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Evolution of the genetic code and early forms of life<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><p class="ds2-5-body-md-bold">Related Authors</p></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://cua-uam.academia.edu/MiguelRodriguezLopez"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://cua-uam.academia.edu/MiguelRodriguezLopez">Miguel Rodriguez Lopez</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana</p></div></div><div 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alt="Stefano Mecci" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/50745628/18040938/134823881/s200_stefano.mecci.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://uniroma1.academia.edu/StefanoMecci">Stefano Mecci</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Università degli Studi "La Sapienza" di Roma</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a href="https://unamur.academia.edu/PierreAssenmaker"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Pierre Assenmaker" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" 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class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">The Ohio State University</p></div></div></ul></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="124859264" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Logical_Consequence"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose","location":"/DrMarcoJose","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/DrMarcoJose","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Logical Consequence"]}" data-trace="false" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/127005846/Prebiotic_chemical_refugia_multifaceted_scenario_for_the_formation_of_biomolecules_in_primitive_Earth">Prebiotic chemical refugia: multifaceted scenario for the formation of biomolecules in primitive Earth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Theory in Biosciences</span><span>, Aug 30, 2022</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b2c26e5003a9acb9f788d0593bff0ea4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":120801838,"asset_id":127005846,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/120801838/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span 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href="https://www.academia.edu/124842631/Natural_History_of_DNA_Dependent_DNA_Polymerases_Multiple_Pathways_to_the_Origins_of_DNA">Natural History of DNA-Dependent DNA Polymerases: Multiple Pathways to the Origins of DNA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Viruses</span><span>, Mar 14, 2023</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span 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care as an instrument of development in Mexico]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Salud pública de México</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A Primary Health Care (PHC) score is obtained by averaging thirteen indicators of PHC of each sta...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A Primary Health Care (PHC) score is obtained by averaging thirteen indicators of PHC of each state of Mexico with data of 1985. Some correlations between the PHC score with other indicators of development, such as education and urbanism, are analyzed. The socioeconomic and educational status of women impinge directly in the processes of PHC. Based upon results of basic research some features of coverage and selectivity of PHC strategies are analyzed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0fcf1c323fb37aaed227e6e7abb1dfcc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116332129,"asset_id":121464458,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116332129/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121464458"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="121464458"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121464458; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0fcf1c323fb37aaed227e6e7abb1dfcc" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=121464458]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":121464458,"title":"[Primary health care as an instrument of development in Mexico]","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121464458/_Primary_health_care_as_an_instrument_of_development_in_Mexico_","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":116332129,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116332129/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"88.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116332129/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Primary_health_care_as_an_instrument_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/116332129/88-libre.pdf?1719247134=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPrimary_health_care_as_an_instrument_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=Qx70R1EBYdEiyehdbGxDXx1Tp-zcqBuLPSXfbBHNhGzq67bjUeRZv4L79dn3L0Cs-9KCiYOaP2LO3n2Zc7c7Z8kLnZ8RMt6wpDqYZBnm5dA1Hlw54uZTTSd01GRUV7hHrKQPk4EwMRjx4izGYLc1iRuAf1EKra1P6idet-gqawi6me8JEqCiLauqoX~aayyG7VbYky2V715PCM3C02DVwNNlx8BTYDf4U1Zw6qlgTGMELH66F3~rGET7lPKWUphAhILhBynI7ZRy8mIGEJP52ZV51yKyMZWGyqpvuOiif-IhnLpISx1NizqmYF4~~zIMpb2090GwR29TdVYgrEPt3w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115520113"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115520113/Be_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_The_Great_Grandmother_of_LUCA_Last_Universal_Common_Ancestor_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Be Introduced to the First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA): The Great-Grandmother of LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111903764/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115520113/Be_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_The_Great_Grandmother_of_LUCA_Last_Universal_Common_Ancestor_">Be Introduced to the First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA): The Great-Grandmother of LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The existence of a common ancestor to all living organisms in Earth is a necessary corollary of D...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The existence of a common ancestor to all living organisms in Earth is a necessary corollary of Darwin idea of common ancestry. The Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) has been normally considered as the ancestor of cellular organisms that originated the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Recent studies about the nature of LUCA indicate that this first organism should present hundreds of genes and a complex metabolism. Trying to bring another of Darwin ideas into the origins of life discussion, we went back into the prebiotic chemistry trying to understand how LUCA could be originated under gradualist assumptions. Along this line of reasoning, it became clear to us that the definition of another ancestral should be of particular relevance to the understanding about the emergence of biological systems. Together with the view of biology as a language for chemical translation, on which proteins are encoded into nucleic acids polymers, we glimpse a point in the deep...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bb79251cf87690252e53ed5c2f67d3f5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111903764,"asset_id":115520113,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111903764/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115520113"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115520113"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115520113; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bb79251cf87690252e53ed5c2f67d3f5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115520113]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115520113,"title":"Be Introduced to the First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA): The Great-Grandmother of LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115520113/Be_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_The_Great_Grandmother_of_LUCA_Last_Universal_Common_Ancestor_","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":111903764,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111903764/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"FUCA_2018.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111903764/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Be_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Com.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111903764/FUCA_2018-libre.pdf?1709095731=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBe_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Com.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=gdoU0zNPCAwbgtSYzUpqR1z4LY4GEsSzpzJL8eFKht1JgEuj00XwNIBvBB5b3JXh0v6debEt9UN9nQ~MRjxObrWM3dWRMjoOTADBGn2AjMhc12p2B-A2wQXPkNPBOVC8CopJUsa4btOKoknsCxWf71VNsxP1OKeV-wWaJmicrsk8nwp01DD-6~BU7tXuty9mxmgB9pJJBuGfIvXdaSkq8mlvOP2wsITQC9jSxk79o6F2MWL91A-k~eGGyxnoOYhpUIEwUf50AJNiARLT0lDImrEYIoLWq7eIWmzrptmm3zNcFn9H4~4-vSqjLZrwQG6YgN6tZEfR4viL07nEhFxqbA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":111903721,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111903721/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0bf13dc67a0441c56c827d9133155f0fb535.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111903721/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Be_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Com.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111903721/0bf13dc67a0441c56c827d9133155f0fb535-libre.pdf?1709095732=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBe_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Com.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=DW5hAzEoye5~MMQpUb1EVkrfApRYzxCY3bND7C5iTxSQDjGmKPxFnieuEX7R25EQ6W2wEWmMFX8KOUMBw6z4wGBEbHTJeHTMQjrM1518T11EnP1Q43e4X1Cn7QKaCFuAXGxplgBUgGtZ1ZT1nQQmHuNjzLgIYGIhES9vusZPBnel2Smm43C2seBa4yjVsygQxF2S-kQV~YqirVmMGjHP8MnaNNsp~q4bzCAMvg1xGZ06lAuM2riaWY2XTQq3unabHxVi0H0k1EtKW1DmVKLrg1aLxtvtbwPgurQczluoThXR-FAkKbBAO2pK8dcUnCj99jr6HNFdYJ2b~HDGDj63wQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115519914"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115519914/Groups_of_Symmetries_of_the_Two_Classes_of_Synthetases_in_the_Four_Dimensional_Hypercubes_of_the_Extended_Code_Type_II"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111903586/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115519914/Groups_of_Symmetries_of_the_Two_Classes_of_Synthetases_in_the_Four_Dimensional_Hypercubes_of_the_Extended_Code_Type_II">Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Life</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) originated from an ancestral bidirectional gene (mirror symmet...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) originated from an ancestral bidirectional gene (mirror symmetry), and through the evolution of the genetic code, the twenty aaRSs exhibit a symmetrical distribution in a 6-dimensional hypercube of the Standard Genetic Code. In this work, we assume a primeval RNY code and the Extended Genetic RNA code type II, which includes codons of the types YNY, YNR, and RNR. Each of the four subsets of codons can be represented in a 4-dimensional hypercube. Altogether, these 4 subcodes constitute the 6-dimensional representation of the SGC. We identify the aaRSs symmetry groups in each of these hypercubes. We show that each of the four hypercubes contains the following sets of symmetries for the two known Classes of synthetases: RNY: dihedral group of order 4; YNY: binary group; YNR: amplified octahedral group; and RNR: binary group. We demonstrate that for each hypercube, the group of symmetries in Class 1 is the same as the group of symmetries in Class 2. Th...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5539e3cf75d01d6b9e9af4e9cc3e8dea" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111903586,"asset_id":115519914,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111903586/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115519914"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115519914"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115519914; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115519914]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115519914]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115519914; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115519914']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111918492"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918492/Neutral_evolution_test_of_the_spike_protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_and_its_implications_in_the_binding_to_ACE2"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Neutral evolution test of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications in the binding to ACE2" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109311085/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918492/Neutral_evolution_test_of_the_spike_protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_and_its_implications_in_the_binding_to_ACE2">Neutral evolution test of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications in the binding to ACE2</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Research Square (Research Square)</span><span>, Apr 28, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">As the SARS-CoV-2 has spread and the pandemic has dragged on, the virus continued to evolve rapid...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">As the SARS-CoV-2 has spread and the pandemic has dragged on, the virus continued to evolve rapidly resulting in the emergence of new highly transmissible variants that can be of public health concern. The evolutionary mechanisms that drove this rapid diversity are not well understood but neutral evolution should open the first insight. The neutral theory of evolution states that most mutations in the nucleic acid sequences are random and they can be fixed or disappear by purifying selection. Herein, we performed a neutrality test to better understand the selective pressures exerted over SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, as well as in four of the identified health concern variants. Lys and Thr have higher occurrence rate on the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) than in the overall sequence whereas Cys, His, and importantly Arg have low occurrence rate both in the whole protein and the RBD. Amino acids that have lower occurrence than the expected neutral control influence in the stability and or functionality of the protein. Our results show that most unique mutations either for SARS-CoV-2 or the variants of health concern are under selective pressures, which could be related either to the evasion of the immune system, increasing the virus' fitness or altering proteinprotein interactions with host proteins. Altogether all these forces have shaped the Spike protein. Understanding the evolutionary forces that act upon Spike protein may help designing better treatments and vaccines that target variants of health concern.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="48ad8da3890a2b913406e6c3d00befcf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109311085,"asset_id":111918492,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109311085/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111918492"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111918492"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111918492; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "48ad8da3890a2b913406e6c3d00befcf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=111918492]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":111918492,"title":"Neutral evolution test of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications in the binding to ACE2","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111918492/Neutral_evolution_test_of_the_spike_protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_and_its_implications_in_the_binding_to_ACE2","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":109311085,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109311085/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"latest.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109311085/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Neutral_evolution_test_of_the_spike_prot.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/109311085/latest-libre.pdf?1703085923=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNeutral_evolution_test_of_the_spike_prot.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=Tafdx30sKlrc6fC79gNQjM-JmYctL1OKN06OEcA5M577sPhALS0lzsFpse0h~LZhe383xa~PV9wpOvjOMAocqYeT1~J0vKhLxuaZ6gMzi94qIjDrYcuAHV4MkrSu3-~9fhIxAqNSugpa~A1yhbVdUDh9-G6skaNjS8rxkSQoVxGo1u1wRbw2lgWef0GNJ9ZfckvTpLLGL1kcNdcgRkSynCoEspu~y5IYhuDYsEvshA~J~0lx-FzYfwicTmL4DyJN0Pej9~B2frnyDqFgqgS~UZX5KMe3P7VD3IoadNqK6V4VLMRxIrdXWjfMWS-m9A3AoqGPd-myuzDtVYJONsqBEg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111918490"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918490/The_evolution_of_proteome_From_the_primeval_to_the_very_dawn_of_LUCA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The evolution of proteome: From the primeval to the very dawn of LUCA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109311171/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918490/The_evolution_of_proteome_From_the_primeval_to_the_very_dawn_of_LUCA">The evolution of proteome: From the primeval to the very dawn of LUCA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>BioSystems</span><span>, Jul 1, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The evolution of the proteome from the Ur-proteome (ribocytes obeying the primeval RNY code) to t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The evolution of the proteome from the Ur-proteome (ribocytes obeying the primeval RNY code) to the proteome of progenotes (obeying extended RNA codes) just before the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) is presented. This article represents an endeavor to build a bridge between the hitherto unknown proteome of ribocytes and progenotes, that presumably existed before the emergence of LUCA.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e3709176aa4d65326da7e1d73f6e4e2d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109311171,"asset_id":111918490,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109311171/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111918490"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111918490"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111918490; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111918382"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918382/A_proposal_of_the_proteome_before_the_last_universal_common_ancestor_LUCA_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A proposal of the proteome before the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109311050/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918382/A_proposal_of_the_proteome_before_the_last_universal_common_ancestor_LUCA_">A proposal of the proteome before the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Astrobiology</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The search for understanding the biological nature of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) h...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The search for understanding the biological nature of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) has been a theoretical challenge and has sparked intense debate in the scientific community. We reconstructed the ancestral sequences of tRNAs in order to test the hypothesis that these molecules originated the first genes. The results showed that the proteome before LUCA may have been composed of basal energy metabolism, namely, compounds with three carbons in the glycolytic pathway, which operated as a distribution centre of substrates for the development of metabolic pathways of nucleotides, lipids and amino acids. Thus, we present a proposal for metabolism in organisms before LUCA that was the initial core for the assembly of further metabolic pathways.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="428afd9c835840df486a124ee2e6d07a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109311050,"asset_id":111918382,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109311050/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111918382"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111918382"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111918382; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105439465"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439465/Symmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetases_during_the_evolution_of_the_genetic_code"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Symmetrical distributions of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases during the evolution of the genetic code" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894026/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439465/Symmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetases_during_the_evolution_of_the_genetic_code">Symmetrical distributions of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases during the evolution of the genetic code</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Theory in Biosciences</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this work, we formulate the following question: How the distribution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthet...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this work, we formulate the following question: How the distribution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) went from an ancestral bidirectional gene (mirror symmetry) to the symmetrical distribution of aaRSs in a six-dimensional hypercube of the Standard Genetic Code (SGC)? We assume a primeval RNY code, two Extended Genetic RNA codes type 1 and 2, and the SGC. We outline the types of symmetries of the distribution of aaRSs in each code. The symmetry groups of aaRSs in each code are described, until the symmetries of the SGC display a mirror symmetry. Considering both Extended RNA codes the 20 aaRSs were already present before the Last Universal Ancestor. These findings reveal intricacies in the diversification of aaRSs accompanied by the evolution of the genetic code.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="998d552dac744025051f1f33320f8070" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104894026,"asset_id":105439465,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894026/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105439465"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105439465"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439465; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439465]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439465]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439465; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105439465']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "998d552dac744025051f1f33320f8070" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105439465]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105439465,"title":"Symmetrical distributions of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases during the evolution of the genetic code","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105439465/Symmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetases_during_the_evolution_of_the_genetic_code","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":104894026,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894026/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s12064-023-00394-0.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894026/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Symmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894026/s12064-023-00394-0-libre.pdf?1691643236=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSymmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=JWyDHXqfwENHbEUrRJ7NrZahdGy-zhJ6glBu5yqVPLNqCujTqKTfNqn2MIrfU~slIi7~OlCDmut3v5~8lqrq76ty96jTyHMbUO8ysG3M~aqGkFsACX3GPTOjgvUhuR6FZVmflDkIZhDuh6FpGXJgaNJYOTiiJ8C7PFPB89h9moYrck0SqQ6i3i8MUoyI7WG9AkjKXF0N~rSAi4L~DtxiJ8-BQIwfWZHDBM5Gi55F50D5rDUZAh4tOHCONIQ2RhIZySJT3FTPQZVNsvxg99i7GhKZKVURicRUryAXN0M0VqxSGYFMA66UKIRsYd47V0e3ESG93iLlmZ8elfxYZviUww__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":104894027,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894027/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s12064-023-00394-0.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894027/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Symmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894027/s12064-023-00394-0-libre.pdf?1691643234=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSymmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=KxaY8s6hFTgRPgTy9TcF6c7fIuQyWDfkvt2KLJl292VLa92Vwc1Xj-4PY8u140k5DmViy8FvY5uru7unbyIxpDSB55ze7r1ABYmLP8nOglITILkizV~KYajuJZxLZDx~y1HD0B3ThbxycJA-7nhiqIiIhLYGv4wHCBUibWVpdbhLxY5tzreH3hSnwhMi-FvMug5I-JuKp-IJcqtR9b8b5UcNi1PKZmrNFJC3z7GFRJ2qEDNHi-DP0i5vkXFBt3puZoo87OuuSG3prNl96kjs2J2k2NuHvBwkY3F8yEnWuA5odEER4kRG7g9MDdGmrew2HUwUA5ZTjxtE3RgJz-VqdQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105439464"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439464/Human_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide_Challenging_Therapeutic_Targets"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Human Coronavirus Cell Receptors Provide Challenging Therapeutic Targets" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894025/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439464/Human_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide_Challenging_Therapeutic_Targets">Human Coronavirus Cell Receptors Provide Challenging Therapeutic Targets</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Vaccines</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Coronaviruses interact with protein or carbohydrate receptors through their spike proteins to inf...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Coronaviruses interact with protein or carbohydrate receptors through their spike proteins to infect cells. Even if the known protein receptors for these viruses have no evolutionary relationships, they do share ontological commonalities that the virus might leverage to exacerbate the pathophysiology. ANPEP/CD13, DPP IV/CD26, and ACE2 are the three protein receptors that are known to be exploited by several human coronaviruses. These receptors are moonlighting enzymes involved in several physiological processes such as digestion, metabolism, and blood pressure regulation; moreover, the three proteins are expressed in kidney, intestine, endothelium, and other tissues/cell types. Here, we spot the commonalities between the three enzymes, the physiological functions of the enzymes are outlined, and how blocking either enzyme results in systemic deregulations and multi-organ failures via viral infection or therapeutic interventions is addressed. It can be difficult to pinpoint any coron...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="19da8c340c10d505489a47260a6c9ddf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104894025,"asset_id":105439464,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894025/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105439464"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105439464"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439464; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439464]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439464]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439464; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105439464']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "19da8c340c10d505489a47260a6c9ddf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105439464]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105439464,"title":"Human Coronavirus Cell Receptors Provide Challenging Therapeutic Targets","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105439464/Human_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide_Challenging_Therapeutic_Targets","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":104894025,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894025/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894025/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Human_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894025/pdf-libre.pdf?1691643244=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHuman_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=NuzOo7OJF6ASYJw5gndTMtFSWlXNQ6nkV4IYV7FqzfcQVaEuu2NlcWACsnRc9~ydCAMfSKizVASmkgRSSw~R1eeZmCdk5yAZFhm4sHUItpJvVCUmnlQvRrq2CaYXQrlqfFdoLEnVGRi586ujuWp3EV~IOcThwNfgko~-SKGpuzRq0EKpxlf2-HHkIQIETG2Ta-gbjIN~6twt4D3OkU6WQryzdcHmCXLdeVewFDTZyltxjdAQ00RdvQP9aKMWqLt-d3T16f-CfIC4nYChP5XIzJ4pckOf93NCwNXZDLCrmf~YM0CCk7EcuodF4WRSJRyKB1JabyRDlKe~FTrAlX740A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":104894024,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894024/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894024/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Human_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894024/pdf-libre.pdf?1691643245=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHuman_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=GiKzr3uSpUG1CuMQBm-C3BoKyh~iaatn7DQ-9V8GdBs6D79NmFxXfezYVVmhrlEvePmCYo72OGrG0QXidK3Kz6su5ISq6PPYxAKnl-fM5OpuQCcuLa-qvzetbOBYB0Cmcxe3SpnynvEimve1iczSKDJsArvk~mzCHFPA2gK0QFU4X7GsGa1y43A7JXtPh~m3dGk~F4BloxZNoACvuCWAwUNiqyQphw0Xkcwb2bZRCtnxdnpCN6iIFvB-tIRbsbwzPY3H7FfyV3Q6oLU5yH2Ru~ZzGlCT7QHj24D8KNaCoIGr2C85ANR3hVlEwkPJDATzL1XQYR5iYd4VbJuYlrOcYg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105439463"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439463/Multiple_Origins_of_Extracellular_DNA_Traps"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894040/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439463/Multiple_Origins_of_Extracellular_DNA_Traps">Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Frontiers in Immunology</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Extracellular DNA traps (ETs) are evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial mechanisms present in pr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Extracellular DNA traps (ETs) are evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial mechanisms present in protozoa, plants, and animals. In this review, we compare their similarities in species of different taxa, and put forward the hypothesis that ETs have multiple origins. Our results are consistent with a process of evolutionary convergence in multicellular organisms through the application of a congruency test. Furthermore, we discuss why multicellularity is related to the presence of a mechanism initiating the formation of ETs.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cf51fc7ef2455d71f89b6dcc4d70dbb2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104894040,"asset_id":105439463,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894040/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105439463"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105439463"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439463; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439463]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439463]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439463; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105439463']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cf51fc7ef2455d71f89b6dcc4d70dbb2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105439463]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105439463,"title":"Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105439463/Multiple_Origins_of_Extracellular_DNA_Traps","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":104894040,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894040/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fimmu-12-621311.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894040/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Multiple_Origins_of_Extracellular_DNA_Tr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894040/fimmu-12-621311-libre.pdf?1691643233=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMultiple_Origins_of_Extracellular_DNA_Tr.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=b-e5wfwQN1-qbLK3cfXx4Z4QAhhNNpgQudgIl8tnwRTNltNMxBpF7TZ6YNl-cUb9FrOMASeFnIIddwfH0AIEHKxehm7xz2m~8QmT1V4KHpUiW73L-DtEvslfOpcYJo~8uwLBmRE4UV2OiCFJ~Pa3VMDpltx~a9uwx0KLSW8OJW8aG8yO8d3zj0b0ANRE0wmkqt4WV0M~RapNSjiDpwR-XX0BzpXraajVE9lSWzgh0P44~dztaeEhScT5qKIK6BRUiERzr089roANj1DHyVw85aq3EhyTY7o-x8LkuALoMsaTZX8Gmk3j6dt70R5ihbfzdfAJO0mEV0~FDphMJsHKcQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105439461"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439461/Prebiotic_Chemical_Refugia_Multifaceted_Scenario_for_the_Formation_of_Biomolecules_in_Primitive_Earth"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Prebiotic Chemical Refugia: Multifaceted Scenario for the Formation of Biomolecules in Primitive Earth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894036/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439461/Prebiotic_Chemical_Refugia_Multifaceted_Scenario_for_the_Formation_of_Biomolecules_in_Primitive_Earth">Prebiotic Chemical Refugia: Multifaceted Scenario for the Formation of Biomolecules in Primitive Earth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The origin of life was a cosmic event happened on primitive Earth. A critical problem to better u...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The origin of life was a cosmic event happened on primitive Earth. A critical problem to better understand the origins of life in Earth is to glimpse in which chemical scenarios the basic building blocks of biological molecules could be produced. Classic works in pre-biotic chemistry frequently considered early Earth as a homogeneous atmosphere constituted by chemical elements such as methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water (H2O), hydrogen (H2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Under that scenario, Stanley Miller was capable to produce amino acids and solved the question about the origin of proteins. Conversely, the origin of nucleic acids has tricked scientists for decades as nucleotides are complex though necessary molecules to allow the existence of life. Here we review possible chemical scenarios that allowed not only the formation of nucleotides but also other significant biomolecules. We aim to provide a theoretical solution for the origin of biomolecules at specific sites named “Prebio...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b6a9f219c9fd2cc234eb71339607105b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104894036,"asset_id":105439461,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894036/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105439461"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105439461"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439461; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439461]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439461]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439461; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105439461']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b6a9f219c9fd2cc234eb71339607105b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105439461]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105439461,"title":"Prebiotic Chemical Refugia: Multifaceted Scenario for the Formation of Biomolecules in Primitive Earth","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105439461/Prebiotic_Chemical_Refugia_Multifaceted_Scenario_for_the_Formation_of_Biomolecules_in_Primitive_Earth","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":104894036,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894036/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"download.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894036/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Prebiotic_Chemical_Refugia_Multifaceted.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894036/download-libre.pdf?1691643241=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPrebiotic_Chemical_Refugia_Multifaceted.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=Hwr7yr84Rbo-bz5EvSqeB2J3VMHvJspl7NdrRRtDb47bavk8oBoT8n3Xct6Mzlujdsg0OpHs0R1wvz4ed1W9i0sKuWr~uCwxwGwD9dH3BMFlqO0S2ypfp-Mix82VgTO49PJYC7F2CLwHzk94tV3vCyzaEn-7tdTMV87LPoA2SnoEmN6ca4jbs6H3tkr6nkoP6CcyGVWYbU52Syg3oCoTJ2yFJ-IYJyKbHse~b6Mm3pCWct6Eou78AtWlzWwIdZoO33XEzqKcuSvTOGl7zmeWwQ5yYKEWlLRoN0hHEIqlHc5VNfQnHfzXUJZyr1G8KzH7dIeWdhkrWcoEP138mlBabw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="84236648"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/84236648/Rhythms_found_in_human_DNA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rhythms found in human DNA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/84236648/Rhythms_found_in_human_DNA">Rhythms found in human DNA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Physics World</span><span>, 2004</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We are witnessing a cultural shift in the biological sciences. This is due, in part, to the avail...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We are witnessing a cultural shift in the biological sciences. This is due, in part, to the availability of huge amounts of information such as the genomes of several organisms. But it is also the result of an increasing number of physicists taking an interest in complex biological problems. A good example of this modern physical biology is a recent study led by Alain Arneodo of the Ecole Normale Superieure in Lyon, France, in which the DNA sequence of human chromosomes was analysed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="84236648"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="84236648"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 84236648; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=84236648]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=84236648]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 84236648; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='84236648']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=84236648]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":84236648,"title":"Rhythms found in human DNA","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84236648/Rhythms_found_in_human_DNA","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="83576546"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/83576546/The_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapting_Because_of_Selective_Pressures"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Adapting Because of Selective Pressures" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/88875294/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/83576546/The_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapting_Because_of_Selective_Pressures">The Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Adapting Because of Selective Pressures</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Vaccines</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The global scale of the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the cl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The global scale of the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the clues of adaptation. After two years and two months since the declaration of the pandemic, several variants have emerged and become fixed in the human population thanks to extrinsic selective pressures but also to the inherent mutational capacity of the virus. Here, we applied a neutral substitution evolution test to the spike (S) protein of Omicron’s protein and compared it to the others’ variant of concern (VOC) neutral evolution. We carried out comparisons among the interactions between the S proteins from the VOCs (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron) and the receptor ACE2. The shared amino acids among all the ACE2 binding S proteins remain constant, indicating that these amino acids are essential for the accurate binding to the receptor. The complexes of the RBD for every variant with the receptor were used to identify the amino acids involved in the protein—protein interaction (PPI...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4d95f805509f92c720f2aabd38e7006e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":88875294,"asset_id":83576546,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88875294/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="83576546"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="83576546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83576546; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83576546]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83576546]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83576546; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='83576546']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4d95f805509f92c720f2aabd38e7006e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=83576546]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":83576546,"title":"The Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Adapting Because of Selective Pressures","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83576546/The_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapting_Because_of_Selective_Pressures","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":88875294,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/88875294/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88875294/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapt.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/88875294/pdf-libre.pdf?1658543947=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapt.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=gZz7B88wvHvfmkehELmeBz85aihtdQtAvpTvpNJ1JZYpBKxncPISVHU50exBr6fRDiMa1w40Ck2u9uHSAaPCWmrO2aKwk4WixF9dXjBt2MUQKQuVSGNf~2Xe62TV1riDEhnrSnAoe90a7gmku5ijdgEvs1pcyLOEITiOA5PY5NJbGTGcClxDNLuYWEA83SiRn6-DmGXCTDkyeUighCJA1yrB5v8MjjOVvWrPrHhMa~-VzznNk4r3hwdmtGdhWSCNpiy2MbbT9Q9JDAwRpUDkyckgIoz6qLWurnPdH2hyYmRrUX5Jdqkrx--nf-Fa3dvhl8J6f8kVCFBEcsU0AOeG9w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":88875293,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/88875293/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88875293/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapt.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/88875293/pdf-libre.pdf?1658543948=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapt.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=QXZTorlkTvKhRkPDgAqoixyBQ5P3qQ~CVuchR6v9IuDS9pbRPKFKWJ7NmE8ZSDXe9uFIpuUVMXwEHrAh6Z5uVlEcHGsTM9ABBbr~M4VvObiE3wcegobJJ6bqUxY2f00YuaRCgT6xe3028ghXxD3w06OKtBvkGSJssAkAJQnk6--PNbeoFRB7KUCGyyZ93Yf~LzwiNQ-W0eCpCkhZ~k5fRiWJK5oRrbMHqEOnPANt5dfPSJPybz8PKE8VctTnu4OXIC1bNms1WZcxiS04Zr9qK3NnGylRoeAteckwSu57OlOi-f6a8E03o0C4WR2HCb2~TJ66DK1Jy62ZxoPCBCDd9A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="83200560"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/83200560/Prevalence_of_infection_mean_worm_burden_and_degree_of_worm_aggregation_as_determinants_of_prevalence_of_disease_due_to_intestinal_helminths"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of infection, mean worm burden and degree of worm aggregation as determinants of prevalence of disease due to intestinal helminths" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/83200560/Prevalence_of_infection_mean_worm_burden_and_degree_of_worm_aggregation_as_determinants_of_prevalence_of_disease_due_to_intestinal_helminths">Prevalence of infection, mean worm burden and degree of worm aggregation as determinants of prevalence of disease due to intestinal helminths</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Archives of medical research</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Theoretical predictions of disease prevalence due to helminth infections based upon a simple prob...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Theoretical predictions of disease prevalence due to helminth infections based upon a simple probabilistic model which considers the infection prevalence, the mean worm burden and the degree of worm aggregation are presented. A numerical reappraisal of the likely estimates of the degree of aggregation based upon maximum likelihood estimates of the negative binomial distribution is presented. The prevalence of disease shows a positive relationship with the mean worm burden. This association is hyperbolic when helminth parasites are severely aggregated but is s-shaped when helminth parasites tend to be overdispersed. The prevalence of disease decreases with the degree of worm aggregation when the values of the mean intensity are low; as the mean intensity increases this association becomes positive. The relationship between prevalence of disease and prevalence of infection is hyperbolic for severe degrees of parasite aggregation and is s-shaped for intermediate degrees of aggregation....</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="83200560"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="83200560"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83200560; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83200560]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83200560]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83200560; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='83200560']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=83200560]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":83200560,"title":"Prevalence of infection, mean worm burden and degree of worm aggregation as determinants of prevalence of disease due to intestinal helminths","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83200560/Prevalence_of_infection_mean_worm_burden_and_degree_of_worm_aggregation_as_determinants_of_prevalence_of_disease_due_to_intestinal_helminths","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="82675217"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/82675217/Mathematical_model_of_diarrheal_diseases"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mathematical model of diarrheal diseases" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/82675217/Mathematical_model_of_diarrheal_diseases">Mathematical model of diarrheal diseases</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Vaccine</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="82675217"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="82675217"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82675217; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=82675217]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=82675217]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82675217; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='82675217']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=82675217]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":82675217,"title":"Mathematical model of diarrheal diseases","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82675217/Mathematical_model_of_diarrheal_diseases","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="78338951"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/78338951/_Universal_history_of_mortality_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of [Universal history of mortality]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85420916/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/78338951/_Universal_history_of_mortality_">[Universal history of mortality]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Salud pública de México</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The history of human disease has to be based almost entirely on what we know about the changes in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The history of human disease has to be based almost entirely on what we know about the changes in mortality and life expectancy; illness and suffering do not lend themselves to hard statistics, whereas births and deaths can be counted. To learn about the way diseases have been conquered in the past we have, therefore, to look at mortality. From this study we see that the major lethal diseases were conquered not so much by discovering how to treat them as by prevention. The decline on mortality began at the start of the past century, at a time of revolution and reform, and was greatly accelerated when the causes of many diseases were discovered at the end of the nineteenth century. Even in the twentieth century, the greatest improvements are still being achieved by preventive measurements.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e8f7a61697e668370c6ac770e57aab8a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":85420916,"asset_id":78338951,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85420916/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="78338951"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78338951"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78338951; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78338951]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78338951]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78338951; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='78338951']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e8f7a61697e668370c6ac770e57aab8a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=78338951]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":78338951,"title":"[Universal history of mortality]","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78338951/_Universal_history_of_mortality_","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":85420916,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85420916/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"100.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85420916/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Universal_history_of_mortality.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85420916/100-libre.pdf?1651592172=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DUniversal_history_of_mortality.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=ANmAbqy8B0-uvbczukV1Wo2a3-WJC~m4qcgo73U9V9jqZoVS0HpskSA4VnYsfxnsjJOeBj-6f0zyCodieQjcgXVarzh0p2X91QWLAPdBNAOGKJON9JpYDpZHr1IxyREe63wlUIFgfyztjX1XldJYp4A01DSFQWxJ4sNayIEuqEjsuN1lrb90l~5SoWxnmz2hh972z6WnMG0-Fph1xIq3lcT1xLxKzSrkyucrUbwt8PGDtI-Ut~LHp4vSbuTkzYoSKKSp5S4oFP68aGmKjhKjWDS4u~~0rvIN7ZgB1S5es4ruNvhT4K0uj8I2ELAju~V611hvwNvVr3tTT2BFGFQNAQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76844509"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/76844509/The_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_as_the_Earliest_Ancestor_of_LUCAs_Last_UCA_Lineage"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA) as the Earliest Ancestor of LUCAs (Last UCA) Lineage" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/84417137/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/76844509/The_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_as_the_Earliest_Ancestor_of_LUCAs_Last_UCA_Lineage">The First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA) as the Earliest Ancestor of LUCAs (Last UCA) Lineage</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The existence of a common ancestor to all living organisms in Earth is a necessary corollary of D...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The existence of a common ancestor to all living organisms in Earth is a necessary corollary of Darwin idea of common ancestry. The Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) has been normally considered as the ancestor of cellular organisms that originated the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Recent studies about the nature of LUCA indicate that this first organism should present hundreds of genes and a complex metabolism. Trying to bring another of Darwin ideas into the origins of life discussion, we went back into the prebiotic chemistry trying to understand how LUCA could be originated under gradualist assumptions. Along this line of reasoning, it became clear to us that the definition of another ancestral should be of particular relevance to the understanding about the emergence of biological systems. Together with the view of biology as a language for chemical translation, on which proteins are encoded into nucleic acids polymers, we glimpse a point in the deep...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a7817f769cc9975467cb8aac1c1494fb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":84417137,"asset_id":76844509,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84417137/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76844509"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76844509"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76844509; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76844509]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76844509]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76844509; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='76844509']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a7817f769cc9975467cb8aac1c1494fb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=76844509]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":76844509,"title":"The First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA) as the Earliest Ancestor of LUCAs (Last UCA) Lineage","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76844509/The_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_as_the_Earliest_Ancestor_of_LUCAs_Last_UCA_Lineage","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":84417137,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/84417137/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"f6c34000b380d37d82e27e19d3b711d5e952.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84417137/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/84417137/f6c34000b380d37d82e27e19d3b711d5e952-libre.pdf?1650313509=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=Xxf6nOBt0IkErb406NAue0MX9Zp~geA~4C0xrOsY2k6ht7rINKjcJw~nJJtZGAPr8KogB9yG9k9am5zTS2OfQ5yS-x80BqdPssERQdzTce8cvZh3Jdf9vdGwjAg4B4S83vMKtNxtAkcHDnhCUh7V-jzRf9q3UhnAihF-OsaHyeBTeOE3~fXJokGBfiCnHEIU8UtZRuwzknK2BYBy-d4Mo~J7tSLE0PIFBTZIQda5cBm72ZkPqGMXQXL8jOXJEKitmmv1AzAeEXhItcFNPmJ8ukalhJlcJw0SGmz40T-l5yPBXWoQe00cvtV5N5bIV8k6a7B2IJuye44zYjhkuvL4kQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="121464458"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/121464458/_Primary_health_care_as_an_instrument_of_development_in_Mexico_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of [Primary health care as an instrument of development in Mexico]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116332129/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/121464458/_Primary_health_care_as_an_instrument_of_development_in_Mexico_">[Primary health care as an instrument of development in Mexico]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Salud pública de México</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">A Primary Health Care (PHC) score is obtained by averaging thirteen indicators of PHC of each sta...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">A Primary Health Care (PHC) score is obtained by averaging thirteen indicators of PHC of each state of Mexico with data of 1985. Some correlations between the PHC score with other indicators of development, such as education and urbanism, are analyzed. The socioeconomic and educational status of women impinge directly in the processes of PHC. Based upon results of basic research some features of coverage and selectivity of PHC strategies are analyzed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0fcf1c323fb37aaed227e6e7abb1dfcc" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":116332129,"asset_id":121464458,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116332129/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="121464458"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="121464458"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 121464458; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0fcf1c323fb37aaed227e6e7abb1dfcc" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=121464458]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":121464458,"title":"[Primary health care as an instrument of development in Mexico]","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/121464458/_Primary_health_care_as_an_instrument_of_development_in_Mexico_","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":116332129,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/116332129/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"88.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/116332129/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Primary_health_care_as_an_instrument_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/116332129/88-libre.pdf?1719247134=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPrimary_health_care_as_an_instrument_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=Qx70R1EBYdEiyehdbGxDXx1Tp-zcqBuLPSXfbBHNhGzq67bjUeRZv4L79dn3L0Cs-9KCiYOaP2LO3n2Zc7c7Z8kLnZ8RMt6wpDqYZBnm5dA1Hlw54uZTTSd01GRUV7hHrKQPk4EwMRjx4izGYLc1iRuAf1EKra1P6idet-gqawi6me8JEqCiLauqoX~aayyG7VbYky2V715PCM3C02DVwNNlx8BTYDf4U1Zw6qlgTGMELH66F3~rGET7lPKWUphAhILhBynI7ZRy8mIGEJP52ZV51yKyMZWGyqpvuOiif-IhnLpISx1NizqmYF4~~zIMpb2090GwR29TdVYgrEPt3w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115520113"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115520113/Be_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_The_Great_Grandmother_of_LUCA_Last_Universal_Common_Ancestor_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Be Introduced to the First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA): The Great-Grandmother of LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111903764/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115520113/Be_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_The_Great_Grandmother_of_LUCA_Last_Universal_Common_Ancestor_">Be Introduced to the First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA): The Great-Grandmother of LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The existence of a common ancestor to all living organisms in Earth is a necessary corollary of D...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The existence of a common ancestor to all living organisms in Earth is a necessary corollary of Darwin idea of common ancestry. The Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) has been normally considered as the ancestor of cellular organisms that originated the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Recent studies about the nature of LUCA indicate that this first organism should present hundreds of genes and a complex metabolism. Trying to bring another of Darwin ideas into the origins of life discussion, we went back into the prebiotic chemistry trying to understand how LUCA could be originated under gradualist assumptions. Along this line of reasoning, it became clear to us that the definition of another ancestral should be of particular relevance to the understanding about the emergence of biological systems. Together with the view of biology as a language for chemical translation, on which proteins are encoded into nucleic acids polymers, we glimpse a point in the deep...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bb79251cf87690252e53ed5c2f67d3f5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111903764,"asset_id":115520113,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111903764/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115520113"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115520113"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115520113; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bb79251cf87690252e53ed5c2f67d3f5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115520113]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115520113,"title":"Be Introduced to the First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA): The Great-Grandmother of LUCA (Last Universal Common Ancestor)","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115520113/Be_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_The_Great_Grandmother_of_LUCA_Last_Universal_Common_Ancestor_","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":111903764,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111903764/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"FUCA_2018.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111903764/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Be_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Com.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111903764/FUCA_2018-libre.pdf?1709095731=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBe_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Com.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=gdoU0zNPCAwbgtSYzUpqR1z4LY4GEsSzpzJL8eFKht1JgEuj00XwNIBvBB5b3JXh0v6debEt9UN9nQ~MRjxObrWM3dWRMjoOTADBGn2AjMhc12p2B-A2wQXPkNPBOVC8CopJUsa4btOKoknsCxWf71VNsxP1OKeV-wWaJmicrsk8nwp01DD-6~BU7tXuty9mxmgB9pJJBuGfIvXdaSkq8mlvOP2wsITQC9jSxk79o6F2MWL91A-k~eGGyxnoOYhpUIEwUf50AJNiARLT0lDImrEYIoLWq7eIWmzrptmm3zNcFn9H4~4-vSqjLZrwQG6YgN6tZEfR4viL07nEhFxqbA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":111903721,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111903721/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"0bf13dc67a0441c56c827d9133155f0fb535.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111903721/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Be_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Com.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/111903721/0bf13dc67a0441c56c827d9133155f0fb535-libre.pdf?1709095732=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBe_Introduced_to_the_First_Universal_Com.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=DW5hAzEoye5~MMQpUb1EVkrfApRYzxCY3bND7C5iTxSQDjGmKPxFnieuEX7R25EQ6W2wEWmMFX8KOUMBw6z4wGBEbHTJeHTMQjrM1518T11EnP1Q43e4X1Cn7QKaCFuAXGxplgBUgGtZ1ZT1nQQmHuNjzLgIYGIhES9vusZPBnel2Smm43C2seBa4yjVsygQxF2S-kQV~YqirVmMGjHP8MnaNNsp~q4bzCAMvg1xGZ06lAuM2riaWY2XTQq3unabHxVi0H0k1EtKW1DmVKLrg1aLxtvtbwPgurQczluoThXR-FAkKbBAO2pK8dcUnCj99jr6HNFdYJ2b~HDGDj63wQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115519914"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115519914/Groups_of_Symmetries_of_the_Two_Classes_of_Synthetases_in_the_Four_Dimensional_Hypercubes_of_the_Extended_Code_Type_II"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/111903586/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115519914/Groups_of_Symmetries_of_the_Two_Classes_of_Synthetases_in_the_Four_Dimensional_Hypercubes_of_the_Extended_Code_Type_II">Groups of Symmetries of the Two Classes of Synthetases in the Four-Dimensional Hypercubes of the Extended Code Type II</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Life</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) originated from an ancestral bidirectional gene (mirror symmet...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) originated from an ancestral bidirectional gene (mirror symmetry), and through the evolution of the genetic code, the twenty aaRSs exhibit a symmetrical distribution in a 6-dimensional hypercube of the Standard Genetic Code. In this work, we assume a primeval RNY code and the Extended Genetic RNA code type II, which includes codons of the types YNY, YNR, and RNR. Each of the four subsets of codons can be represented in a 4-dimensional hypercube. Altogether, these 4 subcodes constitute the 6-dimensional representation of the SGC. We identify the aaRSs symmetry groups in each of these hypercubes. We show that each of the four hypercubes contains the following sets of symmetries for the two known Classes of synthetases: RNY: dihedral group of order 4; YNY: binary group; YNR: amplified octahedral group; and RNR: binary group. We demonstrate that for each hypercube, the group of symmetries in Class 1 is the same as the group of symmetries in Class 2. Th...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5539e3cf75d01d6b9e9af4e9cc3e8dea" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":111903586,"asset_id":115519914,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/111903586/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115519914"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115519914"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115519914; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115519914]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115519914]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115519914; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115519914']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111918492"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918492/Neutral_evolution_test_of_the_spike_protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_and_its_implications_in_the_binding_to_ACE2"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Neutral evolution test of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications in the binding to ACE2" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109311085/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918492/Neutral_evolution_test_of_the_spike_protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_and_its_implications_in_the_binding_to_ACE2">Neutral evolution test of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications in the binding to ACE2</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Research Square (Research Square)</span><span>, Apr 28, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">As the SARS-CoV-2 has spread and the pandemic has dragged on, the virus continued to evolve rapid...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">As the SARS-CoV-2 has spread and the pandemic has dragged on, the virus continued to evolve rapidly resulting in the emergence of new highly transmissible variants that can be of public health concern. The evolutionary mechanisms that drove this rapid diversity are not well understood but neutral evolution should open the first insight. The neutral theory of evolution states that most mutations in the nucleic acid sequences are random and they can be fixed or disappear by purifying selection. Herein, we performed a neutrality test to better understand the selective pressures exerted over SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, as well as in four of the identified health concern variants. Lys and Thr have higher occurrence rate on the Receptor Binding Domain (RBD) than in the overall sequence whereas Cys, His, and importantly Arg have low occurrence rate both in the whole protein and the RBD. Amino acids that have lower occurrence than the expected neutral control influence in the stability and or functionality of the protein. Our results show that most unique mutations either for SARS-CoV-2 or the variants of health concern are under selective pressures, which could be related either to the evasion of the immune system, increasing the virus' fitness or altering proteinprotein interactions with host proteins. Altogether all these forces have shaped the Spike protein. Understanding the evolutionary forces that act upon Spike protein may help designing better treatments and vaccines that target variants of health concern.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="48ad8da3890a2b913406e6c3d00befcf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109311085,"asset_id":111918492,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109311085/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111918492"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111918492"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111918492; 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dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "48ad8da3890a2b913406e6c3d00befcf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=111918492]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":111918492,"title":"Neutral evolution test of the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 and its implications in the binding to ACE2","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111918492/Neutral_evolution_test_of_the_spike_protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_and_its_implications_in_the_binding_to_ACE2","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":109311085,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109311085/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"latest.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109311085/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Neutral_evolution_test_of_the_spike_prot.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/109311085/latest-libre.pdf?1703085923=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DNeutral_evolution_test_of_the_spike_prot.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=Tafdx30sKlrc6fC79gNQjM-JmYctL1OKN06OEcA5M577sPhALS0lzsFpse0h~LZhe383xa~PV9wpOvjOMAocqYeT1~J0vKhLxuaZ6gMzi94qIjDrYcuAHV4MkrSu3-~9fhIxAqNSugpa~A1yhbVdUDh9-G6skaNjS8rxkSQoVxGo1u1wRbw2lgWef0GNJ9ZfckvTpLLGL1kcNdcgRkSynCoEspu~y5IYhuDYsEvshA~J~0lx-FzYfwicTmL4DyJN0Pej9~B2frnyDqFgqgS~UZX5KMe3P7VD3IoadNqK6V4VLMRxIrdXWjfMWS-m9A3AoqGPd-myuzDtVYJONsqBEg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111918490"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918490/The_evolution_of_proteome_From_the_primeval_to_the_very_dawn_of_LUCA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The evolution of proteome: From the primeval to the very dawn of LUCA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109311171/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918490/The_evolution_of_proteome_From_the_primeval_to_the_very_dawn_of_LUCA">The evolution of proteome: From the primeval to the very dawn of LUCA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>BioSystems</span><span>, Jul 1, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The evolution of the proteome from the Ur-proteome (ribocytes obeying the primeval RNY code) to t...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The evolution of the proteome from the Ur-proteome (ribocytes obeying the primeval RNY code) to the proteome of progenotes (obeying extended RNA codes) just before the Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) is presented. This article represents an endeavor to build a bridge between the hitherto unknown proteome of ribocytes and progenotes, that presumably existed before the emergence of LUCA.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e3709176aa4d65326da7e1d73f6e4e2d" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109311171,"asset_id":111918490,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109311171/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111918490"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111918490"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111918490; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111918382"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918382/A_proposal_of_the_proteome_before_the_last_universal_common_ancestor_LUCA_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of A proposal of the proteome before the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/109311050/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111918382/A_proposal_of_the_proteome_before_the_last_universal_common_ancestor_LUCA_">A proposal of the proteome before the last universal common ancestor (LUCA)</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>International Journal of Astrobiology</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The search for understanding the biological nature of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) h...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The search for understanding the biological nature of the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) has been a theoretical challenge and has sparked intense debate in the scientific community. We reconstructed the ancestral sequences of tRNAs in order to test the hypothesis that these molecules originated the first genes. The results showed that the proteome before LUCA may have been composed of basal energy metabolism, namely, compounds with three carbons in the glycolytic pathway, which operated as a distribution centre of substrates for the development of metabolic pathways of nucleotides, lipids and amino acids. Thus, we present a proposal for metabolism in organisms before LUCA that was the initial core for the assembly of further metabolic pathways.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="428afd9c835840df486a124ee2e6d07a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":109311050,"asset_id":111918382,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/109311050/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111918382"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111918382"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111918382; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105439465"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439465/Symmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetases_during_the_evolution_of_the_genetic_code"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Symmetrical distributions of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases during the evolution of the genetic code" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894026/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439465/Symmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetases_during_the_evolution_of_the_genetic_code">Symmetrical distributions of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases during the evolution of the genetic code</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Theory in Biosciences</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">In this work, we formulate the following question: How the distribution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthet...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">In this work, we formulate the following question: How the distribution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) went from an ancestral bidirectional gene (mirror symmetry) to the symmetrical distribution of aaRSs in a six-dimensional hypercube of the Standard Genetic Code (SGC)? We assume a primeval RNY code, two Extended Genetic RNA codes type 1 and 2, and the SGC. We outline the types of symmetries of the distribution of aaRSs in each code. The symmetry groups of aaRSs in each code are described, until the symmetries of the SGC display a mirror symmetry. Considering both Extended RNA codes the 20 aaRSs were already present before the Last Universal Ancestor. These findings reveal intricacies in the diversification of aaRSs accompanied by the evolution of the genetic code.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="998d552dac744025051f1f33320f8070" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104894026,"asset_id":105439465,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894026/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105439465"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105439465"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439465; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439465]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439465]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439465; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105439465']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "998d552dac744025051f1f33320f8070" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105439465]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105439465,"title":"Symmetrical distributions of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases during the evolution of the genetic code","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105439465/Symmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_tRNA_synthetases_during_the_evolution_of_the_genetic_code","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":104894026,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894026/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s12064-023-00394-0.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894026/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Symmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894026/s12064-023-00394-0-libre.pdf?1691643236=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSymmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=JWyDHXqfwENHbEUrRJ7NrZahdGy-zhJ6glBu5yqVPLNqCujTqKTfNqn2MIrfU~slIi7~OlCDmut3v5~8lqrq76ty96jTyHMbUO8ysG3M~aqGkFsACX3GPTOjgvUhuR6FZVmflDkIZhDuh6FpGXJgaNJYOTiiJ8C7PFPB89h9moYrck0SqQ6i3i8MUoyI7WG9AkjKXF0N~rSAi4L~DtxiJ8-BQIwfWZHDBM5Gi55F50D5rDUZAh4tOHCONIQ2RhIZySJT3FTPQZVNsvxg99i7GhKZKVURicRUryAXN0M0VqxSGYFMA66UKIRsYd47V0e3ESG93iLlmZ8elfxYZviUww__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":104894027,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894027/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"s12064-023-00394-0.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894027/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Symmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894027/s12064-023-00394-0-libre.pdf?1691643234=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSymmetrical_distributions_of_aminoacyl_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=KxaY8s6hFTgRPgTy9TcF6c7fIuQyWDfkvt2KLJl292VLa92Vwc1Xj-4PY8u140k5DmViy8FvY5uru7unbyIxpDSB55ze7r1ABYmLP8nOglITILkizV~KYajuJZxLZDx~y1HD0B3ThbxycJA-7nhiqIiIhLYGv4wHCBUibWVpdbhLxY5tzreH3hSnwhMi-FvMug5I-JuKp-IJcqtR9b8b5UcNi1PKZmrNFJC3z7GFRJ2qEDNHi-DP0i5vkXFBt3puZoo87OuuSG3prNl96kjs2J2k2NuHvBwkY3F8yEnWuA5odEER4kRG7g9MDdGmrew2HUwUA5ZTjxtE3RgJz-VqdQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105439464"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439464/Human_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide_Challenging_Therapeutic_Targets"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Human Coronavirus Cell Receptors Provide Challenging Therapeutic Targets" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894025/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439464/Human_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide_Challenging_Therapeutic_Targets">Human Coronavirus Cell Receptors Provide Challenging Therapeutic Targets</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Vaccines</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Coronaviruses interact with protein or carbohydrate receptors through their spike proteins to inf...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Coronaviruses interact with protein or carbohydrate receptors through their spike proteins to infect cells. Even if the known protein receptors for these viruses have no evolutionary relationships, they do share ontological commonalities that the virus might leverage to exacerbate the pathophysiology. ANPEP/CD13, DPP IV/CD26, and ACE2 are the three protein receptors that are known to be exploited by several human coronaviruses. These receptors are moonlighting enzymes involved in several physiological processes such as digestion, metabolism, and blood pressure regulation; moreover, the three proteins are expressed in kidney, intestine, endothelium, and other tissues/cell types. Here, we spot the commonalities between the three enzymes, the physiological functions of the enzymes are outlined, and how blocking either enzyme results in systemic deregulations and multi-organ failures via viral infection or therapeutic interventions is addressed. It can be difficult to pinpoint any coron...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="19da8c340c10d505489a47260a6c9ddf" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104894025,"asset_id":105439464,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894025/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105439464"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105439464"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439464; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439464]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439464]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439464; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105439464']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "19da8c340c10d505489a47260a6c9ddf" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105439464]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105439464,"title":"Human Coronavirus Cell Receptors Provide Challenging Therapeutic Targets","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105439464/Human_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide_Challenging_Therapeutic_Targets","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":104894025,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894025/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894025/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Human_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894025/pdf-libre.pdf?1691643244=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHuman_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=NuzOo7OJF6ASYJw5gndTMtFSWlXNQ6nkV4IYV7FqzfcQVaEuu2NlcWACsnRc9~ydCAMfSKizVASmkgRSSw~R1eeZmCdk5yAZFhm4sHUItpJvVCUmnlQvRrq2CaYXQrlqfFdoLEnVGRi586ujuWp3EV~IOcThwNfgko~-SKGpuzRq0EKpxlf2-HHkIQIETG2Ta-gbjIN~6twt4D3OkU6WQryzdcHmCXLdeVewFDTZyltxjdAQ00RdvQP9aKMWqLt-d3T16f-CfIC4nYChP5XIzJ4pckOf93NCwNXZDLCrmf~YM0CCk7EcuodF4WRSJRyKB1JabyRDlKe~FTrAlX740A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":104894024,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894024/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894024/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Human_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894024/pdf-libre.pdf?1691643245=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DHuman_Coronavirus_Cell_Receptors_Provide.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=GiKzr3uSpUG1CuMQBm-C3BoKyh~iaatn7DQ-9V8GdBs6D79NmFxXfezYVVmhrlEvePmCYo72OGrG0QXidK3Kz6su5ISq6PPYxAKnl-fM5OpuQCcuLa-qvzetbOBYB0Cmcxe3SpnynvEimve1iczSKDJsArvk~mzCHFPA2gK0QFU4X7GsGa1y43A7JXtPh~m3dGk~F4BloxZNoACvuCWAwUNiqyQphw0Xkcwb2bZRCtnxdnpCN6iIFvB-tIRbsbwzPY3H7FfyV3Q6oLU5yH2Ru~ZzGlCT7QHj24D8KNaCoIGr2C85ANR3hVlEwkPJDATzL1XQYR5iYd4VbJuYlrOcYg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105439463"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439463/Multiple_Origins_of_Extracellular_DNA_Traps"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894040/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439463/Multiple_Origins_of_Extracellular_DNA_Traps">Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Frontiers in Immunology</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Extracellular DNA traps (ETs) are evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial mechanisms present in pr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Extracellular DNA traps (ETs) are evolutionarily conserved antimicrobial mechanisms present in protozoa, plants, and animals. In this review, we compare their similarities in species of different taxa, and put forward the hypothesis that ETs have multiple origins. Our results are consistent with a process of evolutionary convergence in multicellular organisms through the application of a congruency test. Furthermore, we discuss why multicellularity is related to the presence of a mechanism initiating the formation of ETs.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="cf51fc7ef2455d71f89b6dcc4d70dbb2" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104894040,"asset_id":105439463,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894040/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105439463"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105439463"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439463; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439463]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439463]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439463; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105439463']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "cf51fc7ef2455d71f89b6dcc4d70dbb2" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105439463]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105439463,"title":"Multiple Origins of Extracellular DNA Traps","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105439463/Multiple_Origins_of_Extracellular_DNA_Traps","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":104894040,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894040/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"fimmu-12-621311.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894040/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Multiple_Origins_of_Extracellular_DNA_Tr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894040/fimmu-12-621311-libre.pdf?1691643233=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMultiple_Origins_of_Extracellular_DNA_Tr.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=b-e5wfwQN1-qbLK3cfXx4Z4QAhhNNpgQudgIl8tnwRTNltNMxBpF7TZ6YNl-cUb9FrOMASeFnIIddwfH0AIEHKxehm7xz2m~8QmT1V4KHpUiW73L-DtEvslfOpcYJo~8uwLBmRE4UV2OiCFJ~Pa3VMDpltx~a9uwx0KLSW8OJW8aG8yO8d3zj0b0ANRE0wmkqt4WV0M~RapNSjiDpwR-XX0BzpXraajVE9lSWzgh0P44~dztaeEhScT5qKIK6BRUiERzr089roANj1DHyVw85aq3EhyTY7o-x8LkuALoMsaTZX8Gmk3j6dt70R5ihbfzdfAJO0mEV0~FDphMJsHKcQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="105439461"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439461/Prebiotic_Chemical_Refugia_Multifaceted_Scenario_for_the_Formation_of_Biomolecules_in_Primitive_Earth"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Prebiotic Chemical Refugia: Multifaceted Scenario for the Formation of Biomolecules in Primitive Earth" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894036/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/105439461/Prebiotic_Chemical_Refugia_Multifaceted_Scenario_for_the_Formation_of_Biomolecules_in_Primitive_Earth">Prebiotic Chemical Refugia: Multifaceted Scenario for the Formation of Biomolecules in Primitive Earth</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The origin of life was a cosmic event happened on primitive Earth. A critical problem to better u...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The origin of life was a cosmic event happened on primitive Earth. A critical problem to better understand the origins of life in Earth is to glimpse in which chemical scenarios the basic building blocks of biological molecules could be produced. Classic works in pre-biotic chemistry frequently considered early Earth as a homogeneous atmosphere constituted by chemical elements such as methane (CH4), ammonia (NH3), water (H2O), hydrogen (H2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S). Under that scenario, Stanley Miller was capable to produce amino acids and solved the question about the origin of proteins. Conversely, the origin of nucleic acids has tricked scientists for decades as nucleotides are complex though necessary molecules to allow the existence of life. Here we review possible chemical scenarios that allowed not only the formation of nucleotides but also other significant biomolecules. We aim to provide a theoretical solution for the origin of biomolecules at specific sites named “Prebio...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b6a9f219c9fd2cc234eb71339607105b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":104894036,"asset_id":105439461,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894036/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="105439461"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="105439461"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439461; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439461]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=105439461]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 105439461; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='105439461']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b6a9f219c9fd2cc234eb71339607105b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=105439461]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":105439461,"title":"Prebiotic Chemical Refugia: Multifaceted Scenario for the Formation of Biomolecules in Primitive Earth","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/105439461/Prebiotic_Chemical_Refugia_Multifaceted_Scenario_for_the_Formation_of_Biomolecules_in_Primitive_Earth","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":104894036,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/104894036/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"download.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/104894036/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Prebiotic_Chemical_Refugia_Multifaceted.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/104894036/download-libre.pdf?1691643241=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPrebiotic_Chemical_Refugia_Multifaceted.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=Hwr7yr84Rbo-bz5EvSqeB2J3VMHvJspl7NdrRRtDb47bavk8oBoT8n3Xct6Mzlujdsg0OpHs0R1wvz4ed1W9i0sKuWr~uCwxwGwD9dH3BMFlqO0S2ypfp-Mix82VgTO49PJYC7F2CLwHzk94tV3vCyzaEn-7tdTMV87LPoA2SnoEmN6ca4jbs6H3tkr6nkoP6CcyGVWYbU52Syg3oCoTJ2yFJ-IYJyKbHse~b6Mm3pCWct6Eou78AtWlzWwIdZoO33XEzqKcuSvTOGl7zmeWwQ5yYKEWlLRoN0hHEIqlHc5VNfQnHfzXUJZyr1G8KzH7dIeWdhkrWcoEP138mlBabw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="84236648"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/84236648/Rhythms_found_in_human_DNA"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Rhythms found in human DNA" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/84236648/Rhythms_found_in_human_DNA">Rhythms found in human DNA</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Physics World</span><span>, 2004</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">We are witnessing a cultural shift in the biological sciences. This is due, in part, to the avail...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">We are witnessing a cultural shift in the biological sciences. This is due, in part, to the availability of huge amounts of information such as the genomes of several organisms. But it is also the result of an increasing number of physicists taking an interest in complex biological problems. A good example of this modern physical biology is a recent study led by Alain Arneodo of the Ecole Normale Superieure in Lyon, France, in which the DNA sequence of human chromosomes was analysed.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="84236648"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="84236648"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 84236648; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=84236648]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=84236648]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 84236648; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='84236648']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=84236648]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":84236648,"title":"Rhythms found in human DNA","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84236648/Rhythms_found_in_human_DNA","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="83576546"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/83576546/The_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapting_Because_of_Selective_Pressures"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Adapting Because of Selective Pressures" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/88875294/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/83576546/The_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapting_Because_of_Selective_Pressures">The Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Adapting Because of Selective Pressures</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Vaccines</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The global scale of the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the cl...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The global scale of the COVID-19 pandemic has demonstrated the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the clues of adaptation. After two years and two months since the declaration of the pandemic, several variants have emerged and become fixed in the human population thanks to extrinsic selective pressures but also to the inherent mutational capacity of the virus. Here, we applied a neutral substitution evolution test to the spike (S) protein of Omicron’s protein and compared it to the others’ variant of concern (VOC) neutral evolution. We carried out comparisons among the interactions between the S proteins from the VOCs (Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Omicron) and the receptor ACE2. The shared amino acids among all the ACE2 binding S proteins remain constant, indicating that these amino acids are essential for the accurate binding to the receptor. The complexes of the RBD for every variant with the receptor were used to identify the amino acids involved in the protein—protein interaction (PPI...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4d95f805509f92c720f2aabd38e7006e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":88875294,"asset_id":83576546,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88875294/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="83576546"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="83576546"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83576546; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83576546]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83576546]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83576546; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='83576546']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4d95f805509f92c720f2aabd38e7006e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=83576546]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":83576546,"title":"The Spike Protein of SARS-CoV-2 Is Adapting Because of Selective Pressures","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83576546/The_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapting_Because_of_Selective_Pressures","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":88875294,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/88875294/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88875294/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapt.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/88875294/pdf-libre.pdf?1658543947=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapt.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=gZz7B88wvHvfmkehELmeBz85aihtdQtAvpTvpNJ1JZYpBKxncPISVHU50exBr6fRDiMa1w40Ck2u9uHSAaPCWmrO2aKwk4WixF9dXjBt2MUQKQuVSGNf~2Xe62TV1riDEhnrSnAoe90a7gmku5ijdgEvs1pcyLOEITiOA5PY5NJbGTGcClxDNLuYWEA83SiRn6-DmGXCTDkyeUighCJA1yrB5v8MjjOVvWrPrHhMa~-VzznNk4r3hwdmtGdhWSCNpiy2MbbT9Q9JDAwRpUDkyckgIoz6qLWurnPdH2hyYmRrUX5Jdqkrx--nf-Fa3dvhl8J6f8kVCFBEcsU0AOeG9w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":88875293,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/88875293/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"pdf.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/88875293/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapt.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/88875293/pdf-libre.pdf?1658543948=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Spike_Protein_of_SARS_CoV_2_Is_Adapt.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=QXZTorlkTvKhRkPDgAqoixyBQ5P3qQ~CVuchR6v9IuDS9pbRPKFKWJ7NmE8ZSDXe9uFIpuUVMXwEHrAh6Z5uVlEcHGsTM9ABBbr~M4VvObiE3wcegobJJ6bqUxY2f00YuaRCgT6xe3028ghXxD3w06OKtBvkGSJssAkAJQnk6--PNbeoFRB7KUCGyyZ93Yf~LzwiNQ-W0eCpCkhZ~k5fRiWJK5oRrbMHqEOnPANt5dfPSJPybz8PKE8VctTnu4OXIC1bNms1WZcxiS04Zr9qK3NnGylRoeAteckwSu57OlOi-f6a8E03o0C4WR2HCb2~TJ66DK1Jy62ZxoPCBCDd9A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="83200560"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/83200560/Prevalence_of_infection_mean_worm_burden_and_degree_of_worm_aggregation_as_determinants_of_prevalence_of_disease_due_to_intestinal_helminths"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Prevalence of infection, mean worm burden and degree of worm aggregation as determinants of prevalence of disease due to intestinal helminths" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/83200560/Prevalence_of_infection_mean_worm_burden_and_degree_of_worm_aggregation_as_determinants_of_prevalence_of_disease_due_to_intestinal_helminths">Prevalence of infection, mean worm burden and degree of worm aggregation as determinants of prevalence of disease due to intestinal helminths</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Archives of medical research</span><span>, 1997</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Theoretical predictions of disease prevalence due to helminth infections based upon a simple prob...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Theoretical predictions of disease prevalence due to helminth infections based upon a simple probabilistic model which considers the infection prevalence, the mean worm burden and the degree of worm aggregation are presented. A numerical reappraisal of the likely estimates of the degree of aggregation based upon maximum likelihood estimates of the negative binomial distribution is presented. The prevalence of disease shows a positive relationship with the mean worm burden. This association is hyperbolic when helminth parasites are severely aggregated but is s-shaped when helminth parasites tend to be overdispersed. The prevalence of disease decreases with the degree of worm aggregation when the values of the mean intensity are low; as the mean intensity increases this association becomes positive. The relationship between prevalence of disease and prevalence of infection is hyperbolic for severe degrees of parasite aggregation and is s-shaped for intermediate degrees of aggregation....</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="83200560"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="83200560"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83200560; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83200560]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=83200560]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 83200560; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='83200560']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=83200560]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":83200560,"title":"Prevalence of infection, mean worm burden and degree of worm aggregation as determinants of prevalence of disease due to intestinal helminths","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/83200560/Prevalence_of_infection_mean_worm_burden_and_degree_of_worm_aggregation_as_determinants_of_prevalence_of_disease_due_to_intestinal_helminths","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="82675217"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/82675217/Mathematical_model_of_diarrheal_diseases"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Mathematical model of diarrheal diseases" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/82675217/Mathematical_model_of_diarrheal_diseases">Mathematical model of diarrheal diseases</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Vaccine</span><span>, 1992</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="82675217"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="82675217"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82675217; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=82675217]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=82675217]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 82675217; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='82675217']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=82675217]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":82675217,"title":"Mathematical model of diarrheal diseases","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/82675217/Mathematical_model_of_diarrheal_diseases","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="78338951"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/78338951/_Universal_history_of_mortality_"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of [Universal history of mortality]" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85420916/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/78338951/_Universal_history_of_mortality_">[Universal history of mortality]</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Salud pública de México</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The history of human disease has to be based almost entirely on what we know about the changes in...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The history of human disease has to be based almost entirely on what we know about the changes in mortality and life expectancy; illness and suffering do not lend themselves to hard statistics, whereas births and deaths can be counted. To learn about the way diseases have been conquered in the past we have, therefore, to look at mortality. From this study we see that the major lethal diseases were conquered not so much by discovering how to treat them as by prevention. The decline on mortality began at the start of the past century, at a time of revolution and reform, and was greatly accelerated when the causes of many diseases were discovered at the end of the nineteenth century. Even in the twentieth century, the greatest improvements are still being achieved by preventive measurements.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e8f7a61697e668370c6ac770e57aab8a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":85420916,"asset_id":78338951,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85420916/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="78338951"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="78338951"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78338951; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78338951]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=78338951]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 78338951; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='78338951']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e8f7a61697e668370c6ac770e57aab8a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=78338951]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":78338951,"title":"[Universal history of mortality]","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/78338951/_Universal_history_of_mortality_","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":85420916,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/85420916/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"100.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/85420916/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Universal_history_of_mortality.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/85420916/100-libre.pdf?1651592172=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DUniversal_history_of_mortality.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=ANmAbqy8B0-uvbczukV1Wo2a3-WJC~m4qcgo73U9V9jqZoVS0HpskSA4VnYsfxnsjJOeBj-6f0zyCodieQjcgXVarzh0p2X91QWLAPdBNAOGKJON9JpYDpZHr1IxyREe63wlUIFgfyztjX1XldJYp4A01DSFQWxJ4sNayIEuqEjsuN1lrb90l~5SoWxnmz2hh972z6WnMG0-Fph1xIq3lcT1xLxKzSrkyucrUbwt8PGDtI-Ut~LHp4vSbuTkzYoSKKSp5S4oFP68aGmKjhKjWDS4u~~0rvIN7ZgB1S5es4ruNvhT4K0uj8I2ELAju~V611hvwNvVr3tTT2BFGFQNAQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76844509"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/76844509/The_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_as_the_Earliest_Ancestor_of_LUCAs_Last_UCA_Lineage"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA) as the Earliest Ancestor of LUCAs (Last UCA) Lineage" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/84417137/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/76844509/The_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_as_the_Earliest_Ancestor_of_LUCAs_Last_UCA_Lineage">The First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA) as the Earliest Ancestor of LUCAs (Last UCA) Lineage</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The existence of a common ancestor to all living organisms in Earth is a necessary corollary of D...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The existence of a common ancestor to all living organisms in Earth is a necessary corollary of Darwin idea of common ancestry. The Last Universal Common Ancestor (LUCA) has been normally considered as the ancestor of cellular organisms that originated the three domains of life: Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya. Recent studies about the nature of LUCA indicate that this first organism should present hundreds of genes and a complex metabolism. Trying to bring another of Darwin ideas into the origins of life discussion, we went back into the prebiotic chemistry trying to understand how LUCA could be originated under gradualist assumptions. Along this line of reasoning, it became clear to us that the definition of another ancestral should be of particular relevance to the understanding about the emergence of biological systems. Together with the view of biology as a language for chemical translation, on which proteins are encoded into nucleic acids polymers, we glimpse a point in the deep...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="a7817f769cc9975467cb8aac1c1494fb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":84417137,"asset_id":76844509,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84417137/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76844509"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76844509"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76844509; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76844509]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=76844509]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76844509; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='76844509']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "a7817f769cc9975467cb8aac1c1494fb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=76844509]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":76844509,"title":"The First Universal Common Ancestor (FUCA) as the Earliest Ancestor of LUCAs (Last UCA) Lineage","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/76844509/The_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA_as_the_Earliest_Ancestor_of_LUCAs_Last_UCA_Lineage","owner_id":124859264,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"owner":{"id":124859264,"first_name":"Dr. Marco","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Jose","page_name":"DrMarcoJose","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2019-09-03T08:44:09.487-07:00","display_name":"Dr. Marco Jose","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/DrMarcoJose"},"attachments":[{"id":84417137,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/84417137/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"f6c34000b380d37d82e27e19d3b711d5e952.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/84417137/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/84417137/f6c34000b380d37d82e27e19d3b711d5e952-libre.pdf?1650313509=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_First_Universal_Common_Ancestor_FUCA.pdf\u0026Expires=1741542566\u0026Signature=Xxf6nOBt0IkErb406NAue0MX9Zp~geA~4C0xrOsY2k6ht7rINKjcJw~nJJtZGAPr8KogB9yG9k9am5zTS2OfQ5yS-x80BqdPssERQdzTce8cvZh3Jdf9vdGwjAg4B4S83vMKtNxtAkcHDnhCUh7V-jzRf9q3UhnAihF-OsaHyeBTeOE3~fXJokGBfiCnHEIU8UtZRuwzknK2BYBy-d4Mo~J7tSLE0PIFBTZIQda5cBm72ZkPqGMXQXL8jOXJEKitmmv1AzAeEXhItcFNPmJ8ukalhJlcJw0SGmz40T-l5yPBXWoQe00cvtV5N5bIV8k6a7B2IJuye44zYjhkuvL4kQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="76045899"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/76045899/Statistical_analysis_of_the_distribution_of_amino_acid_residues_among_helical_and_non_helical_regions_in_globular_proteins"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Statistical analysis of the distribution of amino acid residues among helical and non-helical regions in globular proteins" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/83731263/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/76045899/Statistical_analysis_of_the_distribution_of_amino_acid_residues_among_helical_and_non_helical_regions_in_globular_proteins">Statistical analysis of the distribution of amino acid residues among helical and non-helical regions in globular proteins</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Journal of Molecular Biology</span><span>, 1969</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="737e5a740b4ff756554c00a61c5ab462" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":83731263,"asset_id":76045899,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/83731263/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="76045899"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="76045899"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 76045899; 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