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 438, 453">: 438, 453 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> traditions are consistent in upholding the John's identity, authorship (of at least the Gospel of John and the first Epistle) and relation to Christ; he is <a href="/wiki/Saint_John_the_Apostle" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint John the Apostle">Saint John the Apostle</a>. Outside those traditions, however, whether such a man existed, which works he wrote, whether this figure has been confused or conflated with a second John, and whether he is identical with John son of Zebedee or any other John in the New Testament are all matters of intense controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-Culpepper_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culpepper-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Christ_and_St._John_(Boston_Public_Library).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Christ_and_St._John_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/220px-Christ_and_St._John_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Christ_and_St._John_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/330px-Christ_and_St._John_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Christ_and_St._John_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg/440px-Christ_and_St._John_%28Boston_Public_Library%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1011" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Ary Scheffer, <i>Christ and St. John</i>, 19th century</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Irenaeus" title="Irenaeus">Irenaeus</a> (c. 180), who cites from <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a> and “the elders” and also personally knew <a href="/wiki/Polycarp_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycarp of Smyrna">Polycarp of Smyrna</a>, another disciple of John of Ephesus, is widely considered the most reliable authority we have on this John. In our first extant description of all four Gospels, Irenaeus concludes:<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Finally John, the disciple of the Lord, who had lain on his breast,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> himself also published a Gospel, while he was residing at Ephesus of Asia.</p></blockquote> <p>Here, John the Evangelist is clearly identified with the <a href="/wiki/Beloved_Disciple" class="mw-redirect" title="Beloved Disciple">Beloved Disciple</a> and located in Ephesus. Elsewhere Irenaeus unmistakably cites this same John as author of the Epistles and Revelation as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Irenaeus-authors_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irenaeus-authors-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Irenaeus also speaks of the aged John surviving in Ephesus until the time of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (98–117),<sup id="cite_ref-Irenaeus-Trajan_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irenaeus-Trajan-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would be about 70 years after the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus#Chronology_of_the_crucifixion" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Polycrates_of_Ephesus" title="Polycrates of Ephesus">Polycrates of Ephesus</a> (c. 190) is another especially respected source on John, writing of his own relative and predecessor (following the <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip the Apostle</a>):<sup id="cite_ref-Polycrates_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polycrates-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>There is John also, he who leaned back on the Lord’s breast, who was a priest wearing the <a href="/wiki/Tzitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzitz">petalon</a>, both witness and teacher. He has fallen asleep at Ephesus.</p></blockquote> <p>Polycrates is in accord with Irenaeus, but seems to additionally identify John with the high-priestly John in Acts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 438–452">: 438–452 </span></sup> </p><p>The earliest evidence on the identity of this John is from <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias of Hierapolis</a>, a “hearer of John”<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> writing c. 100,<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whose work survives only in fragments quoted by others. Papias writes:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And if by chance anyone who had been in attendance on the elders should come my way, I inquired about the words of the elders—what Andrew or Peter had said, or Philip, or Thomas or James, or John or Matthew or any other of the Lord’s disciples, and whatever Aristion and the elder John, the Lord’s disciples, were saying.</p></blockquote> <p>So, Papias refers first to John the Apostle, listed with his brother and others of the Twelve, whose words the elders had handed down to him, and then to John the Elder, another disciple of Jesus, who was himself still being heard. Though some have interpreted these as two references to the same John,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bauckham argues that Papias is clearly distinguishing them.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 412–437">: 412–437 </span></sup> Papias then goes on to cite “the Elder” (just as the Second and Third Epistles are addressed from) on the origins of the Gospels of Mark and Matthew at least,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also to cite from the First Epistle and Revelation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Papias’ account of the origin of the Gospel of John is apparently paraphrased and expanded by Eusebius<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 433–437">: 433–437 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is most likely the source for the <a href="/wiki/Muratorian_Canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Muratorian Canon">Muratorian Canon</a> (c. 170) when it says:<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 425–432">: 425–432 </span></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The fourth of the gospels is of John, one of the disciples. To his fellow-disciples and bishops, who were encouraging him, he said: “Fast with me today for three days, and whatever will be revealed to each of us, let us tell to one another.” The same night it was revealed to <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a>, one of the apostles, that all should certify what John wrote in his own name.… Why, then, is it remarkable that John so constantly brings forth single points even in his epistles, saying of himself, “What we have seen with our eyes and heard with our ears and our hands have handled, these we write to you”?<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus he professes himself not only an eyewitness and hearer but also a writer of all the miracles of our Lord in order.</p></blockquote> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">Acts of John</a></i>, an apocryphal <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gnosticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Gnosticism">Gnostic</a> work thought to have been composed around the late 2nd century, paints a rich, full narrative about John that was profoundly influential on later sources. Here we find the first explicit identification with the son of Zebedee, the story of the attempted <a href="/wiki/Death_by_boiling" title="Death by boiling">execution by boiling oil</a> also reported by <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the manner of John's natural death, and a great deal more.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994232–251_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994232–251-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 3rd century onward, legends about John abound, with little hope of untangling any truth from the fiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It is clear that John of Ephesus was regarded from the earliest times as a personal disciple of Jesus and a crucial witness to his life, an author of scripture, an apostle, and a great leader among the churches of Asia; whether he was also the son of Zebedee, one of the Twelve Apostles, is much more doubtful. No such identification is explicit in the early sources, apart from the clearly apocryphal, until the middle of the 3rd century. At most, John of Ephesus is occasionally called <i>apostle</i>, but in those cases the term is certainly not confined to the Twelve, and when mentioned with one of the Twelve Apostles, the Evangelist is in fact usually called a <i>disciple</i> by contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 458–463">: 458–463 </span></sup> Bauckham argues that Papias distinguishes them and that the words of Polycrates even preclude such identification,<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 444–452">: 444–452 </span></sup> and echos of this distinction linger in a few later sources.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the orthodox, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> is the first to explicitly accept the identification,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994358_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994358-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which requires him to reconcile the tradition of John's natural death<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the prophecy of John's martyrdom<sup id="cite_ref-martyrdom_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-martyrdom-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by seeing the latter fulfilled in his temporary exile to Patmos.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, after this point the identification was almost universally accepted in antiquity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bauckham_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 452">: 452 </span></sup> </p><p>On whether or not John of Ephesus is to be identified with any of the Johns in the New Testament narrative—the son of Zebedee, the high-priestly John, or even John Mark—modern scholars remain divided.<sup id="cite_ref-Culpepper_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Culpepper-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">New Testament people named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">New Testament people named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">New Testament people named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">New Testament people named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">New Testament people named Simon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Dutripon-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dutripon_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dutripon_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dutripon's list of New Testament Johns (p. 740–2): <ol><li>Joannes VI. Qui dicitur Baptista. Filius Zachariæ et Elisabeth uxoris ejus, cognatæ beatæ Virgini Mariæ.</li> <li>Joannes VII. Apostolus et Evangelista, dilectus Christo Discipulus, e Bethsaida oriandus. Filius fuit Zebedæi et Salomes, frater Jacobi apostoli quem Herodes post passionem Christi decolavit. (...) Communis tamen et verior sententia est Joannem obiisse Ephesi anno actatis suæ nongagesimo nono, post vero passionem Jesu Christi sexagesimo octavo.</li> <li>Joannes VIII. Qui et dicitur Jona. Bar-Jona dictum est Petro a Jesu Christo per contractionem, pro Bar-Johanna, quod Chaldaice, filium Joannis significat, quemadmodum in sequentiobus versiculis, Simon Joannis, id est, Simon filius Jannis. Joan. 21:15-17.</li> <li>Joannes IX. Qui cognominatus est Marcus; non autem Marcus Evangelista, sed alius qui fuit socius peregrinationis sancti Pauli et Barnabæ. Act. 12:12,25; 13:5,13; 15:37.</li> <li>Joannes X. Hic unus fuit ex quinque Annæ filiis, alio nomine Jonathas appelatus. Act. 4:6.</li></ol> <sup id="cite_ref-Dutripon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dutripon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=New_Testament_people_named_John&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bauckham-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bauckham_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBauckham2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Bauckham, Richard</a> (2006). <i>Jesus and the Eyewitnesses: The Gospels as Eyewitness Testimony</i>. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802831621" title="Special:BookSources/0802831621"><bdi>0802831621</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+and+the+Eyewitnesses%3A+The+Gospels+as+Eyewitness+Testimony&rft.pages=416&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0802831621&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Culpepper-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Culpepper_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Culpepper_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Culpepper_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulpepper1994" class="citation book cs1">Culpepper, R. Alan (1994). <i>John, the Son of Zebedee: The Life of a Legend</i>. passim. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0872499626" title="Special:BookSources/0872499626"><bdi>0872499626</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%2C+the+Son+of+Zebedee%3A+The+Life+of+a+Legend&rft.pages=passim&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0872499626&rft.aulast=Culpepper&rft.aufirst=R.+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dutripon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dutripon_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutripon1838" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dutripon, François Pascal (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z9xif5CfcsYC&pg=PA740"><i>Concordantiae Bibliorum sacrorum Vulgatae editionis ad recognitionem jussu Sixti 5. pontif. max</i></a> (in Latin). Paris: Belin-Mandar. pp. 740–2<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concordantiae+Bibliorum+sacrorum+Vulgatae+editionis+ad+recognitionem+jussu+Sixti+5.+pontif.+max&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=740-2&rft.pub=Belin-Mandar&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Dutripon&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois+Pascal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz9xif5CfcsYC%26pg%3DPA740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+16:17;+Jn+1:42,+21:15–17&version=NRSV">Mt 16:17; Jn 1:42, 21:15–17</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1975" class="citation book cs1">Ford, J. Massyngberde (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revelation0038unse/page/28"><i>Revelation</i></a>. The Anchor Bible. Vol. 38. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/revelation0038unse/page/28">28–37</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0385008953" title="Special:BookSources/0385008953"><bdi>0385008953</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation&rft.series=The+Anchor+Bible&rft.pages=28-37&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0385008953&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=J.+Massyngberde&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frevelation0038unse%2Fpage%2F28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazzaferri1989" class="citation book cs1">Mazzaferri, Frederick David (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b1lDcUkB4GUC&pg=PA26"><i>The Genre of the Book of Revelation from a Source-critical Perspective</i></a>. Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die neutestamentliche Wissenschaft und die Kunde der älteren Kirche. Vol. 54. pp. 26–29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110115182" title="Special:BookSources/3110115182"><bdi>3110115182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Genre+of+the+Book+of+Revelation+from+a+Source-critical+Perspective&rft.series=Beihefte+zur+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+die+neutestamentliche+Wissenschaft+und+die+Kunde+der+%C3%A4lteren+Kirche&rft.pages=26-29&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=3110115182&rft.aulast=Mazzaferri&rft.aufirst=Frederick+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db1lDcUkB4GUC%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+10:2;+Mk+3:17;+Lk+6:14;+Acts+1:13&version=NRSV">Mt 10:2; Mk 3:17; Lk 6:14; Acts 1:13</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+9:38;+Lk+9:49&version=NRSV">Mk 9:38; Lk 9:49</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+4:21;+Mk+1:19;+Lk+5:10&version=NRSV">Mt 4:21; Mk 1:19; Lk 5:10</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%201:29&version=nrsv">Mk 1:29</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%209:54&version=nrsv">Lk 9:54</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+20:20–24;+Mk+10:35–41&version=NRSV">Mt 20:20–24; Mk 10:35–41</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2027:56&version=nrsv">Mt 27:56</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2022:8&version=nrsv">Lk 22:8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+17:1;+Mk+9:2;+Lk+9:28&version=NRSV">Mt 17:1; Mk 9:2; Lk 9:28</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+5:37;+Lk+8:51&version=NRSV">Mk 5:37; Lk 8:51</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2013:3&version=nrsv">Mk 13:3</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mt+26:37;+Mk+14:33&version=NRSV">Mt 26:37; Mk 14:33</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+3:1–11,+4:1–22,+8:14&version=NRSV">Acts 3:1–11, 4:1–22, 8:14</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:9&version=nrsv">Gal 2:9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%2012:2&version=nrsv">Acts 12:2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisler1938" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisler" title="Robert Eisler">Eisler, Robert</a> (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41506ucmf_0"><i>The Enigma of the Fourth Gospel: Its Author and Writer</i></a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MN41506ucmf_0/page/n129">58</a> ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Enigma+of+the+Fourth+Gospel%3A+Its+Author+and+Writer&rft.pages=58+ff&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Eisler&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMN41506ucmf_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994171–174-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994171–174_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1994">Culpepper (1994)</a>, pp. 171–174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoismard1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marie-%C3%89mile_Boismard" title="Marie-Émile Boismard">Boismard, Marie-Émile</a> (1996). <i>Le martyre de Jean l'apôtre</i>. Cahiers de la Revue biblique. Vol. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2850210862" title="Special:BookSources/2850210862"><bdi>2850210862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+martyre+de+Jean+l%27ap%C3%B4tre&rft.series=Cahiers+de+la+Revue+biblique&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=2850210862&rft.aulast=Boismard&rft.aufirst=Marie-%C3%89mile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-martyrdom-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-martyrdom_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-martyrdom_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Mk+10:35–40;+Mt+20:20–23&version=NRSV">Mk 10:35–40; Mt 20:20–23</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This point, however, is preserved only in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicon.net/index.php/papias#Philip%20of%20Side">Philip of Side</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910155741/http://www.chronicon.net/index.php/papias#Philip%20of%20Side">Archived</a> 2014-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (c. 435) and in an interpolation in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicon.net/index.php/papias#George%20Hamartolus"><i>Chronicology of George Hamartolus</i></a> (c. 860).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadham1899" class="citation journal cs1">Badham, Francis Pritchett (Oct 1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F477205">"The Martyrdom of St. John"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Theology</i>. <b>3</b> (4): 729–740. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F477205">10.1086/477205</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3153028">3153028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Martyrdom+of+St.+John&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=729-740&rft.date=1899-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F477205&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3153028%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Badham&rft.aufirst=Francis+Pritchett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F477205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadham1904" class="citation journal cs1">Badham, Francis Pritchett (Jul 1904). "The Martyrdom of John the Apostle". <i>The American Journal of Theology</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 539–554. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F478469">10.1086/478469</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3153885">3153885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Theology&rft.atitle=The+Martyrdom+of+John+the+Apostle&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=539-554&rft.date=1904-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F478469&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3153885%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Badham&rft.aufirst=Francis+Pritchett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Acts%204:5–7&version=nrsv">Acts 4:5–7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulpepper" class="citation book cs1">Culpepper, R. Alan. <i>John, the Son of Zebedee: The Life of a Legend</i>. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 61.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%2C+the+Son+of+Zebedee%3A+The+Life+of+a+Legend&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press.&rft.aulast=Culpepper&rft.aufirst=R.+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polycrates-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Polycrates_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Polycrates_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Polycrates, <i>Ep. ad Vict.</i>, apud Eusebius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.x.xxv.html"><i>Hist. Eccl.</i> 5.24</a>.1–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisler193836–45-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisler193836–45_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisler1938">Eisler (1938)</a>, pp. 36–45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigato1990" class="citation journal cs1">Rigato, Maria-Luisa (1990). "L<i>apostolo ed evangelista Giovanni,' 'sacerdoto' levitico". </i>Revista Biblica<i>. <b>38</b> (4): 451–483.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Biblica&rft.atitle=Lapostolo+ed+evangelista+Giovanni%2C%27+%27sacerdoto%27+levitico&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=451-483&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Rigato&rft.aufirst=Maria-Luisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2018:15–16&version=nrsv">Jn 18:15–16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulpepper" class="citation book cs1">Culpepper, R. Alan. <i>John, the Son of Zebedee: The Life of a Legend</i>. Univ of South Carolina Press. p. 62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%2C+the+Son+of+Zebedee%3A+The+Life+of+a+Legend&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press.&rft.aulast=Culpepper&rft.aufirst=R.+Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1995" class="citation book cs1">Morris, Leon (1995). <i>The Gospel According to John (The New International Commentary on the New Testament)</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 666.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+According+to+John+%28The+New+International+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament%29&rft.pages=666&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Acts+12:12,+12:25,+13:5,+13:13,+15:37&version=NRSV">Acts 12:12, 12:25, 13:5, 13:13, 15:37</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Pet+5:13;+Col+4:10;+2+Tim+4:11;+Phil+1:24&version=NRSV">1 Pet 5:13; Col 4:10; 2 Tim 4:11; Phil 1:24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Encarta" title="Encarta">Encarta</a> <a href="/wiki/Winkler_Prins" title="Winkler Prins">Winkler Prins</a> Encyclopaedia</i> (1993–2002) s.v. "Marcus". Microsoft Corporation/Het Spectrum.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994107–108-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994107–108_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1994">Culpepper (1994)</a>, pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dionysius-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dionysius_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dionysius_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dionysius of Alexandria, <i>On the Promises</i> 2, apud Eusebius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.xii.xxvi.html"><i>Hist. Eccl.</i> 7.25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarazi2004" class="citation book cs1">Tarazi, Paul Nadim (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qLkVKM_4UWEC&pg=PA13"><i>Johannine Writings</i></a>. The New Testament: An Introduction. Vol. 3. pp. 13–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0881412643" title="Special:BookSources/0881412643"><bdi>0881412643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Johannine+Writings&rft.series=The+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=13-17&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0881412643&rft.aulast=Tarazi&rft.aufirst=Paul+Nadim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqLkVKM_4UWEC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Rev+1:1–4,+1:9,+22:8&version=NRSV">Rev 1:1–4, 1:9, 22:8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2021:2&version=nrsv">Jn 21:2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2021:20–24&version=nrsv">Jn 21:20–24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1962" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, Pierson (Mar 1962). "John the Son of Zebedee and the Fourth Gospel". <i>Journal of Biblical Literature</i>. <b>81</b> (1): 35–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3264824">10.2307/3264824</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3264824">3264824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Biblical+Literature&rft.atitle=John+the+Son+of+Zebedee+and+the+Fourth+Gospel&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=35-43&rft.date=1962-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3264824&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3264824%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Pierson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2021:24&version=nrsv">Jn 21:24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper199494-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper199494_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1994">Culpepper (1994)</a>, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=3%20John%201:9–12&version=nrsv">3 Jn 1:9–12</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Jn+1:1–5,+4:11–16&version=NRSV">1 Jn 1:1–5, 4:11–16</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComfort2005" class="citation book cs1">Comfort, Philip (2005). <i>Encountering the Manuscripts: An Introduction to New Testament Paleography & Textual Criticism</i>. pp. 4–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805431454" title="Special:BookSources/0805431454"><bdi>0805431454</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encountering+the+Manuscripts%3A+An+Introduction+to+New+Testament+Paleography+%26+Textual+Criticism&rft.pages=4-9&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0805431454&rft.aulast=Comfort&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994269–270-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994269–270_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1994">Culpepper (1994)</a>, pp. 269–270, from the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_John" title="Acts of John">Acts of John of Prochorus</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994359-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994359_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1994">Culpepper (1994)</a>, pp. 359, from the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Timothy" title="Acts of Timothy">Acts of Timothy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994165–167-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994165–167_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1994">Culpepper (1994)</a>, pp. 165–167, from the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Marcionite_Prologues" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Marcionite Prologues">anti-Marcionite prologues</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisler1938178–184-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisler1938178–184_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisler1938">Eisler (1938)</a>, pp. 178–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRollins1905" class="citation journal cs1">Rollins, George S. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/bsac/1905_484.pdf">"The Hand of Apollos in the Fourth Gospel"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bibliotheca Sacra</i>. <b>62</b>: 484–99.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bibliotheca+Sacra&rft.atitle=The+Hand+of+Apollos+in+the+Fourth+Gospel&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=484-99&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Rollins&rft.aufirst=George+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalstudies.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fbsac%2F1905_484.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=2+Jn+1:1;+3+Jn+1:1&version=NRSV">2 Jn 1:1; 3 Jn 1:1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHengel1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hengel" title="Martin Hengel">Hengel, Martin</a> (1989). <i>The Johannine Question</i>. pp. 24–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/033400795X" title="Special:BookSources/033400795X"><bdi>033400795X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Johannine+Question&rft.pages=24-45&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=033400795X&rft.aulast=Hengel&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Origen, apud Eusebius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.xi.xxv.html"><i>Hist. Eccl.</i> 6.25</a>.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxv.html"><i>Hist. Eccl.</i> 3.25</a>.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf203.v.iii.xx.html"><i>De Vir. Illustr.</i> 18</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation+1:9&version=net">Rev 1:9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Morris" title="Leon Morris">Morris, Leon</a> (1987). <i>The Book of Revelation: An Introduction and Commentary</i>. Tyndale New Testament Commentaries. Vol. 20. pp. 27–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802802737" title="Special:BookSources/0802802737"><bdi>0802802737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Revelation%3A+An+Introduction+and+Commentary&rft.series=Tyndale+New+Testament+Commentaries&rft.pages=27-34&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0802802737&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994130–134-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994130–134_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1994">Culpepper (1994)</a>, pp. 130–134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoxall2013" class="citation book cs1">Boxall, Ian (2013). <i>Patmos in the Reception History of the Apocalypse</i>. pp. 28 ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199674206" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199674206"><bdi>978-0199674206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patmos+in+the+Reception+History+of+the+Apocalypse&rft.pages=28+ff&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199674206&rft.aulast=Boxall&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irenaeus-authors-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irenaeus-authors_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irenaeus-authors_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus, <i>Adv. Haer.</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.iv.xvii.html">3.16</a>.5, 8; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.vi.xxi.html">4.20</a>.11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Irenaeus-Trajan-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Irenaeus-Trajan_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Irenaeus-Trajan_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hypotyposeis.org/synoptic-problem/2004/11/external-evidence-irenaeus.html"><i>Adv. Haer.</i> 2.22.5, 3.3.4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf01.ix.vii.xxxi.html"><i>Adv. Haer.</i> 5.30</a>.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGentry1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Gentry" title="Kenneth Gentry">Gentry, Kenneth L.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preteristarchive.com/Books/pdf/1989_gentry_before-jerusalem-fell.pdf"><i>Before Jerusalem Fell</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 45–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0930464206" title="Special:BookSources/0930464206"><bdi>0930464206</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Jerusalem+Fell&rft.pages=45-67&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0930464206&rft.aulast=Gentry&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.preteristarchive.com%2FBooks%2Fpdf%2F1989_gentry_before-jerusalem-fell.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clement of Alexandria, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf02.vi.v.html"><i>Quis dives salvetur</i></a> 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hypotyposeis.org/synoptic-problem/2004/11/external-evidence-irenaeus.html"><i>Adv. Haer.</i> 3.1.1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Jn+13:25,+21:20&version=NRSV">Jn 13:25, 21:20</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2004" class="citation book cs1">Hill, Charles E. (2004). <i>The Johannine Corpus in the Early Church</i>. pp. 97–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199264589" title="Special:BookSources/0199264589"><bdi>0199264589</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Johannine+Corpus+in+the+Early+Church&rft.pages=97-101&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0199264589&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Irenaeus, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0103533.htm"><i>Adv. Haer.</i> 5.33</a>.4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYarbrough1983" class="citation journal cs1">Yarbrough, Robert W. (Jun 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etsjets.org/files/JETS-PDFs/26/26-2/26-2-pp181-191_JETS.pdf">"The Date of Papias: A Reassessment"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society</i>. <b>26</b> (2): 181–191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Evangelical+Theological+Society&rft.atitle=The+Date+of+Papias%3A+A+Reassessment&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-191&rft.date=1983-06&rft.aulast=Yarbrough&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etsjets.org%2Ffiles%2FJETS-PDFs%2F26%2F26-2%2F26-2-pp181-191_JETS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxxix.html"><i>Hist. Eccl.</i> 3.39</a>.4. Translation from <a href="#CITEREFBauckham2006">Bauckham (2006)</a>, p. 417.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmalley1978" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Smalley" title="Stephen Smalley">Smalley, Stephen Stewart</a> (1978). <i>John: Evangelist and Interpreter</i>. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0853642141" title="Special:BookSources/0853642141"><bdi>0853642141</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John%3A+Evangelist+and+Interpreter&rft.pages=73-74&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0853642141&rft.aulast=Smalley&rft.aufirst=Stephen+Stewart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxxix.html"><i>Hist. Eccl.</i> 3.39</a>.15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eusebius, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.viii.xxiv.html"><i>Hist. Eccl.</i> 3.24</a>.5–13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1998" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Charles E. (1998). "What Papias Said About John (and Luke): A 'New' Papian Fragment". <i>Journal of Theological Studies</i>. <b>49</b> (2): 582–629. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjts%2F49.2.582">10.1093/jts/49.2.582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Theological+Studies&rft.atitle=What+Papias+Said+About+John+%28and+Luke%29%3A+A+%27New%27+Papian+Fragment&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=582-629&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjts%2F49.2.582&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chronicon.net/index.php/papias#Hypothetical%20Fragments">Papias: Hypothetical Fragments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910155741/http://www.chronicon.net/index.php/papias">Archived</a> 2014-09-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+John+1:1,+4&version=NRSV">1 John 1:1, 4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tertullian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf03.v.iii.xxxvi.html"><i>De Praes. Haer.</i> 36</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994232–251-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994232–251_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1994">Culpepper (1994)</a>, pp. 232–251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruce1944" class="citation journal cs1">Bruce, F. F. (1944). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/pdf/evangelist_bruce.pdf">"Some Notes on the Fourth Evangelist"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Evangelical Quarterly</i>. <b>16</b>: 101–109.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evangelical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Some+Notes+on+the+Fourth+Evangelist&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=101-109&rft.date=1944&rft.aulast=Bruce&rft.aufirst=F.+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychurch.org.uk%2Fpdf%2Fevangelist_bruce.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994358-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1994358_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1994">Culpepper (1994)</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeidmann1999" class="citation book cs1">Weidmann, Frederick W. (1999). <i>Polycarp and John: The Harris Fragments and Their Challenge to the Literary Tradition</i>. pp. 134–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0268038511" title="Special:BookSources/0268038511"><bdi>0268038511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Polycarp+and+John%3A+The+Harris+Fragments+and+Their+Challenge+to+the+Literary+Tradition&rft.pages=134-135&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0268038511&rft.aulast=Weidmann&rft.aufirst=Frederick+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANew+Testament+people+named+John" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerome, <i>Comm. in Matt.</i> 20.23, apud <a href="#CITEREFCulpepper1994">Culpepper (1994)</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Origen, <i>In Matt.</i> 16.6, apud <a href="#CITEREFBoxall2013">Boxall (2013)</a>, p. 36.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man <span style="font-size:85%;">(Bethsaida)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Dismas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief <span style="font-size:85%;">("Gestas")</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Damascus)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias <span style="font-size:85%;">(Judaea)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and<br /><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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