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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Cause</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cause subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amoebic_dysentery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amoebic_dysentery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Amoebic dysentery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amoebic_dysentery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacillary_dysentery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacillary_dysentery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bacillary dysentery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacillary_dysentery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_bacteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_bacteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Other bacteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_bacteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_exam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_exam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Physical exam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_exam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stool_and_blood_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stool_and_blood_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Stool and blood tests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stool_and_blood_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Prevention</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prevention subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vaccine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vaccine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notable cases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dysentery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenterie" title="Disenterie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Disenterie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6" title="पेचिश – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पेचिश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="زحار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زحار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B9" title="Թանչ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Թանչ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenter%C3%ADa" title="Disentería – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Disentería" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizenteriya" title="Dizenteriya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dizenteriya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%84" title="قانلی ایسهال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قانلی ایسهال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC" title="আমাশয় – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আমাশয়" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%AB-chi%CC%8Dt" title="Lī-chi̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lī-chi̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дизентерия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Дизентерия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Дызентэрыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дызентэрыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenteria" title="Disenteria – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Disenteria" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дизентерия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дизентерия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenteria" title="Disenteria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Disenteria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Aplavice" title="Úplavice – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Úplavice" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentri" title="Dysentri – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dysentri" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumahigu" title="Pumahigu – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Pumahigu" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteri" title="Dysenteri – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dysenteri" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenterie" title="Dysenterie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dysenterie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCsenteeria" title="Düsenteeria – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Düsenteeria" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Δυσεντερία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυσεντερία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenter%C3%ADa" title="Disentería – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Disentería" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenterio" title="Disenterio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Disenterio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenteria" title="Disenteria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Disenteria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیسانتری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دیسانتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenterie" title="Dysenterie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dysenterie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Dysentery" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinnireacht" title="Dinnireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Dinnireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenter%C3%ADa" title="Disentería – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Disentería" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EC%A7%88" title="이질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kashin_jini" title="Kashin jini – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kashin jini" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Դիզենտերիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դիզենտերիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B6" title="पेचिश – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पेचिश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizenterija" title="Dizenterija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dizenterija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenterio" title="Disenterio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Disenterio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disentri" title="Disentri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Disentri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0kreppus%C3%B3tt" title="Blóðkreppusótt – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Blóðkreppusótt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissenteria" title="Dissenteria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dissenteria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%99%D7%96%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94" title="דיזנטריה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דיזנטריה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C9%A9za_k%CA%8Ad%C9%94%C5%8B" title="Anɩza kʊdɔŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Anɩza kʊdɔŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дизентерия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дизентерия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugonjwa_wa_kuhara" title="Ugonjwa wa kuhara – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ugonjwa wa kuhara" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%AEzanter%C3%AE" title="Dîzanterî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dîzanterî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дизентерия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дизентерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizent%C4%93rija" title="Dizentērija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dizentērija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizenterija" title="Dizenterija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dizenterija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mokung%C3%BAlu" title="Mokungúlu – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mokungúlu" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9rhas" title="Vérhas – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vérhas" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disanteria" title="Disanteria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Disanteria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="വയറുകടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വയറുകടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="الدوسنتاريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الدوسنتاريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenteri" title="Disenteri – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Disenteri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenterie" title="Dysenterie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dysenterie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%81" title="आउँ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आउँ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%97%A2" title="赤痢 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="赤痢" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteri" title="Dysenteri – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dysenteri" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteri" title="Dysenteri – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Dysenteri" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissentari%C3%A1" title="Dissentariá – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dissentariá" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B6%E0%AD%9F" title="ଆମାଶୟ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆମାଶୟ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizenteriya" title="Dizenteriya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dizenteriya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disnchri" title="Disnchri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Disnchri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dyzenteria" title="Dyzenteria – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dyzenteria" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disenteria" title="Disenteria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Disenteria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizenterie" title="Dizenterie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dizenterie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawar_q%27icha" title="Yawar q'icha – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yawar q'icha" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дизентерия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дизентерия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="अन्नगन्धिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अन्नगन्धिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissintir%C3%ACa" title="Dissintirìa – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Dissintirìa" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysentery" title="Dysentery – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Dysentery" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gri%C5%BEa" title="Griža – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Griža" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Дизентерија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дизентерија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizenterija" title="Dizenterija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dizenterija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dis%C3%A9ntri" title="Diséntri – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Diséntri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punatauti" title="Punatauti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punatauti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysenteri" title="Dysenteri – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Dysenteri" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iti" title="Iti – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iti" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="இரத்தக்கழிசல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இரத்தக்கழிசல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Дизентерия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дизентерия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="โรคบิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรคบิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizanteri" title="Dizanteri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Dizanteri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Дизентерія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дизентерія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%B4" title="پیچش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیچش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingh%27okleih" title="Bingh'okleih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bingh'okleih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%E1%BB%B5" title="Lỵ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lỵ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verine_k%C3%B5tut%C3%B5bi" title="Verine kõtutõbi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Verine kõtutõbi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%A2%E7%96%BE" title="痢疾 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="痢疾" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%A2%E7%96%BE" title="痢疾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="痢疾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%97%A2%E7%96%BE" title="痢疾 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="痢疾" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mejen" title="Mejen – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mejen" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Dysentery</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Bloody diarrhea</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dysentery_Patient,_Burma_Hospital,_Siam_Art.IWMART1541787.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dysentery_Patient%2C_Burma_Hospital%2C_Siam_Art.IWMART1541787.jpg/250px-Dysentery_Patient%2C_Burma_Hospital%2C_Siam_Art.IWMART1541787.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dysentery_Patient%2C_Burma_Hospital%2C_Siam_Art.IWMART1541787.jpg/330px-Dysentery_Patient%2C_Burma_Hospital%2C_Siam_Art.IWMART1541787.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Dysentery_Patient%2C_Burma_Hospital%2C_Siam_Art.IWMART1541787.jpg/500px-Dysentery_Patient%2C_Burma_Hospital%2C_Siam_Art.IWMART1541787.jpg 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A depiction of a soldier with dysentery in the ‘F’ & ‘H’ Force Hospital, Canchanburi, Siam. Artist: Charles Thrale, 1933</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bloody diarrhea, <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_pain" title="Abdominal pain">abdominal pain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dor2009_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dor2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a><sup id="cite_ref-EMRO2019_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMRO2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">Less than a week<sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data">Usually <i><a href="/wiki/Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Entamoeba_histolytica" title="Entamoeba histolytica">Entamoeba histolytica</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Contamination of food and water with feces due to poor <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a><sup id="cite_ref-Mar2013_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mar2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Based on symptoms, <a href="/wiki/Stool_test" title="Stool test">Stool test</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Hand washing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a><sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data">Drinking sufficient fluids, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> (severe cases)<sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">Occurs often in many parts of the world<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016Shig_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016Shig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">1.1 million a year<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016Shig_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016Shig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Dysentery</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">DISS</span>-ən-tər-ee</i></a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991" /><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'d' in 'dye'">d</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">DISS</span>-ən-terr-ee</i></a>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> historically known as the <b>bloody flux</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a type of <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> that results in <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">bloody</a> <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CDC2019_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other symptoms may include <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, abdominal pain, and a <a href="/wiki/Rectal_tenesmus" title="Rectal tenesmus">feeling of incomplete defecation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dor2009_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dor2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mar2013_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mar2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tri2017_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tri2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Complications may include <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EMRO2019_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMRO2019-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The cause of dysentery is usually the bacteria from genus <i><a href="/wiki/Shigella" title="Shigella">Shigella</a></i>, in which case it is known as <a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">shigellosis</a>, or the amoeba <i><a href="/wiki/Entamoeba_histolytica" title="Entamoeba histolytica">Entamoeba histolytica</a></i>; then it is called <a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">amoebiasis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2014_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2014-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other causes may include certain chemicals, other bacteria, other protozoa, or <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasitic worms">parasitic worms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dor2009_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dor2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may spread between people.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Risk factors include contamination of food and water with <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> due to poor <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mar2013_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mar2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The underlying mechanism involves <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestine</a>, especially of the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dor2009_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dor2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Efforts to prevent dysentery include <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand washing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a> measures while traveling in countries of high risk.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the condition generally resolves on its own within a week, drinking sufficient fluids such as <a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral rehydration solution">oral rehydration solution</a> is important.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antibiotics such as <a href="/wiki/Azithromycin" title="Azithromycin">azithromycin</a> may be used to treat cases associated with travelling in the <a href="/wiki/Developing_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing world">developing world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tri2017_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tri2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While medications used to decrease diarrhea such as <a href="/wiki/Loperamide" title="Loperamide">loperamide</a> are not recommended on their own, they may be used together with antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-Tri2017_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tri2017-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Shigella</i> results in about 165 million cases of diarrhea and 1.1 million deaths a year with nearly all cases in the developing world.<sup id="cite_ref-WHO2016Shig_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHO2016Shig-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In areas with poor sanitation nearly half of cases of diarrhea are due to <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mar2013_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mar2013-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Entamoeba histolytica</i> affects millions of people and results in more than 55,000 deaths a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Shir2018_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shir2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It commonly occurs in less developed areas of Central and South America, Africa, and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Shir2018_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shir2018-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dysentery has been described at least since the time of <a href="/wiki/Hippocrates" title="Hippocrates">Hippocrates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most common form of dysentery is bacillary dysentery, which is typically a mild sickness, causing symptoms normally consisting of mild abdominal pains and frequent passage of loose stools or diarrhea. Symptoms normally present themselves after 1–3 days, and are usually no longer present after a week. The frequency of urges to defecate, the large volume of liquid feces ejected, and the presence of blood, mucus, or pus depends on the <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> causing the disease. Temporary <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerance</a> can occur, as well. In some occasions, severe abdominal cramps, <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)" title="Shock (circulatory)">shock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Delirium" title="Delirium">delirium</a> can all be symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Dor2009_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dor2009-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid359524_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid359524-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2664748_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2664748-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In extreme cases, people may pass more than one liter of fluid per hour. More often, individuals will complain of <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> with <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a>, accompanied by extreme abdominal pain, <a href="/wiki/Rectal_pain" title="Rectal pain">rectal pain</a> and a low-grade <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">fever</a>. Rapid weight loss and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_ache" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle ache">muscle aches</a> sometimes also accompany dysentery, while <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> are rare. </p><p>On rare occasions, the <a href="/wiki/Amoeba" title="Amoeba">amoebic parasite</a> will invade the body through the bloodstream and <a href="/wiki/Systemic_disease" title="Systemic disease">spread beyond the intestines</a>. In such cases, it may more seriously infect other organs such as the <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_lungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Human lungs">lungs</a>, and most commonly the <a href="/wiki/Human_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Human liver">liver</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diagnosis_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diagnosis-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Cause"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_cross-section_of_diseased_intestines_(dysentery)._Coloured_Wellcome_V0009858ER.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A_cross-section_of_diseased_intestines_%28dysentery%29._Coloured_Wellcome_V0009858ER.jpg/250px-A_cross-section_of_diseased_intestines_%28dysentery%29._Coloured_Wellcome_V0009858ER.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A_cross-section_of_diseased_intestines_%28dysentery%29._Coloured_Wellcome_V0009858ER.jpg/330px-A_cross-section_of_diseased_intestines_%28dysentery%29._Coloured_Wellcome_V0009858ER.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/A_cross-section_of_diseased_intestines_%28dysentery%29._Coloured_Wellcome_V0009858ER.jpg/500px-A_cross-section_of_diseased_intestines_%28dysentery%29._Coloured_Wellcome_V0009858ER.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1893" /></a><figcaption>Cross-section of diseased intestines. Colored lithograph <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1843</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Dysentery results from <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasitic</a> infections. Viruses do not generally cause the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-CDC2019_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC2019-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pathogens typically reach the <a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">large intestine</a> after entering orally, through ingestion of contaminated food or water, oral contact with contaminated objects or hands, and so on. Each specific pathogen has its own mechanism or pathogenesis, but in general, the result is damage to the intestinal linings, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory immune responses</a>. This can cause <a href="/wiki/Fever" title="Fever">elevated physical temperature</a>, painful spasms of the intestinal muscles (<a href="/wiki/Cramping" class="mw-redirect" title="Cramping">cramping</a>), swelling due to fluid leaking from capillaries of the intestine (<a href="/wiki/Edema" title="Edema">edema</a>) and further tissue damage by the body's immune cells and the chemicals, called <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokines</a>, which are released to fight the infection. The result can be impaired nutrient absorption, excessive water and mineral loss through the stools due to breakdown of the control mechanisms in the intestinal tissue that normally remove water from the stools, and in severe cases, the entry of pathogenic organisms into the bloodstream. <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">Anemia</a> may also arise due to the blood loss through diarrhea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bacterial infections that cause bloody diarrhea are typically classified as being either invasive or toxogenic. Invasive species cause damage directly by invading into the mucosa. The toxogenic species do not invade, but cause cellular damage by secreting toxins, resulting in bloody diarrhea. This is also in contrast to toxins that cause watery diarrhea, which usually do not cause cellular damage, but rather they take over cellular machinery for a portion of life of the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Definitions of dysentery can vary by region and by medical specialty. The U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) limits its definition to "diarrhea with visible blood".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others define the term more broadly.<sup id="cite_ref-TFD_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TFD-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These differences in definition must be taken into account when defining mechanisms. For example, using the CDC definition requires that intestinal tissue be so severely damaged that blood vessels have ruptured, allowing visible quantities of blood to be lost with defecation. Other definitions require less specific damage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amoebic_dysentery">Amoebic dysentery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amoebic dysentery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis" title="Amoebiasis">Amoebiasis</a>, also known as amoebic dysentery, is caused by an infection from the <a href="/wiki/Amoeba" title="Amoeba">amoeba</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Entamoeba_histolytica" title="Entamoeba histolytica">Entamoeba histolytica</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is found mainly in tropical areas.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper treatment of the underlying infection of amoebic dysentery is important; insufficiently treated amoebiasis can lie dormant for years and subsequently lead to <a href="/wiki/Amoebiasis#Complications" title="Amoebiasis">severe, potentially fatal, complications</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When amoebae inside the bowel of an infected person are ready to leave the body, they group together and form a shell that surrounds and protects them. This group of amoebae is known as a cyst, which is then passed out of the person's body in the feces and can survive outside the body. If hygiene standards are poor – for example, if the person does not dispose of the feces hygienically – then it can contaminate the surroundings, such as nearby food and water. If another person then eats or drinks food or water that has been contaminated with feces containing the cyst, that person will also become infected with the amoebae. Amoebic dysentery is particularly common in parts of the world where human feces are used as fertilizer. After entering the person's body through the mouth, the cyst travels down into the stomach. The amoebae inside the cyst are protected from the stomach's digestive acid. From the stomach, the cyst travels to the intestines, where it breaks open and releases the amoebae, causing the infection. The amoebae can burrow into the walls of the intestines and cause small abscesses and ulcers to form. The cycle then begins again.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bacillary_dysentery">Bacillary dysentery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bacillary dysentery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bacillary_dysentery" title="Bacillary dysentery">Bacillary dysentery</a></div> <p>Dysentery may also be caused by <a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">shigellosis</a>, an infection by <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> of the genus <i>Shigella</i>, and is then known as bacillary dysentery (or Marlow syndrome). The term <i>bacillary dysentery</i> etymologically might seem to refer to any dysentery caused by any <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_(shape)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacillus (shape)">bacilliform</a> bacteria, but its meaning is restricted by convention to <i>Shigella</i> dysentery.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_bacteria">Other bacteria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other bacteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some strains of <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> cause bloody diarrhea. The typical culprits are <a href="/wiki/Shigatoxigenic_and_verotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic Escherichia coli">enterohemorrhagic <i>Escherichia coli</i></a>, of which <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">O157:H7</a> is the best known. These types of <i>E. coli</i> also make Shiga toxin.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A diagnosis may be made by taking a history and doing a brief examination. Dysentery should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hematochezia" title="Hematochezia">hematochezia</a>, which is the passage of fresh blood through the anus, usually in or with stools.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_exam">Physical exam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Physical exam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mouth, skin, and lips may appear dry due to dehydration. Lower abdominal tenderness may also be present.<sup id="cite_ref-Diagnosis_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diagnosis-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stool_and_blood_tests">Stool and blood tests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Stool and blood tests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cell_culture" title="Cell culture">Cultures</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stool_sample" class="mw-redirect" title="Stool sample">stool samples</a> are examined to identify the organism causing dysentery. Usually, several samples must be obtained due to the number of amoebae, which changes daily.<sup id="cite_ref-Diagnosis_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diagnosis-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blood_test" title="Blood test">Blood tests</a> can be used to measure abnormalities in the levels of essential <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">minerals and salts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Diagnosis_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diagnosis-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Prevention"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Efforts to prevent dysentery include <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand washing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a> measures while traveling in areas of high risk.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccine">Vaccine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Vaccine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there is currently no vaccine that protects against <i>Shigella</i> infection, several are in development.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vaccination may eventually become a part of the strategy to reduce the incidence and severity of diarrhea, particularly among children in low-resource settings. For example, <i>Shigella</i> is a longstanding World Health Organization (WHO) target for vaccine development, and sharp declines in age-specific diarrhea/dysentery attack rates for this pathogen indicate that natural immunity does develop following exposure; thus, vaccination to prevent this disease should be feasible. The development of vaccines against these types of infection has been hampered by technical constraints, insufficient support for coordination, and a lack of market forces for research and development. Most vaccine development efforts are taking place in the public sector or as research programs within biotechnology companies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dysentery is managed by maintaining fluids using <a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">oral rehydration therapy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NHS2019_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHS2019-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If this treatment cannot be adequately maintained due to vomiting or the profuseness of diarrhea, hospital admission may be required for <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> fluid replacement. In ideal situations, no antimicrobial therapy should be administered until microbiological microscopy and culture studies have established the specific infection involved. When laboratory services are not available, it may be necessary to administer a combination of drugs, including an <a href="/wiki/Amebicide" title="Amebicide">amoebicidal</a> drug to kill the <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a>, and an <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotic</a> to treat any associated bacterial infection.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Laudanum" title="Laudanum">Laudanum</a> (Deodorized Tincture of Opium)] may be used for severe pain and to combat severe diarrhea. </p><p>If shigellosis is suspected and it is not too severe, letting it run its course may be reasonable – usually less than a week. If the case is severe, antibiotics such as <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">TMP-SMX</a> may be useful. However, many strains of <i>Shigella</i> are becoming resistant to common antibiotics, and effective medications are often in short supply in developing countries. If necessary, a doctor may have to reserve antibiotics for those at highest risk for death, including young children, people over 50, and anyone suffering from dehydration or malnutrition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Amoebic dysentery is often treated with two antimicrobial drugs such as <a href="/wiki/Metronidazole" title="Metronidazole">metronidazole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paromomycin" title="Paromomycin">paromomycin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iodoquinol" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodoquinol">iodoquinol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With correct treatment, most cases of amoebic and bacterial dysentery subside within 10 days, and most individuals achieve a full recovery within two to four weeks after beginning proper treatment. If the disease is left untreated, the prognosis varies with the immune status of the individual patient and the severity of disease. Extreme dehydration can delay recovery and significantly raises the risk for serious complications including death.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Insufficient data exists, but <i>Shigella</i> is estimated to have caused the death of 34,000 children under the age of five in 2013, and 40,000 deaths in people over five years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Amoebiasis infects over 50 million people each year, of whom 50,000 die (one per thousand).<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shigella evolved with the human expansion out of Africa 50,000 to 200,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The seed, leaves, and bark of the <a href="/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra" title="Ceiba pentandra">kapok</a> tree have been used in traditional medicines by indigenous peoples of the rainforest regions in the Americas, west-central Africa, and Southeast Asia in the treatment of this disease.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1915, Australian <a href="/wiki/Bacteriologist" title="Bacteriologist">bacteriologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Fannie_Eleanor_Williams" title="Fannie Eleanor Williams">Fannie Eleanor Williams</a> was serving as a medic in Greece with the <a href="/wiki/First_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="First Australian Imperial Force">Australian Imperial Force</a>, receiving casualties directly from <a href="/wiki/Gallipoli_campaign" title="Gallipoli campaign">Gallipoli</a>. In Gallipoli, dysentery was severely affecting soldiers and causing significant loss of manpower. Williams carried out <a href="/wiki/Serological" class="mw-redirect" title="Serological">serological</a> investigations into dysentery, co-authoring several groundbreaking papers with Sir <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Martin_(physiologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles James Martin (physiologist)">Charles Martin</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/Lister_Institute_of_Preventive_Medicine" title="Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine">Lister Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of their work into dysentery was increased demand for specific <a href="/wiki/Diagnosis" title="Diagnosis">diagnostics</a> and curative sera.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_subtilis" title="Bacillus subtilis">Bacillus subtilis</a></i> was marketed throughout America and Europe from 1946 as an immunostimulatory aid in the treatment of gut and urinary tract diseases such as rotavirus and <i>Shigella</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-mazza_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mazza-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but declined in popularity after the introduction of consumer antibiotics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notable cases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Soviet_soldier_dies_of_dysentery_as_a_result_of_eating_unw_Wellcome_L0032151.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/A_Soviet_soldier_dies_of_dysentery_as_a_result_of_eating_unw_Wellcome_L0032151.jpg/250px-A_Soviet_soldier_dies_of_dysentery_as_a_result_of_eating_unw_Wellcome_L0032151.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/A_Soviet_soldier_dies_of_dysentery_as_a_result_of_eating_unw_Wellcome_L0032151.jpg/330px-A_Soviet_soldier_dies_of_dysentery_as_a_result_of_eating_unw_Wellcome_L0032151.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/A_Soviet_soldier_dies_of_dysentery_as_a_result_of_eating_unw_Wellcome_L0032151.jpg/500px-A_Soviet_soldier_dies_of_dysentery_as_a_result_of_eating_unw_Wellcome_L0032151.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="4195" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> soldier dies of dysentery after eating unwashed vegetables. This is a common way of contracting dysentery. From a health advisory pamphlet given to soldiers.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>580</b>: Childesinda, son of <a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a>, Frankish king, died of dysentery as a child</li> <li><b>580</b>: <a href="/wiki/Austregilde" title="Austregilde">Austregilde</a>, Frankish queen, died of dysentery. According to <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> she blamed her doctors for her death and asked her husband, King <a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a>, to kill them after she died, which he did.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>685</b>: <a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a>, the Byzantine emperor, died of dysentery in September 685.</li> <li><b>1183</b>: <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Young_King" title="Henry the Young King">Henry the Young King</a> died of dysentery at the castle of <a href="/wiki/Martel,_Lot" title="Martel, Lot">Martel</a> on 11 June 1183.</li> <li><b>1216</b>: <a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England" title="John, King of England">John, King of England</a> died of dysentery at <a href="/wiki/Newark_Castle,_Nottinghamshire" title="Newark Castle, Nottinghamshire">Newark Castle</a> on 19 October 1216.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1270</b>: <a href="/wiki/Louis_IX" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis IX">Louis IX</a> of France died of dysentery in <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> while commanding his troops for the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Crusade" title="Eighth Crusade">Eighth Crusade</a> on 25 August 1270.</li> <li><b>1307</b>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">Edward I of England</a> caught dysentery on his way to the Scottish border and died in his servants' arms on 7 July 1307.</li> <li><b>1322</b>: <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V of France</a> died of dysentery at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Longchamp" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Longchamp">Abbey of Longchamp</a> (site of the present hippodrome in the <a href="/wiki/Bois_de_Boulogne" title="Bois de Boulogne">Bois de Boulogne</a>) in Paris while visiting his daughter, Blanche, who had taken her vows as a nun there in 1322. He died on 3 January 1322.</li> <li><b>1376</b>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_the_Black_Prince" title="Edward the Black Prince">Edward the Black Prince</a>, son of Edward III of England and heir to the English throne. Died of apparent dysentery in June, after a months-long period of illness during which he predicted his own imminent death, in his 46th year.</li> <li><b>1422</b>: King <a href="/wiki/Henry_V_of_England#Death" title="Henry V of England">Henry V of England</a> died suddenly on 31 August 1422 at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Vincennes" title="Château de Vincennes">Château de Vincennes</a>, apparently from dysentery,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he had contracted during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Meaux" title="Siege of Meaux">siege of Meaux</a>. He was 35 years old and had reigned for nine years.</li> <li><b>1536</b>: <a href="/wiki/Erasmus" title="Erasmus">Erasmus</a>, Dutch renaissance humanist and theologian. At <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1596</b>: Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Drake" title="Francis Drake">Francis Drake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_admiral" title="Vice admiral">vice admiral</a>, died of dysentery on 28 January 1596 whilst anchored off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Portobelo" class="mw-redirect" title="Portobelo">Portobelo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1605</b>: <a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a>, ruler of the Mughal Empire of South Asia, died of dysentery. On 3 October 1605, he fell ill with an attack of dysentery, from which he never recovered. He is believed to have died on or about 27 October 1605, after which his body was buried in <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">a mausoleum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Agra" title="Agra">Agra</a>, present-day <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1675</b>: <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Marquette" title="Jacques Marquette">Jacques Marquette</a> died of dysentery on his way north from what is today Chicago, traveling to the mission where he intended to spend the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1676</b>: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Bacon_(Virginia_colonist)" title="Nathaniel Bacon (Virginia colonist)">Nathaniel Bacon</a> died of dysentery after taking control of Virginia following <a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion" title="Bacon's Rebellion">Bacon's Rebellion</a>. He is believed to have died in October 1676, allowing Virginia's ruling elite to regain control.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1680</b>: <a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a>, founder and ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a> of South Asia, died of dysentery on 3 April 1680. In 1680, Shivaji fell ill with fever and dysentery, dying around 3–5 April 1680 at the age of 52 on the eve of <a href="/wiki/Hanuman_Jayanti" title="Hanuman Jayanti">Hanuman Jayanti</a>. He was cremated at <a href="/wiki/Raigad_Fort" title="Raigad Fort">Raigad Fort</a>, where his <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a> is built in <a href="/wiki/Mahad" title="Mahad">Mahad</a>, Raigad district of Maharashtra, India.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920382_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920382-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1827</b>: <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(mother_of_Shaka)" title="Nandi (mother of Shaka)">Queen Nandi kaBhebhe</a>, (mother of <a href="/wiki/Shaka" title="Shaka">Shaka Zulu</a>) died of dysentery on 10 October 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanyu_Riverside_Camp-_Dysentery_Ward_Art.IWMART16893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kanyu_Riverside_Camp-_Dysentery_Ward_Art.IWMART16893.jpg/220px-Kanyu_Riverside_Camp-_Dysentery_Ward_Art.IWMART16893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kanyu_Riverside_Camp-_Dysentery_Ward_Art.IWMART16893.jpg/330px-Kanyu_Riverside_Camp-_Dysentery_Ward_Art.IWMART16893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Kanyu_Riverside_Camp-_Dysentery_Ward_Art.IWMART16893.jpg/440px-Kanyu_Riverside_Camp-_Dysentery_Ward_Art.IWMART16893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption>Allied <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> with dysentery in a Japanese camp in <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a> in 1943</figcaption></figure></li> <li><b>1873</b>: The explorer <a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> died of dysentery on 1 May 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1896</b>: <a href="/wiki/Phan_%C4%90%C3%ACnh_Ph%C3%B9ng" title="Phan Đình Phùng">Phan Đình Phùng</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> revolutionary who led rebel armies against <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial forces</a> in Vietnam, died of dysentery as the French surrounded his forces on 21 January 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1910</b>: <a href="/wiki/Luo_Yixiu" title="Luo Yixiu">Luo Yixiu</a>, first wife of <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, died of dysentery on 11 February 1910. She was 20 years old.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChangHalliday20057PantsovLevine201228,_589Lü2009[httpdangshipeoplecomcnGB14495611272977html_2]_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangHalliday20057PantsovLevine201228,_589Lü2009[httpdangshipeoplecomcnGB14495611272977html_2]-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1930</b>: The French explorer and writer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Vieuchange" title="Michel Vieuchange">Michel Vieuchange</a> died of dysentery in <a href="/wiki/Agadir" title="Agadir">Agadir</a> on 30 November 1930, on his return from the "forbidden city" of <a href="/wiki/Smara" title="Smara">Smara</a>. He was nursed by his brother, Doctor <a href="/wiki/Jean_Vieuchange" title="Jean Vieuchange">Jean Vieuchange</a>, who was unable to save him. The notebooks and photographs, edited by Jean Vieuchange, went on to become bestsellers.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1942</b>: The <a href="/wiki/Selarang_Barracks_incident" title="Selarang Barracks incident">Selarang Barracks incident</a> in the summer of 1942 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> involved the forced crowding of 17,000 <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Anglo</a>-<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Prisoners-of-war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners-of-war">prisoners-of-war</a> (POWs) by their <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japanese captors</a> in the areas around the barracks square for nearly five days with little water and no sanitation after the Selarang Barracks POWs refused to sign a pledge not to escape. The incident ended with the surrender of the Australian commanders due to the spreading of dysentery among their men.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/20px-WHO_Rod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/WHO_Rod.svg/40px-WHO_Rod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="250" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WHO2014-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2014_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Norton and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393920321" title="Special:BookSources/9780393920321"><bdi>9780393920321</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Give+Me+Liberty%21+An+American+History&rft.place=New+York%3B+London&rft.edition=brief&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+and+Company&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780393920321&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jadunath_Sarkar" title="Jadunath Sarkar">Sarkar J</a> (1920) [1919]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shivajihistimes00sarkrich"><i>Shivaji and His Times</i></a> (Second ed.). London: Longmans, Green and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shivaji+and+His+Times&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Co.&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Sarkar&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshivajihistimes00sarkrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920382-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920382_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSarkar,_Shivaji_and_His_Times1920">Sarkar, Shivaji and His Times 1920</a>, p. 382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMorris1998" class="citation book cs1">Morris DR (1998). <i>The washing of the spears : a history of the rise of the Zulu nation under Shaka and its fall in the Zulu War of 1879</i> (1st ed.). New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80866-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80866-1"><bdi>978-0-306-80866-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+washing+of+the+spears+%3A+a+history+of+the+rise+of+the+Zulu+nation+under+Shaka+and+its+fall+in+the+Zulu+War+of+1879&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80866-1&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLivingstone1874" class="citation book cs1">Livingstone D (1874). Waller H (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S_dgAAAAcAAJ"><i>The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, from 1865 to His Death: Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings, Obtained from His Faithful Servants Chuma and Susi; in Two Volumes</i></a>. J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Journals+of+David+Livingstone%2C+in+Central+Africa%2C+from+1865+to+His+Death%3A+Continued+by+a+Narrative+of+His+Last+Moments+and+Sufferings%2C+Obtained+from+His+Faithful+Servants+Chuma+and+Susi%3B+in+Two+Volumes&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1874&rft.aulast=Livingstone&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS_dgAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarr1970" class="citation book cs1">Marr DG (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lu_TB0X8B4YC&pg=PA68"><i>Vietnamese anticolonialism, 1885–1925</i></a>. Berkeley, California: University of California. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01813-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01813-6"><bdi>978-0-520-01813-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese+anticolonialism%2C+1885%E2%80%931925&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01813-6&rft.aulast=Marr&rft.aufirst=DG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlu_TB0X8B4YC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChangHalliday20057PantsovLevine201228,_589Lü2009[httpdangshipeoplecomcnGB14495611272977html_2]-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChangHalliday20057PantsovLevine201228,_589Lü2009[httpdangshipeoplecomcnGB14495611272977html_2]_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChangHalliday2005">Chang & Halliday 2005</a>, p. 7; <a href="#CITEREFPantsovLevine2012">Pantsov & Levine 2012</a>, pp. 28, 589; <a href="#CITEREFLü2009">Lü 2009</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/144956/11272977.html">2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFde_Meaux2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">de Meaux A (2004). <i>L'ultime désert: vie et mort de Michel Vieuchange</i> (in French). Paris: Phébus. pp. 29, 245–249 & 253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85940-997-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85940-997-5"><bdi>978-2-85940-997-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27ultime+d%C3%A9sert%3A+vie+et+mort+de+Michel+Vieuchange&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=29%2C+245-249+%26+253&rft.pub=Ph%C3%A9bus&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-2-85940-997-5&rft.aulast=de+Meaux&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVieuchange1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michel_Vieuchange" title="Michel Vieuchange">Vieuchange M</a> (1988) [1932]. <i>Smara: The Forbidden City</i>. Fletcher Allen, Edgar (translation); <a href="/wiki/Jean_Vieuchange" title="Jean Vieuchange">Vieuchange, Jean</a> (editor; introduction, notes, postscript); <a href="/wiki/Paul_Claudel" title="Paul Claudel">Claudel, Paul</a> (preface). (Reprint ed.). New York: Ecco. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88001-146-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88001-146-4"><bdi>978-0-88001-146-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smara%3A+The+Forbidden+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Ecco&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88001-146-4&rft.aulast=Vieuchange&rft.aufirst=M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThompson2005" class="citation book cs1">Thompson P (2005). <i>The Battle For Singapore—The True Story of the Greatest Catastrophe of World War II</i>. United Kingdom: Portraits Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">389–</span>390. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-5085-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7499-5085-9"><bdi>978-0-7499-5085-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+For+Singapore%E2%80%94The+True+Story+of+the+Greatest+Catastrophe+of+World+War+II&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E389-%3C%2Fspan%3E390&rft.pub=United+Kingdom%3A+Portraits+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7499-5085-9&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dysentery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChangHalliday2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jung_Chang" title="Jung Chang">Chang, Jung</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jon_Halliday" title="Jon Halliday">Halliday, Jon</a> (2005). <i>Mao: The Unknown Story</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07126-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-224-07126-0"><bdi>978-0-224-07126-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Unknown+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-224-07126-0&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Jung&rft.au=Halliday%2C+Jon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLü2009" class="citation journal cs1">Lü, Chun 吕春 (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dangshi.people.com.cn/GB/144956/11272977.html">"Six Women who Influenced Mao Zedong 影响毛泽东一生的六位女性"</a>. <i>Dangshi Wenyuan 党史文苑</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dangshi+Wenyuan+%E5%85%9A%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%87%E8%8B%91&rft.atitle=Six+Women+who+Influenced+Mao+Zedong+%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E4%B8%80%E7%94%9F%E7%9A%84%E5%85%AD%E4%BD%8D%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=L%C3%BC&rft.aufirst=Chun+%E5%90%95%E6%98%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdangshi.people.com.cn%2FGB%2F144956%2F11272977.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMajumdar1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._C._Majumdar" title="R. C. Majumdar">Majumdar, R.C.</a> (1984). <i>The Mughul Empire</i>. Bombay: <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Vidya_Bhavan" title="Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan">Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mughul+Empire&rft.place=Bombay&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Majumdar&rft.aufirst=R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPantsovLevine2012" class="citation book cs1">Pantsov, Alexander V.; Levine, Steven I. (2012). <i>Mao: The Real Story</i>. New York and London: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-5447-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-5447-9"><bdi>978-1-4516-5447-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%3A+The+Real+Story&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-5447-9&rft.aulast=Pantsov&rft.aufirst=Alexander+V.&rft.au=Levine%2C+Steven+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADysentery" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox32" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q129279" class="extiw" title="d:Q129279">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A09.0">A09.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A03.9">A03.9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A06.0">A06.0</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A07.9">A07.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=004">004</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=007.9">007.9</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=009.0">009.0</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D004403">D004403</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Parasitic_disease_caused_by_Excavata_protozoa107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trypanosomiasis" title="Trypanosomiasis">Trypanosomiasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_brucei" title="Trypanosoma brucei">T. brucei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">African trypanosomiasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trypanosoma_cruzi" title="Trypanosoma cruzi">T. cruzi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leishmaniasis" title="Leishmaniasis">Leishmaniasis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"><i><a 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leishmaniasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schizopyrenida" title="Schizopyrenida">Schizopyrenida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Naegleria_fowleri" title="Naegleria fowleri">Naegleria fowleri</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_amoebic_meningoencephalitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis">Primary amoebic meningoencephalitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trichozoa" title="Trichozoa">Trichozoa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diplomonad" title="Diplomonad">Diplomonadida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardia lamblia">Giardia lamblia</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Giardiasis" title="Giardiasis">Giardiasis</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trichomonadida" title="Trichomonadida">Trichomonadida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Trichomonas_vaginalis" title="Trichomonas vaginalis">Trichomonas vaginalis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichomoniasis" title="Trichomoniasis">Trichomoniasis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dientamoeba_fragilis" title="Dientamoeba fragilis">Dientamoeba fragilis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dientamoebiasis" title="Dientamoebiasis">Dientamoebiasis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudomonadota-associated_Gram-negative_bacterial_infections168" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria" title="Alphaproteobacteria">α</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiales" title="Rickettsiales">Rickettsiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiaceae" title="Rickettsiaceae">Rickettsiaceae</a>/<br />(<a href="/wiki/Rickettsiosis" title="Rickettsiosis">Rickettsioses</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">Typhus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_typhi" title="Rickettsia typhi">Rickettsia typhi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murine_typhus" title="Murine typhus">Murine typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_prowazekii" title="Rickettsia prowazekii">Rickettsia prowazekii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">Epidemic typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brill%E2%80%93Zinsser_disease" title="Brill–Zinsser disease">Brill–Zinsser disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel_typhus" title="Flying squirrel typhus">Flying squirrel typhus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Spotted_fever" title="Spotted fever">Spotted<br />fever</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsii" title="Rickettsia rickettsii">Rickettsia rickettsii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_conorii" title="Rickettsia conorii">Rickettsia conorii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boutonneuse_fever" title="Boutonneuse fever">Boutonneuse fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_japonica" title="Rickettsia japonica">Rickettsia japonica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_spotted_fever" title="Japanese spotted fever">Japanese spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_sibirica" title="Rickettsia sibirica">Rickettsia sibirica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Asian_tick_typhus" title="North Asian tick typhus">North Asian tick typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_australis" title="Rickettsia australis">Rickettsia australis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_tick_typhus" title="Queensland tick typhus">Queensland tick typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_honei" title="Rickettsia honei">Rickettsia honei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_spotted_fever" title="Flinders Island spotted fever">Flinders Island spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_africae" title="Rickettsia africae">Rickettsia africae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_tick_bite_fever" title="African tick bite fever">African tick bite fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_parkeri" title="Rickettsia parkeri">Rickettsia parkeri</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_tick_bite_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="American tick bite fever">American tick bite fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii" class="mw-redirect" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii">Rickettsia aeschlimannii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii_infection" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection"><i>Rickettsia aeschlimannii</i> infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Mite#Clinical_significance" title="Mite">Mite-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_akari" title="Rickettsia akari">Rickettsia akari</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">Rickettsialpox</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orientia_tsutsugamushi" title="Orientia tsutsugamushi">Orientia tsutsugamushi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">Scrub typhus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Flea#Fleas_as_a_vector" title="Flea">Flea-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_felis" title="Rickettsia felis">Rickettsia felis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flea-borne_spotted_fever" title="Flea-borne spotted fever">Flea-borne spotted fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Anaplasmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaplasmataceae">Anaplasmataceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis" title="Ehrlichiosis">Ehrlichiosis</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Anaplasma_phagocytophilum" title="Anaplasma phagocytophilum">Anaplasma phagocytophilum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_granulocytic_anaplasmosis" title="Human granulocytic anaplasmosis">Human granulocytic anaplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaplasmosis" title="Anaplasmosis">Anaplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia_chaffeensis" title="Ehrlichia chaffeensis">Ehrlichia chaffeensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis" title="Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis">Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia_ewingii" title="Ehrlichia ewingii">Ehrlichia ewingii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection" title="Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection">Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Hyphomicrobiales" title="Hyphomicrobiales">Hyphomicrobiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Brucellaceae" title="Brucellaceae">Brucellaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brucella_abortus" title="Brucella abortus">Brucella abortus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Bartonella" title="Bartonella">Bartonellaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartonellosis" title="Bartonellosis">Bartonellosis</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_henselae" title="Bartonella henselae">Bartonella henselae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_quintana" title="Bartonella quintana">Bartonella quintana</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">Trench fever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Either <i>B. henselae</i> or <i>B. quintana</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillary_angiomatosis" title="Bacillary angiomatosis">Bacillary angiomatosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_bacilliformis" title="Bartonella bacilliformis">Bartonella bacilliformis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion%27s_disease" title="Carrion's disease">Carrion's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verruga_peruana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruga peruana">Verruga peruana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Betaproteobacteria" title="Betaproteobacteria">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Neisseriaceae" title="Neisseriaceae">Neisseriales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">M+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_disease" title="Meningococcal disease">Meningococcal disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterhouse%E2%80%93Friderichsen_syndrome" title="Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome">Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_septicaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcal septicaemia">Meningococcal septicaemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">M−</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i>ungrouped:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eikenella_corrodens" title="Eikenella corrodens">Eikenella corrodens</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Kingella_kingae" title="Kingella kingae">Kingella kingae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chromobacterium_violaceum" title="Chromobacterium violaceum">Chromobacterium violaceum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromobacteriosis_infection" title="Chromobacteriosis infection">Chromobacteriosis infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Burkholderiales" title="Burkholderiales">Burkholderiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei" title="Burkholderia pseudomallei">Burkholderia pseudomallei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melioidosis" title="Melioidosis">Melioidosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_mallei" title="Burkholderia mallei">Burkholderia mallei</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex" title="Burkholderia cepacia complex">Burkholderia cepacia complex</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bordetella_pertussis" title="Bordetella pertussis">Bordetella pertussis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bordetella_parapertussis" title="Bordetella parapertussis">Bordetella parapertussis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">Pertussis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria" title="Gammaproteobacteria">γ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae" title="Enterobacteriaceae">Enterobacteriales</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test#OX−" title="Oxidase test">OX−</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac+" title="MacConkey agar">Lac+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella pneumoniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoscleroma" title="Rhinoscleroma">Rhinoscleroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_granulomatis" title="Klebsiella granulomatis">Klebsiella granulomatis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Granuloma inguinale</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_oxytoca" title="Klebsiella oxytoca">Klebsiella oxytoca</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Enterotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Enterotoxigenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroinvasive_Escherichia_coli" title="Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli">Enteroinvasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verotoxin-producing_Escherichia_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli">Enterohemorrhagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4">O104:H4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic-uremic syndrome">Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterobacter_aerogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobacter aerogenes">Enterobacter aerogenes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Enterobacter_cloacae" title="Enterobacter cloacae">Enterobacter cloacae</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Slow" title="MacConkey agar">Slow/weak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Serratia_marcescens" title="Serratia marcescens">Serratia marcescens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serratia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Serratia infection"><i>Serratia</i> infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Citrobacter_koseri" title="Citrobacter koseri">Citrobacter koseri</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Citrobacter_freundii" title="Citrobacter freundii">Citrobacter freundii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac−" title="MacConkey agar">Lac−</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_sulfite_agar" title="Bismuth sulfite agar">H2S+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_enterica" title="Salmonella enterica">Salmonella enterica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">Typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paratyphoid_fever" title="Paratyphoid fever">Paratyphoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">Salmonellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue">H2S−</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shigella_dysenteriae" title="Shigella dysenteriae">Shigella dysenteriae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_sonnei" title="Shigella sonnei">sonnei</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_flexneri" title="Shigella flexneri">flexneri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_boydii" title="Shigella boydii">boydii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacillary_dysentery" title="Bacillary dysentery">Bacillary dysentery</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis" title="Proteus mirabilis">Proteus mirabilis</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Proteus_vulgaris" title="Proteus vulgaris">Proteus vulgaris</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plague</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_enterocolitica" title="Yersinia enterocolitica">Yersinia enterocolitica</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yersiniosis" title="Yersiniosis">Yersiniosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pseudotuberculosis" title="Yersinia pseudotuberculosis">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_scarlet-like_fever" title="Far East scarlet-like fever">Far East scarlet-like fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellaceae" title="Pasteurellaceae">Pasteurellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus" title="Haemophilus">Haemophilus</a>:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">H. influenzae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_meningitis" title="Haemophilus meningitis"><i>Haemophilus</i> meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_purpuric_fever" title="Brazilian purpuric fever">Brazilian purpuric fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_ducreyi" title="Haemophilus ducreyi">H. ducreyi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_parainfluenzae" title="Haemophilus parainfluenzae">H. parainfluenzae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Pasteurella_multocida" title="Pasteurella multocida">Pasteurella multocida</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">Pasteurellosis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Actinobacillus" title="Actinobacillus">Actinobacillus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacillosis" title="Actinobacillosis">Actinobacillosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><span class="nobold"><i><a href="/wiki/Aggregatibacter_actinomycetemcomitans" title="Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans">Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</a></i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Legionellales" title="Legionellales">Legionellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila" title="Legionella pneumophila">Legionella pneumophila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Legionella_longbeachae" title="Legionella longbeachae">Legionella longbeachae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coxiella_burnetii" title="Coxiella burnetii">Coxiella burnetii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Thiotrichales" title="Thiotrichales">Thiotrichales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Francisella_tularensis" title="Francisella tularensis">Francisella tularensis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">Tularemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Vibrionaceae" title="Vibrionaceae">Vibrionaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus" title="Vibrio vulnificus">Vibrio vulnificus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_parahaemolyticus" title="Vibrio parahaemolyticus">Vibrio parahaemolyticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_alginolyticus" title="Vibrio alginolyticus">Vibrio alginolyticus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plesiomonas_shigelloides" title="Plesiomonas shigelloides">Plesiomonas shigelloides</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadales" title="Pseudomonadales">Pseudomonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_infection" title="Pseudomonas infection"><i>Pseudomonas</i> infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis" title="Moraxella catarrhalis">Moraxella catarrhalis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acinetobacter_baumannii" title="Acinetobacter baumannii">Acinetobacter baumannii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Xanthomonadaceae" title="Xanthomonadaceae">Xanthomonadaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stenotrophomonas_maltophilia" title="Stenotrophomonas maltophilia">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Cardiobacteriaceae" title="Cardiobacteriaceae">Cardiobacteriaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cardiobacterium_hominis" title="Cardiobacterium hominis">Cardiobacterium hominis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Aeromonadales" title="Aeromonadales">Aeromonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_hydrophila" title="Aeromonas hydrophila">Aeromonas hydrophila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_veronii" title="Aeromonas veronii">Aeromonas veronii</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_infection" title="Aeromonas infection"><i>Aeromonas</i> infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">ε</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Campylobacterales21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterales" title="Campylobacterales">Campylobacterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacteriosis" title="Campylobacteriosis">Campylobacteriosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/MALT_lymphoma" title="MALT lymphoma">MALT lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastric_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">Gastric cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cinaedi" title="Helicobacter cinaedi">Helicobacter cinaedi</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cellulitis" title="Helicobacter cellulitis"><i>Helicobacter</i> cellulitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system290" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Template talk:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive_system_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Digestive system diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_the_human_digestive_system290" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diseases of the <a href="/wiki/Human_digestive_system" title="Human digestive system">human digestive system</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Upper_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Upper GI tract</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_disease" title="Esophageal disease">Esophagus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophagitis" title="Esophagitis">Esophagitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_candidiasis" title="Esophageal candidiasis">Candidal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosinophilic_esophagitis" title="Eosinophilic esophagitis">Eosinophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herpetiform_esophagitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Herpetiform esophagitis">Herpetiform</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Rupture</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boerhaave_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Boerhaave syndrome">Boerhaave syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallory%E2%80%93Weiss_syndrome" title="Mallory–Weiss syndrome">Mallory–Weiss syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenker%27s_diverticulum" title="Zenker's diverticulum">Zenker's diverticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrett%27s_esophagus" title="Barrett's esophagus">Barrett's esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_motility_disorder" title="Esophageal motility disorder">Esophageal motility disorder</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nutcracker_esophagus" title="Nutcracker esophagus">Nutcracker esophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achalasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Achalasia">Achalasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophagogastric_junction_outflow_obstruction" title="Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction">Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diffuse_esophageal_spasm" title="Diffuse esophageal spasm">Diffuse esophageal spasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease" title="Gastroesophageal reflux disease">Gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngopharyngeal_reflux" title="Laryngopharyngeal reflux">Laryngopharyngeal reflux</a> (LPR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_stricture" title="Esophageal stricture">Esophageal stricture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_inlet_patch" title="Esophageal inlet patch">Inlet patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaesophagus" title="Megaesophagus">Megaesophagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esophageal_intramural_pseudodiverticulosis" title="Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis">Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_esophageal_necrosis" title="Acute esophageal necrosis">Acute esophageal necrosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stomach_disease" title="Stomach disease">Stomach</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gastritis" title="Gastritis">Gastritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrophic_gastritis" title="Atrophic gastritis">Atrophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9n%C3%A9trier%27s_disease" title="Ménétrier's disease">Ménétrier's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">Gastroenteritis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (gastric) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cushing_ulcer" title="Cushing ulcer">Cushing ulcer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieulafoy%27s_lesion" title="Dieulafoy's lesion">Dieulafoy's lesion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyspepsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dyspepsia">Dyspepsia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_dyspepsia" title="Functional dyspepsia">Functional dyspepsia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyloric_stenosis" title="Pyloric stenosis">Pyloric stenosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achlorhydria" title="Achlorhydria">Achlorhydria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroparesis" title="Gastroparesis">Gastroparesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroptosis" title="Gastroptosis">Gastroptosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertensive_gastropathy" title="Portal hypertensive gastropathy">Portal hypertensive gastropathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_antral_vascular_ectasia" title="Gastric antral vascular ectasia">Gastric antral vascular ectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_dumping_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric dumping syndrome">Gastric dumping syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastric_volvulus" title="Gastric volvulus">Gastric volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buried_bumper_syndrome" title="Buried bumper syndrome">Buried bumper syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastrinoma" title="Gastrinoma">Gastrinoma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zollinger%E2%80%93Ellison_syndrome" title="Zollinger–Ellison syndrome">Zollinger–Ellison syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract#Lower_gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">Lower GI tract</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Enteropathy" title="Enteropathy">Enteropathy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">Small intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">Duodenum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jejunum" title="Jejunum">Jejunum</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ileum" title="Ileum">Ileum</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enteritis" title="Enteritis">Enteritis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duodenitis" title="Duodenitis">Duodenitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jejunitis" title="Jejunitis">Jejunitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ileitis" title="Ileitis">Ileitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic (duodenal) ulcer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curling%27s_ulcer" title="Curling's ulcer">Curling's ulcer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabsorption" title="Malabsorption">Malabsorption</a>: <a href="/wiki/Coeliac_disease" title="Coeliac disease">Coeliac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_sprue" title="Tropical sprue">Tropical sprue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_loop_syndrome" title="Blind loop syndrome">Blind loop syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_intestinal_bacterial_overgrowth" title="Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth">Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whipple%27s_disease" title="Whipple's disease">Whipple's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_bowel_syndrome" title="Short bowel syndrome">Short bowel syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">Steatorrhea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milroy_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Milroy disease">Milroy disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_malabsorption" title="Bile acid malabsorption">Bile acid malabsorption</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large_intestine" title="Large intestine">Large intestine</a> <br /> (<a href="/wiki/Vermiform_appendix" class="mw-redirect" title="Vermiform appendix">Appendix</a>/<a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">Colon</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appendicitis" title="Appendicitis">Appendicitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colitis" title="Colitis">Colitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcerative_colitis" title="Ulcerative colitis">Ulcerative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ischemic_colitis" title="Ischemic colitis">Ischemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopic_colitis" title="Microscopic colitis">Microscopic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collagenous_colitis" title="Collagenous colitis">Collagenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lymphocytic_colitis" title="Lymphocytic colitis">Lymphocytic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dysentery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_colonic_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional colonic disease">Functional colonic disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irritable_bowel_syndrome" title="Irritable bowel syndrome">IBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intestinal_pseudoobstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestinal pseudoobstruction">Intestinal pseudoobstruction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ogilvie_syndrome" title="Ogilvie syndrome">Ogilvie syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megacolon" title="Megacolon">Megacolon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toxic_megacolon" title="Toxic megacolon">Toxic megacolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diverticulitis" title="Diverticulitis">Diverticulitis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Diverticulosis" title="Diverticulosis">Diverticulosis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Segmental_colitis_associated_with_diverticulosis" title="Segmental colitis associated with diverticulosis">SCAD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large and/or small</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterocolitis" title="Enterocolitis">Enterocolitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_enterocolitis" title="Necrotizing enterocolitis">Necrotizing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastroenterocolitis" title="Gastroenterocolitis">Gastroenterocolitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflammatory_bowel_disease" title="Inflammatory bowel disease">IBD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crohn%27s_disease" title="Crohn's disease">Crohn's disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Abdominal_angina" title="Abdominal angina">Abdominal angina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesenteric_ischemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesenteric ischemia">Mesenteric ischemia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiodysplasia" title="Angiodysplasia">Angiodysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowel_obstruction" title="Bowel obstruction">Bowel obstruction</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ileus" title="Ileus">Ileus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intussusception_(medical_disorder)" title="Intussusception (medical disorder)">Intussusception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volvulus" title="Volvulus">Volvulus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_impaction" title="Fecal impaction">Fecal impaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constipation" title="Constipation">Constipation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_constipation" title="Functional constipation">Functional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Infectious_diarrhea" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious diarrhea">Infectious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_(medicine)" title="Adhesion (medicine)">Intestinal adhesions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">Rectum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proctitis" title="Proctitis">Proctitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_proctitis" title="Radiation proctitis">Radiation proctitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctalgia_fugax" title="Proctalgia fugax">Proctalgia fugax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_prolapse" title="Rectal prolapse">Rectal prolapse</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_rectal_prolapse" title="Internal rectal prolapse">Internal rectal prolapse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anismus" title="Anismus">Anismus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_rectal_ulcer_syndrome" title="Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome">Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectal_stricture" title="Rectal stricture">Rectal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anal_canal" title="Anal canal">Anal canal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anal_fissure" title="Anal fissure">Anal fissure</a>/<a href="/wiki/Anal_fistula" title="Anal fistula">Anal fistula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_abscess" class="mw-redirect" title="Anal abscess">Anal abscess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemorrhoid" title="Hemorrhoid">Hemorrhoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_dysplasia" title="Anal dysplasia">Anal dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruritus_ani" title="Pruritus ani">Pruritus ani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anal_stricture" title="Anal stricture">Anal stricture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Gastrointestinal bleeding">GI bleeding</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_in_stool" title="Blood in stool">Blood in stool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Upper gastrointestinal bleeding">Upper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematemesis" title="Hematemesis">Hematemesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melena" title="Melena">Melena</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_gastrointestinal_bleeding" title="Lower gastrointestinal bleeding">Lower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hematochezia" title="Hematochezia">Hematochezia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Accessory_digestive_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Accessory digestive gland">Accessory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Liver_disease" title="Liver disease">Liver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatitis" title="Hepatitis">Hepatitis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viral_hepatitis" title="Viral hepatitis">Viral hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_hepatitis" title="Autoimmune hepatitis">Autoimmune hepatitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_hepatitis" title="Alcoholic hepatitis">Alcoholic hepatitis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirrhosis" title="Cirrhosis">Cirrhosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_biliary_cirrhosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary biliary cirrhosis">PBC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatty_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatty liver">Fatty liver</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_dysfunction%E2%80%93associated_steatotic_liver_disease" title="Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease">MASLD</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vascular_disease" title="Vascular disease">Vascular</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Budd%E2%80%93Chiari_syndrome" title="Budd–Chiari syndrome">Budd–Chiari syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_veno-occlusive_disease" title="Hepatic veno-occlusive disease">Hepatic veno-occlusive disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal_hypertension" title="Portal hypertension">Portal hypertension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutmeg_liver" class="mw-redirect" title="Nutmeg liver">Nutmeg liver</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_liver_disease" title="Alcoholic liver disease">Alcoholic liver disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_failure" title="Liver failure">Liver failure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hepatic_encephalopathy" title="Hepatic encephalopathy">Hepatic encephalopathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acute_liver_failure" title="Acute liver failure">Acute liver failure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liver_abscess" title="Liver abscess">Liver abscess</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyogenic_liver_abscess" title="Pyogenic liver abscess">Pyogenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoebic_liver_abscess" title="Amoebic liver abscess">Amoebic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hepatorenal_syndrome" title="Hepatorenal syndrome">Hepatorenal syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peliosis_hepatis" title="Peliosis hepatis">Peliosis hepatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolic_disorder" title="Metabolic disorder">Metabolic disorders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_disease" title="Wilson's disease">Wilson's disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemochromatosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemochromatosis">Hemochromatosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gallbladder_disease" title="Gallbladder disease">Gallbladder</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">Cholecystitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallstone" title="Gallstone">Gallstone / Cholelithiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterolosis_of_gallbladder" title="Cholesterolosis of gallbladder">Cholesterolosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenomyomatosis" title="Adenomyomatosis">Adenomyomatosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcholecystectomy_syndrome" title="Postcholecystectomy syndrome">Postcholecystectomy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcelain_gallbladder" title="Porcelain gallbladder">Porcelain gallbladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bile_duct" title="Bile duct">Bile duct</a>/ <br /> Other <a href="/wiki/Biliary_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Biliary tree">biliary tree</a></th><td 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Diaphragmatic hernia">Diaphragmatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congenital_diaphragmatic_hernia" title="Congenital diaphragmatic hernia">Congenital</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiatus_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiatus hernia">Hiatus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inguinal_hernia" title="Inguinal hernia">Inguinal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indirect_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indirect inguinal hernia">Indirect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_inguinal_hernia" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct inguinal hernia">Direct</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbilical_hernia" title="Umbilical hernia">Umbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraumbilical_hernia" title="Paraumbilical hernia">Paraumbilical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femoral_hernia" title="Femoral hernia">Femoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obturator_hernia" title="Obturator hernia">Obturator</a></li> <li><a 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-07-23T15:57:25Z","dateModified":"2025-03-08T22:10:51Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3e\/Dysentery_Patient%2C_Burma_Hospital%2C_Siam_Art.IWMART1541787.jpg","headline":"inflammation of the intestine causing diarrhea with blood"}</script> </body> </html>