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</div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">工資鐵律</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。14种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llei_de_bronze_dels_salaris" title="Llei de bronze dels salaris – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llei de bronze dels salaris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehernes_Lohngesetz" title="Ehernes Lohngesetz – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ehernes Lohngesetz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_law_of_wages" title="Iron law of wages – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iron law of wages" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fera_Le%C4%9Do_de_Salajroj" title="Fera Leĝo de Salajroj – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Fera Leĝo de Salajroj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ley_de_hierro_de_los_sueldos" title="Ley de hierro de los sueldos – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ley de hierro de los sueldos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautainen_palkkalaki" title="Rautainen palkkalaki – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rautainen palkkalaki" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loi_d%27airain_des_salaires" title="Loi d'airain des salaires – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Loi d'airain des salaires" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%9C_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%9B%D7%A8" title="חוק הברזל של השכר – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוק הברזל של השכר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B3%83%E9%87%91%E3%81%AE%E9%89%84%E5%89%87" title="賃金の鉄則 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="賃金の鉄則" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%84%EA%B8%88%EC%9D%98_%EC%B2%A0%EC%B9%99" title="임금의 철칙 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="임금의 철칙" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/IJzeren_loonwet" title="IJzeren loonwet – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="IJzeren loonwet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBelazne_prawo_p%C5%82ac_D._Ricardo" title="Żelazne prawo płac D. Ricardo – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Żelazne prawo płac D. Ricardo" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4rnh%C3%A5rda_l%C3%B6nelagen" title="Järnhårda lönelagen – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Järnhårda lönelagen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Залізний закон заробітної плати – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Залізний закон заробітної плати" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-41d9b62b" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-41d9b62b" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh:水準; zh-tw:水準; zh-cn:水平; zh-hk:水平"></div></div></div> <p><b>工資鐵律</b>，又译<b>铁的工资规律</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是一條關於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動市場">勞動市場</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>定律，它聲稱<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AF%A6%E7%89%A9%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="實物工資（页面不存在）">實物工資</a>處於長期將永遠傾向接近於僅可維持<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="工人">工人</a>生活所需的最低工資額，因此這理論也稱爲<b>工資的最低生存說</b>。這個理論由19世紀中<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="德國">德國</a>的工人運動活動家<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94" title="斐迪南·拉萨尔">斐迪南·拉薩爾</a>命名，理論的文獻記載最早見於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學家">經濟學家</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" title="托马斯·马尔萨斯">托馬斯·馬爾薩斯</a>的著作《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%AB%96" title="人口論">人口論</a>》和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="李嘉圖">李嘉圖</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8A%E8%B5%8B%E7%A8%8E%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="政治经济学及赋税原理">政治經濟學及賦稅原理</a>》。 </p><p>根據<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94" title="斐迪南·拉萨尔">拉薩爾</a>的觀點，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84" title="工资">工資</a>不可能下降至可供生存的水平以下，因爲<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="工人">勞動者</a>不能在未滿足生存所需的情況下工作。勞動者之間的就業<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%B6%E7%88%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="競爭">競爭</a>會驅使<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84" title="工资">工資</a>水平下滑至僅能糊口的最低水平。這觀點建基於<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔萨斯">馬爾薩斯</a>的人口論，按照馬爾薩斯所言：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="人口">人口</a>數量的增加發生於整體勞動者<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84" title="工资">工資</a>高於“生存工資額”之上，並且工資下跌時人口就停止增加，甚至減少。假設對<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動">勞動</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="需求">需求</a>是一個已知的實物工資率的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E8%B0%83%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="单调函数">單調遞減函數</a>，於是馬爾薩斯預測<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動市場">勞動市場</a>長期的均衡，即是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動">勞動</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="政治經濟學">古典政治經濟學家</a>通常暗示勞動者等同總人口）的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%BB%99" title="供给">供給</a>將在最低的生存工資額等於勞動的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="需求">需求</a>。造成這種<a href="/wiki/%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6%E5%92%8C%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="供給和需求">均衡</a>背後的原因是較高的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84" title="工资">工資</a>會令到勞動的供給相對需求增加，從而創造<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%A1%8D%E4%BE%9B%E7%B5%A6" title="超額供給">超額供給</a>抑制<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="市場">市場</a>實物工資水平；倘若工資較低，勞動供給下降便增加市場實物工資水平。這種<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="市場">市場</a>的“作用力”創造一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B%E6%94%B6%E6%96%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="動態收斂（页面不存在）">動態收斂</a>使“生存工資額”和固定人口互相均衡。 </p><p>一如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="李嘉圖">李嘉圖</a>所意識到工資鐵律理論的結構性問題，只要新<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E8%B3%87" class="mw-redirect" title="投資">投資</a>、新<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="科技">科技</a>或者其他因素導致<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動">勞動</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="需求">需求</a>以快於人口增長的速度增加，這個依靠<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="馬爾薩斯人口論">馬爾薩斯人口論</a>的推導不會發生——在這情況，實物工資和人口兩者都將同時隨時間增加。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%BD%89%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人口結構轉型（页面不存在）">人口結構轉型</a>（工業化<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>人口由高出生率及死亡率過渡到低出生率和死亡率）改變大部分已發展國家的這種動態變化，所以工資遠高於生存額度。即使某些國家仍然有快速的人口擴張，對技術性勞工的強烈需求導致工資率快於人口增長。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="斐迪南·拉薩爾"><span id=".E6.96.90.E8.BF.AA.E5.8D.97.C2.B7.E6.8B.89.E8.96.A9.E7.88.BE"></span>斐迪南·拉薩爾</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：斐迪南·拉薩爾"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大·格雷（页面不存在）">亞歷山大·格雷</a>認爲<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94" title="斐迪南·拉萨尔">斐迪南·拉薩爾</a>對“工資鐵律”這個名稱“擁有發明的榮譽”<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，因爲拉薩爾在個人發表的著作中曾經明確寫出“das eherne und grausame Gesez”（<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>和殘酷的定律）<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="李嘉圖"><span id=".E6.9D.8E.E5.98.89.E5.9C.96"></span>李嘉圖</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：李嘉圖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>工資鐵律或工資最低生存說的實質内容出現在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟學">經濟學</a>的時間遠早於拉薩爾評論之時，例如Antonella Stirati轉引自<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%8A%E5%BD%BC%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="熊彼特">熊彼特</a>的意見<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，後者認爲“鐵律”的概念出自<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E9%98%81" title="安·罗伯特·雅克·杜阁">安·罗伯特·雅克·杜阁</a>。一些經濟學家（例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="約翰·加爾布雷斯">約翰·加爾布雷斯</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>）把這個理論歸功於<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="李嘉圖">李嘉圖</a>，他在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔萨斯">馬爾薩斯</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%AB%96" title="人口論">人口論</a>上構建工資最低生存說。Terry Peach指出不同的經濟學家解釋李嘉圖的工資概念時立場上存有分歧，這些經濟學家包括：Haney（1924年），<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·希克斯">約翰·希克斯</a>（1973年），<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E7%89%B9" title="弗蘭克·奈特">弗蘭克·奈特</a>（1935年），Ramsay（1836年），<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%92" title="喬治·斯蒂格勒">喬治·斯蒂格勒</a>（1952年）和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E8%96%A9%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE%E6%A3%AE" title="保羅·薩繆爾森">保羅·薩繆爾森</a>（1979年）<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>Antonella Stirati認爲工資鐵律並不全是<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔萨斯">馬爾薩斯</a>一人的理論產物，她認爲<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="李嘉圖">李嘉圖</a>可分一杯羹，因爲李嘉圖較馬爾薩斯更接近地持有關於<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="人口">人口</a>特徵相對靈活的觀點<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。李嘉圖分辨出<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%83%B9%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然價格（页面不存在）">自然價格</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%83%B9%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="市場價格">市場價格</a>，對他來説<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動">勞動</a>的自然價格就是維持<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="工人">勞動者</a>工作的<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%90%E6%9C%AC" title="成本">成本</a>。儘管如此，李嘉圖堅信勞動的市場價格或者實際支付的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84" title="工资">工資</a>可以無限地超過最低生存水平，因爲經濟趨勢的抵消： </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">儘管工資傾向於符合其自然率，然而在不斷改良的社會裏，工資的市場率可能無限期地持續高於自然率，其原因是新增<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%9C%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="資本">資本</a>推動新的勞動<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="需求">需求</a>之後，馬上又有一筆新增資本會產生同樣的影響，因此如果這些新增資本是逐步並持續的，勞動需求就會持續刺激人口的增長。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>再者，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="李嘉圖">李嘉圖</a>不止相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95" class="mw-redirect" title="勞動">勞動</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%82%E5%A0%B4%E5%83%B9%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="市場價格">市場價格</a>能夠長期超越最低生存水平或者自然工資率，而且他認爲自然工資不是決定<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="工人">勞動者</a>的生存，勞動者的生存應該取決於“風俗習慣”： </p> <table class="cquote pullquote" role="presentation" style="margin:auto; display:table; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; background-color: transparent; color: inherit;width: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: top; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: left; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">“ </td> <td style="vertical-align: top; border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">勞動的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%83%B9%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然價格（页面不存在）">自然價格</a>即使用食物和必需品來估價，也不能將其理解為是絕對固定不變的。它在同一<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>的不同時期會有變化，在不同的國家差別就更大。這主要依賴人們的風俗習慣。如果一個<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a>勞動者的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84" title="工资">工資</a>只能使他買得起<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E9%93%83%E8%96%AF" title="马铃薯">土豆</a>，只能讓他住在土屋裏，他就會認爲其工資低於工資自然率，不足以供養他的家庭。而在那些“人命賤”（'man's life is cheap'）和人的需要容易滿足的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國家">國家</a>裏，以這些微薄的自然<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%80%E6%B1%82" title="需求">需求</a>往往被看成是足夠的了。現在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%B0%91" title="農民">農家</a>享用的許多生活必需品在我國歷史較早時起一定被看成是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A2%E4%BE%88%E5%93%81" title="奢侈品">奢侈品</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td class="skin-invert" style="width: 20px; vertical-align: bottom; border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 40px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', Times, serif; font-weight: bold; line-height: .6em; text-align: right; padding: 10px; text-orientation: upright">” </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="批評"><span id=".E6.89.B9.E8.A9.95"></span>批評</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：批評"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主流經濟學家的批評"><span id=".E4.B8.BB.E6.B5.81.E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F.E5.AD.B8.E5.AE.B6.E7.9A.84.E6.89.B9.E8.A9.95"></span>主流經濟學家的批評</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：主流經濟學家的批評"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94" title="斐迪南·拉萨尔">拉薩爾</a>的工資最低生存說所預測<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA" title="工人">工人</a>階級的下場已經被<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%A2%9E%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟增長">經濟增長</a>證明並不可信，儘管工資最低生存說最早見於<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="李嘉圖">李嘉圖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔萨斯">馬爾薩斯</a>。關於<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E8%BD%89%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人口結構轉型（页面不存在）">人口結構轉型</a>方面，富裕社會的人口增長對工人的實際收入和工資產生作用使其下降的功能，即人口的增加雖然會壓抑<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84" title="工资">工資</a>水平，但不至於使工人僅能過活，因此馬爾薩斯的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3%E8%AB%96" title="人口論">人口論</a>被顛覆而不適用於現代的經濟環境。經濟學家從此摒棄了工資鐵律。<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%88%E7%8E%87%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87" title="效率工資">效率工資</a>假說也可以用來解釋為何這個現象沒有發生。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="社會主義者的批評"><span id=".E7.A4.BE.E6.9C.83.E4.B8.BB.E7.BE.A9.E8.80.85.E7.9A.84.E6.89.B9.E8.A9.95"></span><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社會主義">社會主義者</a>的批評</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：社會主義者的批評"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>社會主義者對拉薩爾和所謂的工資鐵律的意見傾向負面，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡爾·馬克思">卡爾·馬克思</a>便是一例。他爭論道即使<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E8%B5%84" title="工资">工資</a>存在下降到生存水平的趨勢，但同時也存在一個工資向上升的趨勢。馬克思批評以<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="馬爾薩斯主義">馬爾薩斯主義</a>為理論基礎的工資鐵律。根據<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%90%A8%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="马尔萨斯">馬爾薩斯</a>所云，人類注定要生活於貧困中，因爲生產能力的增加導致<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8F%A3" title="人口">人口</a>的膨脹。馬克思批評拉薩爾誤解了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="李嘉圖">李嘉圖</a>的原意，馬克思還指出他認爲“現代<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="政治經濟學">政治經濟學</a>”的基礎只需要像<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="勞動價值理論">勞動價值理論</a>所述那般：工資是一個已知的數量。他褒獎<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E8%BE%B2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="重農主義">重農主義者</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>而輕視<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94" title="斐迪南·拉萨尔">拉薩爾</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註釋"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E9.87.8B"></span>註釋</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：註釋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">新编世界社会主义词典. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="上海辞书出版社">上海辞书出版社</a>. 1996年12月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787532603800" title="Special:网络书源/9787532603800"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787532603800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&rft.btitle=%E6%96%B0%E7%BC%96%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8&rft.date=1996-12&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787532603800&rft.pub=%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E8%BE%9E%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gray, Alexander (1946, 1947) <i>The Socialist Tradition: Moses to Lenin</i>, Longmans, Green and Co., p. 336</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lassalle, Ferdinand (1863) <i>Offenes Antwortschreiben</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.marxists.org/deutsch/referenz/lassalle/1863/03/antwortschreiben.htm">http://www.marxists.org/deutsch/referenz/lassalle/1863/03/antwortschreiben.htm</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200928173300/http://www.marxists.org/deutsch/referenz/lassalle/1863/03/antwortschreiben.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stirati, Antonella (1994) <i>The Theory of Wages in Classical Economics: A study of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Their Contemporaries</i>, Edward Elgar, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galbraith, John Kenneth (1987) <i>Economics in Perspective: A Critical History</i>, Houghton Mifflin, p. 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peach, Terry (1993) <i>Interpreting Ricardo</i>, Cambridge University Press, pp. 9-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stirati, Antonella (1994) <i>The Theory of Wages in Classical Economics: A study of Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Their Contemporaries</i>, Edward Elgar, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">李嘉圖. 《政治經濟學及賦稅原理》. : 第66頁.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8A%E8%B3%A6%E7%A8%85%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC66%E9%A0%81&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">李嘉圖. 《政治經濟學及賦稅原理》. : 第67–68頁.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8A%E8%B3%A6%E7%A8%85%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%8B&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=%E7%AC%AC67-68%E9%A0%81&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marx, Karl (1963, 1969) <i>Theories of Surplus Value</i>, Part I, Chapter II, Progress Publishers</span> </li> </ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考書目"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.9B.B8.E7.9B.AE"></span>參考書目</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：參考書目"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="大衛·李嘉圖">大衛·李嘉圖</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9787508038087">《政治經濟學及賦稅原理》</a>. 華夏出版社. 2005年9月. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-5080-3808-8" title="Special:网络书源/7-5080-3808-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7-5080-3808-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%B7%A5%E8%B3%87%E9%90%B5%E5%BE%8B&rft.au=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%98%89%E5%9C%96&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%8A%E8%B3%A6%E7%A8%85%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2005-09&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7-5080-3808-8&rft.pub=%E8%8F%AF%E5%A4%8F%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9787508038087&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a 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