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<span>Worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iconography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iconography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Iconography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iconography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Creation_of_life_and_sickness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_life_and_sickness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Creation of life and sickness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_life_and_sickness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Making_of_man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Making_of_man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Making of man</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Making_of_man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uniter_of_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uniter_of_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Uniter of languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uniter_of_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_deluge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_deluge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>The deluge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_deluge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enki_and_Inanna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enki_and_Inanna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Enki and Inanna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enki_and_Inanna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ea_and_West_Semitic_deities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ea_and_West_Semitic_deities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ea and West Semitic deities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ea_and_West_Semitic_deities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Enki</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%86%D9%83%D9%8A" title="إنكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إنكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Энкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Энкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Енки – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Енки" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Ένκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ένκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C_(%D8%AE%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C)" title="انکی (خدای سومری) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انکی (خدای سومری)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ea_(dieu)" title="Ea (dieu) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ea (dieu)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%90%EC%95%84" title="에아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="에아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%A1_(%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE)" title="Էա (աստված) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էա (աստված)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="एंकी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एंकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%9B%D7%99" title="אנכי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנכי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98" title="ენქი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ენქი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Енки – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Енки" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki_(andriamanitra)" title="Enki (andriamanitra) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Enki (andriamanitra)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AD" title="エンキ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="エンキ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enqui" title="Enqui – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Enqui" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Энки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Энки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Енки – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Енки" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF" title="என்கி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="என்கி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enki" title="Enki – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Enki" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Enki_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Enki (disambiguation)">Enki (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">God in Sumerian mythology</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;background-color: #1A661A; color: #FFFFFF;">Enki<br /><span title="Sumerian-language text"><span lang="sux"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒀭𒂗𒆠</span></span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div style="font-size: 110%;">God of creation, intelligence, crafts, <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>, magic, mischief</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Enki(Ea).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Enki%28Ea%29.jpg/250px-Enki%28Ea%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/Enki%28Ea%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="265" data-file-height="306" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Detail of Enki from the Adda Seal, an ancient Akkadian cylinder seal dating to circa 2,300 BC<sup id="cite_ref-seal_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">Goat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_goat" title="Sea goat">goat-fish</a>, chimera</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #1A661A; color: #FFFFFF;">Genealogy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Siblings</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>, Damkina</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninsar">Ninsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninkurra" title="Ninkurra">Ninkurra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ninti" title="Ninti">Ninti</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #1A661A; color: #FFFFFF;">Equivalents</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Greek</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prometheus" title="Prometheus">Prometheus</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Egyptian</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ptah" title="Ptah">Ptah</a></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Category:Mesopotamian mythology">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#cdc8b8; font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Ancient<br />Mesopotamian religion</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0.25em;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Chaos Monster and Sun God"><img alt="Chaos Monster and Sun God" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/250px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png/500px-Chaos_Monster_and_Sun_God.png 1.5x" data-file-width="2012" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Chaos Monster and Sun God</figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><a href="/wiki/Religions_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="Religions of the ancient Near East">Religions of the ancient Near East</a></span></li></ul> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Primordial beings</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahamu" title="Lahamu">Lahamu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lahmu" title="Lahmu">Lahmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishar" title="Kishar">Kishar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anshar" title="Anshar">Anshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummu" title="Mummu">Mummu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Seven gods who decree</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><b>Four primary</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li></ul></li> <li><b>Three sky gods</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna/Ishtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna/Sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu/Shamash</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Other major deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadad" title="Hadad">Adad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid" title="Dumuzid">Dumuzid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkimdu" title="Enkimdu">Enkimdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahar_(god)" title="Lahar (god)">Lahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ulpae" title="Šulpae">Šulpae</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Minor deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agasaya" title="Agasaya">Agasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asaruludu" class="mw-redirect" title="Asaruludu">Asaruludu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashnan" title="Ashnan">Ashnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashgi" title="Ashgi">Ashgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzi-abzu" title="Dumuzi-abzu">Dumuzi-abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enbilulu" title="Enbilulu">Enbilulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erra_(god)" title="Erra (god)">Erra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erragal" title="Erragal">Erragal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibil" title="Gibil">Gibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendursaga" title="Hendursaga">Hendursaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igigi" title="Igigi">Igigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishum" title="Ishum">Išum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kajamanu" title="Kajamanu">Kajamanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahar_(god)" title="Lahar (god)">Lahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%A3" title="Laṣ">Laṣ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisin" title="Lisin">Lisin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugala%27abba" title="Lugala'abba">Lugala'abba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_(goddess)" title="Mami (goddess)">Mami/Nintu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamitu" title="Mamitu">Mamitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugal-irra_and_Meslamta-ea" title="Lugal-irra and Meslamta-ea">Maštabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nindara" title="Nindara">Nindara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin-MAR.KI" title="Nin-MAR.KI">Ninmarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningirida" title="Ningirida">Ningirida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningirima" title="Ningirima">Ningirima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkilim" title="Ninkilim">Ninkilim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninmug" title="Ninmug">Ninmug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nin%C5%A1ar" title="Ninšar">Ninšar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsikila" title="Ninsikila">Ninsikila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninšubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuska" title="Nuska">Nuska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panigingarra" title="Panigingarra">Paniĝinĝarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarpanit" title="Sarpanit">Sarpanit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shul-utula" title="Shul-utula">Shul-utula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ubula" title="Šubula">Šubula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ulpae" title="Šulpae">Šulpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishpak" title="Tishpak">Tišpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Demigods and heroes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamhat" title="Shamhat">Shamhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siduri" title="Siduri">Siduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Apkallu</a> (seven sages)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Spirits and monsters</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Udug" title="Udug">Udug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamassu" title="Lamassu">Lamassu/Shedu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edimmu" title="Edimmu">Edimmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(goddess)" title="Siris (goddess)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB" title="Anzû">Anzû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_(Ninurta)" title="Dragon (Ninurta)">Ušum/Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid_(Ninurta)" title="Mermaid (Ninurta)">Kuli-ana/Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%A1mu" title="Bašmu">Bašmu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1ma%E1%B8%AB%E1%B8%AB%C5%AB" title="Mušmaḫḫū">Mušmaḫḫū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U%C5%A1umgallu" title="Ušumgallu">Ušumgallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven-headed_serpent" title="Seven-headed serpent">Seven-headed serpent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Humbaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbi" title="Hanbi">Hanbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_underworld" title="Ancient Mesopotamian underworld">Kur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamashtu" title="Lamashtu">Lamashtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilu_(mythology)" title="Lilu (mythology)">Lilu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazuzu" title="Pazuzu">Pazuzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabisu" title="Rabisu">Rabisu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Tales</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/An_%3D_Anum" title="An = Anum">An = Anum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atra-Hasis" title="Atra-Hasis">Atra-Hasis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/En%C5%ABma_Eli%C5%A1" title="Enūma Eliš">Enūma Eliš</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epic_of_Gilgamesh" title="Epic of Gilgamesh">Epic of Gilgamesh</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#cdc8b8;color: var(--color-base)">Terms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0.3em 0.3em 0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">Dingir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukkal" title="Sukkal">Sukkal</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/40px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/60px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Cuneform_UZ.svg/80px-Cuneform_UZ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="630" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform script">cuneiform script</a>.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support#Cuneiform" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of cuneiform script.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Enki</b> (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: <span lang="sux"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒀭𒂗𒆠</span></span> <span title="Sumerian-language romanization"><i lang="sux-Latn"><sup><a href="/wiki/Dingir" title="Dingir">D</a></sup>EN-KI</i></span>) is the <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian god</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Water deity">water</a>, knowledge (<i><a href="/wiki/Geshtu-E" title="Geshtu-E">gestú</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Crafts" class="mw-redirect" title="Crafts">crafts</a> (<i>gašam</i>), and <a href="/wiki/Creation_deity" class="mw-redirect" title="Creation deity">creation</a> (<i>nudimmud</i>), and one of the <a href="/wiki/Anunnaki" title="Anunnaki">Anunnaki</a>. He was later known as <b>Ea</b> (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a>: <span lang="akk"><span style="font-size:125%;font-family: lang=">𒀭𒂍𒀀</span></span>) or <b>Ae</b><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">religion</a>, and is identified by some scholars with <b>Ia</b> in <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite religion</a>. The name was rendered <b>Aos</b> within Greek sources (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Damascius" title="Damascius">Damascius</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was originally the <a href="/wiki/Patron_god" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron god">patron god</a> of the city of <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, but later the influence of his <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cult</a> spread throughout <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurrians" title="Hurrians">Hurrians</a>. He was associated with the southern band of constellations called <i>stars of Ea</i>, but also with the constellation <b>AŠ-IKU</b>, <i>the Field</i> (<a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(constellation)" title="Pegasus (constellation)">Square of Pegasus</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning around the second millennium BCE, he was sometimes referred to in writing by the numeric ideogram for "40", occasionally referred to as his "sacred number".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The planet <a href="/wiki/Mercury_(planet)" title="Mercury (planet)">Mercury</a>, associated with Babylonian <i><a href="/wiki/Nabu" title="Nabu">Nabu</a></i> (the son of <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>) was, in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> times, identified with Enki,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as was the star <a href="/wiki/Canopus" title="Canopus">Canopus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many myths about Enki have been collected from various sites, stretching from Southern Iraq to the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> coast. He is mentioned in the earliest extant cuneiform inscriptions throughout the region and was prominent from the third millennium down to the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The exact meaning of Enki's name is uncertain: the common translation is "Lord of the Earth". The Sumerian <i><a href="/wiki/EN_(cuneiform)" title="EN (cuneiform)">En</a></i> is translated as a title equivalent to "<a href="/wiki/Lord" title="Lord">lord</a>" and was originally a title given to the High Priest. <i>Ki</i> means "earth", but there are theories that <i>ki</i> in this name has another origin, possibly <i>kig</i> of unknown meaning, or <i>kur</i> meaning "mound". The name Ea is allegedly <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> in origin while others<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claim that his name 'Ea' is possibly of Semitic origin and may be a derivation from the West-Semitic root *hyy meaning "life"<sup id="cite_ref-Weninger_2012_p._14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weninger_2012_p.-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in this case used for "spring", "running water". In Sumerian E-A means "the house of water", and it has been suggested that this was originally the name for the shrine to the god at <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>. </p><p>It has also been suggested that the original non-anthropomorphic divinity at Eridu was not Enki but <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a>. The emergence of Enki as the divine lover of <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>, and the divine battle between the younger Igigi divinities and Abzu, saw the Abzu, the underground waters of the Aquifer, becoming the place in which the foundations of the temple were built.<sup id="cite_ref-Espak_2006_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espak_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 20">: 20 </span></sup> With some Sumerian deity names as Enlil, there are variations like Elil. En means "Lord" and E means "temple". It is likely that E-A is the Sumerian short form for "Lord of Water", as Enki is a god of water. Ab in Abzu also means "water". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Worship">Worship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main temple to Enki was called <i>E-abzu</i>, meaning "<a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">abzu</a> temple" (also <i>E-en-gur-a</i>, meaning "house of the subterranean waters"), a <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> temple surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphratean</a> marshlands near the ancient <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> coastline at <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>. It was the first temple known to have been built in Southern Iraq. Four separate excavations at the site of Eridu have demonstrated the existence of a shrine dating back to the earliest <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a>, more than 6,500 years ago. Over the following 4,500 years, the temple was expanded 18 times, until it was abandoned during the Persian period.<sup id="cite_ref-Espak_2006_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espak_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On this basis Thorkild Jacobsen<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has hypothesized that the original deity of the temple was Abzu, with his attributes later being taken by Enki over time. P. Steinkeller believes that, during the earliest period, Enki had a subordinate position to a goddess (possibly <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>), taking the role of divine consort or high priest,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later taking priority. The Enki temple had at its entrance a pool of fresh water, and excavation has found numerous carp bones, suggesting collective feasts. Carp are shown in the twin water flows running into the later God Enki, suggesting continuity of these features over a very long period. These features were found at all subsequent Sumerian temples, suggesting that this temple established the pattern for all subsequent Sumerian temples. "All rules laid down at Eridu were faithfully observed".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Iconography">Iconography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Iconography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ea_(Babilonian)_-_EnKi_(Sumerian).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/330px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/500px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/960px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>The Adda Seal, an ancient Akkadian cylinder seal showing (from left to right) <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a>, Enki, and <a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a> (circa 2300 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-seal_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seal-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Enki was the keeper of the divine powers called <i><a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)">Me</a></i>, the gifts of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>. He is often shown with the horned crown of divinity. </p><p>On the Adda Seal, Enki is depicted with two streams of water flowing into each of his shoulders: one the Tigris, the other the Euphrates.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alongside him are two trees, symbolizing the male and female aspects of nature. He is shown wearing a flounced skirt and a cone-shaped hat. An eagle descends from above to land upon his outstretched right arm. This portrayal reflects Enki's role as the god of water, life, and replenishment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considered the master shaper of the world, god of <a href="/wiki/Wisdom" title="Wisdom">wisdom</a> and of all <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a>, Enki was characterized as the lord of the <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a> (Apsu in Akkadian), the freshwater sea or <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> located within the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">earth</a>. In the later Babylonian epic <i><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a></i>, Abzu, the "begetter of the gods", is inert and sleepy but finds his peace disturbed by the younger gods, so sets out to destroy them. His grandson Enki, chosen to represent the younger gods, puts a spell on Abzu "casting him into a deep sleep", thereby confining him deep underground. Enki subsequently sets up his home "<i>in the depths of the Abzu</i>." Enki thus takes on all of the functions of the Abzu, including his fertilising powers as lord of the waters and lord of <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early royal inscriptions from the <a href="/wiki/Third_millennium_BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Third millennium BCE">third millennium BCE</a> mention "the reeds of Enki". <a href="/wiki/Phragmites" title="Phragmites">Reeds</a> were an important local building material, used for baskets and containers, and collected outside the city walls, where the dead or sick were often carried. This links Enki to the <i><a href="/wiki/Kur" class="mw-redirect" title="Kur">Kur</a></i> or <a href="/wiki/Underworld" title="Underworld">underworld</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian mythology</a>. In another even older tradition, <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a>, the goddess of the primeval creative matter and the mother-goddess portrayed as having <i>"given birth to the great gods,"</i> was the mother of Enki, and as the watery creative force, was said to preexist Ea-Enki.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benito states "With Enki it is an interesting change of gender symbolism, the fertilising agent is also water, Sumerian <i>"a"</i> or <i>"Ab"</i> which also means "semen". In one evocative passage in a Sumerian hymn, Enki stands at the empty riverbeds and fills them with his 'water'".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Impression_of_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Impression_of_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg/330px-Impression_of_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Impression_of_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg/500px-Impression_of_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Impression_of_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg/960px-Impression_of_an_Akkadian_cylinder_seal_with_inscription_The_Divine_Sharkalisharri_Prince_of_Akkad_Ibni-Sharrum_the_Scribe_his_servant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2310" data-file-height="1436" /></a><figcaption>Impression of a cylinder seal of the time of Akkadian King <a href="/wiki/Sharkalisharri" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharkalisharri">Sharkalisharri</a> (c.2200 BC), with central inscription: "The Divine Sharkalisharri Prince of Akkad, Ibni-Sharrum the Scribe his servant". Depiction of Ea with <a href="/wiki/Indian_Buffalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Buffalo">long-horned water buffalo</a>. Circa 2217–2193 BC. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_life_and_sickness">Creation of life and sickness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Creation of life and sickness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The cosmogenic myth common in Sumer was that of the <a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">hieros gamos</a>, a sacred marriage where divine principles in the form of dualistic opposites came together as male and female to give birth to the cosmos. In the epic <i>Enki and Ninhursag</i>, Enki, as lord of <i>Ab</i> or fresh water, is living with his wife in the paradise of <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a> where </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The land of Dilmun is a pure place, the land of Dilmun is a clean place,<br /> The land of Dilmun is a clean place, the land of Dilmun is a bright place;<br /> He who is alone laid himself down in Dilmun,<br /> The place, after Enki is clean, that place is bright. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Despite being a place where "the raven uttered no cries" and "the lion killed not, the wolf snatched not the lamb, unknown was the kid-killing dog, unknown was the grain devouring boar", Dilmun had no water and Enki heard the cries of its goddess, Ninsikil, and orders the sun-god Utu to bring fresh water from the Earth for Dilmun. As a result, </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Her City Drinks the Water of Abundance,<br /> Dilmun Drinks the Water of Abundance,<br /> Her wells of bitter water, behold they are become wells of good water,<br /> Her fields and farms produced crops and grain,<br /> Her city, behold it has become the house of the banks and quays of the land. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Dilmun was identified with <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, whose name in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> means "two seas", where the fresh waters of the Arabian <a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">aquifer</a> mingle with the salt waters of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. This mingling of waters was known in Sumerian as <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a>, and was identified as the mother of Enki. </p><p>The subsequent tale, with similarities to the Biblical story of the forbidden fruit, repeats the story of how fresh water brings life to a barren land.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enki, the Water-Lord then "caused to flow the 'water of the heart" and having fertilised his consort <a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a>, also known as <a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a> or Earth, after "Nine days being her nine months, the months of 'womanhood'... like good butter, Nintu, the mother of the land, ...like good butter, gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Ninsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninsar">Ninsar</a>, (Lady Greenery)". When Ninhursag left him, as Water-Lord he came upon Ninsar (Lady Greenery). Not knowing her to be his daughter, and because she reminds him of his absent consort, Enki then seduces and has intercourse with her. Ninsar then gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Ninkurra" title="Ninkurra">Ninkurra</a> (Lady Fruitfulness or Lady Pasture), and leaves Enki alone again. A second time, Enki, in his loneliness finds and seduces Ninkurra, and from the union Ninkurra gave birth to <a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a> (weaver or spider, the weaver of the web of life). </p><p>A third time Enki succumbs to temptation, and attempts seduction of Uttu. Upset about Enki's reputation, Uttu consults Ninhursag, who, upset at the promiscuous wayward nature of her spouse, advises Uttu to avoid the riverbanks, the places likely to be affected by flooding, the home of Enki. In another version of this myth, Ninhursag takes Enki's semen from Uttu's womb and plants it in the earth where eight plants rapidly germinate. With his two-faced servant and steward <a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a>, "Enki, in the swampland, in the swampland lies stretched out, 'What is this (plant), what is this (plant).' His messenger Isimud, answers him; 'My king, this is the tree-plant', he says to him. He cuts it off for him and he (Enki) eats it". And so, despite warnings, Enki consumes the other seven fruit. Consuming his own semen, he falls pregnant (ill with swellings) in his jaw, his teeth, his mouth, his hip, his throat, his limbs, his side and his rib. The gods are at a loss to know what to do; chagrined they "sit in the dust". As Enki lacks a birth canal through which to give birth, he seems to be dying with swellings. The fox then asks <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the Gods">King of the Gods</a>, "If I bring Ninhursag before thee, what shall be my reward?" Ninhursag's sacred fox then fetches the goddess. </p><p>Ninhursag relents and takes Enki's Ab (water, or semen) into her body, and gives birth to gods of healing of each part of the body: <a href="/wiki/Abu_(god)" title="Abu (god)">Abu</a> for the jaw, <a href="/wiki/Nanshe" title="Nanshe">Nanshe</a> for the throat, <a href="/wiki/Nintul" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintul">Nintul</a> for the hip, <a href="/wiki/Ninsutu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninsutu">Ninsutu</a> for the tooth, <a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a> for the mouth, <a href="/wiki/Dazimua" class="mw-redirect" title="Dazimua">Dazimua</a> for the side, <a href="/wiki/Enshagag" class="mw-redirect" title="Enshagag">Enshagag</a> for the limbs. The last one, <a href="/wiki/Ninti" title="Ninti">Ninti</a> (Lady Rib), is also a pun on Lady Life, a title of Ninhursag herself. The story thus symbolically reflects the way in which life is brought forth through the addition of water to the land, and once it grows, water is required to bring plants to fruit. It also counsels balance and responsibility, nothing to excess. </p><p>Ninti, the title of Ninhursag, also means "the mother of all living", and was a title later given to the <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebat" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebat">Kheba</a>. This is also the title given in the Bible to <a href="/wiki/Eve" title="Eve">Eve</a>, the Hebrew and Aramaic <i>Ḥawwah</i> (חוה), who was made from the rib of Adam, in a strange reflection of the Sumerian myth, in which Adam – not Enki – walks in the Garden of Paradise.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_1961_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_1961-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Making_of_man">Making of man</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Making of man"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After six generations of gods, in the Babylonian <i><a href="/wiki/En%C3%BBma_Eli%C5%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Enûma Eliš">Enûma Eliš</a></i>, in the seventh generation, (Akkadian <i>"shapattu"</i> or sabath), the younger <a href="/wiki/Igigi" title="Igigi">Igigi</a> gods, the sons and daughters of Enlil and Ninlil, go on strike and refuse their duties of keeping creation working. <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a>, god of fresh water, co-creator of the cosmos, threatens to destroy the world with his waters, and the gods gather in terror. Enki promises to help and puts Abzu to sleep, confining him in irrigation canals and places him in the Kur, beneath his city of <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>. But the universe is still threatened, as <a href="/wiki/Tiamat" title="Tiamat">Tiamat</a>, angry at the imprisonment of Abzu and at the prompting of her son and vizier <a href="/wiki/Kingu" title="Kingu">Kingu</a>, decides to take back creation herself. The gods gather again in terror and turn to Enki for help, but Enki – who harnessed <a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a>, Tiamat's consort, for irrigation – refuses to get involved. The gods then seek help elsewhere, and the patriarchal <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>, their father, god of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, promises to solve the problem if they make him King of the Gods. In the Babylonian tale, Enlil's role is taken by <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, Enki's son, and in the Assyrian version it is <a href="/wiki/Ashur_(god)" title="Ashur (god)">Ashur</a>. After dispatching Tiamat with the "arrows of his winds" down her throat and constructing the heavens with the arch of her ribs, Enlil places her tail in the sky as the Milky Way, and her crying eyes become the source of the Tigris and Euphrates. But there is still the problem of "who will keep the cosmos working". Enki, who might have otherwise come to their aid, is lying in a deep sleep and fails to hear their cries. His mother <a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a> (creatrix also of Abzu and Tiamat) "brings the tears of the gods" before Enki and says </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Oh my son, arise from thy bed, from thy (slumber), work what is wise,<br /> Fashion servants for the Gods, may they produce their (bread?). </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Enki then advises that they create a servant of the gods, humankind, out of clay and blood.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against Enki's wish, the gods decide to slay Kingu, and Enki finally consents to use Kingu's blood to make the first human, with whom Enki always later has a close relationship, the first of the seven sages, seven wise men or <i>"Abgallu"</i> (<i>ab</i> = water, <i>gal</i> = great, <i>lu</i> = man), also known as <a href="/wiki/Adapa" title="Adapa">Adapa</a>. Enki assembles a team of divinities to help him, creating a host of "good and princely fashioners". He tells his mother: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Oh my mother, the creature whose name thou has uttered, it exists,<br /> Bind upon it the (will?) of the Gods;<br /> Mix the heart of clay that is over the Abyss,<br /> The good and princely fashioners will thicken the clay<br /> Thou, do thou bring the limbs into existence;<br /> <a href="/wiki/Ninmah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninmah">Ninmah</a> (Ninhursag, his wife and consort) will work above thee<br /> (<a href="/wiki/Nintu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nintu">Nintu</a>?) (goddess of birth) will stand by thy fashioning;<br /> Oh my mother, decree thou its (the new born's) fate. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Adapa, the first man fashioned, later goes and acts as the advisor to the King of Eridu, when in the Sumerian King-List, the <i><a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)">me</a></i> of "kingship descends on Eridu". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Noah_Kramer" title="Samuel Noah Kramer">Samuel Noah Kramer</a> believes that behind this myth of Enki's confinement of Abzu lies an older one of the struggle between Enki and the Dragon Kur (the underworld).<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_1961_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_1961-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Atrahasis-Epos has it that Enlil requested from Nammu the creation of humans. And Nammu told him that with the help of Enki (her son) she can create humans in the image of gods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uniter_of_languages">Uniter of languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Uniter of languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Sumerian epic entitled <i><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a></i>, in a speech of <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a>, an introductory spell appears, recounting Enki having had mankind communicate in one language (following Jay Crisostomo 2019); in other accounts, it is a hymn imploring Enki to do so. In either case, Enki "facilitated the debates between [the two kings] by allowing the world to speak one language," the presumed superior language of the tablet, i.e. Sumerian.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jay Crisostomo's 2019 translation, based on the recent work of C. Mittermayer is: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>At that time, as there was no snake, as there was no scorpion, <br /> as there was no hyena, as there was no lion, <br /> as there was no dog or wolf, as there was no fear or trembling<br />  — as humans had no rival.<br /> <br /> It was then that the lands of <a href="/wiki/Subartu" title="Subartu">Subur</a> [and] <a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a>, <br /> the distinctly-tongued, Sumer, the great mountain, the essence of nobility, <br /> Akkad, the land possessing the befitting, <br /> and the land of Martu, lying in safety <br /> — the totality of heaven and earth, the well-guarded people, [all] proclaimed Enlil in a single language.<br /> <br /> Enki, the lord of abundance and true word, <br /> the lord chosen in wisdom who watches over the land, <br /> the expert of all the gods, the chosen in wisdom, <br /> the lord of Eridu, [Enki] placed an alteration of the language in their mouths.<br /> <br /> The speech of humanity is one. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>S.N. Kramer's 1940 translation is as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Once upon a time there was no snake, there was no scorpion,<br /> There was no hyena, there was no lion,<br /> There was no wild dog, no wolf,<br /> There was no fear, no terror,<br /> Man had no rival.<br /> <br /> In those days, the lands of Subur (and) Hamazi,<br /> Harmony-tongued Sumer, the great land of the decrees of princeship,<br /> Uri, the land having all that is appropriate,<br /> The land <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Martu</a>, resting in security,<br /> The whole universe, the people in unison<br /> To Enlil in one tongue [spoke].<br /> <br /> (Then) Enki, the lord of abundance (whose) commands are trustworthy,<br /> The lord of wisdom, who understands the land,<br /> The leader of the gods,<br /> Endowed with wisdom, the lord of <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a><br /> Changed the speech in their mouths, [brought] contention into it,<br /> Into the speech of man that (until then) had been one. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_deluge">The deluge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The deluge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eridu_Genesis" title="Eridu Genesis">Eridu Genesis</a></div> <p>In the Sumerian version of the <a href="/wiki/Flood_myth" title="Flood myth">flood myth</a>, the causes of the flood and the reasons for the hero's survival are unknown due to the fact that the beginning of the tablet describing the story has been destroyed. Nonetheless, Kramer has stated that it can probably be reasonably inferred that the hero <a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a> survives due to Enki's aid because that is what happens in the later Akkadian and Babylonian versions of the story.<sup id="cite_ref-Kramer_1961_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kramer_1961-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97–99">: 97–99 </span></sup> </p><p>In the later Legend of <a href="/wiki/Atrahasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Atrahasis">Atrahasis</a>, Enlil, the King of the Gods, sets out to eliminate humanity, whose noise is disturbing his rest. He successively sends drought, famine and plague to eliminate humanity, but Enki thwarts his half-brother's plans by teaching Atrahasis how to counter these threats. Each time, Atrahasis asks the population to abandon worship of all gods except the one responsible for the calamity, and this seems to shame them into relenting. Humans, however, proliferate a fourth time. Enraged, <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> convenes a Council of Deities and gets them to promise not to tell <a href="/wiki/Humankind" class="mw-redirect" title="Humankind">humankind</a> that he plans their total annihilation. Enki does not tell Atrahasis directly, but speaks to him in secret via a reed wall. He instructs Atrahasis to build a boat in order to rescue his family and other living creatures from the coming deluge. After the seven-day deluge, the flood hero frees a swallow, a raven and a dove in an effort to find if the flood waters have receded. Upon landing, a sacrifice is made to the gods. Enlil is angry his will has been thwarted yet again, and Enki is named as the culprit. Enki explains that Enlil is unfair to punish the guiltless, and the gods institute measures to ensure that humanity does not become too populous in the future. This is one of the oldest of the surviving <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle Eastern</a> <a href="/wiki/Flood_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood (mythology)">deluge myths</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enki_and_Inanna">Enki and Inanna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Enki and Inanna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The myth <i>Enki and Inanna</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gfixkf_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfixkf-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tells the story of how the young goddess of the <a href="/wiki/E-anna" class="mw-redirect" title="E-anna">É-anna</a> temple of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a> feasts with her father Enki.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two deities participate in a drinking competition; then, Enki, thoroughly inebriated, gives Inanna all of the <i><a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)">mes</a></i>. The next morning, when Enki awakes with a hangover, he asks his servant <a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a> for the <i>mes</i>, only to be informed that he has given them to Inanna. Upset, he sends <a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu"><i>Galla</i></a> to recover them. Inanna sails away in the boat of heaven and arrives safely back at the quay of Uruk. Eventually, Enki admits his defeat and accepts a peace treaty with Uruk. </p><p>Politically, this myth would seem to indicate events of an early period when political authority passed from Enki's city of Eridu to Inanna's city of Uruk. </p><p>In the myth of <i>Inanna's Descent</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-gfixkf_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfixkf-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Inanna, in order to console her grieving sister <a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a>, who is mourning the death of her husband <a href="/wiki/Gugalana" class="mw-redirect" title="Gugalana">Gugalana</a> (<i>gu</i> 'bull', <i>gal</i> 'big', <i>ana</i> 'sky/heaven'), slain by <a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a>, sets out to visit her sister. Inanna tells her servant Ninshubur ('Lady Evening', a reference to Inanna's role as the <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">evening star</a>) to get help from <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> or Enki if she does not return in three days. After Inanna has not come back, Ninshubur approaches Anu, only to be told that he knows the goddess's strength and her ability to take care of herself. While Enlil tells Ninshubur he is busy running the cosmos, Enki immediately expresses concern and dispatches his Galla (Galaturra or Kurgarra, sexless beings created from the dirt from beneath the god's finger-nails) to recover the young goddess. These beings may be the origin of the Greco-Roman <i><a href="/wiki/Galli" title="Galli">Galli</a></i>, androgynous beings of the <a href="/wiki/Third_gender" title="Third gender">third sex</a> who played an important part in early religious ritual.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Inanna_and_Shukaletuda"></span>In the story <i><a href="/wiki/Inanna_and_Shukaletuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Inanna and Shukaletuda">Inanna and Shukaletuda</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Shukaletuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Shukaletuda">Shukaletuda</a>, the gardener, set by Enki to care for the date palm he had created, finds Inanna sleeping under the palm tree and rapes the goddess in her sleep. Awaking, she discovers that she has been violated and seeks to punish the miscreant. Shukaletuda seeks protection from Enki, whom Bottéro believes to be his father.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottéro1992_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottéro1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In classic Enkian fashion, the father advises Shukaletuda to hide in the city where Inanna will not be able to find him. Enki, as the protector of whoever comes to seek his help, and as the empowerer of Inanna, here challenges the young impetuous goddess to control her anger so as to be better able to function as a great judge. </p><p>Eventually, after cooling her anger, she too seeks the help of Enki, as spokesperson of the "assembly of the gods", the Igigi and the Anunnaki. After she presents her case, Enki sees that justice needs to be done and promises help, delivering knowledge of where the miscreant is hiding. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God_Ea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/God_Ea.jpg/250px-God_Ea.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/God_Ea.jpg/330px-God_Ea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/God_Ea.jpg/500px-God_Ea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>God Ea, a statue from Khorsabad, late 8th century BCE, Iraq, now in the Iraq Museum</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:God_Ea,_seated,_holding_a_cup._From_Nasiriyah,_southern_Iraq,_2004-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/God_Ea%2C_seated%2C_holding_a_cup._From_Nasiriyah%2C_southern_Iraq%2C_2004-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/250px-God_Ea%2C_seated%2C_holding_a_cup._From_Nasiriyah%2C_southern_Iraq%2C_2004-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/God_Ea%2C_seated%2C_holding_a_cup._From_Nasiriyah%2C_southern_Iraq%2C_2004-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/330px-God_Ea%2C_seated%2C_holding_a_cup._From_Nasiriyah%2C_southern_Iraq%2C_2004-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/God_Ea%2C_seated%2C_holding_a_cup._From_Nasiriyah%2C_southern_Iraq%2C_2004-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg/500px-God_Ea%2C_seated%2C_holding_a_cup._From_Nasiriyah%2C_southern_Iraq%2C_2004-1595_BCE._Iraq_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3231" data-file-height="4604" /></a><figcaption>God Ea, seated, holding a cup. From Nasiriyah, southern Iraq, 2004–1595 BCE. Iraq Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Enki and later Ea were apparently depicted, sometimes, as a man covered with the skin of a fish, and this representation, as likewise the name of his temple E-apsu, "house of the watery deep", points decidedly to his original character as a god of the waters (see <a href="/wiki/Oannes_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oannes (mythology)">Oannes</a>). Around the excavation of the 18 shrines found on the spot, thousands of <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> bones were found, consumed possibly in feasts to the god. Of his cult at Eridu, which goes back to the oldest period of Mesopotamian history, nothing definite is known except that his temple was also associated with Ninhursag's temple which was called <i>Esaggila</i>, "the lofty head house" (<i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89_(temple)" title="É (temple)">E</a></i>, house, <i>sag</i>, head, <i>ila</i>, high; or Akkadian goddess = Ila), a name shared with Marduk's temple in Babylon, pointing to a staged tower or <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> (as with the temple of <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, which was known as <i>E-kur</i> (<i>kur</i>, hill)), and that incantations, involving ceremonial rites in which water as a sacred element played a prominent part, formed a feature of his worship. This seems also implicated in the <a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">epic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hieros_gamos" title="Hieros gamos">hieros gamos</a> or sacred <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a> of Enki and Ninhursag (above), which seems an <a href="/wiki/Etiology" title="Etiology">etiological</a> myth of the fertilisation of the dry ground by the coming of irrigation water (from Sumerian <i>a</i>, <i>ab</i>, water or semen). The early inscriptions of <a href="/wiki/Urukagina" title="Urukagina">Urukagina</a> in fact go so far as to suggest that the divine pair, Enki and Ninki, were the progenitors of seven pairs of gods, including Enki as god of <a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, and Su'en (or <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, and were themselves the children of An (sky, heaven) and Ki (earth).<sup id="cite_ref-Espak_2006_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Espak_2006-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The pool of the Abzu at the front of his temple was adopted also at the temple to Nanna (<a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sin</a>) the Moon, at <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, and spread from there throughout the Middle East. It is believed to remain today as the sacred pool at <a href="/wiki/Mosques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosques">Mosques</a>, or as the holy water font in Catholic or Eastern Orthodox churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottéro1992_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottéro1992-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2020)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Whether Eridu at one time also played an important political role in Sumerian affairs is not certain, though not improbable. At all events the prominence of "Ea" led, as in the case of Nippur, to the survival of Eridu as a sacred city, long after it had ceased to have any significance as a political center. Myths in which Ea figures prominently have been found in <a href="/wiki/Assurbanipal" class="mw-redirect" title="Assurbanipal">Assurbanipal</a>'s library, and in the <a href="/wiki/Hattusas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hattusas">Hattusas</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archive</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. As Ea, Enki had a wide influence outside of Sumer, being equated with <a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">El</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugarit</a>) and possibly <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism#Yah" title="Names of God in Judaism">Yah</a> (at <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite mythology">Canaanite</a> <a href="/wiki/Elohim" title="Elohim">'ilhm</a> <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a>. He is also found in <a href="/wiki/Hurrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurrian">Hurrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hittites" title="Hittites">Hittite</a> mythology as a god of contracts, and is particularly favourable to humankind. It has been suggested that etymologically the name Ea comes from the term <i>*hyy</i> (life), referring to Enki's waters as life-giving.<sup id="cite_ref-Opening_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Opening-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Enki/Ea is essentially a god of civilization, wisdom, and culture. He was also the creator and protector of man, and of the world in general. Traces of this version of Ea appear in the Marduk epic celebrating the achievements of this god and the close connection between the Ea cult at Eridu and that of Marduk. The correlation between the two rises from two other important connections: (1) that the name of Marduk's sanctuary at Babylon bears the same name, <i>Esaggila</i>, as that of a temple in Eridu, and (2) that Marduk is generally termed the son of Ea, who derives his powers from the voluntary abdication of the father in favour of his son. Accordingly, the incantations originally composed for the Ea cult were re-edited by the priests of Babylon and adapted to the worship of <a href="/wiki/Marduk" title="Marduk">Marduk</a>, and, similarly, the hymns to Marduk betray traces of the transfer to Marduk of attributes which originally belonged to Ea. </p><p>It is, however, as the third figure in the triad (the two other members of which were <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">Anu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a>) that Ea acquires his permanent place in the pantheon. To him was assigned the control of the watery element, and in this capacity he becomes the <i><a href="/wiki/B%C3%AAlu" class="mw-redirect" title="Bêlu">shar</a> apsi</i>; i.e. king of the Apsu or "the abyss". The Apsu was figured as the abyss of water beneath the earth, and since the gathering place of the dead, known as Aralu, was situated near the confines of the Apsu, he was also designated as <a href="/wiki/EN_(cuneiform)" title="EN (cuneiform)">En</a> <a href="/wiki/En-Ki" class="mw-redirect" title="En-Ki">-Ki</a>; i.e. "lord of that which is below", in contrast to Anu, who was the lord of the "above" or the heavens. The cult of Ea extended throughout Babylonia and <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a>. We find temples and shrines erected in his honour, e.g. at <a href="/wiki/Nippur" title="Nippur">Nippur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girsu" title="Girsu">Girsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ur" title="Ur">Ur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sippar" title="Sippar">Sippar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a>, and the numerous epithets given to him, as well as the various forms under which the god appears, alike bear witness to the popularity which he enjoyed from the earliest to the latest period of Babylonian-Assyrian history. The consort of Ea, known as Ninhursag, Ki, Uriash <a href="/wiki/Damkina" class="mw-redirect" title="Damkina">Damkina</a>, "lady of that which is below", or <a href="/wiki/Damgalnunna" class="mw-redirect" title="Damgalnunna">Damgalnunna</a>, "big lady of the waters", originally was fully equal with Ea, but in more <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchal</a> Assyrian and <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Neo-Babylonian</a> times plays a part merely in association with her lord. Generally, however, Enki seems to be a reflection of pre-patriarchal times, in which relations between the sexes were characterised by a situation of greater <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>. In his character, he prefers persuasion to conflict, which he seeks to avoid if possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ea_and_West_Semitic_deities">Ea and West Semitic deities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ea and West Semitic deities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1964, a team of Italian archaeologists under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Matthiae" title="Paolo Matthiae">Paolo Matthiae</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rome_La_Sapienza" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Rome La Sapienza">University of Rome La Sapienza</a> performed a series of excavations of material from the third-millennium BCE city of <a href="/wiki/Ebla" title="Ebla">Ebla</a>. Much of the written material found in these digs was later translated by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pettinato" title="Giovanni Pettinato">Giovanni Pettinato</a>. Among other conclusions, he found a tendency among the inhabitants of Ebla, after the reign of <a href="/wiki/Sargon_of_Akkad" title="Sargon of Akkad">Sargon of Akkad</a>, to replace the name of <a href="/wiki/El_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="El (god)">El</a>, king of the gods of the <a href="/wiki/Canaanite_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanite pantheon">Canaanite pantheon</a> (found in names such as Mikael and Ishmael), with <i>Ia</i> (Mikaia, Ishmaia).<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jean Bottéro (1952)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> suggested that <i>Ia</i> in this case is a West Semitic (Canaanite) way of pronouncing the <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> name <i>Ea</i>. Scholars largely reject the theory identifying this <i>Ia</i> with the Israelite theonym <i><a href="/wiki/YHWH" class="mw-redirect" title="YHWH">YHWH</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while explaining how it might have been misinterpreted.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Ia</i> has also been compared by William Hallo with the <a href="/wiki/Ugarit" title="Ugarit">Ugaritic</a> god <i><a href="/wiki/Yam_(god)" title="Yam (god)">Yamm</a></i> ("Sea"), (also called Judge Nahar, or Judge River) whose earlier name in at least one ancient source was <i>Yaw</i> or <i>Ya'a</i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (April 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ea was also known as <i><a href="/wiki/Dagon" title="Dagon">Dagon</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Apkallu" title="Apkallu">Uanna</a></i> (Grecised <i>Oannes</i>), the first of the Seven Sages.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azazel" title="Azazel">Azazel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbar_Temple" title="Barbar Temple">Barbar Temple</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a>-era temple in <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> devoted to the worship of Enki</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn (astrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricornus" title="Capricornus">Capricornus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Aquarius (astrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iah" title="Iah">Iah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah" title="Jah">Jah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Me_(mythology)" title="Me (mythology)"><i>Me</i> (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamian_mythology" title="Mesopotamian mythology">Mesopotamian mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_(deity)" title="El (deity)">El (deity)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the larger narrative Enmerkar is the king of Uruk (Sumer) and Aratta is a mythical eastern land. This episode is one of the most-argued in Assyriological literature.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Another translation describes 'Hamazi, the many-tongued' and instead calls on Enki to change the languages of mankind into one.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-seal-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seal_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seal_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=368706&partId=1&searchText=89115&page=1">"The Adda Seal"</a>. <i>British Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=British+Museum&rft.atitle=The+Adda+Seal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fresearch%2Fcollection_online%2Fcollection_object_details.aspx%3FobjectId%3D368706%26partId%3D1%26searchText%3D89115%26page%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeick2002" class="citation book cs1">Leick, Dr Gwendolyn (11 September 2002). <i>A Dictionary of Ancient Near Eastern Mythology</i>. Routledge. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-64103-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-64103-1"><bdi>978-1-134-64103-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Mythology&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002-09-11&rft.isbn=978-1-134-64103-1&rft.aulast=Leick&rft.aufirst=Dr+Gwendolyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuke1971" class="citation journal cs1">Duke, T. T. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296569">"Ovid's Pyramus and Thisbe"</a>. <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>66</b> (4). Classical Association of the Middle West and South (CAMWS): <span class="nowrap">320–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8353">0009-8353</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296569">3296569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Ovid%27s+Pyramus+and+Thisbe&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3296569%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8353&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=T.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3296569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span> p. 324, note 28: "... Leonard Palmer suggests in his <i>Interpretation of Mycenaean Greek texts</i> (1963), p. 255, that the name of Poseidon is a direct translation of "calque" of the Sumerian EN.KI, 'lord of the earth'".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto2_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephanie West. "Prometheus Orientalized" page 147 Museum Helveticum Vol. 51, No. 3 (1994), pp. 129–149 (21 pages)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuke1971" class="citation journal cs1">Duke, T. T. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296569">"Ovid's Pyramus and Thisbe"</a>. <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>66</b> (4). Classical Association of the Middle West and South (CAMWS): <span class="nowrap">320–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8353">0009-8353</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296569">3296569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Ovid%27s+Pyramus+and+Thisbe&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3296569%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8353&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=T.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3296569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span> p. 324, note 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangdon1918" class="citation journal cs1">Langdon, S. (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25209408">"The Babylonian Conception of the Logos"</a>. <i>The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland</i>. Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">433–</span>449. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8353">0009-8353</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25209408">25209408</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society+of+Great+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Babylonian+Conception+of+the+Logos&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E433-%3C%2Fspan%3E449&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25209408%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8353&rft.aulast=Langdon&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25209408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span> p. 434.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R">Origins of the ancient constellations: I. The Mesopotamian traditions</a> by J.H. Rogers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation book cs1">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RukgvgAACAAJ"><i>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</i></a>. University of Texas Press. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70794-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-70794-8"><bdi>978-0-292-70794-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-292-70794-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRukgvgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoster2007" class="citation book cs1">Foster, Benjamin R. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIYiil96ZXAC&pg=PA174">"4 Mesopotamia"</a>. In Hinnells, John R. (ed.). <i>A Handbook of Ancient Religions</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46198-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46198-6"><bdi>978-1-139-46198-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4+Mesopotamia&rft.btitle=A+Handbook+of+Ancient+Religions&rft.pages=174&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46198-6&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIYiil96ZXAC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlackGreen1992" class="citation cs2">Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992), <i>Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary</i>, The British Museum Press, p. 133, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7141-1705-8"><bdi>978-0-7141-1705-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gods%2C+Demons+and+Symbols+of+Ancient+Mesopotamia%3A+An+Illustrated+Dictionary&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=The+British+Museum+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-7141-1705-8&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Green%2C+Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNugent1993" class="citation journal cs1">Nugent, Tony (1 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://surface.syr.edu/rel_etd/52">"Star-god: Enki/Ea and the biblical god as expressions of a common ancient Near Eastern astral-theological symbol system"</a>. <i>Religion - Dissertations</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+-+Dissertations&rft.atitle=Star-god%3A+Enki%2FEa+and+the+biblical+god+as+expressions+of+a+common+ancient+Near+Eastern+astral-theological+symbol+system&rft.date=1993-01-01&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsurface.syr.edu%2Frel_etd%2F52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huffmon, Herbert B. (1965), "Amorite Personal Names in the Mari Texts: A Structural and Lexical Study". (Baltimore, Maryland: The Johns Hopkins Press)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramerMaier1989">Kramer & Maier 1989</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weninger_2012_p.-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weninger_2012_p._14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeninger2012" class="citation book cs1">Weninger, Stefan (1 January 2012). <i>The Semitic Languages</i>. Berlin [u.a..]: Walter de Gruyter. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025158-6"><bdi>978-3-11-025158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Semitic+Languages&rft.place=Berlin+%5Bu.a..%5D&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012-01-01&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025158-6&rft.aulast=Weninger&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Espak_2006-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Espak_2006_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espak_2006_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Espak_2006_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEspak2006" class="citation thesis cs1">Espak, Peeter (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/handle/10062/958/espakpeeter.pdf"><i>Ancient Near Eastern Gods Ea and Enki; Diachronical analysis of texts and images from the earliest sources to the Neo-Sumerian period</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (masters thesis). Tartu University, Faculty of Theology, Chair for Ancient Near Eastern Studies. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10062%2F958">10062/958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Ancient+Near+Eastern+Gods+Ea+and+Enki%3B+Diachronical+analysis+of+texts+and+images+from+the+earliest+sources+to+the+Neo-Sumerian+period&rft.inst=Tartu+University%2C+Faculty+of+Theology%2C+Chair+for+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10062%2F958&rft.aulast=Espak&rft.aufirst=Peeter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.utlib.ee%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10062%2F958%2Fespakpeeter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacobsen, Thorkild (1970) "Mesopotamian Gods and Pantheons", p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steinkeller P. (1999) "Priests and Officials", p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Buren, E.D. (1951) OsNs 21, p. 293<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2021)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCartwright" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/image/6225/">"Adda Seal (Illustration)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/World_History_Encyclopedia" title="World History Encyclopedia">World History Encyclopedia</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+History+Encyclopedia&rft.atitle=Adda+Seal+%28Illustration%29&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Fimage%2F6225%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBusby" class="citation web cs1">Busby, Jesse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ancientart.as.ua.edu/enki/">"Enki"</a>. <i>Ancient Art</i>. University of Alabama<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Art&rft.atitle=Enki&rft.aulast=Busby&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fancientart.as.ua.edu%2Fenki%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leick, Gwendolyn (2001), "Mesopotamia: the invention of the city" (Penguin) p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDalley1998" class="citation book cs1">Dalley, Stephanie (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ERp_y_w1nIC&pg=PA50"><i>Myths from Mesopotamia: Creation, the Flood, Gilgamesh, and Others</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283589-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283589-5"><bdi>978-0-19-283589-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+from+Mesopotamia%3A+Creation%2C+the+Flood%2C+Gilgamesh%2C+and+Others&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283589-5&rft.aulast=Dalley&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ERp_y_w1nIC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benito, C.A. (1969) "Enki and Ninmah" and "Enki and the World Order" (dissertation, Uni of Philadelphia)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/cylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum">"Cylinder Seal of Ibni-Sharrum"</a>. <i>Louvre Museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louvre+Museum&rft.atitle=Cylinder+Seal+of+Ibni-Sharrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Foeuvre-notices%2Fcylinder-seal-ibni-sharrum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=12067">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. <i>cartelfr.louvre.fr</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not_frame%26idNotice%3D12067&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrownFeldman2013" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Brian A.; Feldman, Marian H. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F4DoBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA187"><i>Critical Approaches to Ancient Near Eastern Art</i></a>. Walter de Gruyter. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-035-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61451-035-2"><bdi>978-1-61451-035-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Approaches+to+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Art&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-61451-035-2&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Brian+A.&rft.au=Feldman%2C+Marian+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF4DoBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.1.1&display=Crit&charenc=j&lineid=t111.p13#t111.p13">"Enki and Ninhursaja"</a>. Line 50–87<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enki+and+Ninhursaja&rft.pages=Line+50-87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fetcsl.cgi%3Ftext%3Dt.1.1.1%26display%3DCrit%26charenc%3Dj%26lineid%3Dt111.p13%23t111.p13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kramer_1961-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_1961_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_1961_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kramer_1961_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer1961" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianmytholog00kram"><i>Sumerian Mythology: A Study of Spiritual and Literary Achievement in the Third Millennium B.C.</i></a></span>. New York: Harper & Brothers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-1047-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-1047-6"><bdi>0-8122-1047-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sumerian+Mythology%3A+A+Study+of+Spiritual+and+Literary+Achievement+in+the+Third+Millennium+B.C.&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=0-8122-1047-6&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumerianmytholog00kram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKramer1963">Kramer 1963</a>, pp. 149–151; <a href="#CITEREFKramer1961">Kramer 1961</a>, pp. 69–72; Christopher B. Siren (1999) based on John C. Gibson's <i>Canaanite Mythology</i> and S. H. Hooke's <i>Middle Eastern Mythology</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crisostomo, <i>Translation as Scholarship: Language, Writing, and Bilingual Education in Ancient Babylonia</i> (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2019), 36–39. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0981-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0981-0">978-1-5015-0981-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jacob Klein, "The So-called 'Spell of Nudimmud' (ELA 134–155): A Re-examination", in Simonetta Graziani, ed., <i>Studi sul Vicino Oriente Antico dedicati alla memoria di Luigi Cagni</i> (Naples: Instituto Universitario Orientale, 2000), 563–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Mittermayer, <i>Enmerkara und der Herr von Arata: ein ungleicher Wettstreit</i> (Freiburg: Academic Press, 2009), 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section1/tr1823.htm">"Enmerkar and the lord of Aratta: translation"</a>. <i>etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Enmerkar+and+the+lord+of+Aratta%3A+translation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fetcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk%2Fsection1%2Ftr1823.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Inanna: Lady of Love and War, Queen of Heaven and Earth, Morning and Evening Star", consulted 25 August 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/gods/ladies/ladyinanna1.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gfixkf-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gfixkf_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gfixkf_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWolksteinKramer1983" class="citation book cs1">Wolkstein, Diane; Kramer, Samuel Noah (1983). <i>Inanna: Queen of Heaven and Earth: Her Stories and Hymns from Sumer</i>. Harper & Row. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-090854-6"><bdi>978-0-06-090854-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%3A+Queen+of+Heaven+and+Earth%3A+Her+Stories+and+Hymns+from+Sumer&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-06-090854-6&rft.aulast=Wolkstein&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.au=Kramer%2C+Samuel+Noah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEchlin2015" class="citation book cs1">Echlin, Kim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z3jJrQEACAAJ"><i>Inanna: A New English Version</i></a>. Penguin. p. 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-319458-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-319458-3"><bdi>978-0-14-319458-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%3A+A+New+English+Version&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-14-319458-3&rft.aulast=Echlin&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz3jJrQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEnheduannaMeador2000" class="citation book cs1">Enheduanna; Meador, Betty De Shong (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B45PvLlj3ogC"><i>Inanna, Lady of Largest Heart: Poems of the Sumerian High Priestess Enheduanna</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75242-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75242-9"><bdi>978-0-292-75242-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inanna%2C+Lady+of+Largest+Heart%3A+Poems+of+the+Sumerian+High+Priestess+Enheduanna&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75242-9&rft.au=Enheduanna&rft.au=Meador%2C+Betty+De+Shong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB45PvLlj3ogC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lishtar "The Avenging Maiden and the Predator Gardener: a study of Inanna and Shukaletuda" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gatewaystobabylon.com/essays/shukaletuda.html">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBottéro1992-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottéro1992_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBottéro1992_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBottéro1992">Bottéro 1992</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opening-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Opening_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAlfonso_Archii2012" class="citation book cs1">Alfonso Archii (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2aq43z3at0wC&pg=PA35">"The God Hay(Y)A (Ea / Enki) At Ebla"</a>. In Melville, Sarah; <a href="/wiki/Alice_Slotsky" title="Alice Slotsky">Slotsky, Alice</a> (eds.). <i>Opening the Tablet Box: Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Benjamin R. Foste</i>. Brill. pp. <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16, 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18652-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18652-1"><bdi>978-90-04-18652-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+God+Hay%28Y%29A+%28Ea+%2F+Enki%29+At+Ebla&rft.btitle=Opening+the+Tablet+Box%3A+Near+Eastern+Studies+in+Honor+of+Benjamin+R.+Foste&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16%2C+25&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18652-1&rft.au=Alfonso+Archii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2aq43z3at0wC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freeman, Tzvi. "Is there evidence of Abraham's revolution? – The Big Picture". Chabad.org. Retrieved 2011-06-06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bottero, Jean. "Religion in Ancient Mesopotamia" (University of Chicago Press, 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-06718-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-06718-1">0-226-06718-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boboula, Ida. "The Great Stag: A Sumerian Deity and Its Affiliations", <i>Fifty-Third General Meeting of the Archaeological Institute of America (1951)</i> in <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i>, Vol. 56, No. 3 (Jul. 1952) 171–178, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/500533">All pertinent information is available online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWatson_E._MillsRoger_Aubrey_Bullard1990" class="citation book cs1">Watson E. Mills; Roger Aubrey Bullard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=goq0VWw9rGIC&pg=PA226"><i>Mercer Dictionary of the Bible</i></a>. Mercer University Press. p. 226. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780865543737" title="Special:BookSources/9780865543737"><bdi>9780865543737</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercer+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Mercer+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780865543737&rft.au=Watson+E.+Mills&rft.au=Roger+Aubrey+Bullard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgoq0VWw9rGIC%26pg%3DPA226&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Yahweh" in K. van der Toorn, Bob Becking, Pieter Willem van der Horst, <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Deities_and_Demons_in_the_Bible" title="Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible">Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible</a></i> (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11119-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11119-6">978-90-04-11119-6</a>, p. 911: "his cult at Ebla is a chimera."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallo1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hallo, William W. (April–June 1996). "Review: Enki and the Theology of Eridu". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>116</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">231–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F605698">10.2307/605698</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605698">605698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Enki+and+the+Theology+of+Eridu&rft.volume=116&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1996-04%2F1996-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F605698&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605698%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hallo&rft.aufirst=William+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDuke1971" class="citation journal cs1">Duke, T. T. (1971). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296569">"Ovid's Pyramus and Thisbe"</a>. <i>The Classical Journal</i>. <b>66</b> (4). Classical Association of the Middle West and South (CAMWS): <span class="nowrap">320–</span>327. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-8353">0009-8353</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3296569">3296569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Classical+Journal&rft.atitle=Ovid%27s+Pyramus+and+Thisbe&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E320-%3C%2Fspan%3E327&rft.date=1971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3296569%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0009-8353&rft.aulast=Duke&rft.aufirst=T.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3296569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span> p. 324, note 27.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBottéro1992" class="citation book cs1">Bottéro, Jean (1992). <i>Mesopotamia : writing, reasoning, and the gods</i> (1st paperback ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06727-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-06727-8"><bdi>978-0-226-06727-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mesopotamia+%3A+writing%2C+reasoning%2C+and+the+gods&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=1st+paperback&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-226-06727-8&rft.aulast=Bott%C3%A9ro&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBottéro2001" class="citation book cs1">Bottéro, Jean (2001). <i>Religion in ancient Mesopotamia</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-06718-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-06718-1"><bdi>0-226-06718-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+in+ancient+Mesopotamia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-226-06718-1&rft.aulast=Bott%C3%A9ro&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Espak, Peeter (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.utlib.ee/dspace/bitstream/handle/10062/15915/espak_peeter.pdf?sequence1"><i>The God Enki in Sumerian Royal Ideology and Mythology</i></a>. Dissertationes Theologiae Universitatis Tartuensis 19. (Tartu University Press). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9949-19-522-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9949-19-522-0">978-9949-19-522-0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramer1963" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, Samuel Noah (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sumerianstheirhi00samu"><i>The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-45238-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-45238-7"><bdi>0-226-45238-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumerians%3A+Their+History%2C+Culture%2C+and+Character&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-226-45238-7&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Noah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsumerianstheirhi00samu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJacobsen1976" class="citation book cs1">Jacobsen, Thorkild (1976). <i>Treasures of Darkness; A History of Mesopotamian Religion</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-02291-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-02291-3"><bdi>0-300-02291-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasures+of+Darkness%3B+A+History+of+Mesopotamian+Religion&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-300-02291-3&rft.aulast=Jacobsen&rft.aufirst=Thorkild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKramerMaier1989" class="citation book cs1">Kramer, S.N.; Maier, J.R. (1989). <i>Myths of Enki, the Crafty God</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505502-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505502-0"><bdi>0-19-505502-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+of+Enki%2C+the+Crafty+God&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-19-505502-0&rft.aulast=Kramer&rft.aufirst=S.N.&rft.au=Maier%2C+J.R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGalter1983" class="citation book cs1">Galter, H.D. (1983). <i>Der Gott Ea/Enki in der akkadischen Überlieferung: eine Bestandsaufnahme des vorhandenen Materials</i>. Verlag für die Technische Universität Graz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7041-9018-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7041-9018-7"><bdi>3-7041-9018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Gott+Ea%2FEnki+in+der+akkadischen+%C3%9Cberlieferung%3A+eine+Bestandsaufnahme+des+vorhandenen+Materials&rft.pub=Verlag+f%C3%BCr+die+Technische+Universit%C3%A4t+Graz&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=3-7041-9018-7&rft.aulast=Galter&rft.aufirst=H.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEnki" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enki&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.1.1&charenc=j#">Enki and Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.1.2&charenc=j#">Creation of Man</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/cgi-bin/etcsl.cgi?text=t.1.3.1&charenc=j#">Enki and Inanna</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sumerian_mythology" title="Template:Sumerian mythology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sumerian_mythology" title="Template talk:Sumerian mythology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian_mythology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sumerian mythology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sumerian_mythology150" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primordial beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzu" title="Abzu">Abzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmesharra" title="Enmesharra">Enmesharra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammu" title="Nammu">Nammu</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ea_(Babilonian)_-_EnKi_(Sumerian).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/250px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/330px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg/500px-Ea_%28Babilonian%29_-_EnKi_%28Sumerian%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="962" data-file-height="611" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Primary deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Enki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlil" title="Enlil">Enlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utu" class="mw-redirect" title="Utu">Utu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other major deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumuzid_the_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Dumuzid the Shepherd">Dumuzid the Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ereshkigal" title="Ereshkigal">Ereshkigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishtaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishtaran">Ishtaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nergal" title="Nergal">Nergal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisaba" title="Nisaba">Nisaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninazu" title="Ninazu">Ninazu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninegal" title="Ninegal">Ninegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningal" title="Ningal">Ningal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningishzida" title="Ningishzida">Ningishzida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninlil" title="Ninlil">Ninlil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninshubur" title="Ninshubur">Ninshubur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninurta" title="Ninurta">Ninurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuska" title="Nuska">Nuska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minor deities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azimua" title="Azimua">Azimua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitu_(god)" title="Bitu (god)">Bitu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshtinanna" title="Geshtinanna">Geshtinanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugalanna" title="Gugalanna">Gugalanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu%C5%A1bi%C5%A1ag" title="Hušbišag">Hushbishag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isimud" title="Isimud">Isimud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namtar" title="Namtar">Namtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninimma" title="Ninimma">Ninimma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninkasi" title="Ninkasi">Ninkasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsianna" title="Ninsianna">Ninsianna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimintabba" title="Nimintabba">Nimintabba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninsun" title="Ninsun">Ninsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nungal">Nungal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherida" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherida">Sherida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugur_(god)" title="Ugur (god)">Ugur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttu" title="Uttu">Uttu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demons, spirits,<br />and monsters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asag" title="Asag">Asag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anz%C3%BB_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anzû (mythology)">Anzû</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallu" title="Gallu">Gallu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbaba" title="Humbaba">Huwawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%C5%A1%E1%B8%ABu%C5%A1%C5%A1u" title="Mušḫuššu">Mušḫuššu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udug" title="Udug">Udug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabisu" title="Rabisu">Rabisu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mortal heroes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enkidu" title="Enkidu">Enkidu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enmerkar" title="Enmerkar">Enmerkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etana" title="Etana">Etana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh" title="Gilgamesh">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugalbanda" title="Lugalbanda">Lugalbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziusudra" title="Ziusudra">Ziusudra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189726#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/258712210">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118682091">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2019087958">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007420802605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118682091">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03078431X">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enki&oldid=1281849239">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enki&oldid=1281849239</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mesopotamian_gods" title="Category:Mesopotamian gods">Mesopotamian gods</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wisdom_gods" title="Category:Wisdom gods">Wisdom gods</a></li><li><a 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