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<div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alternar o índice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Alternar o índice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Raphael Lemkin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ir para um artigo noutra língua. Disponível em 35 línguas" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 línguas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رفائيل ليمكين — árabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رفائيل ليمكين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="árabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86" title="رافايل ليمكين — Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رافايل ليمكين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Lemkin" title="Rafael Lemkin — azerbaijano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rafael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Рафаэль Лемкін — bielorrusso" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рафаэль Лемкін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рафал Лемкин — búlgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Рафал Лемкин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — bósnio" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bósnio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — catalão" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — checo" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="checo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — dinamarquês" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dinamarquês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — alemão" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemão" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%AC%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BC%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Ράφαου Λέμκιν — grego" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ράφαου Λέμκιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grego" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — inglês" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — espanhol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رافائل لمکین — persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رافائل لمکین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — finlandês" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — francês" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9F" title="רפאל למקין — hebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפאל למקין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%AC_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ռաֆայել Լեմկին — arménio" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռաֆայել Լեմկին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A7%D5%AC_%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B4%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Ռաֆայէլ Լեմքին — Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ռաֆայէլ Լեմքին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — indonésio" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — italiano" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%ED%8C%8C%EC%97%98_%EB%A0%98%ED%82%A8" title="라파엘 렘킨 — coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라파엘 렘킨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — neerlandês" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — norueguês bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norueguês bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafa%C5%82_Lemkin" title="Rafał Lemkin — polaco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rafał Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — romeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Лемкин, Рафаэль — russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лемкин, Рафаэль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafal_Lemkin" title="Rafal Lemkin — servo-croata" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rafal Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="servo-croata" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Рафаел Лемкин — sérvio" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Рафаел Лемкин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sérvio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapha%C3%ABl_Lemkin" title="Raphaël Lemkin — sueco" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Raphaël Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="sueco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Raphael Lemkin — turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Raphael Lemkin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Рафал Лемкін — ucraniano" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рафал Лемкін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraniano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%96%90%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%90%8A%E5%A7%86%E9%87%91" title="拉斐爾·萊姆金 — chinês" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拉斐爾·萊姆金" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinês" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q505586#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editar hiperligações interlínguas" class="wbc-editpage">Editar hiperligações</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espaços nominais"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Lemkin" title="Ver a página de conteúdo [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artigo</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="pt" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox infobox_v2" cellpadding="3" border="0" style="width: 270px; font-size: 88%;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" class="topo padrao" style="text-align:center; font-size:large; background-color:gainsboro; border-radius: 3px 3px 0 0;"><span class="">Raphael Lemkin</span> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div style="padding-bottom: 5px;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Raphael_Lemkin,_Photograph_6_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Raphael Lemkin"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/200px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg/400px-Raphael_Lemkin%2C_Photograph_6_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="449" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption>Raphael Lemkin</figcaption></figure></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Nascimento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">24 de junho de 1900<br /><span class="birthplace">Biazvodna</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">28 de agosto de 1959 (<span style="white-space:nowrap">59 anos</span>)<br /><span class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Nova_Iorque" title="Nova Iorque">Nova Iorque</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Sepultamento </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;">Cemitério Mount Hebron </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Cidadania </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Imp%C3%A9rio_Russo" title="Império Russo">Império Russo</a>, Polónia, Estados Unidos </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;"><i><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></i> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Faculdade de Direito da Universidade de Lviv</li><li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Heidelberg" title="Universidade de Heidelberg">Universidade de Heidelberg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Lviv" title="Universidade de Lviv">Universidade de Lviv</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Ocupação </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Advogado" title="Advogado">advogado</a>, peace and conflict researcher, <a href="/wiki/Promotor_de_justi%C3%A7a" title="Promotor de justiça">promotor de justiça</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurista" title="Jurista">jurista</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Distinções </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Cruz da Ordem do Mérito da República Federal da Alemanha</li><li>Four Freedoms Award – Freedom of Worship</li></ul></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Empregador(a) </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Universidade_Yale" title="Universidade Yale">Universidade Yale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Duke" title="Universidade Duke">Universidade Duke</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left; font-weight:bold;">Causa da morte </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Enfarte_agudo_do_mioc%C3%A1rdio" title="Enfarte agudo do miocárdio">enfarte agudo do miocárdio</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; background-color:gainsboro"><div style="text-align: right;">[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505586" class="extiw" title="d:Q505586">edite no Wikidata</a>]</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv/260px--The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="195" data-durationhint="74" data-mwtitle="The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Ficheiro:The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/87/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/87/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv/The_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AThe_Genocide_Word_by_Raphael_Lemkin.ogv&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Raphael Lemkin descrevendo a origem da palavra <i><a href="/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio" title="Genocídio">genocídio</a>.</i> (em inglês)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Raphael Lemkin</b>, nascido <b>Rafał Lemkin</b> (<a href="/wiki/24_de_junho" title="24 de junho">24 de junho</a> de <a href="/wiki/1900" title="1900">1900</a> – <a href="/wiki/28_de_agosto" title="28 de agosto">28 de agosto</a> de <a href="/wiki/1959" title="1959">1959</a>), foi um <a href="/wiki/Advogado" title="Advogado">advogado</a> <a href="/wiki/Pol%C3%B3nia" title="Polónia">polonês</a>, de origem <a href="/wiki/Judeus" title="Judeus">judaica</a>, que emigrou para os Estados Unidos em 1941. </p><p>Antes da <a href="/wiki/Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Segunda Guerra Mundial">Segunda Guerra Mundial</a>, Lemkin se interessou pelo <a href="/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio_Arm%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocídio Armênio">Genocídio Armênio</a> e fez campanha na <a href="/wiki/Liga_das_Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es" class="mw-redirect" title="Liga das Nações">Liga das Nações</a> para banir o que ele chamou de "<a href="/wiki/Barb%C3%A1rie" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbárie">barbárie</a>" (no sentido de massacre de um povo) e "<a href="/wiki/Vandalismo" title="Vandalismo">vandalismo</a>" (com referência à destruição da <a href="/wiki/Cultura" title="Cultura">cultura</a> de um povo). Ficou conhecido por seu trabalho contra o <a href="/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio" title="Genocídio">genocídio</a>, palavra <a href="https://pt.wiktionary.org/wiki/hibridismo" class="extiw" title="wikt:hibridismo">híbrida</a> cunhada por ele, em <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a>, a partir do <a href="/wiki/Grego_antigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grego antigo">grego</a> γένος , <a href="/wiki/Transl." class="mw-redirect" title="Transl.">transl.</a> <i>genos</i> ('família', 'tribo' ou 'raça') e do <a href="/wiki/Latim" title="Latim">latim</a> <i>-cidĭum</i> ( 'ação de quem mata ou o seu resultado'). Lemkin usou o termo pela primeira vez em seu livro <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress</i>, de <a href="/wiki/1944" title="1944">1944</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Juventude_e_educação"><span id="Juventude_e_educa.C3.A7.C3.A3o"></span>Juventude e educação</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editar secção: Juventude e educação" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=1" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Juventude e educação"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lemkin nasceu no vilarejo de Bezwodne, que era, à época da <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BAssia_Imperial" class="mw-redirect" title="Rússia Imperial">Rússia Imperial</a>, parte da <i><a href="/wiki/Guberniya" class="mw-redirect" title="Guberniya">Guberniya</a></i> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Governorato_de_Vilna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Governorato de Vilna (página não existe)">Vilna</a> e atualmente integra o <a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raion</a> de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Distrito_de_Vawkavysk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Distrito de Vawkavysk (página não existe)">Vawkavysk</a>, na <a href="/wiki/Bielorr%C3%BAssia" title="Bielorrússia">Bielorrússia</a>). Não se sabe muito sobre a infância de Lemkin. Ele cresceu numa família polaco-judia e era um dos três filhos de Joseph e Bella (Pomerantz) Lemkin. Seu pai era um fazendeiro, e sua mãe, uma intelectual: pintora, linguista, estudante de <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> e colecionadora de livros de <a href="/wiki/Literatura" title="Literatura">literatura</a> e <a href="/wiki/Hist%C3%B3ria" title="História">história</a>. Aos 14 anos de idade, sob a influência da mãe, Lemkin tornou-se fluente em nove línguas, incluindo francês , espanhol, <a href="/wiki/Hebraico" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebraico">hebraico</a>, <a href="/wiki/I%C3%ADdiche" class="mw-redirect" title="Iídiche">iídiche</a> e russo.<span style="color:gray"><sup>[</sup></span><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes"><span title="Esta afirmação precisa de uma referência para confirmá-la desde outubro de 2021." style="color:gray"><i>carece de fontes</i></span></a><span class="printfooter">?</span><span style="color:gray">]</span></sup> </p><p>Depois de graduado numa escola local de <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>, iniciou seus estudos de <a href="/wiki/Lingu%C3%ADstica" title="Linguística">linguística</a> na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Lviv" title="Universidade de Lviv">Uniwersytet Jana Kazimierza</a>, em <a href="/wiki/Lviv" title="Lviv">Lwów</a>, onde começou a se interessar pelo conceito de <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a>, que, mais tarde, ele associaria ao conceito de <a href="/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio" title="Genocídio">genocídio</a>, em grande parte baseado na experiência dos <a href="/wiki/Ass%C3%ADrios" class="mw-redirect" title="Assírios">assírios</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-europaworld_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-europaworld-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> massacrados no <a href="/wiki/Reino_do_Iraque" title="Reino do Iraque">Reino do Iraque</a> em <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massacre_de_Simele" title="Massacre de Simele">Massacre de Simele</a>) , e no <a href="/wiki/Genoc%C3%ADdio_Arm%C3%AAnio" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocídio Armênio">Genocídio Armênio</a>, durante a <a href="/wiki/Primeira_Guerra_Mundial" title="Primeira Guerra Mundial">Primeira Guerra Mundial</a>. Lemkin se transferiu para a <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Heidelberg" title="Universidade de Heidelberg">Universidade de Heidelberg</a> na <a href="/wiki/Alemanha" title="Alemanha">Alemanha</a> para estudar <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> e retornou a <a href="/wiki/Lw%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lwów">Lwów</a> para estudar <a href="/wiki/Direito" title="Direito">Direito</a> em <a href="/wiki/1926" title="1926">1926</a>, tornando-se posteriormente promotor em <a href="/wiki/Vars%C3%B3via" title="Varsóvia">Varsóvia</a>.<span style="color:gray"><sup>[</sup></span><sup><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Livro_de_estilo/Cite_as_fontes" title="Wikipédia:Livro de estilo/Cite as fontes"><span title="Esta afirmação precisa de uma referência para confirmá-la desde outubro de 2021." style="color:gray"><i>carece de fontes</i></span></a><span class="printfooter">?</span><span style="color:gray">]</span></sup> </p><p>À época da <a href="/wiki/Invas%C3%A3o_da_Pol%C3%B4nia" title="Invasão da Polônia">Invasão da Polônia </a> (1939), Lemkin integrou o <a href="/wiki/Ex%C3%A9rcito_Polon%C3%AAs" class="mw-redirect" title="Exército Polonês">Exército Polonês</a> e participou da defesa de Varsóvia, durante o <a href="/wiki/Cerco_de_Vars%C3%B3via" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerco de Varsóvia">cerco à cidade</a>. Foi ferido mas afinal conseguiu fugir do país. Em 1940, passando através da Lituânia, chega à Suécia, onde havia lecionado na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_de_Estocolmo" title="Universidade de Estocolmo">Universidade de Estocolmo</a> . Com a ajuda de amigos, consegue permissão para ingressar nos Estados Unidos, onde chegou em 1941 e passou a lecionar na <a href="/wiki/Universidade_Duke" title="Universidade Duke">Universidade Duke</a> . Mudou-se para <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington, DC</a>, em 1942, passando a trabalhar no Departamento da Guerra (atual <a href="/wiki/Departamento_de_Defesa_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Departamento de Defesa dos Estados Unidos">Departamento de Defesa dos Estados Unidos</a>) como analista, ao mesmo tempo em que realizava pesquisa documental sobre as atrocidades cometidas pela Alemanha nazista, para seu livro <i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-HE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HE-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><i>Por ‘genocídio ', entendemos a destruição de uma <a href="/wiki/Na%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Nação">nação</a> ou <a href="/wiki/Grupo_%C3%A9tnico" title="Grupo étnico">grupo étnico</a>. Essa nova palavra, cunhada pelo autor, para denotar uma velha prática em seu desenvolvimento moderno, é composta pelo termo <a href="/wiki/Grego_antigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Grego antigo">grego antigo</a> 'genos' (<a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a" title="Raça">raça</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tribo" title="Tribo">tribo</a>) e pelo latim '-cídio' (assassinato)… Em termos gerais, genocídio não significa necessariamente a imediata destruição de uma nação, exceto quando realizada mediante o assassinato em massa de todos os membros de uma nação. Destina-se, em vez disso, a indicar um plano coordenado de diferentes ações, visando a destruição dos fundamentos essenciais da vida de grupos nacionais, com o objetivo de aniquilar esses mesmos grupos. O genocídio é dirigido contra o grupo nacional como entidade, e as ações envolvidas são dirigidas contra os indivíduos, não em sua capacidade individual, mas como membros do grupo nacional.</i><sup id="cite_ref-HE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HE-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Mais tarde, Lemkin integraria o grupo de trabalho encarregado de preparar os <a href="/wiki/Julgamentos_de_Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Julgamentos de Nuremberg">julgamentos de Nuremberg</a> e foi então que conseguiu incluir a palavra 'genocídio' na acusação contra os líderes nazistas. Todavia, genocídio ainda não era definido como um crime, de modo que o veredito pronunciado em <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> não fixava jurisprudência aplicável a casos de ataques contra grupos étnicos em tempos de paz mas apenas para crimes cometidos num contexto de guerra.<sup id="cite_ref-HE_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HE-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ao voltar da Europa, ele estava determinado a ver o conceito de genocídio incorporado ao Direito Internacional e começou a fazer <i>lobby</i> nesse sentido, durante as primeiras sessões das <a href="/wiki/Na%C3%A7%C3%B5es_Unidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Nações Unidas">Nações Unidas</a>. Afinal seus esforços para obter o apoio de delegações e influentes líderes nacionais foram recompensados. Em 9 de dezembro de 1948, as Nações Unidas aprovaram a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Conven%C3%A7%C3%A3o_sobre_o_Genoc%C3%ADdio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convenção sobre o Genocídio (página não existe)">Convenção sobre o Genocídio</a>. Depois da aprovação, Lemkin ainda dedicou o resto de sua vida a convencer os países membros a aprovarem uma legislação de apoio à Convenção.<sup id="cite_ref-HE_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HE-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> </p> <h2 id="Referências" style="cursor: help;" title="Esta seção foi configurada para não ser editável diretamente. Edite a página toda ou a seção anterior em vez disso."><span id="Refer.C3.AAncias"></span>Referências</h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lemkin, Raphael <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/AxisRule1944-1.htm"><i>Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Laws of Occupation - Analysis of Government - Proposals for Redress</i></a> . Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944, p. 79 - 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-europaworld-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-europaworld_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europaworld.org/issue40/raphaellemkin22601.htm">Raphael Lemkin</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020309064738/http://www.europaworld.org/issue40/raphaellemkin22601.htm">Arquivado em</a> 9 de março de 2002, no <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. - EuropaWorld, 22/6/2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HE-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-HE_3-0">a</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-HE_3-1">b</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-HE_3-2">c</a></b></i></sup> <sup><i><b><a href="#cite_ref-HE_3-3">d</a></b></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Holocaust Encyclopedia</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10007050">Coinig a word and championing a cause: the story of Raphael Lemkin</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editar secção: Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=2" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Bibliografia"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREFIshay2008" class="citation">Ishay, Micheline R. (2008), <i>The History of Human Rights: From Ancient Times to the Globalization Era</i>, Berkeley (CA): University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Micheline+R.&rft.aulast=Ishay&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Human+Rights%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Globalization+Era&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Berkeley+%28CA%29%3A+University+of+California+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Jenkins, Bruce (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/losthistoryofchr00jenk"><i>The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand-Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia—and How It Died</i></a>. New York: HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-06-147280-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-06-147280-0">978-0-06-147280-0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.btitle=The+Lost+History+of+Christianity%3A+The+Thousand-Year+Golden+Age+of+the+Church+in+the+Middle+East%2C+Africa%2C+and+Asia%94and+How+It+Died&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-06-147280-0&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flosthistoryofchr00jenk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFKornat2010" class="citation">Kornat, Marek (2010), «Rafal Lemkin's Formative Years and the Beginning of International Career in Inter-war Poland (1918-1939)», in: Zbiorowa, Praca, <i>Rafał Lemkin: a Hero of Humankind</i>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-83-89607-85-0" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-83-89607-85-0">978-83-89607-85-0</a>, Polski Instytut Spraw Miedzynarodowych</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.atitle=Rafal+Lemkin%27s+Formative+Years+and+the+Beginning+of+International+Career+in+Inter-war+Poland+%281918-1939%29&rft.aufirst=Marek&rft.aulast=Kornat&rft.btitle=Rafa%C5%82+Lemkin%3A+a+Hero+of+Humankind&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-83-89607-85-0&rft.pub=Polski+Instytut+Spraw+Miedzynarodowych&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Power, Samantha</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/problemfromhella00powe_0"><i>A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide</i></a>. [S.l.]: Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-465-06150-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-465-06150-8">0-465-06150-8</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft.aulast=Power&rft.btitle=A+Problem+from+Hell%3A+America+and+the+Age+of+Genocide&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-465-06150-8&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fproblemfromhella00powe_0&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Schaller, Dominik; Zimmerer, Jürgen (2009). <i>The Origins of Genocide: Raphael Lemkin as a Historian of Mass Violence</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780415480260" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780415480260">9780415480260</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.au=Zimmerer%2C+J%C3%BCrgen&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Genocide%3A+Raphael+Lemkin+as+a+Historian+of+Mass+Violence&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780415480260&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Szawłowski, Ryszard (2005). «Diplomatic File: Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959) – The Polish Lawyer Who Created the Concept of 'Genocide<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>». <i>Polish Quarterly of International Affairs</i> (2): 98–133</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.atitle=Diplomatic+File%3A+Raphael+Lemkin+%281900%931959%29+%93+The+Polish+Lawyer+Who+Created+the+Concept+of+%27Genocide%27&rft.aufirst=Ryszard&rft.aulast=Szaw%C5%82owski&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Polish+Quarterly+of+International+Affairs&rft.pages=98-133&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Irvin-Erickson, Douglas (2017). <i>Raphaël Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide</i>. [S.l.]: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780812248647" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780812248647">9780812248647</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.aulast=Irvin-Erickson&rft.btitle=Rapha%C3%ABl+Lemkin+and+the+Concept+of+Genocide&rft.date=2017&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780812248647&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leituras_complementares">Leituras complementares</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editar secção: Leituras complementares" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=3" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Leituras complementares"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Livros">Livros</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editar secção: Livros" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=4" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Livros"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Irvin-Erickson, Douglas. <i>Raphaël Lemkin and the Concept of Genocide.</i> University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9780812293418" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9780812293418">9780812293418</a>.</li> <li>Cooper, John. Raphael Lemkin and the Struggle for the Genocide Convention. Palgrave/Macmallin, 2008. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-230-51691-2" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-230-51691-2">0-230-51691-2</a>.</li> <li>Power, Samantha. <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Problem_from_Hell:_America_and_the_Age_of_Genocide" class="extiw" title="en:A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide">A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide</a></i>. Basic Books, 2002 (original hardcover). <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-465-06150-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-465-06150-8">0-465-06150-8</a>. (Chapters 2–5)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sands, Philippe (2016). <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_West_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East West Street (página não existe)">East West Street</a>: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity"</i>. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-0-385-35071-6" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-0-385-35071-6">978-0-385-35071-6</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft.aulast=Sands&rft.btitle=East+West+Street%3A+On+the+Origins+of+%22Genocide%22+and+%22Crimes+Against+Humanity%22&rft.date=2016&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-385-35071-6&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li>Shaw, Martin, 'What is Genocide?'. Polity Press, 2007. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/0-7456-3183-5" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/0-7456-3183-5">0-7456-3183-5</a>. (Chapter 2)</li> <li>Olivier Beauvallet, <i>Lemkin: face au génocide</i>, (with a French translation of "The legal case against Hitler" released in 1945), Michalon, 2011– <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/9782841865604" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/9782841865604">9782841865604</a>.</li> <li>Lemkin, Raphael (author); Frieze, Donna-Lee (editor). <i>Totally Unofficial: The Autobiography of Raphael Lemkin</i> (24 Jun 2013)</li> <li>Civilians in contemporary armed conflicts: Rafał Lemkin's heritage, red. nauk. Agnieszka Bieńczyk-Missala, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 2017</li> <li>A. Redzik, <i>Rafał Lemkin (1900–1959) – co-creator of international criminal law. Short biography</i>, Warsaw 2017, ss. 70; <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Fontes_de_livros/978-83-931111-3-8" title="Especial:Fontes de livros/978-83-931111-3-8">978-83-931111-3-8</a></li> <li>A. Bieńczyk-Missala, S. Dębski (red.), <i>Rafał Lemkin: A Hero of Humankind,</i> The Polish Institute of International Affairs, 2010.</li> <li>A. Bieńczyk-Missala (red.), <i>Civilians in contemporary armed conflicts: Rafał Lemkin’s heritage</i> , Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 2017</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Artigos">Artigos</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editar secção: Artigos" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=5" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Artigos"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A. Bieńczyk-Missala, "Raphael Lemkin's Legacy in International Law", in: M. Odello, P. Łubiński, <i>The Concept of Genocide in International Criminal Law.</i> Developments After Lemkin, Routledge 2020.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cjh.org/?pID=109202">Guide to the Papers of Raphael Lemkin</a>, by Tanya Elder, at the Center for Jewish History, New York</li> <li>Hartwell, L. 2021. Raphael Lemkin: The Constant Negotiator. <i>Negotiation Journal</i>.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nejo.12359?af=R">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nejo.12359?af=R</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armeniapedia.org/index.php?title=Lemkin_Discusses_Armenian_Genocide_In_Newly-Found_1949_CBS_Interview">Lemkin Discusses Armenian Genocide In Newly-Found 1949 CBS Interview</a>, in: armeniapedia.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.facinghistory.org/resources/publications/lemkin">Totally Unofficial: Raphael Lemkin and the Genocide Convention</a>A study guide on Lemkin and his contributions to human rights law and activism, downloadable pdf at facinghistory.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/">Key writings of Raphael Lemkin on Genocide, 1933–1947</a>, at preventgenocide.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.preventgenocide.org/lemkin/madrid1933-english.htm">Acts Constituting a General (Transnational) Danger Considered as Offenses Against the Law of Nations</a>(for definitions of "barbarity" and "vandalism"), at preventgenocide.org</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrweb.org/legal/genocide.html">Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=134908">Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959) – The Polish Lawyer Who Created the Concept of "Genocide"</a>, by Ryszard Szawłowski, in: Polish Quarterly of International Affairs (2005), 98–133.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Elder, Tanya (dezembro de 2005). «What you see before your eyes: Documenting Raphael Lemkin's life by exploring his archival Papers,1900–1959». <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 469–499. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520500349910">10.1080/14623520500349910</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.atitle=What+you+see+before+your+eyes%3A+Documenting+Raphael+Lemkin%27s+life+by+exploring+his+archival+Papers%2C1900%931959&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.date=2005-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.pages=469-499&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520500349910&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.lygeros.org/section_genocide/Elder-Lemkin.pdf">[1]</a></li> <li>Marrus, Michael R. "Three Roads from Nuremberg"; <i>Tablet</i> magazine; 20 Nov. 2015.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Winter, Jay (7 de junho de 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chronicle.com/article/Raphael-Lemkin-a-Prophet/139515/">«Prophet Without Honors»</a>. <i>The Chronicle Review</i>: B14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Consultado em 10 de junho de 2013</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.atitle=Prophet+Without+Honors&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.date=2013-06-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chronicle+Review&rft.pages=B14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchronicle.com%2Farticle%2FRaphael-Lemkin-a-Prophet%2F139515%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_R._Browning" class="extiw" title="en:Christopher R. Browning">Christopher R. Browning</a>, "The Two Different Ways of Looking at Nazi Murder" (review of <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippe_Sands" class="extiw" title="en:Philippe Sands">Philippe Sands</a>, <i>East West Street: On the Origins of "Genocide" and "Crimes Against Humanity"</i>, Knopf, 425 pp., $32.50; and <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" class="extiw" title="en:Christian Gerlach">Christian Gerlach</a>, <i>The Extermination of the European Jews</i>, Cambridge University Press, 508 pp., $29.99 [paper]), <i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Review_of_Books" class="extiw" title="en:The New York Review of Books">The New York Review of Books</a></i>, vol. LXIII, no. 18 (24 November 2016), pp. 56–58. Discusses <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hersch_Lauterpacht" class="extiw" title="en:Hersch Lauterpacht">Hersch Lauterpacht</a>'s legal concept of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" class="extiw" title="en:Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>", contrasted with Rafael Lemkin's legal concept of "<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genocide" class="extiw" title="en:Genocide">genocide</a>". All genocides are crimes against humanity, but not all crimes against humanity are genocides; genocides require a higher standard of proof, as they entail <i>intent</i> to destroy a particular group.</li> <li>A. Redzik, I. Zeman, Masters of Rafał Lemkin: Lwów school of law [w:] Civilians in contemporary armed conflicts: Rafał Lemkin's heritage, red. nauk. Agnieszka Bieńczyk-Missala, Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego 2017, s. 235–240.</li> <li>Ryszard Szawłowski, Raphael Lemkin (1900–1959) • The Polish Lawyer Who Created the Concept of "Genocide", <i>The Polish Quarterly of International Affairs</i> 2005, nr 2, s. 98–133</li> <li>Ryszard Szawłowski, Rafał Lemkin, warszawski adwokat (1934–1939), twórca pojęcia "genocyd" i główny architekt konwencji z 9 grudnia 1948 r. ("Konwencji Lemkina"). W 55-lecie śmierci, Warszawa 2015.</li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Balakian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Balakian (página não existe)">Balakian, Peter</a> (primavera de 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/hgs/article-abstract/27/1/57/762210?redirectedFrom=fulltext">«Raphael Lemkin, Cultural Destruction, and the Armenian Genocide»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holocaust_and_Genocide_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holocaust and Genocide Studies (página não existe)">Holocaust and Genocide Studies</a></i>. <b>27</b> (1): 57–89. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdct001">10.1093/hgs/dct001</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.atitle=Raphael+Lemkin%2C+Cultural+Destruction%2C+and+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.au=Balakian%2C+Peter&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.pages=57-89&rft.ssn=primavera&rft.volume=27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fhgs%2Farticle-abstract%2F27%2F1%2F57%2F762210%3FredirectedFrom%3Dfulltext&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2Fdct001&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> - Published on April 1, 2013</li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Jacobs, Stephen Leonard (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1594&context=gsp">«The Complicated Cases of Soghomon Tehlirian and Sholem Schwartzbard and Their Influences on Raphaël Lemkin's Thinking About Genocide»</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention (página não existe)">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a></i>. <b>13</b> (1): 33–41. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.13.1.1594">10.5038/1911-9933.13.1.1594</a><span style="margin-left:0.1em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Acessível livremente"><img alt="Acessível livremente" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/14px-Lock-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/18px-Lock-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="813" /></span></span></span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.atitle=The+Complicated+Cases+of+Soghomon+Tehlirian+and+Sholem+Schwartzbard+and+Their+Influences+on+Rapha%C3%ABl+Lemkin%27s+Thinking+About+Genocide&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Stephen+Leonard&rft.date=2019&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.pages=33-41&rft.volume=13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1594%26context%3Dgsp&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1911-9933.13.1.1594&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol13/iss1/7">Source</a></li> <li><cite class="citation journal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Weiss-Wendt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anton Weiss-Wendt (página não existe)">Weiss-Wendt, Anton</a> (dezembro de 2005). «Hostage of politics: Raphael Lemkin on "Soviet genocide<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>». <i>Journal of Genocide Research</i>. <b>7</b> (4): 551–559. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F14623520500350017">10.1080/14623520500350017</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.atitle=Hostage+of+politics%3A+Raphael+Lemkin+on+%22Soviet+genocide%22&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft.aulast=Weiss-Wendt&rft.date=2005-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Genocide+Research&rft.pages=551-559&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14623520500350017&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ligações_externas"><span id="Liga.C3.A7.C3.B5es_externas"></span>Ligações externas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editar secção: Ligações externas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit&section=6" title="Editar código-fonte da secção: Ligações externas"><span>editar código-fonte</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=25927143">Raphael Lemkin</a> (em inglês) no <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="color:gray;white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Fontes_n%C3%A3o_confi%C3%A1veis" title="Wikipédia:Fontes não confiáveis"><span title="É duvidoso que a fonte seja confiável. Este site foi classificado como fonte não fiável; ver Wikipédia:FNF.">fonte confiável?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10250472">«Raphael Lemkin papers, 1931–1947»</a>. , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University" class="extiw" title="en:Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, Rare Book and Manuscript Library</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+papers%2C+1931%931947&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindingaids.cul.columbia.edu%2Fead%2Fnnc-rb%2Fldpd_10250472&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.nypl.org/mss/1730">«Raphael Lemkin papers, 1947–1959»</a>. , Manuscripts and Archives Division, <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" class="extiw" title="en:New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+papers%2C+1947%931959&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchives.nypl.org%2Fmss%2F1730&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digifindingaids.cjh.org/?pID=109202">«Raphael Lemkin Collection, P-154»</a>. , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Jewish_Historical_Society" class="extiw" title="en:American Jewish Historical Society">American Jewish Historical Society</a>, New York NY</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+Collection%2C+P-154&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigifindingaids.cjh.org%2F%3FpID%3D109202&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090726004937/http://www.auschwitzinstitute.org/lemkin.html">«Raphael Lemkin Center for Genocide Prevention»</a>. , <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auschwitz_Institute_for_Peace_and_Reconciliation" class="extiw" title="en:Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation">Auschwitz Institute for Peace and Reconciliation</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+Center+for+Genocide+Prevention&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090726004937%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.auschwitzinstitute.org%2Flemkin.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/culturalinstitute/exhibit/raphael-lemkin-and-the-quest-to-end-genocide/AQJNMxJ8?hl=en">«Raphael Lemkin and the Quest to End Genocide»</a>. Electronic exhibit by the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Jewish_History" class="extiw" title="en:Center for Jewish History">Center for Jewish History</a> at the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Cultural_Institute" class="extiw" title="en:Google Cultural Institute">Google Cultural Institute</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fpt.wikipedia.org%3ARaphael+Lemkin&rft.btitle=Raphael+Lemkin+and+the+Quest+to+End+Genocide&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fculturalinstitute%2Fexhibit%2Fraphael-lemkin-and-the-quest-to-end-genocide%2FAQJNMxJ8%3Fhl%3Den&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <table class="noprint" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:none; background:transparent; color: inherit"><tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ficheiro:Scale_of_justice_2_new.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ícone de esboço" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Scale_of_justice_2_new.jpeg/30px-Scale_of_justice_2_new.jpeg" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Scale_of_justice_2_new.jpeg/45px-Scale_of_justice_2_new.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Scale_of_justice_2_new.jpeg/60px-Scale_of_justice_2_new.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="654" /></a></span></td> <td><i>Este artigo sobre <a href="/wiki/Jurista" title="Jurista">um jurista ou advogado(a)</a> é um <a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Esbo%C3%A7o" title="Wikipédia:Esboço">esboço</a>. Você pode ajudar a Wikipédia <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&action=edit">expandindo-o</a></span></b>.</i><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini" style="position:absolute; right:15px; font-size:smaller; display:none;"><ul><li class="nv-ver"><a href="/wiki/Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Esbo%C3%A7o-advogado" title="Predefinição:Esboço-advogado"><abbr title="Ver esta predefinição">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-discutir"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Discuss%C3%A3o:Esbo%C3%A7o-advogado&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Predefinição Discussão:Esboço-advogado (página não existe)"><abbr title="Discutir esta predefinição">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-editar"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Predefini%C3%A7%C3%A3o:Esbo%C3%A7o-advogado&action=edit"><abbr title="Editar esta predefinição">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td> </tr></tbody></table> <ul 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title="Ajuda:Controle de autoridade">Controle de autoridade</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlinks" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Main_Page" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span>: <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q505586" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q505586">Q505586</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/46753294">WorldCat</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Base_Virtual_Internacional_de_Autoridade" title="Base Virtual Internacional de Autoridade">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/46753294/">46753294</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5101531">5101531</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional da República Argentina">BNA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000059055">000059055</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Espanha" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Espanha">BNE</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1341041">XX1341041</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Biblioteca Nacional da França">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb110216954">110216954</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/CiNii" title="CiNii">CiNii</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA07487617">DA07487617</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">EBID</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Raphael-Lemkin">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Faceted_Application_of_Subject_Terminology" title="Faceted Application of Subject Terminology">FAST</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/125922">125922</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/124769535">124769535</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Istituto_centrale_per_il_catalogo_unico_delle_biblioteche_italiane_e_per_le_informazioni_bibliografiche" title="Istituto centrale per il catalogo unico delle biblioteche italiane e per le informazioni bibliografiche">ICCU</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/risultati-autori/-/opac-autori/detail/PUVV211384?core=autoriall">PUVV211384</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108571543">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAmero_de_controle_da_Biblioteca_do_Congresso" title="Número de controle da Biblioteca do Congresso">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83310627">n83310627</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=35299778">35299778</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Real_dos_Pa%C3%ADses_Baixos" title="Biblioteca Real dos Países Baixos">NTA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068045875">068045875</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/NUKAT" class="extiw" title="pl:NUKAT">NUKAT</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=1207&url_prefix=http://nukat.edu.pl/aut/&id=n98009813">n98009813</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Online_Books_Page" class="extiw" title="en:Online Books Page">OBP</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupname?key=Lemkin,Raphael,1900-1959">ID</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNAC" class="extiw" title="en:SNAC">SNAC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6j39gcz">w6j39gcz</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sistema_Universit%C3%A1rio_de_Documenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Universitário de Documentação">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/099015757">099015757</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/WikiTree" title="WikiTree">WikiTree</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Lemkin-3">Lemkin-3</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">OL</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL1390861A?mode=all">OL1390861A</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_de_Israel" title="Biblioteca Nacional de Israel">NLI</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=direct&local_base=nlx10&doc_number=000082562">000082562</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Pontif%C3%ADcia_Universidade_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A1s_de_Aquino" title="Pontifícia Universidade São Tomás de Aquino">Angelicum</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.pusc.it/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?marc=1&authid=119164">119164</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblioteca Nacional da República Argentina">BNMM</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000059055">000059055</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_Nacional_da_Austr%C3%A1lia" title="Biblioteca Nacional da Austrália">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/902991">902991</a></span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtida de "<a dir="ltr" href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&oldid=68290566">https://pt.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raphael_Lemkin&oldid=68290566</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categorias</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Nascidos_em_1900" 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