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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metionina_sintasa" title="Metionina sintasa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Metionina sintasa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTR" title="MTR – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="MTR" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionin-Synthase" title="Methionin-Synthase – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Methionin-Synthase" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metionina_sintasa" title="Metionina sintasa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Metionina sintasa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9thionine_synthase" title="Méthionine synthase – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méthionine synthase" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metionina_sintasi" title="Metionina sintasi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Metionina sintasi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%AA%D7%90%D7%96" title="מתיונין סינתאז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מתיונין סינתאז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metionin-szint%C3%A1z" title="Metionin-szintáz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Metionin-szintáz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-%E3%83%A1%E3%83%81%E3%83%AB%E3%83%86%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%92%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E8%91%89%E9%85%B8-%E3%83%9B%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A1%E3%83%81%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BC" title="5-メチルテトラヒドロ葉酸-ホモシステインメチルトランスフェラーゼ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="5-メチルテトラヒドロ葉酸-ホモシステインメチルトランスフェラーゼ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metylotransferaza_homocysteinowa" title="Metylotransferaza homocysteinowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Metylotransferaza homocysteinowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mammalian protein found in Homo sapiens</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Betaine-homocysteine_S-methyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase">Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox" style="width:26.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;font-size:125%;font-weight:bold">MTR</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2o2k.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2o2k.jpg/250px-2o2k.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2o2k.jpg/375px-2o2k.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/2o2k.jpg/500px-2o2k.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Available structures</th></tr><tr><th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#c3fdb8;width:43px"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee">Ortholog search: <span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/pdbe/searchResults.html?display=both&term=A6H5Y3%20or%20Q99707">PDBe</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/search?q=rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_name:UniProt%20AND%20rcsb_polymer_entity_container_identifiers.reference_sequence_identifiers.database_accession:A6H5Y3,Q99707">RCSB</a> </span></td></tr><tr><td><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr style="background-color:#ddd;text-align:center"><th colspan="2">List of PDB id codes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2O2K">2O2K</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/4CCZ">4CCZ</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Gene_nomenclature" title="Gene nomenclature">Aliases</a></span></th><td colspan="3" style="background:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/data/gene-symbol-report/#!/hgnc_id/7468">MTR</a></span>, HMAG, MS, cblG, 5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">External IDs</th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omim.org/entry/156570">156570</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:894292">894292</a>; <a href="/wiki/HomoloGene" title="HomoloGene">HomoloGene</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=homologene&dopt=HomoloGene&list_uids=37280">37280</a>; <a href="/wiki/GeneCards" title="GeneCards">GeneCards</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=MTR">MTR</a>; <a href="/wiki/Orthologous_MAtrix" title="Orthologous MAtrix">OMA</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://omabrowser.org/oma/vps/ENSG00000116984">MTR - orthologs</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></th><td colspan="3" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genome.jp/dbget-bin/www_bget?enzyme+2.1.1.13">2.1.1.13</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 1 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 1 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg/300px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg/450px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg/600px-Ideogram_human_chromosome_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="189" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome_1_(human)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosome 1 (human)">Chromosome 1 (human)</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 1 (human)"><img alt="Chromosome 1 (human)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg/300px-Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg/450px-Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg/600px-Human_chromosome_1_ideogram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 274.43966048255px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MTR"><img alt="Genomic location for MTR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 280.4px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MTR"><img alt="Genomic location for MTR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">1q43</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">236,795,260 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">236,921,278 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd">Gene location (<a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 13 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 13 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/260px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/390px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/520px-Ideogram_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="470" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">Chr.</a></th><td colspan="3" width="85%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">Chromosome 13 (mouse)<sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><div align="center"><div style="position: relative; width: 300px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chromosome 13 (mouse)"><img alt="Chromosome 13 (mouse)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/300px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/450px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg/600px-Ideogram_of_house_mouse_chromosome_13.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="231" /></a></span><div style="position: absolute; left: 24.485056628072px; top: 2px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MTR"><img alt="Genomic location for MTR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/14px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/21px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg/28px-HSR_1996_II_3.5e.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="142" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 30.5px; top: 19px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_rectangle_2x18.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Genomic location for MTR"><img alt="Genomic location for MTR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Red_rectangle_2x18.png" decoding="async" width="2" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2" data-file-height="18" /></a></span></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" rowspan="2" width="15%" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Locus_(genetics)" title="Locus (genetics)">Band</a></th><td rowspan="2" width="35%" style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">13 A1|13 4.52 cM</span></td><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Start</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">12,197,598 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">End</th><td style="background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks">12,272,999 <a href="/wiki/Base_pair" title="Base pair">bp</a><sup id="cite_ref-refGRCm38Ensembl_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refGRCm38Ensembl-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">RNA expression</a> pattern</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/">Bgee</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th><b><a href="/wiki/Human_genome" title="Human genome">Human</a></b></th><th><b><a href="/wiki/Laboratory_mouse" title="Laboratory mouse">Mouse</a> (ortholog)</b></th></tr><tr><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000116984">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">caput epididymis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">corpus epididymis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">decidua</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Achilles tendon</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tail of epididymis</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">superficial temporal artery</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">parietal pleura</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">renal medulla</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">right ventricle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">endometrium</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks" style="margin:-3px"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSMUSG00000021311">Top expressed in</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><div class="plainlinks" style="margin:-12px 0px -10px 0px"><ul style="line-height:15%;margin:9px"><li style="line-height: 137%;">myocardium of ventricle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">interventricular septum</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">hand</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">Gonadal ridge</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">otic vesicle</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">lumbar spinal ganglion</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">zygote</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">secondary oocyte</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">tail of embryo</li><br /><li style="line-height: 137%;">cumulus cell</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgee.org/gene/ENSG00000116984">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/">BioGPS</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PBB_GE_MTR_203774_at_fs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PBB_GE_MTR_203774_at_fs.png/250px-PBB_GE_MTR_203774_at_fs.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PBB_GE_MTR_203774_at_fs.png/375px-PBB_GE_MTR_203774_at_fs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/PBB_GE_MTR_203774_at_fs.png/500px-PBB_GE_MTR_203774_at_fs.png 2x" data-file-width="732" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biogps.org/gene/4548/">More reference expression data</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Gene_ontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Gene ontology">Gene ontology</a></th></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Molecular function</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008168">methyltransferase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005515">protein binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008705">methionine synthase activity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008270">zinc ion binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031419">cobalamin binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0046872">metal ion binding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0016740">transferase activity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Cellular component</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005737">cytoplasm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0005829">cytosol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td style="background-color:#c3fdb8;font-weight:bold">Biological process</td><td style="background-color:#eee"><div class="plainlinks"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0007399">nervous system development</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0042558">pteridine-containing compound metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009086">methionine biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0048678">response to axon injury</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0008652">cellular amino acid biosynthetic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0009235">cobalamin metabolic process</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0071732">cellular response to nitric oxide</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0031103">axon regeneration</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0044237">cell metabolism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0032259">methylation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/amigo/term/GO:0000096">sulfur amino acid metabolic process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center">Sources:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amigo.geneontology.org/">Amigo</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/QuickGO/">QuickGO</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table class="collapsible" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:left"><tbody><tr><th colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Orthologs" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthologs">Orthologs</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Species</th><td><b>Human</b></td><td><b>Mouse</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Entrez" title="Entrez">Entrez</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=4548&rn=1">4548</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=238505&rn=1">238505</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/Ensembl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000116984;db=core">ENSG00000116984</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000021311;db=core">ENSMUSG00000021311</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a></th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q99707">Q99707</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1"><span class="plainlinks"></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/A6H5Y3">A6H5Y3</a></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (mRNA)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_000254">NM_000254</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001291939">NM_001291939</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001291940">NM_001291940</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_001081128">NM_001081128</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">RefSeq (protein)</th><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_000245">NP_000245</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001278868">NP_001278868</a><br /><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001278869">NP_001278869</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td><td><table class="none" style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:right"><tbody><tr><th colspan="1" class="plainlinks"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="1"><p><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_001074597">NP_001074597</a></span></p></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8">Location (UCSC)</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&db=hg38&position=chr1:236795260-236921278">Chr 1: 236.8 – 236.92 Mb</a></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Mouse&db=mm0&position=chr13:12197598-12272999">Chr 13: 12.2 – 12.27 Mb</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" style="background-color:#c3fdb8"><a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a> search</th><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td><td><span class="plainlinks"><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="4" style="text-align:center;background-color:#eee"><table style="padding:0;border:none;margin:0;width:100%;text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14876914" class="extiw" title="d:Q14876914">View/Edit Human</a></td><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#eee;text-align:center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14876917" class="extiw" title="d:Q14876917">View/Edit Mouse</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Methionine synthase</b> (<b>MS</b>, <b>MeSe</b>, <b>MTR</b>) is primarily responsible for the regeneration of <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a> from <a href="/wiki/Homocysteine" title="Homocysteine">homocysteine</a> in most individuals. In humans it is encoded by the <i>MTR</i> <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">gene</a> (5-methyltetrahydrofolate-homocysteine methyltransferase).<sup id="cite_ref-entrez_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid8968735_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8968735-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methionine synthase forms part of the <a href="/wiki/S-adenosylmethionine" class="mw-redirect" title="S-adenosylmethionine">S-adenosylmethionine</a> (SAMe) <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">biosynthesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">regeneration</a> cycle,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2407589_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2407589-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the enzyme responsible for linking the cycle to one-carbon metabolism via the <a href="/wiki/Folate" title="Folate">folate</a> cycle. There are two primary forms of this enzyme, the <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">Vitamin B<sub>12</sub></a> (cobalamin)-dependent (MetH) and independent (MetE) forms,<sup id="cite_ref-Zinc_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although minimal core methionine synthases that do not fit cleanly into either category have also been described in some <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic bacteria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two dominant forms of the enzymes appear to be evolutionary independent and rely on considerably different chemical mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammals</a> and other higher <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> express only the cobalamin-dependent form. In contrast, the distribution of the two forms in <a href="/wiki/Archaeplastida" title="Archaeplastida">Archaeplastida</a> (<a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>) is more complex. Plants exclusively possess the cobalamin-independent form,<sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while algae have either one of the two, depending on species.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many different microorganisms express both the cobalamin-dependent and cobalamin-independent forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Zydowsky_1986_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zydowsky_1986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methionine_synthase&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VitaminB12_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/VitaminB12_2.png/220px-VitaminB12_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/VitaminB12_2.png/330px-VitaminB12_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/VitaminB12_2.png/440px-VitaminB12_2.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>The reaction catalyzed by methionine synthase (click to enlarge)</figcaption></figure> <p>Methionine synthase catalyzes the final step in the regeneration of <a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">methionine</a> (Met) from <a href="/wiki/Homocysteine" title="Homocysteine">homocysteine</a> (Hcy). Both the cobalamin-dependent and cobalamin-independent forms of the enzyme carry out the same overall chemical reaction, the transfer of a methyl group from <a href="/wiki/5-methyltetrahydrofolate" class="mw-redirect" title="5-methyltetrahydrofolate">5-methyltetrahydrofolate</a> (N<sup>5</sup>-MeTHF) to homocysteine, yielding <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrahydrofolate">tetrahydrofolate</a> (THF) and methionine.<sup id="cite_ref-Zinc_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Methionine synthase is the only mammalian enzyme that metabolizes N<sup>5</sup>-MeTHF to regenerate the active cofactor THF. In the <a href="/wiki/Cobalamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cobalamin">cobalamin</a>-dependent (MetH) form of the enzyme, the reaction proceeds by two steps in a preferred ordered sequential mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The physiological resting state of the enzyme is thought to contain the enzyme-bound(Cob) <a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">cofactor</a> in the methylcobalamin form, with the cobalt atom in the formal +3 valence state (Cob(III)-Me). The cobalamin is then demethylated by <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>-activated thiolate homocysteine, generating methionine and reducing the cofactor to a Cob(I) state. When in the Cob(I) form, the enzyme-bound cofactor is now able to abstract a methyl group from activated 5-methyltetrahydrofolate (N<sup>5</sup>-MeTHF), yielding tetrahydrofolate (THF) and regenerating the methylcoalamin form of the enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Methionine_Synthase_Reductase_Pathway.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Methionine_Synthase_Reductase_Pathway.png/220px-Methionine_Synthase_Reductase_Pathway.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Methionine_Synthase_Reductase_Pathway.png/330px-Methionine_Synthase_Reductase_Pathway.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Methionine_Synthase_Reductase_Pathway.png/440px-Methionine_Synthase_Reductase_Pathway.png 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="911" /></a><figcaption>Scavenger Pathway of Methionine Synthase Reductase to Recover Inactivated Methionine Synthase</figcaption></figure> <p>Under physiological conditions, approximately once every 2000 catalytic turnovers the Co(I) may be oxidized into inactive Co(II) in cob-dependent MetH. To account for this effect, the protein contains a self-reactivation mechanism, a reductive methylation process that uses S-adenosylmethionine as a distinct methyl donor. In humans, the enzyme is reduced in this process by <a href="/wiki/(methionine_synthase)_reductase" class="mw-redirect" title="(methionine synthase) reductase">methionine synthase reductase</a> (MTRR), which consists of flavodoxin-like and ferrodoxin-NADP+ oxidoreductase (FNR)-like domains.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many bacteria, the reduction is carried out by a single domain flavodoxin protein.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reductase protein is responsible for transfer of an electron from a reduced FMN cofactor to the inactive Cob(II), which enables regeneration of the active methylcobalamin enzyme via methyl transfer from S-adenosylmethionine to the reduced Cob(I) intermediate.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This process is known as the reactivation cycle, and is thought to be gated from the normal catalytic cycle by large-scale conformational rearrangements within the enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the oxidation of Cob(I) inevitably shuts down cob-dependent methionine synthase activity, defects or deficiencies in methionine synthase reductase have been implicated in some of the disease associations for methionine synthase deficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-reductase_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reductase-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mechanism of the cobalamin-independent (MetE) form, by contrast, proceeds through a direct methyl transfer from the activated N<sup>5</sup>-MeTHF to zinc thiolate homocysteine. Although the mechanism is considerably simpler, the direct transfer reaction is much less favorable than the cobalamin-mediated reactions and as a result the turnover rate for MetE is ~100x slower than that of MetH. As it does not contain the cobalamin cofactor, the cobalamin-independent enzyme is not prone to oxidative inactivation <sup id="cite_ref-Anti-Cancer_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anti-Cancer-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zinc_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zinc-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methionine_synthase&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homocysteine_Binding_Site.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Homocysteine_Binding_Site.png/220px-Homocysteine_Binding_Site.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Homocysteine_Binding_Site.png/330px-Homocysteine_Binding_Site.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Homocysteine_Binding_Site.png/440px-Homocysteine_Binding_Site.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption> Homocysteine Binding Domain in Methionine Synthase. His 618, Cys 620, and Cys704 bind Zn(purple) which binds to Homocysteine(Red)</figcaption></figure> <p>High-resolution structures have been solved by <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a> for intact MetE both in the absence and presence of substrates<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for fragments of MetH,<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although no structural description exists of a fully intact MetH enzyme. The available structures and accompanying bioinformatic analysis indicate minimal similarity in the overall structure, although there are similarities within the substrate-binding sites themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-Independent_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Independent-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cob-dependent MetH is divided into 4 separate domains. The domains, from N- to C-terminus, are denoted homocysteine binding (Hcy domain), N<sup>5</sup>-methylTHF binding (MTHF domain) <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12-binding_domain" title="Vitamin B12-binding domain">Cobalamin-binding (Cob domain)</a> and the S-adenosymethionine-binding or reactivation domain. The reactivation domain binds <a href="/wiki/S-Adenosyl_methionine" title="S-Adenosyl methionine">SAM</a> and is the site of interaction with flavodoxin or Methionine Synthase Reductase during the reactivation cycle of the enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-reductase_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reductase-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cobalamin-binding domain contains two subdomains, with the cofactor bound to the <a href="/wiki/Rossmann_fold" title="Rossmann fold">Rossman-fold</a> B<sub>12</sub>-binding subdomain, which is in turn capped by the other subdomain, the four-helix bundle cap subdomain.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The four-helix bundle serves to protect the cobalamin cofactor from unwanted reactivity, but can significantly change conformations to expose the cofactor allow it access to the other substrates during turnover.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the Hcy and N<sup>5</sup>-MeTHF domains adopt a <a href="/wiki/TIM_barrel" title="TIM barrel">TIM barrel</a> architecture; the Hcy domain contains the zinc-binding site, which in MetH consists of three <a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a> residues coordinated to a zinc ion which in turn binds and activates Hcy. The N<sup>5</sup>-MeTHF binding domain binds and activates N<sup>5</sup>-MeTHF via a hydrogen bonding network with several <a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">asparagine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aspartic_acid" title="Aspartic acid">aspartic acid</a> residues. During turnover, the enzyme undergoes significant conformational changes that involve moving the Cob-domain back and forth from the Hcy domain to the N<sup>5</sup>-MeTHF domain in order for the two methyl transfer reactions to proceed.<sup id="cite_ref-Structure_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Structure-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cob-independent MetE consists of two TIM-barrel domains that bind homocysteine and N<sup>5</sup>-MeTHF individually. The two domains adopt a face-to-face double barrel architecture, which requires a "closing" of the structure upon binding of both substrates to enable the direct methyl transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Substrate-binding strategies are similar to MetH, although in the case of MetE the zinc atom is instead coordinated to two cysteines, a <a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">histidine</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Glutamic_acid" title="Glutamic acid">glutamate</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for which an example is shown on the right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemical_function">Biochemical function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methionine_synthase&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biochemical function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Met_pathway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Met_pathway.svg/220px-Met_pathway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Met_pathway.svg/330px-Met_pathway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Met_pathway.svg/440px-Met_pathway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Methionine synthase is enzyme 4</figcaption></figure> <p>In humans the enzyme's main purpose is to regenerate Met in the S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) cycle. The SAM cycle in a single turnover consumes Met and ATP and generates Hcy, and can involve any of a number of critical enzymatic reactions that use S-adenosylmethionine as the source of an active methyl group for methylation of <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Histone" title="Histone">histones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a> and various <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, methionine synthase serves an essential function by allowing the SAM cycle to perpetuate without a constant influx of Met. As a secondary effect, methionine synthase also serves to maintain low levels of Hcy and, because methionine synthase is one of the few enzymes that used N<sup>5</sup>-MeTHF as a substrate, to indirectly maintain THF levels.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In bacteria and plants, methionine synthase serves a dual purpose of both perpetuating the SAM cycle and catalyzing the final synthetic step in the <a href="/wiki/De_novo_synthesis" title="De novo synthesis"><i>de novo</i></a> synthesis of Met, which is one of the 20 canonical <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the chemical reaction is exactly the same for both processes, the overall function is distinct from methionine synthase in humans because Met is an <a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">essential amino acid</a> that is not synthesized <i>de novo</i> in the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Plants_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plants-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_significance">Clinical significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methionine_synthase&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Clinical significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mutations in the MTR gene have been identified as the underlying cause of methylcobalamin deficiency complementation group G, or methylcobalamin deficiency cblG-type.<sup id="cite_ref-entrez_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-entrez-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deficiency or deregulation of the enzyme due to deficient methionine synthase reductase can directly result in elevated levels of homocysteine (<a href="/wiki/Hyperhomocysteinemia" title="Hyperhomocysteinemia">hyperhomocysteinemia</a>), which is associated with blindness, neurological symptoms, and birth defects.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/(Methionine_synthase)_reductase" title="(Methionine synthase) reductase">Methionine synthase reductase</a> (MTRR) or <a href="/wiki/Methylenetetrahydrofolate_reductase" title="Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase">methylene-tetrahydrofolate reductase</a> (MTHFR) deficiencies can also result in the condition. Most cases of methionine synthase deficiency are symptomatic within 2 years of birth with many patients rapidly developing severe <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CaseStudy_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CaseStudy-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One consequence of reduced methionine synthase activity that is measurable by routine clinical blood tests is <a href="/wiki/Megaloblastic_anemia" title="Megaloblastic anemia">megaloblastic anemia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methionine_synthase&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several cblG-associated polymorphisms in the MTR gene have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>2756D→G (Asp<sup>919</sup>Gly)</li> <li>3804C→T (Pro<sup>1137</sup>Leu)</li> <li>Δ2926A-2928T (ΔIle<sup>881</sup>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methionine_synthase&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyltransferase" title="Methyltransferase">Methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arakawa%27s_syndrome_II" title="Arakawa's syndrome II">Arakawa's syndrome II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaine%E2%80%94homocysteine_S-methyltransferase" title="Betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase">Betaine—homocysteine S-methyltransferase</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methionine_synthase&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-refGRCh38Ensembl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-refGRCh38Ensembl_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://May2017.archive.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Gene/Summary?db=core;g=ENSG00000116984">GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000116984</a> – <a href="/wiki/Ensembl_genome_database_project" title="Ensembl genome database project">Ensembl</a>, May 2017</span> 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"Homocysteine remethylation enzyme polymorphisms and increased risks for neural tube defects". <i>Molecular Genetics and Metabolism</i>. <b>78</b> (3): 216–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1096-7192%2803%2900008-8">10.1016/S1096-7192(03)00008-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12649067">12649067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Genetics+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Homocysteine+remethylation+enzyme+polymorphisms+and+increased+risks+for+neural+tube+defects&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=216-221&rft.date=2003-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1096-7192%2803%2900008-8&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12649067&rft.aulast=Zhu&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Wicker%2C+NJ&rft.au=Shaw%2C+GM&rft.au=Lammer%2C+EJ&rft.au=Hendricks%2C+K&rft.au=Suarez%2C+L&rft.au=Canfield%2C+M&rft.au=Finnell%2C+RH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethionine+synthase" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methionine_synthase&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1328/">GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Disorders of Intracellular Cobalamin Metabolism</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/enzyme-search-ec">ENZYME: EC 2.1.1.13</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622005536/http://www.expasy.org/cgi-bin/enzyme-search-ec">Archived</a> 22 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine+S-Methyltransferase">5-Methyltetrahydrofolate-Homocysteine+S-Methyltransferase</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Amino_acid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Template talk:Amino acid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amino_acid_metabolism_enzymes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Amino acid metabolism enzymes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Metabolism:_Protein_metabolism,_synthesis_and_catabolism_enzymes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">Metabolism</a>: <a href="/wiki/Protein_metabolism" title="Protein metabolism">Protein metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis" title="Amino acid synthesis">synthesis</a> and catabolism <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/Essential_amino_acid" title="Essential amino acid">Essential amino acids</a> are in Capitals</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid" title="Ketogenic amino acid">K</a>→<a href="/wiki/Acetyl-CoA" title="Acetyl-CoA">acetyl-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">LYSINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saccharopine_dehydrogenase" title="Saccharopine dehydrogenase">Saccharopine dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutaryl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase">Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leucine" title="Leucine">LEUCINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase">3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid_aminotransferase" title="Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase">Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex">Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoyl-CoA_hydratase" title="Enoyl-CoA hydratase">Enoyl-CoA hydratase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA_lyase" class="mw-redirect" title="3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA lyase">HMG-CoA lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase" title="HMG-CoA reductase">HMG-CoA reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isovaleryl_coenzyme_A_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase">Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%91-ketoisocaproate_dioxygenase" class="mw-redirect" title="Α-ketoisocaproate dioxygenase">α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucine_2,3-aminomutase" title="Leucine 2,3-aminomutase">Leucine 2,3-aminomutase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA_carboxylase" title="Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase">Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylglutaconyl-CoA_hydratase" title="Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase">Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase</a></li></ul> <p>(See <a href="/wiki/Template:Leucine_metabolism_in_humans" title="Template:Leucine metabolism in humans">Template:Leucine metabolism in humans</a> – this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase) </p> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tryptophan" title="Tryptophan">TRYPTOPHAN</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indoleamine_2,3-dioxygenase" title="Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase">Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tryptophan_2,3-dioxygenase" title="Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase">Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arylformamidase" title="Arylformamidase">Arylformamidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kynureninase" title="Kynureninase">Kynureninase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyanthranilate_oxidase" title="3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase">3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde_decarboxylase" title="Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase">Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminomuconate-semialdehyde_dehydrogenase" title="Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase">Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">PHENYLALANINE</a>→<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(see below)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid" title="Glucogenic amino acid">G</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="G→pyruvate→citrate" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Pyruvate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyruvate">pyruvate</a><br />→<a href="/wiki/Citrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Citrate">citrate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Serine" title="Serine">serine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serine_hydroxymethyltransferase" title="Serine hydroxymethyltransferase">Serine hydroxymethyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serine_dehydratase" title="Serine dehydratase">Serine dehydratase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Creatine" title="Creatine">creatine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Guanidinoacetate_N-methyltransferase" title="Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase">Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creatine_kinase" title="Creatine kinase">Creatine kinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alanine" title="Alanine">alanine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alanine_transaminase" title="Alanine transaminase">Alanine transaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-cysteine_desulfhydrase" title="D-cysteine desulfhydrase">D-cysteine desulfhydrase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">threonine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-threonine_dehydrogenase" class="mw-redirect" title="L-threonine dehydrogenase">L-threonine dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>→<br /><a href="/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-Ketoglutaric acid">α-ketoglutarate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Histidine" title="Histidine">HISTIDINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histidine_ammonia-lyase" title="Histidine ammonia-lyase">Histidine ammonia-lyase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urocanase" title="Urocanase">Urocanate hydratase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formiminotransferase_cyclodeaminase" class="mw-redirect" title="Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase">Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proline_oxidase" title="Proline oxidase">Proline oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrroline-5-carboxylate_reductase" title="Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase">Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate_dehydrogenase" title="1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase">1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_4_family,_member_A1" title="Aldehyde dehydrogenase 4 family, member A1">ALDH4A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PYCR1" title="PYCR1">PYCR1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine">arginine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_aminotransferase" title="Ornithine aminotransferase">Ornithine aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_decarboxylase" title="Ornithine decarboxylase">Ornithine decarboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agmatinase" title="Agmatinase">Agmatinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">→<a href="/wiki/Alpha-ketoglutarate" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-ketoglutarate">alpha-ketoglutarate</a>→TCA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase" title="Glutamate dehydrogenase">Glutamate dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cysteine" title="Cysteine">cysteine</a>+<a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>→<a href="/wiki/Glutathione" title="Glutathione">glutathione</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gamma-glutamylcysteine_synthetase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase">Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutathione_synthetase" title="Glutathione synthetase">Glutathione synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamma-glutamyl_transpeptidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase">Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate" class="mw-redirect" title="Glutamate">glutamate</a>→<a href="/wiki/Glutamine" title="Glutamine">glutamine</a>: <a href="/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase" title="Glutamine synthetase">Glutamine synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glutaminase" title="Glutaminase">Glutaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA" title="Propionyl-CoA">propionyl-CoA</a>→<br /><a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">succinyl-CoA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">VALINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid_aminotransferase" title="Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase">Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex">Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoyl-CoA_hydratase" title="Enoyl-CoA hydratase">Enoyl-CoA hydratase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA_hydrolase" title="3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase">3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxyisobutyrate_dehydrogenase" title="3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase">3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmalonate-semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_(acylating)" title="Methylmalonate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase (acylating)">Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">ISOLEUCINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid_aminotransferase" title="Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase">Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex" title="Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex">Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA_dehydrogenase" title="3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase">3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Methionine" title="Methionine">METHIONINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Methionine#Generation_of_homocysteine" title="Methionine">generation of homocysteine</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Methionine_adenosyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Methionine adenosyltransferase">Methionine adenosyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenosylhomocysteinase" title="Adenosylhomocysteinase">Adenosylhomocysteinase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Methionine#Regeneration_of_methionine" title="Methionine">regeneration of methionine</a>:</i> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methionine synthase</a>/<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Homocysteine methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betaine-homocysteine_S-methyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase">Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Methionine#Conversion_to_cysteine" title="Methionine">conversion to cysteine</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cystathionine_beta_synthase" title="Cystathionine beta synthase">Cystathionine beta synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cystathionine_gamma-lyase" title="Cystathionine gamma-lyase">Cystathionine gamma-lyase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Threonine" title="Threonine">THREONINE</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threonine_aldolase" title="Threonine aldolase">Threonine aldolase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">→<a href="/wiki/Succinyl-CoA" title="Succinyl-CoA">succinyl-CoA</a>→TCA</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propionyl-CoA_carboxylase" title="Propionyl-CoA carboxylase">Propionyl-CoA carboxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmalonyl_CoA_epimerase" title="Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase">Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA_mutase" title="Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase">Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Fumarate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fumarate">fumarate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine" title="Phenylalanine">PHENYLALANINE</a>→<a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase" title="Phenylalanine hydroxylase">Phenylalanine hydroxylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_aminotransferase" title="Tyrosine aminotransferase">Tyrosine aminotransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate_dioxygenase" title="4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase">4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homogentisate_1,2-dioxygenase" title="Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase">Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumarylacetoacetate_hydrolase" title="Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase">Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine" title="Tyrosine">tyrosine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Melanin" title="Melanin">melanin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Tyrosinase" title="Tyrosinase">Tyrosinase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">G→<a href="/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid" title="Oxaloacetic acid">oxaloacetate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asparagine" title="Asparagine">asparagine</a>→<a href="/wiki/Aspartate" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspartate">aspartate</a>→</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asparaginase" title="Asparaginase">Asparaginase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Asparagine_synthetase" title="Asparagine synthetase">Asparagine synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase" title="Aspartate transaminase">Aspartate transaminase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Transferase:_one_carbon_transferases_(EC_2.1)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:One-carbon_transferases" title="Template:One-carbon transferases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:One-carbon_transferases" title="Template talk:One-carbon transferases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:One-carbon_transferases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:One-carbon transferases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transferase:_one_carbon_transferases_(EC_2.1)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">Transferase</a>: one carbon transferases (<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC</a> 2.1)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)#EC_2.1.1:_Methyltransferases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">2.1.1</a>: <a href="/wiki/Methyltransferase" title="Methyltransferase">Methyl-</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">N-</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Histamine_N-methyltransferase" title="Histamine N-methyltransferase">Histamine N-methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylethanolamine_N-methyltransferase" title="Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase">Phenylethanolamine N-methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amine_N-methyltransferase" title="Amine N-methyltransferase">Amine N-methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidylethanolamine_N-methyltransferase" title="Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase">Phosphatidylethanolamine N-methyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">O-</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetylserotonin_O-methyltransferase" title="Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase">5-hydroxyindole-O-methyltransferase</a>/<a href="/wiki/Acetylserotonin_O-methyltransferase" title="Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase">Acetylserotonin O-methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechol-O-methyl_transferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Catechol-O-methyl transferase">Catechol-O-methyl transferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Homocysteine" title="Homocysteine">Homocysteine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betaine-homocysteine_S-methyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Betaine-homocysteine S-methyltransferase">Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homocysteine_methyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Homocysteine methyltransferase">Homocysteine methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Methionine synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphatidyl_ethanolamine_methyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase">Phosphatidyl ethanolamine methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNMT3B" title="DNMT3B">DNMT3B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histone_methyltransferase" title="Histone methyltransferase">Histone methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidylate_synthase" title="Thymidylate synthase">Thymidylate synthase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA_methyltransferase" title="DNA methyltransferase">DNA methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiopurine_methyltransferase" title="Thiopurine methyltransferase">Thiopurine methyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid_synthase" title="Cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase">Cyclopropane-fatty-acyl-phospholipid synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)#EC_2.1.2:_Hydroxymethyl-.2C_Formyl-_and_Related_Transferases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">2.1.2</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hydroxymethyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxymethyl">Hydroxymethyl</a>-,<br /><a href="/wiki/Formyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Formyl">Formyl</a>- and Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxymethyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxymethyltransferase">Hydroxymethyltransferase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serine_hydroxymethyltransferase" title="Serine hydroxymethyltransferase">Serine hydroxymethyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate_hydroxymethyltransferase" title="3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase">3-methyl-2-oxobutanoate hydroxymethyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Formyltransferase">Formyltransferase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phosphoribosylglycinamide_formyltransferase" title="Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase">Phosphoribosylglycinamide formyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inosine_monophosphate_synthase" title="Inosine monophosphate synthase">Inosine monophosphate synthase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glutamate_formimidoyltransferase" title="Glutamate formimidoyltransferase">Glutamate formimidoyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminomethyltransferase" title="Aminomethyltransferase">Aminomethyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)#EC_2.1.3:_Carboxy-_and_Carbamoyltransferases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">2.1.3</a>: <a href="/wiki/Carboxylic_acid" title="Carboxylic acid">Carboxy</a>-<br />and <a href="/wiki/Carbamoyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbamoyl">Carbamoyl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carboxy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA_carboxytransferase" title="Methylmalonyl-CoA carboxytransferase">methylmalonyl-CoA carboxytransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Carbamoyl</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspartate_carbamoyltransferase" title="Aspartate carbamoyltransferase">Aspartate carbamoyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine_carbamoyltransferase" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithine carbamoyltransferase">Ornithine carbamoyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxamate_carbamoyltransferase" title="Oxamate carbamoyltransferase">Oxamate carbamoyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putrescine_carbamoyltransferase" title="Putrescine carbamoyltransferase">Putrescine carbamoyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3-hydroxymethylcephem_carbamoyltransferase" title="3-hydroxymethylcephem carbamoyltransferase">3-hydroxymethylcephem carbamoyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine_carbamoyltransferase" title="Lysine carbamoyltransferase">Lysine carbamoyltransferase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-acetylornithine_carbamoyltransferase" title="N-acetylornithine carbamoyltransferase">N-acetylornithine carbamoyltransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)#EC_2.1.4:_Amidinotransferases" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">2.1.4</a>: <a href="/wiki/Amidine" title="Amidine">Amidine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arginine:glycine_amidinotransferase" title="Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase">Arginine:glycine amidinotransferase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Enzymes" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzymes" 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hole">Oxyanion hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity" title="Enzyme promiscuity">Enzyme promiscuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffusion-limited_enzyme" title="Diffusion-limited enzyme">Diffusion-limited enzyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)" title="Cofactor (biochemistry)">Cofactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis" title="Enzyme catalysis">Enzyme catalysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allosteric_regulation" title="Allosteric regulation">Allosteric regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperativity" title="Cooperativity">Cooperativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_activator" title="Enzyme activator">Enzyme activator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number" title="Enzyme Commission number">EC number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_superfamily" title="Protein superfamily">Enzyme superfamily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_family" title="Protein family">Enzyme family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_enzymes" title="List of enzymes">List of enzymes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kinetics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics" title="Enzyme kinetics">Enzyme kinetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee_diagram" title="Eadie–Hofstee diagram">Eadie–Hofstee diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf_plot" title="Hanes–Woolf plot">Hanes–Woolf plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineweaver%E2%80%93Burk_plot" title="Lineweaver–Burk plot">Lineweaver–Burk plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics" title="Michaelis–Menten kinetics">Michaelis–Menten kinetics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>EC1 <a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 1)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC2 <a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">Transferases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 2)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC3 <a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 3)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC4 <a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">Lyases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 4)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC5 <a href="/wiki/Isomerase" title="Isomerase">Isomerases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 5)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC6 <a href="/wiki/Ligase" title="Ligase">Ligases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 6)">list</a>)</li> <li><b>EC7 <a href="/wiki/Translocase" title="Translocase">Translocases</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)" title="List of EC numbers (EC 7)">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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