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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lagerkommandant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Lagerkommandant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lagerkommandant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Collaboration</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collaboration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Collaboration subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Estonian_Self-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonian_Self-Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Estonian Self-Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonian_Self-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Directors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Directors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Directors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Directors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Estonian_military_units'_involvement_in_crimes_against_humanity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Estonian_military_units'_involvement_in_crimes_against_humanity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Estonian military units' involvement in crimes against humanity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Estonian_military_units'_involvement_in_crimes_against_humanity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">German occupation of Estonia during World War II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 10 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الاحتلال الألماني لإستونيا إبان الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاحتلال الألماني لإستونيا إبان الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saksa_okupatsioon_Eestis_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Saksa okupatsioon Eestis (1941–1944) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Saksa okupatsioon Eestis (1941–1944)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_de_Estonia_por_la_Alemania_nazi" title="Ocupación de Estonia por la Alemania nazi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ocupación de Estonia por la Alemania nazi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_allemande_de_l%27Estonie_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Occupation allemande de l'Estonie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Occupation allemande de l'Estonie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupaci%C3%B3n_de_Estonia_por_Alema%C3%B1a" title="Ocupación de Estonia por Alemaña – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ocupación de Estonia por Alemaña" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendudukan_Estonia_oleh_Jerman_Nazi" title="Pendudukan Estonia oleh Jerman Nazi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pendudukan Estonia oleh Jerman Nazi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupazione_tedesca_dell%27Estonia_(1941-1944)" title="Occupazione tedesca dell'Estonia (1941-1944) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Occupazione tedesca dell'Estonia (1941-1944)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocupa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Est%C3%B4nia_pela_Alemanha_Nazista" title="Ocupação da Estônia pela Alemanha Nazista – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ocupação da Estônia pela Alemanha Nazista" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njema%C4%8Dka_okupacija_Estonije_u_Drugom_svjetskom_ratu" title="Njemačka okupacija Estonije u Drugom svjetskom ratu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Njemačka okupacija Estonije u Drugom svjetskom ratu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B4_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81_%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Німецька окупація Естонії під час Другої світової війни – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Німецька окупація Естонії під час Другої світової війни" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3322608#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Category:Occupation of the Baltic states">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0 0.2em;font-size:150%;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Occupation of the<br />Baltic states</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_states_between_nazis_and_soviets_title_picture.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Baltic_states_between_nazis_and_soviets_title_picture.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="80" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Background_of_the_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Background of the occupation of the Baltic states">Background</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic%E2%80%93Soviet_relations" title="Baltic–Soviet relations">Baltic–Soviet relations</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Non-aggression pacts</i><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Estonian_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Soviet–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact">Soviet–Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet%E2%80%93Latvian_Non-Aggression_Pact&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet–Latvian Non-Aggression Pact (page does not exist)">Soviet–Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Soviet–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact">Soviet–Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Estonian_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="German–Estonian Non-Aggression Pact">German–Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Latvian_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="German–Latvian Non-Aggression Pact">German–Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Non-Aggression_Pact" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Lithuanian Non-Aggression Pact">German–Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)">Soviet occupation in 1940</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><i>Mutual Assistance Treaties</i><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Estonian_Mutual_Assistance_Treaty" title="Soviet–Estonian Mutual Assistance Treaty">Soviet–Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Latvian_Mutual_Assistance_Treaty" title="Soviet–Latvian Mutual Assistance Treaty">Soviet-Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Mutual_Assistance_Treaty" title="Soviet–Lithuanian Mutual Assistance Treaty">Soviet-Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orze%C5%82_incident" title="Orzeł incident">Orzeł incident</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Ultimata</i><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ultimatum_to_Estonia" title="Soviet ultimatum to Estonia">to Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_ultimatum_to_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soviet ultimatum to Latvia (page does not exist)">to Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ultimatum_to_Lithuania" title="Soviet ultimatum to Lithuania">to Lithuania</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Parliament" title="People's Parliament">People's Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Deportations</i><br /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">from Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Latvia" title="Soviet deportations from Latvia">from Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Lithuania" title="Soviet deportations from Lithuania">from Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">June deportation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welles_Declaration" title="Welles Declaration">Welles Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of the Baltic states during World War II">German occupation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding:0 0 1.1em;"><i>Estonia</i> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div> <i>Latvia</i> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div> <i>Lithuania</i> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Lithuania during World War II">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_re-occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1944)" title="Soviet re-occupation of the Baltic states (1944)">Soviet re-occupation in 1944</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Battle of Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">Baltic offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_partisans" title="Latvian partisans">Latvian partisans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_partisans" title="Lithuanian partisans">Lithuanian partisans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Baltic_states_under_Soviet_rule_(1944%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)">Under Soviet rule</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Guerrilla war in the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Priboi" title="Operation Priboi">Operation Priboi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Jungle" title="Operation Jungle">Operation Jungle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Estonian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic">Latvian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_changes_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Territorial changes of the Baltic states">Territorial changes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Tautas fronte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia" title="Popular Front of Estonia">Rahvarinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Estonia" title="Congress of Estonia">Congress of Estonia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/State_continuity_of_the_Baltic_states" title="State continuity of the Baltic states">State continuity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Legations_(1940%E2%80%931991)" title="Baltic Legations (1940–1991)">Baltic diplomatic services (1940–91)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Diplomatic_Service_(1940%E2%80%931991)" title="Estonian Diplomatic Service (1940–1991)">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_diplomatic_service_in_exile" title="Latvian diplomatic service in exile">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Diplomatic_Service" title="Lithuanian Diplomatic Service">Lithuanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kersten_Committee" title="Kersten Committee">Kersten Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Accords" title="Helsinki Accords">Helsinki Accords</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;background:transparent;text-align:left;;color: var(--color-base)">Aftermath</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Estonia–Russia relations">Estonia–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Latvia–Russia relations">Latvia–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Lithuania–Russia relations">Lithuania–Russia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Estonia" title="Russians in Estonia">Russians in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Latvia" title="Russians in Latvia">Russians in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Lithuania" title="Russians in Lithuania">Russians in Lithuania</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_sidebar" title="Template:Occupation of the Baltic states sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_sidebar" title="Template talk:Occupation of the Baltic states sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Occupation of the Baltic states sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Estonia" title="Category:History of Estonia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia" title="History of Estonia">History of <span class="fn org label">Estonia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/80px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/120px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg/160px-Small_coat_of_arms_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="329" data-file-height="365" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Estonia" title="Ancient Estonia">Ancient Estonia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kunda_culture" title="Kunda culture">Kunda culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesti" title="Aesti">Aesti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chud" title="Chud">Chudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Finnic_peoples" title="Baltic Finnic peoples">Baltic Finnic peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_counties_of_Estonia" title="Category:Ancient counties of Estonia">Ancient counties</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Medieval Estonia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inhabitants_of_Saaremaa" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhabitants of Saaremaa">Oeselians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age_in_Estonia" title="Viking Age in Estonia">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_Crusade" title="Livonian Crusade">Livonian Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1219%E2%80%931346)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1219–1346)">Danish Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Old Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Germans" title="Baltic Germans">Baltic Germans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Estonia_under_Swedish_rule" title="Estonia under Swedish rule">Swedish Estonia</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Estonia_(1561%E2%80%931721)" title="Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)">Duchy of Estonia (1561–1721)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Livonia" title="Duchy of Livonia">Polish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Livonia" title="Swedish Livonia">Swedish Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Russian Estonia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Estonia" title="Governorate of Estonia">Russian Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governorate_of_Livonia" title="Governorate of Livonia">Russian Livonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_national_awakening" title="Estonian national awakening">National awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_I" title="German occupation of Estonia during World War I">German occupation</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Modern Estonia</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Estonia_(1920%E2%80%931939)" title="History of Estonia (1920–1939)">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Silence" title="Era of Silence">Era of Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Restoration_of_Independence" title="Estonian Restoration of Independence">Restoration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Contemporary Estonia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Estonian_history" title="Timeline of Estonian history"><b>Chronology</b></a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Estonia" title="Portal:Estonia">Estonia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Estonia" title="Template:History of Estonia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Estonia" title="Template talk:History of Estonia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Estonia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Estonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the course of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> invaded Estonia in July–December 1941, and occupied the country until 1944. Estonia had gained <a href="/wiki/Estonian_War_of_Independence" title="Estonian War of Independence">independence</a> in 1918 from the then-warring <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empires</a>. However, in the wake of the August 1939 <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Nazi-Soviet Pact</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> had <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">invaded and occupied Estonia</a> in June 1940, and the country was formally annexed into the USSR in August 1940. </p><p>In the summer of 1941, the German invaders were at first seen by most Estonians as liberators from Soviet terror, since the Germans arrived only a week after the <a href="/wiki/June_deportation" title="June deportation">mass deportation</a> of tens of thousands of people from Estonia and other territories <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_the_Baltic_states_(1940)" title="Soviet occupation of the Baltic states (1940)"> occupied by the USSR in 1939–1941</a>: <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_Poland_annexed_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Territories of Poland annexed by the Soviet Union">eastern Poland</a>, Latvia, Lithuania, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina#1941" title="Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a>. Despite high hopes for Estonian independence, the people there soon realized that the Germans were just a different occupying power. </p><p>The Nazi German authorities exploited occupied Estonia for their war effort, and in 1941–1944 <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">murdered</a> tens of thousands of people (including indigenous <a href="/wiki/Estonians" title="Estonians">ethnic Estonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">local</a> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Jews">Estonian Jews</a>, Estonia's <a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Romani people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Russians" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_mistreatment_of_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="German mistreatment of Soviet prisoners of war">Soviet prisoners of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> from other countries, and others).<sup id="cite_ref-CommissionReport_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CommissionReport-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the duration of the occupation, Estonia was incorporated as <i><a href="/wiki/Generalbezirk_Estland" title="Generalbezirk Estland">Generalbezirk Estland</a></i>, subordinated to the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a></i>, an administrative subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_occupation">Military occupation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Military occupation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nazi Germany invaded the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> on June 22, 1941. Three days later, on June 25, Finland declared herself to once again be at war with the USSR, starting the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>. On July 3, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> made a public statement over the radio calling for <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched-earth</a> policy in areas to be abandoned. Because the northernmost areas of the Baltic states were the last to be reached by the Germans, it was here that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_destruction_battalion_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet destruction battalion 1941">Soviet destruction battalions</a> had their most extreme effects. The Estonian <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_war_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Guerrilla war in the Baltic states">Forest Brothers</a>, numbering about 50,000, inflicted heavy casualties on the remaining Soviets; as many as 4,800 were killed and 14,000 captured. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siege_of_Leningrad_Eastern_Front_1941_06_to_1941_12.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Siege_of_Leningrad_Eastern_Front_1941_06_to_1941_12.png/220px-Siege_of_Leningrad_Eastern_Front_1941_06_to_1941_12.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Siege_of_Leningrad_Eastern_Front_1941_06_to_1941_12.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="228" /></a><figcaption>German advance in Latvia, Estonia and on the Leningrad front from June to December 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>Even though the Germans did not cross the southern Estonian border until July 7–9, many Estonian deserters from Soviet units opened fire on the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> as early as June 22. On that day, a group of Forest Brothers attacked Soviet trucks in the district of <a href="/wiki/Harju_County" title="Harju County">Harju</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-absolute197_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-absolute197-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet <a href="/wiki/22nd_Rifle_Corps" title="22nd Rifle Corps">22nd Rifle Corps</a> lost the most men, as a large group of Estonian soldiers and officers deserted from it. Furthermore, the border guards of Soviet Estonia mostly had fought for an independent Estonia, and they also escaped to the forests, becoming some of the best Estonian fighters. Estonian writer <a href="/wiki/Juhan_Jaik" title="Juhan Jaik">Juhan Jaik</a> wrote in 1941: "These days bogs and forests are more populated than farms and fields. The forests and bogs are our territory while the fields and farms are occupied by the enemy [i.e., the Soviets]".<sup id="cite_ref-absolute197_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-absolute197-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="8th Army (Soviet Union)">8th Army</a> (Major General Ljubovtsev), retreated in front of the 2nd corps of the German Army behind the <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Pärnu River">Pärnu River</a> to <a href="/wiki/Emaj%C3%B5gi" title="Emajõgi">Emajõgi</a> river line on July 12. As German troops approached <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a> on July 10 and prepared for another battle with the Soviets, they realized that Estonian partisans were already fighting the Soviet troops. The <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> stopped its advance and hung back, leaving the Estonians to do the fighting. The battle of Tartu lasted two weeks, and destroyed most of the city. Under the leadership of Friedrich Kurg, the Estonian partisans drove the Soviets from Tartu on their own. In the meanwhile, the Soviets had been murdering citizens held in Tartu Prison, killing 192 before the Estonians captured the city. </p><p>At the end of July the Germans resumed their advance in Estonia, working with the Estonian Forest Brothers. Both German troops and Estonian partisans took <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> on August 17 and the Estonian capital <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> on August 28. On that day, the Soviet flag shot down earlier on Pikk Hermann was replaced with the flag of Estonia by Fred Ise. After the Soviets were driven from Estonia, German troops disarmed all partisan groups.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Estonian flag was soon replaced with the German one, and the 2,000 Estonian soldiers who took part in the parade in Tartu on July 29, were disbanded.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saksa_v%C3%A4gede_vastuv%C3%B5tt_Tallinnas._1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Saksa_v%C3%A4gede_vastuv%C3%B5tt_Tallinnas._1941.jpg/220px-Saksa_v%C3%A4gede_vastuv%C3%B5tt_Tallinnas._1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Saksa_v%C3%A4gede_vastuv%C3%B5tt_Tallinnas._1941.jpg/330px-Saksa_v%C3%A4gede_vastuv%C3%B5tt_Tallinnas._1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Saksa_v%C3%A4gede_vastuv%C3%B5tt_Tallinnas._1941.jpg/440px-Saksa_v%C3%A4gede_vastuv%C3%B5tt_Tallinnas._1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>Estonians greeted German soldiers as liberators in Tallinn</figcaption></figure> <p>Most Estonians greeted the Germans with relatively open arms and hoped for the restoration of independence. Estonia set up an administration, led by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Uluots" title="Jüri Uluots">Jüri Uluots</a> as soon as the Soviet regime retreated and before German troops arrived. Estonian partisans that drove the Red Army from Tartu made it possible. That all was for nothing since the Germans had made their plans as set out in <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they disbanded the provisional government and the territory of Estonia was organized as <i>Generalbezirk Estland</i>, subordinated to the <i>Reichskommissariat Ostland</i>, an administrative subdivision of Nazi Germany. A <a href="/wiki/Sicherheitspolizei" title="Sicherheitspolizei">Sicherheitspolizei</a> was established for internal security under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Ain-Ervin_Mere" title="Ain-Ervin Mere">Ain-Ervin Mere</a>. </p><p>In April 1941, on the eve on the German invasion, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, Reich minister for the Occupied Eastern territories, a <a href="/wiki/Baltic_German" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic German">Baltic German</a>, born and raised in Tallinn, Estonia, laid out his plans for the East. According to Rosenberg a future policy was created: </p> <ol><li>Germanization (<i>Eindeutschung</i>) of the "racially suitable" elements.</li> <li>Colonization by Germanic people.</li> <li>Exile, deportations of undesirable elements.</li></ol> <p>Rosenberg felt that the "Estonians were the most Germanic out of the people living in the Baltic area, having already reached 50 percent of Germanization through Danish, Swedish and German influence". Non-suitable Estonians were to be moved to a region that Rosenberg called "Peipusland" to make room for German colonists.<sup id="cite_ref-EAE_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EAE-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The removal of 50% of Estonians was in accordance with the Nazi <i>Generalplan Ost</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The initial enthusiasm that accompanied the liberation from Soviet occupation quickly waned as a result and the Germans had limited success in recruiting volunteers. The draft was introduced in 1942, resulting in some 3400 men fleeing to Finland to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Army" title="Finnish Army">Finnish Army</a> rather than join the Germans. <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Infantry_Regiment_200" title="Finnish Infantry Regiment 200">Finnish Infantry Regiment 200</a> (Estonian: <i>soomepoisid</i> 'boys of Finland') was formed out of Estonian volunteers in Finland. </p><p>With the Allied victory over Germany becoming certain in 1944, the only option to save Estonia's independence was to stave off a new Soviet invasion of Estonia until Germany's capitulation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_resistance">Political resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_the_Republic_of_Estonia" title="National Committee of the Republic of Estonia">National Committee of the Republic of Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%BCri_Uluots.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/J%C3%BCri_Uluots.jpg/150px-J%C3%BCri_Uluots.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/J%C3%BCri_Uluots.jpg/225px-J%C3%BCri_Uluots.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/J%C3%BCri_Uluots.jpg/300px-J%C3%BCri_Uluots.jpg 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Uluots" title="Jüri Uluots">Jüri Uluots</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1942 political leaders of Estonia who had survived Soviet repressions held a hidden meeting from the occupying powers in Estonia where the formation of an underground Estonian government and the options for preserving continuity of the republic were discussed.<sup id="cite_ref-EIHC_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIHC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 6, 1943 a meeting was held at the Estonian foreign delegation in Stockholm. It was decided that, in order to preserve the legal continuity of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Estonia">Republic of Estonia</a>, the last constitutional prime minister, Jüri Uluots, must continue to fulfill his responsibilities as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-EIHC_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIHC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mälksoo_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mälksoo-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1944 the elector's assembly of the Republic of Estonia gathered in secrecy from the occupying powers in Tallinn and appointed Jüri Uluots as the prime minister with the responsibilities of the President. On June 21 Jüri Uluots appointed Otto Tief as deputy prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-EIHC_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIHC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the Germans retreated, on September 18, 1944 <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCri_Uluots" title="Jüri Uluots">Jüri Uluots</a> formed a government led by the Deputy Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Tief" title="Otto Tief">Otto Tief</a>. On September 20 the Nazi German flag on <a href="/wiki/Pikk_Hermann" title="Pikk Hermann">Pikk Hermann</a> was replaced with the tricolor flag of Estonia. On September 22 the Red Army took Tallinn and the Estonian flag on Pikk Hermann was replaced with the Soviet flag. The Estonian underground government, not officially recognized by either the Nazi Germany or Soviet Union, fled to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and operated in exile until 1992, when <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mark" title="Heinrich Mark">Heinrich Mark</a>, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia in duties of the President in exile,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presented his credentials to the newly elected President of Estonia <a href="/wiki/Lennart_Meri" title="Lennart Meri">Lennart Meri</a>. On February 23, 1989 the flag of the Estonian SSR had been lowered on <a href="/wiki/Pikk_Hermann" title="Pikk Hermann">Pikk Hermann</a>; it was replaced with the flag of Estonia to mark Estonian Independence Day on February 24, 1989. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Estonians_in_German_military_units">Estonians in German military units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Estonians in German military units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/German occupation of Estonia during World War II">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The annexation of Estonia by the USSR in 1940 was complete, but never recognized internationally except by <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> countries. After the annexation, Estonians were subject to conscription into the Red Army, which by international law is illegal if Estonia is not considered to have been a part of the USSR. When the Soviets retreated from Estonia and Germany fully occupied it, in the summer of 1941, the Germans continued the practice of dragooning Estonian men, although the majority joined the German Army voluntarily, often out of the desire to fight the USSR, which had made strong enemies with many groups of society in Estonia after introducing their Marxist economic system. Up to March 1942 drafted Estonians mostly served in the rear of the Army Group North security. On August 28, 1942 the German powers announced the legal compilation of the so-called "Estonian Legion" within the <a href="/wiki/Waffen_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Waffen SS">Waffen SS</a>. Oberführer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Augsberger" title="Franz Augsberger">Franz Augsberger</a> was nominated the commander of the legion. Up to the end of 1942 about 1,280 men volunteered into the training camp. Bataillon Narwa was formed from the first 800 men of the Legion to have finished their training at Heidelager, being sent in April 1943 to join the <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzergrenadier_Division_Wiking" class="mw-redirect" title="5th SS Panzergrenadier Division Wiking">Division Wiking</a> in Ukraine. They replaced the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Volunteer_Battalion_of_the_Waffen-SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Volunteer Battalion of the Waffen-SS">Finnish Volunteer Battalion</a>, recalled to Finland for political reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1943, a partial mobilization was carried out in Estonia during which 12,000 men were conscripted into the SS. On May 5, 1943 the 3rd Waffen-SS Brigade (Estonian), another fully Estonian unit, was formed and sent to the front near <a href="/wiki/Nevel_(town)" title="Nevel (town)">Nevel</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estonian_Division.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Estonian_Division.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="147" /></a><figcaption>Divisional insignia of 20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)</figcaption></figure> <p>By January 1944, the front was pushed back by the Red Army almost all the way to the former Estonian border. Jüri Uluots, the last constitutional Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the leader of Estonian <a href="/wiki/Government_in_exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Government in exile">underground government</a> delivered a radio address on February 7<sup id="cite_ref-EIHC_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIHC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that implored all able-bodied men born from 1904 through 1923 to report for military service in the SS (before this, Uluots had opposed any German mobilization of Estonians.) Following Uluots' address, 38.000 conscripts jammed registration centers.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several thousand Estonians who had volunteered to join the Finnish army were transferred back across the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> to join the newly formed Territorial Defense Force, assigned to defend Estonia against the Soviet advance. The maximum number of Estonians enrolled in German military units was 70,000.<sup id="cite_ref-white_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-white-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial formation of the volunteer Estonian Legion created in 1942 was eventually expanded to become a full-sized conscript division of the <a href="/wiki/Waffen_SS" class="mw-redirect" title="Waffen SS">Waffen SS</a> in 1944, the <a href="/wiki/20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)" title="20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)">20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)</a>. Units consisting largely of Estonians – often under German officers – saw action on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva line</a> throughout 1944. Many Estonians hoped that they would attract support from the Allies, and ultimately a restoration of their interwar independence, by resisting the Soviet reoccupation of their country.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, there was no Allied military support </p><p>The advance guard units of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Shock_Army" title="2nd Shock Army">2nd Shock Army</a> reached the border of Estonia as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingisepp%E2%80%93Gdov_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive">Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive</a> which began on 1 February 1944. Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a> was nominated the leader of the German <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a>. The Soviet <a href="/wiki/Narva_Offensive_(15%E2%80%9328_February_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narva Offensive (15–28 February 1944)">Narva Offensive (15–28 February 1944)</a> led by Soviet General <a href="/wiki/Leonid_A._Govorov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid A. Govorov">Leonid A. Govorov</a>, the commander of the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Front" title="Leningrad Front">Leningrad Front</a>, commenced. On February 24, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Independence_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian Independence Day">Estonian Independence Day</a>, the counterattack of the so-called Estonian Division to break the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgeheads</a> began. A battalion of Estonians led by <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Bruus" title="Rudolf Bruus">Rudolf Bruus</a> destroyed a Soviet bridgehead. Another battalion of Estonians led by <a href="/wiki/Ain-Ervin_Mere" title="Ain-Ervin Mere">Ain-Ervin Mere</a> was successful against another bridgehead, at Vaasa-Siivertsi-Vepsaküla. On March 6, this work was complete. The Leningrad Front concentrated 9 corps at Narva against 7 divisions and one brigade. On March 1, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Narva_Offensive_(1%E2%80%934_March_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narva Offensive (1–4 March 1944)">Narva Offensive (1–4 March 1944)</a> began in the direction of Auvere. The <a href="/wiki/658th_Eastern_Battalion" title="658th Eastern Battalion">658th Eastern Battalion</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Alfons_Rebane" title="Alfons Rebane">Alfons Rebane</a> and the 659th Eastern Battalion commanded by Georg Sooden were involved in defeating the operation. On March 17, twenty Soviet divisions again unsuccessfully attacked the three divisions in <a href="/wiki/Auvere" title="Auvere">Auvere</a>. On April 7, the leadership of the Red Army ordered to go on the defensive. In March the Soviets committed bombing attacks towards the towns of Estonia, including the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tallinn_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Tallinn in World War II">bombing of Tallinn</a> on March 9. </p><p>On July 24 the Soviets began the new <a href="/wiki/Narva_Offensive_(July_1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Narva Offensive (July 1944)">Narva Offensive (July 1944)</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Auvere" title="Battle of Auvere">direction of Auvere</a>. The 1st battalion (<a href="/wiki/Stubaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Stubaf">Stubaf</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Maitla" title="Paul Maitla">Paul Maitla</a>) of the 45th Regiment led by Harald Riipalu and the fusiliers (previously "Narva"), under the leadership of Hatuf Hando Ruus, were involved in repelling the attack. Finally, Narva was evacuated and a new front was settled on the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sinim%C3%A4ed_Hills" title="Sinimäed Hills">Sinimäed Hills</a>. </p><p>On 1 August 1944, the Finnish government and President <a href="/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti">Risto Ryti</a> were to resign. On the next day, <a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Warma" title="Aleksander Warma">Aleksander Warma</a>, the Estonian Ambassador to Finland (1939–1940 (1944))<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> announced that the National Committee of the Estonian Republic had sent a telegram, which requested the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Infantry_Regiment_200" title="Finnish Infantry Regiment 200">Estonian volunteer regiment</a> to be returned to Estonia fully equipped. On the following day, the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Government" title="Finnish Government">Finnish Government</a> received a letter from the Estonians. It had been signed in the name of "all national organizations of Estonia" by Aleksander Warma, Karl Talpak and several others, seconding the request. It was then announced that the regiment would be disbanded and that the volunteers were free to return home. An agreement had been reached with the Germans, and the Estonians were promised amnesty if they chose to return and fight in the SS. As soon as they landed, the regiment was sent to perform a counter-attack against the Soviet 3rd Baltic Front, which had managed a breakthrough on the Tartu front, and was threatening the capital Tallinn. </p><p>After an attempt to break through the Tannenberg Line failed, the main struggle was carried to the <a href="/wiki/Tartu_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartu Offensive">south of Lake Peipus</a>, where on August 11, <a href="/wiki/Petseri" class="mw-redirect" title="Petseri">Petseri</a> was taken and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5ru" title="Võru">Võru</a> on August 13. Near <a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>, the 3rd Baltic Front was stopped by the Kampfgruppe "<a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Wagner" title="Jürgen Wagner">Wagner</a>" which involved military groups sent from Narva under the command of Alfons Rebane and Paul Vent and the <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Volunteer_Sturmbrigade_Wallonien" class="mw-redirect" title="5th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Wallonien">5th SS Volunteer Sturmbrigade Wallonien</a> led by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Léon Degrelle</a>. </p><p>On August 19, 1944 Jüri Uluots, in a radio broadcast, called for the Red Army to hold back and a peace agreement to be reached.<sup id="cite_ref-EIHC_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EIHC-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Finland left the war on September 4, 1944 according to their peace agreement with the USSR, the defence of the mainland became practically impossible and the German command decided to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Aster" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Aster">retreat from Estonia</a>. Resistance against the Soviets <a href="/wiki/Moonsund_Landing_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Moonsund Landing Operation">continued in the Moonsund Archipelago</a> until November 23, 1944, when the Germans evacuated the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B5rve" title="Sõrve">Sõrve</a> Peninsula. According to the Soviet data, the conquest of the territory of Estonia cost them 126,000 casualties. Some disregard the official figures and argue that a more realistic number is 480,000 for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Battle of Narva</a> only, considering the intensity of the fighting at the front.<sup id="cite_ref-laar_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-laar-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the German side, their own data shows 30,000 dead, which some have similarly seen as underrated, preferring at the minimum 45,000.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="German_administrators">German administrators</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: German administrators"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/German occupation of Estonia during World War II">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Generalbezirk_Estland" title="Generalbezirk Estland">Generalbezirk Estland</a></div> <p>In 1941 Estonia was occupied by German troops and after a brief period of military rule by the commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> (in the occupied <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>), a German civilian administration was established. On 5 December 1941, the territory of Estonia was organized as <i><a href="/wiki/Generalbezirk_Estland" title="Generalbezirk Estland">Generalbezirk Estland</a></i>, subordinated to the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generalkommissar"><i>Generalkommissar</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Generalkommissar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Subordinated to the <i>Reichskommissar Ostland.</i>) </p> <ul><li>1941–1944 SA-<i><a href="/wiki/Obergruppenf%C3%BChrer" title="Obergruppenführer">Obergruppenführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Karl-Siegmund_Litzmann" title="Karl-Siegmund Litzmann">Karl-Siegmund Litzmann</a> (1893-1945)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="S.S._und_Polizeiführer"><span id="S.S._und_Polizeif.C3.BChrer"></span><i>S.S. und Polizeiführer</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: S.S. und Polizeiführer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(The <a href="/wiki/SS_and_Police_Leader" class="mw-redirect" title="SS and Police Leader">SS and Police Leader</a> (SSPF) was responsible for internal security and war against the resistance and was directly subordinated to the Higher SS and Police Leader (HSSPF) of Ostland, not to the <i>Generalkommissar</i>.) </p> <ul><li>1941–1944 SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Oberf%C3%BChrer" title="Oberführer">Oberführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Hinrich_M%C3%B6ller" title="Hinrich Möller">Hinrich Möller</a> (1906–1974)</li> <li>1944 SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Brigadef%C3%BChrer" title="Brigadeführer">Brigadeführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Walther_Schr%C3%B6der" title="Walther Schröder">Walther Schröder</a> (1902–1973)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lagerkommandant">Lagerkommandant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lagerkommandant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(Responsible for the operation of all concentration camps within the <i>Reichskommissariat Ostland</i>.) </p> <ul><li>SS-<i><a href="/wiki/Hauptsturmf%C3%BChrer" title="Hauptsturmführer">Hauptsturmführer</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a> (1906–1947)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaboration">Collaboration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Collaboration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonian_Self-Administration">Estonian Self-Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Estonian Self-Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Self-Administration" title="Estonian Self-Administration">Estonian Self-Administration</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Preisi_riigin%C3%B5unik_Litzmann_ja_Eesti_Omavalitsuse_juht_haridusdirektor_H._M%C3%A4e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Preisi_riigin%C3%B5unik_Litzmann_ja_Eesti_Omavalitsuse_juht_haridusdirektor_H._M%C3%A4e.jpg/220px-Preisi_riigin%C3%B5unik_Litzmann_ja_Eesti_Omavalitsuse_juht_haridusdirektor_H._M%C3%A4e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Preisi_riigin%C3%B5unik_Litzmann_ja_Eesti_Omavalitsuse_juht_haridusdirektor_H._M%C3%A4e.jpg/330px-Preisi_riigin%C3%B5unik_Litzmann_ja_Eesti_Omavalitsuse_juht_haridusdirektor_H._M%C3%A4e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Preisi_riigin%C3%B5unik_Litzmann_ja_Eesti_Omavalitsuse_juht_haridusdirektor_H._M%C3%A4e.jpg/440px-Preisi_riigin%C3%B5unik_Litzmann_ja_Eesti_Omavalitsuse_juht_haridusdirektor_H._M%C3%A4e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Generalkommissar <a href="/wiki/Karl-Siegmund_Litzmann" title="Karl-Siegmund Litzmann">Karl-Siegmund Litzmann</a> and head of the Estonian Self-Administration <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_M%C3%A4e" title="Hjalmar Mäe">Hjalmar Mäe</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Estonian Self-Administration</b> (<a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>: <i lang="et">Eesti Omavalitsus</i>), also known as the <i><b>Directorate</b></i>, was the <a href="/wiki/Puppet_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet government">puppet government</a> set up in <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> during <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Estonia_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany">occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany</a>. According to Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity </p> <blockquote><p>Although the Directorate did not have complete freedom of action, it exercised a significant measure of autonomy, within the framework of German policy, political, racial and economic. For example, the Directors exercised their powers pursuant to the laws and regulations of the Republic of Estonia, but only to the extent that these had not been repealed or amended by the German military command.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Directors">Directors</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Directors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Director General </p> <ul><li>1941–1944 <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_M%C3%A4e" title="Hjalmar Mäe">Hjalmar Mäe</a> (1901–1978)</li></ul> <p>Director for Home Affairs </p> <ul><li>1941–1944 <a href="/wiki/Oskar_Angelus" title="Oskar Angelus">Oskar Angelus</a> (1892–1979)</li></ul> <p>Directors for Justice </p> <ul><li>1941–1943 <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_M%C3%A4e" title="Hjalmar Mäe">Hjalmar Mäe</a></li> <li>1943–1944 Oskar Öpik</li></ul> <p>Director for Finance </p> <ul><li>1941–1944 Alfred Wendt (1902-1986)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holocaust">Holocaust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Holocaust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust in Estonia">Holocaust in Estonia</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">History of the Jews in Estonia</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_used_to_illustrate_Stahlecker%27s_report_to_Heydrich_on_January_31,_1942.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_used_to_illustrate_Stahlecker%27s_report_to_Heydrich_on_January_31%2C_1942.jpg/275px-Map_used_to_illustrate_Stahlecker%27s_report_to_Heydrich_on_January_31%2C_1942.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Map_used_to_illustrate_Stahlecker%27s_report_to_Heydrich_on_January_31%2C_1942.jpg/413px-Map_used_to_illustrate_Stahlecker%27s_report_to_Heydrich_on_January_31%2C_1942.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8c/Map_used_to_illustrate_Stahlecker%27s_report_to_Heydrich_on_January_31%2C_1942.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>Map titled "Jewish Executions Carried Out by <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppe_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsatzgruppe A">Einsatzgruppe A</a>" from January 31, 1941 report by commander <a href="/wiki/Franz_Walter_Stahlecker" title="Franz Walter Stahlecker">Stahlecker</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Nazi death squad</a>. Marked "Secret Reich Matter," the map shows the number of Jews shot in <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Ostland</a>, and reads at the bottom: <i>"the estimated number of Jews still on hand is 128,000"</i>. <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> is marked as <i><a href="/wiki/Judenfrei" title="Judenfrei">judenfrei</a></i>.</figcaption></figure><p>The process of Jewish settlement in Estonia began in the 19th century, when in 1865 <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II of Russia</a> granted them the right to enter the region. The creation of the Republic of Estonia in 1918 marked the beginning of a new era for the Jews. Approximately 200 Jews fought in combat for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Estonia">Republic of Estonia</a> and 70 of these men were volunteers. From the very first days of her existence as a state, Estonia showed her tolerance towards all the peoples inhabiting her territories. On 12 February 1925 the Estonian government passed a law pertaining to the cultural autonomy of minority peoples. The Jewish community quickly prepared its application for cultural autonomy. Statistics on Jewish citizens were compiled. They totaled 3,045, fulfilling the minimum requirement of 3000 for cultural autonomy. In June 1926 the Jewish Cultural Council was elected and Jewish cultural autonomy was declared. Jewish cultural autonomy was of great interest to the global Jewish community. The Jewish National Endowment presented the Estonian government with a certificate of gratitude for this achievement.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There were, at the time of Soviet occupation in 1940, approximately 4000 Estonian Jews. The Jewish Cultural Autonomy was immediately abolished. Jewish cultural institutions were closed down. Many of Jewish people were <a href="/wiki/Soviet_deportations_from_Estonia" title="Soviet deportations from Estonia">deported to Siberia along with other Estonians</a> by the Soviets. It is estimated that 350–500 Jews suffered this fate.<sup id="cite_ref-weiss-wendt_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weiss-wendt-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-berg_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berg-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About three-fourths of Estonian Jewry managed to leave the country during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out the approximately 4,300 Jews in Estonia prior to the war, almost 1000 were entrapped by the Nazis.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-birn_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Round-ups and killings of Jews began immediately following the arrival of the first German troops in 1941, who were closely followed by the extermination squad <a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_1a" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonderkommando 1a">Sonderkommando 1a</a> under <a href="/wiki/Martin_Sandberger" title="Martin Sandberger">Martin Sandberger</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppe_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsatzgruppe A">Einsatzgruppe A</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Stahlecker" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Stahlecker">Walter Stahlecker</a>. Arrests and executions continued as the Germans, with the assistance of local collaborators, advanced through Estonia. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holocaust_Memorial_in_Estonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Holocaust_Memorial_in_Estonia.jpg/220px-Holocaust_Memorial_in_Estonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Holocaust_Memorial_in_Estonia.jpg/330px-Holocaust_Memorial_in_Estonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Holocaust_Memorial_in_Estonia.jpg/440px-Holocaust_Memorial_in_Estonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1707" /></a><figcaption>Holocaust memorial at the site of the former <a href="/wiki/Klooga_concentration_camp" title="Klooga concentration camp">Klooga concentration camp</a>, opened on 24th July 2005</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike German forces, some support apparently existed among an undefined segment of the local collaborators for anti-Jewish actions. The standard form used for the cleansing operations was arrest 'because of communist activity'. The equation between Jews and communists evoked a positive response among some Estonians. Estonians often argued that their Jewish colleagues and friends were not communists and submitted proofs of pro-Estonian conduct in hope to get them released.<sup id="cite_ref-birn_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birn-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Estonia was declared <i><a href="/wiki/Judenfrei" title="Judenfrei">Judenfrei</a></i> quite early by the German occupation regime at the <a href="/wiki/Wannsee_Conference" title="Wannsee Conference">Wannsee Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews that had remained in Estonia (921 according to Martin Sandberger, 929 according to Evgenia Goorin-Loov and 963 according to Walter Stahlecker) were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fewer than a dozen Estonian Jews are known to have survived the war in Estonia. The Nazi regime also established 22 <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camp" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi concentration camp">concentration and labor camps</a> on occupied Estonian territory for foreign Jews. The largest, <a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara concentration camp</a> housed 1,300 prisoners at a time. These prisoners were mainly Jews, with smaller groups of Russians, Dutch, and Estonians.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several thousand foreign Jews were killed at the <a href="/wiki/Kalevi-Liiva" title="Kalevi-Liiva">Kalevi-Liiva</a> camp.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four Estonians most responsible for the murders at Kalevi-Liiva were accused at <a href="/wiki/Estonian_war_crimes_trials,_1961" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian war crimes trials, 1961">war crimes trials in 1961</a>. Two were later executed, while the Soviet occupation authorities were unable to press charges against two who lived in exile. There have been knowingly <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust trials in Soviet Estonia">7 ethnic Estonians</a>: Ralf Gerrets, <a href="/wiki/Ain-Ervin_Mere" title="Ain-Ervin Mere">Ain-Ervin Mere</a>, Jaan Viik, Juhan Jüriste, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Linnas" title="Karl Linnas">Karl Linnas</a>, Aleksander Laak and Ervin Viks that have faced trials for crimes against humanity. Since the reestablishment of the Estonian independence markers were put in place for the 60th anniversary of the mass executions that were carried out at the Lagedi, Vaivara and Klooga (Kalevi-Liiva) camps in September 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three Estonians who have been honoured with The <a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a>: <a href="/wiki/Uku_Masing" title="Uku Masing">Uku Masing</a> and his wife Eha Masing and Polina Lentsman.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Estonian_military_units'_involvement_in_crimes_against_humanity"><span id="Estonian_military_units.27_involvement_in_crimes_against_humanity"></span>Estonian military units' involvement in crimes against humanity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Estonian military units' involvement in crimes against humanity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_the_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity">Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</a><sup id="cite_ref-historycommission_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historycommission-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has reviewed the role of Estonian military units and police battalions in an effort to identify the role of Estonian military units and police battalions participation during World War II in <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>. </p><p>The conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity are available online.<sup id="cite_ref-historycommission_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historycommission-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It says that there is an evidence of Estonian units' involvement in crimes against humanity, and acts of genocide; however, the commission noted </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Given the frequency with which police units changed their personnel, the Commission does not believe that membership in the cited units, or in any specific unit is, on its own, proof of involvement in crimes. However, those individuals who served in the units during the commission of crimes against humanity are to be held responsible for their own actions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Views diverge on history of Estonia during World War II and following the occupation by Nazi Germany. </p> <ul><li>According to the Estonian point of view, the occupation of Estonia by Soviet Union lasted five decades, only interrupted by the German occupation of 1941–1944.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Estonian representatives at the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> even made a motion for a resolution acknowledging the 48 years of occupation as a fact.<sup id="cite_ref-EPmotion_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPmotion-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final version of the resolution of European parliament, however, only acknowledged Estonia's loss of independence lasting from 1940 to 1991 and that annexation of Estonia by Soviet Union was considered illegal by Western democracies.<sup id="cite_ref-EPResolution_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPResolution-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The position of the Russian Government: Russia has denied that Soviet Union illegally annexed the Baltic republics of Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia in 1940. The Kremlin's European affairs chief <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Yastrzhembsky" title="Sergey Yastrzhembsky">Sergey Yastrzhembsky</a>: "There was no occupation."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian State officials look at the events in Estonia in the end of World War II as the liberation from fascism by the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Views of World War II veteran, an Estonian Ilmar Haaviste fought on the German side: "Both regimes were equally evil – there was no difference between the two except that Stalin was more cunning".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Views of World War II veteran, an Estonian <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Meri" title="Arnold Meri">Arnold Meri</a> fought on the Soviet side: "Estonia's participation in World War II was inevitable. Every Estonian had only one decision to make: whose side to take in that bloody fight – the Nazis' or the anti-Hitler coalition's."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Views of World War II veteran, a Russian fought on the Soviet side in Estonia answering a question: How do you feel being called an "occupier"? " Viktor Andreyev: "Half believe one thing half believe another. That's in the run of things."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2004 controversy regarding the events of World War II in Estonia surrounded the <a href="/wiki/Monument_of_Lihula" title="Monument of Lihula">Monument of Lihula</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In April 2007 the divergent views on history of World War II in Estonia centered around the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Soldier_of_Tallinn" title="Bronze Soldier of Tallinn">Bronze Soldier of Tallinn</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/20th_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_(1st_Estonian)" title="20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)">20th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Estonian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_resistance_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Estonian resistance movement">Estonian resistance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judenfrei" title="Judenfrei">Judenfrei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klooga_concentration_camp" title="Klooga concentration camp">Klooga concentration camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CommissionReport-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CommissionReport_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080629035526/http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/conclusions.htm#crimger">"Conclusions of the Commission"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" title="Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity">Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</a>. 1998. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/conclusions.htm#crimger">the original</a> on June 29, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Conclusions+of+the+Commission&rft.pub=Estonian+International+Commission+for+Investigation+of+Crimes+Against+Humanity&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historycommission.ee%2Ftemp%2Fconclusions.htm%23crimger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-absolute197-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-absolute197_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-absolute197_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Bellamy. <i>The Absolute War. Soviet Russia in the Second World War</i>, p. 197. Vintage Books, New York 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72471-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72471-8">978-0-375-72471-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLande2000" class="citation cs2">Lande, Dave (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/resistanceoccupi00land/page/188"><i>Resistance! Occupied Europe and Its Defiance of Hitler</i></a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/resistanceoccupi00land/page/188">188</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0745-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0745-8"><bdi>0-7603-0745-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance%21+Occupied+Europe+and+Its+Defiance+of+Hitler&rft.pages=188&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7603-0745-8&rft.aulast=Lande&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fresistanceoccupi00land%2Fpage%2F188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Bellamy. <i>The Absolute War. Soviet Russia in the Second World War</i>, p. 198. Vintage Books, New York 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72471-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-72471-8">978-0-375-72471-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttar, 2013 p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EAE-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EAE_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaun2001" class="citation cs2">Raun, Toivo U. (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gunsrosesirishey00taff"><i>Estonia and the Estonians (Studies of Nationalities)</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8179-2852-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8179-2852-9"><bdi>0-8179-2852-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Estonia+and+the+Estonians+%28Studies+of+Nationalities%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8179-2852-9&rft.aulast=Raun&rft.aufirst=Toivo+U.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgunsrosesirishey00taff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buttar, 2013 p. 54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EIHC-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EIHC_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIHC_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIHC_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIHC_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EIHC_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/pdf/tables/chronology.pdf">Chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609224537/http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/pdf/tables/chronology.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-06-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the EIHC</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mälksoo-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mälksoo_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mälksoo, Lauri (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15718100020296305">Professor Uluots, the Estonian Government in Exile and the Continuity of the Republic of Estonia in International Law</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Journal_of_International_Law" title="Nordic Journal of International Law">Nordic Journal of International Law</a></i> 69.3, 289–316.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mark, Heinrich, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114230244/http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/heads.php?gid=81981"><i>Heinrich Mark</i></a> (in Estonian), president.ee, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/heads.php?gid=81981">the original</a> on 2007-11-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Mark&rft.pub=president.ee&rft.aulast=Mark&rft.aufirst=Heinrich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.ee%2Fen%2Festonia%2Fheads.php%3Fgid%3D81981&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Estonian Vikings: Estnisches SS-Freiwilligen Bataillon Narwa and Subsequent Units, Eastern Front, 1943–1944.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUluots" class="citation cs2">Uluots, Jüri, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927202843/http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/heads.php?gid=81975"><i>Jüri Uluots</i></a>, president.ee, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/heads.php?gid=81975">the original</a> on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%BCri+Uluots&rft.pub=president.ee&rft.aulast=Uluots&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCri&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.ee%2Fen%2Festonia%2Fheads.php%3Fgid%3D81975&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLande2000" class="citation cs2">Lande, Dave (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/resistanceoccupi00land/page/200"><i>Resistance! Occupied Europe and Its Defiance of Hitler</i></a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/resistanceoccupi00land/page/200">200</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0745-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0745-8"><bdi>0-7603-0745-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Resistance%21+Occupied+Europe+and+Its+Defiance+of+Hitler&rft.pages=200&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7603-0745-8&rft.aulast=Lande&rft.aufirst=Dave&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fresistanceoccupi00land%2Fpage%2F200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-white-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-white_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEstonian_State_Commission_on_Examination_of_Policies_of_Repression2005" class="citation book cs1">Estonian State Commission on Examination of Policies of Repression (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.riigikogu.ee/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/TheWhiteBook.pdf"><i>The White Book: Losses inflicted on the Estonian nation by occupation regimes. 1940–1991</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Estonian Encyclopedia Publishers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130114130824/http://www.just.ee/orb.aw/class%3Dfile/action%3Dpreview/id%3D12709/TheWhiteBook.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2013-01-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+White+Book%3A+Losses+inflicted+on+the+Estonian+nation+by+occupation+regimes.+1940%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Estonian+Encyclopedia+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.au=Estonian+State+Commission+on+Examination+of+Policies+of+Repression&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.riigikogu.ee%2Fwpcms%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F02%2FTheWhiteBook.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Baltic States: The National Self-Determination of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania</i>, Graham Smith, p. 91, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-16192-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-16192-1">0-312-16192-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927204608/http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/heads.php?gid=81977"><i>Aleksander Warma</i></a>, president.ee, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.president.ee/en/estonia/heads.php?gid=81977">the original</a> on 2007-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-07-07</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aleksander+Warma&rft.pub=president.ee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.president.ee%2Fen%2Festonia%2Fheads.php%3Fgid%3D81977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-laar-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-laar_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMart_Laar2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mart Laar (2006). <i>Sinimäed 1944: II maailmasõja lahingud Kirde-Eestis (Sinimäed Hills 1944: Battles of World War II in Northeast Estonia)</i> (in Estonian). Tallinn: Varrak.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sinim%C3%A4ed+1944%3A+II+maailmas%C3%B5ja+lahingud+Kirde-Eestis+%28Sinim%C3%A4ed+Hills+1944%3A+Battles+of+World+War+II+in+Northeast+Estonia%29&rft.pub=Tallinn%3A+Varrak&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Mart+Laar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHannes" class="citation web cs1">Hannes, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060317152616/http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=383">"Estonia in World War II"</a>. Historical Text Archive. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=383">the original</a> on 2006-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estonia+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Historical+Text+Archive&rft.aulast=Hannes&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricaltextarchive.com%2Fsections.php%3Fop%3Dviewarticle%26artid%3D383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/conclusions.htm">Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621094523/http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/conclusions.htm">Archived</a> June 21, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/051/1941-1944_ik.pdf">Phase II: The German occupation of Estonia in 1941–1944</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629191844/http://web-static.vm.ee/static/failid/051/1941-1944_ik.pdf">Archived</a> June 29, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Estonia.html?title=Jews_in_Estonia">"Estonia"</a>, <i>The Virtual Jewish History Tour</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-11</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Virtual+Jewish+History+Tour&rft.atitle=Estonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fvjw%2FEstonia.html%3Ftitle%3DJews_in_Estonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weiss-wendt-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weiss-wendt_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Weiss-Wendt" title="Anton Weiss-Wendt">Weiss-Wendt, Anton</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926175305/http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/12/2/308.pdf">The Soviet Occupation of Estonia in 1940–41 and the Jews</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i> 12.2, 308–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berg-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-berg_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berg, Eiki (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00806431">The Peculiarities of Jewish Settlement in Estonia</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GeoJournal" title="GeoJournal">GeoJournal</a></i> 33.4, 465–470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/holocaust.html">The Holocaust in the Baltics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307033256/http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/holocaust.html">Archived</a> 2008-03-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/article.php?lang=en&ModuleId=10005448">Estonia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-birn-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-birn_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-birn_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bettina_Birn" title="Ruth Bettina Birn">Birn, Ruth Bettina</a> (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=81766">Collaboration with Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe: the Case of the Estonian Security Police</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_European_History" title="Contemporary European History">Contemporary European History</a></i> 10.2, 181–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928003632/http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x07/xr0707.html"><i>Museum of Tolerance Multimedia Learning Center</i></a>, Wiesenthal, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://motlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org/text/x07/xr0707.html">the original</a> on 2007-09-28</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museum+of+Tolerance+Multimedia+Learning+Center&rft.pub=Wiesenthal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmotlc.learningcenter.wiesenthal.org%2Ftext%2Fx07%2Fxr0707.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rel.ee/eng/communism_crimes.htm#F6">Communism and Crimes against Humanity in the Baltic states</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929004514/http://www.rel.ee/eng/communism_crimes.htm">Archived</a> 2011-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/Vaivara.html">Vaivara</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823093224/http://www.heritageabroad.gov/projects/estonia1.html"><i>Holocaust Markers, Estonia</i></a>, Heritage Abroad, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heritageabroad.gov/projects/estonia1.html">the original</a> on 2009-08-23</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holocaust+Markers%2C+Estonia&rft.pub=Heritage+Abroad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heritageabroad.gov%2Fprojects%2Festonia1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2003" class="citation cs2">Gilbert, Sir Martin (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s18psZJJjbYC"><i>The Righteous: The Unsung Heroes of the Holocaust</i></a>, Macmillan, p. 31, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-6260-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-6260-2"><bdi>0-8050-6260-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Righteous%3A+The+Unsung+Heroes+of+the+Holocaust&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8050-6260-2&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Sir+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds18psZJJjbYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-historycommission-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-historycommission_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-historycommission_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/conclusions.htm">Conclusions of the Estonian International Commission for the Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621094523/http://www.historycommission.ee/temp/conclusions.htm">Archived</a> June 21, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsfromrussia.com/cis/2005/05/03/59549.html">Moscow celebrations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929120952/http://newsfromrussia.com/cis/2005/05/03/59549.html">Archived</a> September 29, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at newsfromrussia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPmotion-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPmotion_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=MOTION&reference=B6-2007-0214&language=EN"><i>Motion for a resolution on the Situation in Estonia</i></a>, 2007-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-05</span></span>, <q>Estonia, as an independent Member State of the EU and NATO, has the sovereign right to assess its recent tragic past, starting with the loss of independence as a result of the Hitler-Stalin Pact of 1939 and including three years under Hitler's occupation and terror, as well as 48 years under Soviet occupation and terror,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motion+for+a+resolution+on+the+Situation+in+Estonia&rft.date=2007-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3Ftype%3DMOTION%26reference%3DB6-2007-0214%26language%3DEN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EPResolution-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EPResolution_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&reference=P6-TA-2007-0215&language=EN&ring=B6-2007-0214"><i>European Parliament resolution of 24 May 2007 on Estonia</i></a>, 2007-05-24<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-05</span></span>, <q>Estonia, as an independent Member State of the EU and NATO, has the sovereign right to assess its recent tragic past, starting with the loss of independence resulting from the Hitler-Stalin Pact of 1939 and ending only in 1991, the Soviet occupation and annexation of the Baltic States was never recognised as legal by the Western democracies</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Parliament+resolution+of+24+May+2007+on+Estonia&rft.date=2007-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europarl.europa.eu%2Fsides%2FgetDoc.do%3Ftype%3DTA%26reference%3DP6-TA-2007-0215%26language%3DEN%26ring%3DB6-2007-0214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4517683.stm">"Russia denies Baltic 'occupation'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>, <i>BBC News</i>, May 5, 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Russia+denies+Baltic+%27occupation%27&rft.date=2005-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4517683.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooth2007" class="citation news cs1">Booth, Jenny (April 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110523151119/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1714401.ece">"Russia threatens Estonia over removal of Red Army statue"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article1714401.ece">the original</a> on May 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+threatens+Estonia+over+removal+of+Red+Army+statue&rft.date=2007-04-27&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Farticle1714401.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2007" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Patrick (May 9, 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6637895.stm"><i>When giants fought in Estonia</i></a>, BBC<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 20,</span> 2010</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+giants+fought+in+Estonia&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2007-05-09&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F6637895.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButtar2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Prit_Buttar" title="Prit Buttar">Buttar, Prit</a> (2013). <i>Between Giants: The Battle for the Baltics in World War II</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780961637" title="Special:BookSources/9781780961637"><bdi>9781780961637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Giants%3A+The+Battle+for+the+Baltics+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781780961637&rft.aulast=Buttar&rft.aufirst=Prit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGerman+occupation+of+Estonia+during+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=German_occupation_of_Estonia_during_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Birn, Ruth Bettina (2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=81766">Collaboration with Nazi Germany in Eastern Europe: the Case of the Estonian Security Police</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_European_History" title="Contemporary European History">Contemporary European History</a></i> 10.2, 181–98.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070115021551/http://www.wehrmacht.pri.ee/fotod/waffenss/waffenss.html">Estonian SS-Legion (photographs)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.axishistory.com/viewtopic.php?t=35868">Estonian SS-Legion (photographs)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060105183507/http://www.postimees.ee/150405/esileht/162956_foto.php">Hjalmar Mäe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029104056/http://www.ekspress.ee/Arhiiv/2000/8/Pildid/sisu3.JPG">Hjalmar Mäe (photograph)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050211220806/http://www.hot.ee/vaikal/ajalugu-6.html">Saksa okupatsioon Eestis</a></li> <li>Weiss-Wendt, Anton (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121220220508/http://hgs.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/17/1/31">Extermination of the Gypsies in Estonia during World War II: Popular Images and Official Policies</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i> 17.1, 31–61.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany,_Fascist_Italy_and_Imperial_Japan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template talk:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany,_Fascist_Italy_and_Imperial_Japan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Collaboration with Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Collaboration with Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis forces">Axis forces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italian</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Albanian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanian_collaboration_with_the_Axis" title="Cham Albanian collaboration with the Axis">Cham Albanian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battaglione_Azad_Hindoustan" title="Battaglione Azad Hindoustan">Battaglione Azad Hindoustan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Home_Defence" title="Belarusian Home Defence">Belarusian Home Defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Armed_Forces_(Independent_State_of_Croatia)" title="Croatian Armed Forces (Independent State of Croatia)">Croatian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> <small>(until 1944)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiwi_(volunteer)" title="Hiwi (volunteer)">Hiwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmykian_Cavalry_Corps" title="Kalmykian Cavalry Corps">Kalmykian Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Auxiliary_Police" title="Latvian Auxiliary Police">Latvian Auxiliary Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Committee of Azerbaijan">National Committee of Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Army" title="National Republican Army">National Republican Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Armed_Forces" title="Romanian Armed Forces">Romanian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungarian_Army" title="Royal Hungarian Army">Royal Hungarian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Iraqi_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Iraqi Army">Royal Iraqi Army</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Army" title="Russian Liberation Army">Russian Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="Russian People's Liberation Army">Russian People's Liberation Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Battalions" title="Security Battalions">Security Battalions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Expeditionary_Army_Group" title="Slovak Expeditionary Army Group">Slovak Expeditionary Army Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Home_Guard" title="Slovene Home Guard">Slovene Home Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" title="Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organisation of Ukrainian Nationalists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Waffen-SS foreign volunteers and conscripts">Waffen-SS foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Wehrmacht foreign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">Afrika Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_enrolment_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Military enrolment in German-occupied Poland">Polish Wehrmacht Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostlegionen" title="Ostlegionen">Ostlegionen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese</a> collaborationists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Arakan Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_Army" title="Armistice Army">Armistice Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Columns" title="Black Columns">Black Columns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_Independence_Army" title="Burma Independence Army">Burma Independence Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Wars" title="Xinjiang Wars">Central Asian collaborators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan_independence_movement" title="East Turkestan independence movement">East Turkestan independence movement</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chin Defense Army</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborationist_Chinese_Army" title="Collaborationist Chinese Army">Collaborationist Chinese Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Defenders of the Homeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gakutotai" title="Gakutotai">Gakutotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gando_Special_Force" title="Gando Special Force">Gando Special Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiho" title="Heiho">Heiho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Army" title="Indian National Army">Indian National Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Indian_National_Army" title="First Indian National Army">First Indian National Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_Army" title="Inner Mongolian Army">Inner Mongolian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_collaborators_with_Imperial_Japan" title="Korean collaborators with Imperial Japan">Korean collaborators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanka_Sama_Samaja_Party" title="Lanka Sama Samaja Party">Lanka Sama Samaja Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_of_the_Homeland" title="Defenders of the Homeland">Malayan Volunteer Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Manchukuo Imperial Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Thai Armed Forces">Royal Thai Armed Forces</a></li> <li>Russian collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo_Imperial_Army" title="Manchukuo Imperial Army">Asano Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Taiwanese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takasago_Volunteers" title="Takasago Volunteers">Takasago Volunteers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vietnamese collaborators <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Quang_Ph%E1%BB%A5c_H%E1%BB%99i" title="Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội">Association for the Restoration of Great Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Youth_(Vietnam)" title="Vanguard Youth (Vietnam)">Vanguard Youth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists by <a href="/wiki/Axis_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis countries">Axis countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Albania">German Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Italian Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartime_collaboration_in_the_Baltic_states" title="Wartime collaboration in the Baltic states">Baltic states</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="German occupation of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Lithuanian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Lithuania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Belgium_during_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="German occupation of Belgium during World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Turkestan" title="East Turkestan">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> <small>(until 1944)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1941_Iraqi_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1941 Iraqi coup d'état">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Luxembourgish collaboration with Nazi Germany">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Collaboration" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_German-occupied_Poland" title="Collaboration in German-occupied Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_in_the_German-occupied_Soviet_Union" title="Collaboration in the German-occupied Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Byelorussian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Byelorussia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany" title="Ukrainian collaboration with Nazi Germany">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <small>(limited)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Template talk:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Administrative divisions in Nazi Germany and German occupations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_divisions_in_Nazi_Germany_and_German_occupations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative divisions in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and German occupations</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Administrative divisions of Nazi Germany">Administrative<br />divisions of<br />Nazi Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Gau_(territory)" title="Gau (territory)">Gaus</a></i></span> (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Altreich_(pre-1938_Nazi_Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altreich (pre-1938 Nazi Germany)">Altreich</a></i></span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Baden" title="Gau Baden">Baden-Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Bayreuth" title="Gau Bayreuth">Bayreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Berlin" title="Gau Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Cologne-Aachen" title="Gau Cologne-Aachen">Cologne–Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Gau Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Eastern_Hanover" title="Gau Eastern Hanover">Eastern Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_East_Prussia" title="Gau East Prussia">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Electoral_Hesse" title="Gau Electoral Hesse">Electoral Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Essen" title="Gau Essen">Essen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Franconia" title="Gau Franconia">Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Halle-Merseburg" title="Gau Halle-Merseburg">Halle-Merseburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hamburg" title="Gau Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Hesse-Nassau" title="Gau Hesse-Nassau">Hesse-Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Lower_Silesia" title="Gau Lower Silesia">Lower Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Magdeburg-Anhalt" title="Gau Magdeburg-Anhalt">Magdeburg-Anhalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Main_Franconia" title="Gau Main Franconia">Main Franconia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_March_of_Brandenburg" title="Gau March of Brandenburg">March of Brandenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Mecklenburg" title="Gau Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Moselland" title="Gau Moselland">Moselland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Munich-Upper_Bavaria" title="Gau Munich-Upper Bavaria">Munich–Upper Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Pomerania" title="Gau Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Saxony" title="Gau Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Gau Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Silesia" title="Gau Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Swabia" title="Gau Swabia">Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Southern_Hanover-Brunswick" title="Gau Southern Hanover-Brunswick">Southern Hanover–Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Thuringia" title="Gau Thuringia">Thuringia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Upper_Silesia" title="Gau Upper Silesia">Upper Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Weser-Ems" title="Gau Weser-Ems">Weser-Ems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-North" title="Gau Westphalia-North">Westphalia-North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westphalia-South" title="Gau Westphalia-South">Westphalia-South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_Westmark" title="Gau Westmark">Westmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gau_W%C3%BCrttemberg-Hohenzollern" title="Gau Württemberg-Hohenzollern">Württemberg-Hohenzollern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prinz-Eugen_Gau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prinz-Eugen Gau (page does not exist)">Prinz-Eugen</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichsfestung_Belgrad" class="extiw" title="de:Reichsfestung Belgrad">Reichsfestung Belgrad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gau_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gau Holland (page does not exist)">Holland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau" title="Reichsgau">Reichsgaus</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Danzig–West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Sudetenland" title="Reichsgau Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">Wartheland</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria_within_Nazi_Germany" title="Austria within Nazi Germany">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_K%C3%A4rnten" title="Reichsgau Kärnten">Carinthia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Niederdonau" title="Reichsgau Niederdonau">Lower Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Oberdonau" title="Reichsgau Oberdonau">Upper Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Salzburg" title="Reichsgau Salzburg">Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Steiermark" title="Reichsgau Steiermark">Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Tirol-Vorarlberg" title="Reichsgau Tirol-Vorarlberg">Tyrol–Vorarlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wien" title="Reichsgau Wien">Vienna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Banat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Banat (page does not exist)">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Beskidenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Beskidenland (page does not exist)">Beskidland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Brabant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Brabant (page does not exist)">Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Burgund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Burgund (page does not exist)">Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Flandern" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Flandern">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Galizien&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Galizien (page does not exist)">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Gotenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Gotenland (page does not exist)">Gothland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Nordmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Nordmark (page does not exist)">Nordmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Vandalenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Vandalenland (page does not exist)">Vandalland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichsgau_Weichselland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichsgau Weichselland (page does not exist)">Vistulaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wallonien" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichsgau Wallonien">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Westland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">Gelderland and Overijssel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">North Holland and Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">South Holland and Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_(Nazi_propaganda)" title="Westland (Nazi propaganda)">North Brabant and Limburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Areas_annexed_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Areas annexed by Nazi Germany">Partial annexations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Bohemia and Moravia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General_Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">General Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Galicia" title="District of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w_District" title="Kraków District">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_District" title="Lublin District">Lublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radom_District" title="Radom District">Radom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_District" title="Warsaw District">Warsaw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)#SS_State_of_Burgundy" title="New Order (Nazism)">Burgundy (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=SS_Province_of_Holland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS Province of Holland (page does not exist)">Holland (SS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich#Role_of_Northern_Italy" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Lombardy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_Europe" title="German-occupied Europe">German<br />occupations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Civil_Administration" title="Chief of Civil Administration">Civil Administration Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Alsace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Alsace (page does not exist)">Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Carinthia_and_Carniola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Carinthia and Carniola (page does not exist)">Carinthia and Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Gebiet_Bialystok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Gebiet Bialystok (page does not exist)">Gebiet Bialystok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lorraine" title="Civil Administration Area of Lorraine">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Lower_Styria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Lower Styria (page does not exist)">Lower Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Administration_Area_of_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Administration Area of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Posen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Posen (page does not exist)">Posen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_the_Sudetenland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of the Sudetenland (page does not exist)">Sudetenland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_West_Prussia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of West Prussia (page does not exist)">West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Civil_Administration_Area_of_Zichenau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Civil Administration Area of Zichenau (page does not exist)">Zichenau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bezirk" title="Bezirk">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Founded" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Brussels" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Brussels">Brussels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Military Administration (Nazi Germany)">Military administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Rear_Area_Command" title="Army Group Rear Area Command">Army Group Rear Area Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Military Administration in Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia#Zones_of_influence" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_military_administration_in_occupied_France_during_World_War_II" title="German military administration in occupied France during World War II">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Coastal_military_zone" title="Zone interdite">Atlantic Wall</a> ‧ <a href="/wiki/Zone_interdite#Zone_of_intended_German_settlement" title="Zone interdite">zone réservée</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Zone_of_Protection_in_Slovakia" title="German Zone of Protection in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#The_German_occupation_zone" title="Axis occupation of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_of_Luxembourg" title="Military Administration of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_Administration_in_Poland" title="Military Administration in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Banat (1941–1944)">Banat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Operational Zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Adriatic_Littoral" title="Operational Zone of the Adriatic Littoral">Adriatic Littoral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Ljubljana#The_German_period_(1943–1945)" title="Province of Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_Zone_of_the_Alpine_Foothills" title="Operational Zone of the Alpine Foothills">Alpine Foothills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Puppet administrations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Albania" title="German occupation of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%A1#19th–20th_centuries" title="Aš">Asch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyss-Inquart_government" title="Seyss-Inquart government">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="Second Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flemish_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flemish Liberation Committee (page does not exist)">Flanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lepel_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lepel Republic (page does not exist)">Lepel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokot_Autonomy" title="Lokot Autonomy">Lokot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Mussert" title="Anton Mussert">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias#World_War_II" title="Nias">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime#1940_coup" title="Quisling regime">Norway (Quisling I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_Council_(Norway)" title="Administrative Council (Norway)">Norway (Administrative Council)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quisling_regime" title="Quisling regime">Norway (Quisling II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent State of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner_Government" title="Commissioner Government">Serbia (Commissioner Government)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia (Council of Ministers)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_national_government_(1941)" title="Ukrainian national government (1941)">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Liberation_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Liberation Committee (page does not exist)">Wallonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuyev_Republic" title="Zuyev Republic">Zuyev Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Exiled</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Central_Council#Exile" title="Belarusian Central Council">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_government-in-exile" title="Bulgarian government-in-exile">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cossack_Central_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cossack Central Office (page does not exist)">Cossackia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_State_(1941%E2%80%931944)#Exile_and_trial" title="Hellenic State (1941–1944)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Unity_(Hungary)" title="Government of National Unity (Hungary)">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German-occupied_territory_of_Montenegro" title="German-occupied territory of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima#Exile" title="Horia Sima">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Liberation_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Liberation Movement">Russia (ODNR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Liberation_of_the_Peoples_of_Russia" title="Committee for the Liberation of the Peoples of Russia">Russia (KONR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation#After_the_war" title="Government of National Salvation">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)#End" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkiesta%C5%84ski_Komitet_Narodowy" class="extiw" title="pl:Turkiestański Komitet Narodowy">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_National_Committee" title="Ukrainian National Committee">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vlaamsche_Landsleiding" class="extiw" title="nl:Vlaamsche Landsleiding">Wallonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_nationalism_and_World_War_II" title="Breton nationalism and World War II">Brittany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat" title="Reichskommissariat">Reichskommissariats</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_of_Belgium_and_Northern_France" title="Reichskommissariat of Belgium and Northern France">Belgium and Northern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Niederlande" title="Reichskommissariat Niederlande">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Norwegen" title="Reichskommissariat Norwegen">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Ostland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ukraine" title="Reichskommissariat Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Kaukasien" title="Reichskommissariat Kaukasien">Caucasia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Don-Wolga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Don-Wolga (page does not exist)">Don-Volga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Moskowien" title="Reichskommissariat Moskowien">Muscovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Turkestan" title="Reichskommissariat Turkestan">Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reichskommissariat_Ural&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reichskommissariat Ural (page does not exist)">Ural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other occupations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#The_German_occupation_(September_9,_1943_-_September_3,_1944)" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Founded</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Swabia" title="New Swabia">New Swabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_Station_Kurt" title="Weather Station Kurt">Weather Station Kurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schatzgr%C3%A4ber_(weather_station)" title="Schatzgräber (weather station)">Schatzgräber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holzauge" title="Holzauge">Holzauge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bassgeiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bassgeiger (page does not exist)">Bassgeiger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edelweiss_base&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edelweiss base (page does not exist)">Edelweiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e5e5e5;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Proposed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordstern_(city)" title="Nordstern (city)">Nordstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" title="Strength Through Joy">Strength Through Joy</a> <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">holiday resorts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and<br /> Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Holocaust_Estonia" title="Template:Holocaust Estonia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Holocaust_Estonia" title="Template talk:Holocaust Estonia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust_Estonia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Holocaust Estonia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Estonia" title="The Holocaust in Estonia">The Holocaust in Estonia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold">Main article</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></dd> <dt><span class="nobold">Related articles by country</span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Belarus" title="The Holocaust in Belarus">Belarus</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Latvia" title="The Holocaust in Latvia">Latvia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Lithuania" title="The Holocaust in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Norway" title="The Holocaust in Norway">Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Poland" title="The Holocaust in Poland">Poland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Russia" title="The Holocaust in Russia">Russia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_Ukraine" title="The Holocaust in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Crimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalevi-Liiva" title="Kalevi-Liiva">Kalevi-Liiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent victims</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zelig_Kalmanovich" title="Zelig Kalmanovich">Zelig Kalmanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Durmashkin" title="Wolf Durmashkin">Wolf Durmashkin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major perpetrators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Aumeier" title="Hans Aumeier">Hans Aumeier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_J%C3%A4ger" title="Karl Jäger">Karl Jäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Laak" title="Aleksander Laak">Aleksander Laak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinrich_Lohse" title="Hinrich Lohse">Hinrich Lohse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain-Ervin_Mere" title="Ain-Ervin Mere">Ain-Ervin Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinrich_M%C3%B6ller" title="Hinrich Möller">Hinrich Möller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Sandberger" title="Martin Sandberger">Martin Sandberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Joachim_Seck" title="Rudolf Joachim Seck">Rudolf Joachim Seck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Walter_Stahlecker" title="Franz Walter Stahlecker">Franz Walter Stahlecker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nazi occupation and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Reichskommissariat Ostland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Collaboration_with_Nazi_Germany_and_Fascist_Italy#Estonia" title="Collaboration with Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy">Notable collaborators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleksander_Laak" title="Aleksander Laak">Aleksander Laak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Linnas" title="Karl Linnas">Karl Linnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ain-Ervin_Mere" title="Ain-Ervin Mere">Ain-Ervin Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evald_Mikson" title="Evald Mikson">Evald Mikson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concentration camps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klooga_concentration_camp" title="Klooga concentration camp">Klooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4gala_concentration_camp" title="Jägala concentration camp">Jägala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaivara_concentration_camp" title="Vaivara concentration camp">Vaivara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4ger_Report" title="Jäger Report">Jäger Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judenfrei" title="Judenfrei">Judenfrei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concealment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonderaktion_1005" title="Sonderaktion 1005">Sonderaktion 1005</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War crimes investigations and trials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen_trial" title="Einsatzgruppen trial">Einsatzgruppen trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials_in_Soviet_Estonia" title="War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia">War crimes trials in Soviet Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_International_Commission_for_Investigation_of_Crimes_Against_Humanity" title="Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity">Estonian International Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Righteous_Among_the_Nations" title="Righteous Among the Nations">Righteous Among the Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uku_Masing" title="Uku Masing">Uku Masing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uku_Masing" title="Uku Masing">Eha Masing</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polina_Lentsman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polina Lentsman (page does not exist)">Polina Lentsman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Estonia" title="History of the Jews in Estonia">History of the Jews in Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia in World War II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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