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> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Airline+hub" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Airline+hub" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Banking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_hubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_hubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of hubs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_hubs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of hubs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_hubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cargo_hubs_and_scissor_hubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cargo_hubs_and_scissor_hubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Cargo hubs and scissor hubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cargo_hubs_and_scissor_hubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Focus_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Focus_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Focus city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Focus_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fortress_hub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortress_hub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Fortress hub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortress_hub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_hubs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_hubs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Primary and secondary hubs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_hubs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliever_hub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliever_hub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Reliever hub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliever_hub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moonlight_hub" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moonlight_hub"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Moonlight hub</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moonlight_hub-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Airline hub</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spil_(lughawe)" title="Spil (lughawe) – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Spil (lughawe)" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="محور خطوط جوية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="محور خطوط جوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centru_de_conex%C3%B3n" title="Centru de conexón – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Centru de conexón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hava_yolu_qov%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Hava yolu qovşağı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hava yolu qovşağı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC" title="এয়ারলাইন হাব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এয়ারলাইন হাব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Вузлавы аэрапорт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вузлавы аэрапорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Вузлавы аэрапорт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вузлавы аэрапорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8A%D0%B1_(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Хъб (авиация) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хъб (авиация)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_de_connexions" title="Centre de connexions – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Centre de connexions" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzlov%C3%A9_leti%C5%A1t%C4%9B" title="Uzlové letiště – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Uzlové letiště" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_(luftfart)" title="Hub (luftfart) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hub (luftfart)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftfahrt-Drehkreuz" title="Luftfahrt-Drehkreuz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Luftfahrt-Drehkreuz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5lmlennujaam" title="Sõlmlennujaam – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõlmlennujaam" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_de_conexi%C3%B3n" title="Centro de conexión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Centro de conexión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flugkompania_nabo" title="Flugkompania nabo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Flugkompania nabo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B7%D8%A8_%D8%B4%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="قطب شرکت هواپیمایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قطب شرکت هواپیمایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plate-forme_de_correspondance_a%C3%A9roportuaire" title="Plate-forme de correspondance aéroportuaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plate-forme de correspondance aéroportuaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khi-n%C3%A9u_K%C3%AE-chh%C3%B2ng" title="Khi-néu Kî-chhòng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khi-néu Kî-chhòng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%B8%8C_%EA%B3%B5%ED%95%AD" title="허브 공항 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허브 공항" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC" title="एयरलाइन हब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एयरलाइन हब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghubung_maskapai_penerbangan" title="Penghubung maskapai penerbangan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghubung maskapai penerbangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A4%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96%D7%99" title="בסיס פעולה מרכזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בסיס פעולה מרכזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D3%99%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Тораптық әуежай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тораптық әуежай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub-rep%C3%BCl%C5%91t%C3%A9r" title="Hub-repülőtér – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hub-repülőtér" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Воздухопловен јазол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Воздухопловен јазол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B3_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AC" title="विमानतळ हब – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विमानतळ हब" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hab_syarikat_penerbangan" title="Hab syarikat penerbangan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hab syarikat penerbangan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B1" title="Эйрлайн хаб – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Эйрлайн хаб" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_(luchthaven)" title="Hub (luchthaven) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hub (luchthaven)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%96%E7%A9%BA%E6%B8%AF" title="ハブ空港 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハブ空港" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub" title="Hub – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hub" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_lotniczy" title="Hub lotniczy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hub lotniczy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hub_(avia%C3%A7%C3%A3o_comercial)" title="Hub (aviação comercial) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hub (aviação comercial)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Узловой аэропорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Узловой аэропорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Airline hub" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BE-%D1%87%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Авио-чвориште – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_hub_airports" title="List of hub airports">List of hub airports</a></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt_airport_hub_map_v2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Frankfurt_airport_hub_map_v2.png/300px-Frankfurt_airport_hub_map_v2.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Frankfurt_airport_hub_map_v2.png/450px-Frankfurt_airport_hub_map_v2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Frankfurt_airport_hub_map_v2.png/600px-Frankfurt_airport_hub_map_v2.png 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="909" /></a><figcaption>Passengers flying on <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a> partners may connect through <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a>, Lufthansa's main hub</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>airline hub</b> or <b>hub airport</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">airport</a> used by one or more <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airlines</a> to concentrate passenger traffic and flight operations. Hubs serve as transfer (or stop-over) points to help get passengers to their final destination.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is part of the <a href="/wiki/Spoke%E2%80%93hub_distribution_paradigm" title="Spoke–hub distribution paradigm">hub-and-spoke system</a>. An airline may operate flights from several non-hub (spoke) cities to the hub airport, and passengers traveling between spoke cities connect through the hub. This paradigm creates <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a> that allow an airline to serve (via an intermediate connection) city-pairs that could otherwise not be economically served on a <a href="/wiki/Non-stop_flight" title="Non-stop flight">non-stop</a> basis. This system contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_transit" title="Point-to-point transit">point-to-point model</a>, in which there are no hubs and nonstop flights are instead offered between spoke cities. Hub airports also serve origin and destination (O&D) traffic. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operations">Operations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg/220px-Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg/330px-Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg/440px-Heathrow_Terminal_5C_Iwelumo-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>The primary hub of <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> is <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a> in London</figcaption></figure> <p>The hub-and-spoke system allows an airline to serve fewer routes, so fewer aircraft are needed.<sup id="cite_ref-erau_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system also increases passenger loads; a flight from a hub to a spoke carries not just passengers originating at the hub, but also passengers originating at multiple spoke cities.<sup id="cite_ref-hofstra_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hofstra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the system is costly. Additional employees and facilities are needed to cater to connecting passengers. To serve spoke cities of varying populations and demand, an airline requires several aircraft types, and specific training and equipment are necessary for each type.<sup id="cite_ref-erau_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, airlines may experience capacity constraints as they expand at their hub airports.<sup id="cite_ref-hofstra_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hofstra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the passenger, the hub-and-spoke system offers one-stop air service to a wide array of destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-erau_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-govt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it requires having to regularly make connections en route to their final destination, which increases travel time.<sup id="cite_ref-govt_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, airlines can come to monopolise their hubs (fortress hubs), allowing them to freely increase fares as passengers have no alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-hofstra_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hofstra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High domestic connectivity in the United States is achieved through airport location and hub dominance. The top 10 megahubs in the US are dominated by <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>, the three largest United States–based airlines.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking">Banking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Banking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Airlines may operate banks of flights at their hubs, in which several flights arrive and depart within short periods of time. The banks may be known as "peaks" of activity at the hubs and the non-banks as "valleys". Banking allows for short connection times for passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-dallas_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an airline must assemble many resources to cater to the influx of flights during a bank, and having several aircraft on the ground at the same time can lead to congestion and delays.<sup id="cite_ref-belobaba_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belobaba-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, banking could result in inefficient aircraft utilisation, with aircraft waiting at spoke cities for the next bank.<sup id="cite_ref-belobaba_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belobaba-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-american2002_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, some airlines have debanked their hubs, introducing a "rolling hub" in which flight arrivals and departures are spread throughout the day. This phenomenon is also known as "depeaking".<sup id="cite_ref-american2002_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-american2002-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While costs may decrease, connection times are longer at a rolling hub.<sup id="cite_ref-belobaba_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belobaba-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> was the first to depeak its hubs,<sup id="cite_ref-belobaba_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belobaba-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> trying to improve profitability following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dallas_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It rebanked its hubs in 2015, however, feeling the gain in connecting passengers would outweigh the rise in costs.<sup id="cite_ref-dallas_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dallas-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, the hub of <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a> in <a href="/wiki/Doha_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Doha Airport">Doha Airport</a> has 471 daily movements to 140 destinations by March 2020 with an average of 262 seats per movement; in three main waves: 05:00–09:00 (132 movements), 16:00–21:00 (128) and 23:00–03:00 (132), allowing around 30 million connecting passengers in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the US airline industry was <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">deregulated</a> in 1978, most airlines operated under the <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_transit" title="Point-to-point transit">point-to-point system</a> (with a notable exception being <a href="/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan American World Airways">Pan Am</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-hofstra_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hofstra-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board" title="Civil Aeronautics Board">Civil Aeronautics Board</a> dictated which routes an airline could fly. At the same time, however, some airlines began to experiment with the hub-and-spoke system. <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> was the first to implement such a system, providing service to remote spoke cities from its <a href="/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" title="Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport">Atlanta</a> hub.<sup id="cite_ref-govt_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After deregulation, many airlines quickly established hub-and-spoke route networks of their own.<sup id="cite_ref-erau_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-erau-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>US majors top 20 airports, millions of departing passengers, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Airport</th> <th>Region <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></th> <th>2022 pax. </th> <th><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">AA</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">DL</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">UA</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">WN</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" title="Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport">Atlanta</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a></td> <td>45.37 </td> <td></td> <td>33.87</td> <td> </td> <td>3.68 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Fort_Worth_International_Airport" title="Dallas Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas/Fort Worth</a> </th> <td>South</td> <td>35.33 </td> <td>24.34</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Denver_International_Airport" title="Denver International Airport">Denver</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Western_United_States" title="Western United States">West</a></td> <td>33.75 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>12.34 </td> <td>10.43 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/O%27Hare_International_Airport" title="O'Hare International Airport">Chicago–O'Hare</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a></td> <td>33.13 </td> <td>7.71</td> <td></td> <td>11.13 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles</a> </th> <td>West</td> <td>32.29 </td> <td>4.91</td> <td>5.42</td> <td>4.74 </td> <td>3.21 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York–JFK</a> </th> <td>Northeast</td> <td>26.99 </td> <td>3.37</td> <td>6.23</td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid_International_Airport" title="Harry Reid International Airport">Las Vegas</a> </th> <td>West </td> <td>25.26 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>8.87 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport" title="Orlando International Airport">Orlando</a> </th> <td>South </td> <td>24.44 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>4.79 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Miami_International_Airport" title="Miami International Airport">Miami</a> </th> <td>South</td> <td>23.68 </td> <td>13.93</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Douglas_International_Airport" title="Charlotte Douglas International Airport">Charlotte</a> </th> <td>South</td> <td>23.09 </td> <td>16.14</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Seattle%E2%80%93Tacoma_International_Airport" title="Seattle–Tacoma International Airport">Seattle/Tacoma</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>West</td> <td>22.11 </td> <td></td> <td>4.47</td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Sky_Harbor_International_Airport" title="Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport">Phoenix–Sky Harbor</a> </th> <td>West</td> <td>21.79 </td> <td>7.39</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td>7.62 </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a></td> <td>21.66 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>12.15 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco</a> </th> <td>West</td> <td>20.40 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>8.50 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">Houston–Intercontinental</a> </th> <td>South</td> <td>19.80 </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>11.08 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Boston</a> </th> <td>Northeast</td> <td>15.42 </td> <td></td> <td>3.26</td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%E2%80%93Hollywood_International_Airport" title="Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport">Fort Lauderdale</a> </th> <td>South </td> <td>15.36 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul_International_Airport" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a> </th> <td>Midwest</td> <td>15.20 </td> <td></td> <td>8.52</td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">New York–LaGuardia</a> </th> <td>Northeast</td> <td>14.36 </td> <td>2.49</td> <td>2.92</td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Detroit Metropolitan Airport">Detroit</a> </th> <td>Midwest</td> <td>13.73 </td> <td></td> <td>7.95</td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emirates_tails_(8499979565).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emirates_tails_%288499979565%29.jpg/220px-Emirates_tails_%288499979565%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emirates_tails_%288499979565%29.jpg/330px-Emirates_tails_%288499979565%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emirates_tails_%288499979565%29.jpg/440px-Emirates_tails_%288499979565%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4342" data-file-height="2894" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a> aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport" title="Dubai International Airport">Dubai International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1974, the governments of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> took control of <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Air" title="Gulf Air">Gulf Air</a> from the <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">British Overseas Airways Corporation</a> (BOAC). Gulf Air became the <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> of the four Middle Eastern nations. It linked Oman, Qatar and the UAE to its Bahrain hub, from which it offered flights to destinations throughout Europe and Asia. In the UAE, Gulf Air focused on <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dhabi" title="Abu Dhabi">Abu Dhabi</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, contrary to the aspirations of UAE Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Al_Maktoum" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum">Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum</a> to transform the latter into a world-class metropolis. Sheikh Mohammed proceeded to establish a new airline based in Dubai, <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a>, which launched operations in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-mit_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elsewhere in the Middle East region, Qatar and Oman decided to create their own airlines as well. <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oman_Air" title="Oman Air">Oman Air</a> were both founded in 1993, with hubs at <a href="/wiki/Doha" title="Doha">Doha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat</a> respectively. As the new airlines grew, their home nations relied less on Gulf Air to provide air service. Qatar withdrew its share in Gulf Air in 2002. In 2003, the UAE formed another national airline, <a href="/wiki/Etihad_Airways" title="Etihad Airways">Etihad Airways</a>, which is based in Abu Dhabi. The country exited Gulf Air in 2006, and Oman followed in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-mit_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gulf Air therefore became fully owned by the government of Bahrain. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudia" title="Saudia">Saudia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etihad_Airways" title="Etihad Airways">Etihad Airways</a> have since established large hubs at their respective home airports. The hubs, which benefit from their proximity to large population centres,<sup id="cite_ref-mit_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mit-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have become popular stopover points on trips between Europe and Asia, for example.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their rapid growth has impacted the development of traditional hubs, such as <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London-Heathrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Paris-Charles de Gaulle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York-JFK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_hubs">Types of hubs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types of hubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FedEx_Express_Line_Up_(9297611027).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289297611027%29.jpg/220px-FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289297611027%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289297611027%29.jpg/330px-FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289297611027%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289297611027%29.jpg/440px-FedEx_Express_Line_Up_%289297611027%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a> aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis International Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cargo_hubs_and_scissor_hubs">Cargo hubs and scissor hubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cargo hubs and scissor hubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>cargo hub</b> is an airport that primarily is operated by a <a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">cargo airline</a> that uses the hub-and-spoke system. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, two of the largest cargo hub airports, <a href="/wiki/FedEx" title="FedEx">FedEx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis Superhub</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Parcel_Service" title="United Parcel Service">UPS</a> <a href="/wiki/Louisville_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Louisville International Airport">Louisville Worldport</a>, are close to the <a href="/wiki/Mean_center_of_the_United_States_population" title="Mean center of the United States population">mean center of the United States population</a>. FedEx's airline, <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a>, established its Memphis hub in 1973, prior to the deregulation of the air cargo industry in the United States. The system has created an efficient delivery system for the airline.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/UPS_Airlines" title="UPS Airlines">UPS Airlines</a> has followed a similar pattern in Louisville. In Europe, <a href="/wiki/TNT_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="TNT Airways">ASL Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cargolux" title="Cargolux">Cargolux</a> and <a href="/wiki/DHL_Aviation" title="DHL Aviation">DHL Aviation</a> follow a similar strategy and operate their primary hubs at <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Airport" title="Liège Airport">Liège</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Findel_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Findel Airport">Luxembourg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig/Halle_Airport" title="Leipzig/Halle Airport">Leipzig</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Ted_Stevens_Anchorage_International_Airport" title="Ted Stevens Anchorage International Airport">Ted Stevens International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anchorage,_Alaska" title="Anchorage, Alaska">Anchorage, Alaska</a>, is a frequent stop-over hub for many cargo airlines flying between Asia and North America. Most cargo airlines only stop in Anchorage for refueling and customs, but FedEx and UPS frequently use Anchorage to sort trans-pacific packages between regional hubs on each continent in addition to refueling and customs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Passenger airlines that operate in a similar manner to the FedEx and UPS hubs are often regarded as <b>scissor hubs</b>, as many flights to one destination all land and deplane passengers simultaneously and, after a passenger transit period, repeat a similar process for departure to the final destination of each plane.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In past, <a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a> operated a scissor hub at London's <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">Heathrow Airport</a>, where passengers from <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airport" title="Indira Gandhi International Airport">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sardar_Vallabhbhai_Patel_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport">Ahmedabad</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Mumbai</a> could continue onto a flight to <a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until its grounding, <a href="/wiki/Jet_Airways" title="Jet Airways">Jet Airways</a> operated a similar scissor hub at <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Airport Schiphol</a> to transport passengers from <a href="/wiki/Kempegowda_International_Airport" title="Kempegowda International Airport">Bangalore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_Maharaj_International_Airport" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj International Airport">Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi_International_Airport" title="Indira Gandhi International Airport">Delhi</a> to <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto-Pearson</a> and vice versa. At the peak of operations at their former scissor hub at <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Airport" title="Brussels Airport">Brussels</a> prior to the 2016 shift to Schiphol, flights operated from Mumbai, Delhi, and <a href="/wiki/Chennai_International_Airport" title="Chennai International Airport">Chennai</a> and continued onward to Toronto, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark</a> after a near-simultaneous stopover in Brussels and vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An international scissor hub could be used for <a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air#Third_and_fourth_freedom" title="Freedoms of the air">third and fourth freedom</a> flights or it could be used for <a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air#Fifth_freedom" title="Freedoms of the air">fifth freedom</a> flights, for which a precursor is a <a href="/wiki/Bilateral_treaty" title="Bilateral treaty">bilateral treaty</a> between two country pairs. </p><p><a href="/wiki/WestJet" title="WestJet">WestJet</a> used to utilize <a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_International_Airport" title="St. John's International Airport">St. John's</a> as a scissor hub during its summer schedule for flights inbound from <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Macdonald%E2%80%93Cartier_International_Airport" title="Ottawa Macdonald–Cartier International Airport">Ottawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport" title="Orlando International Airport">Orlando</a> and outbound to <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">Dublin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">London–Gatwick</a>. <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> similarly used to utilize <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles International Airport</a> as a scissor hub for flights inbound from Melbourne, Brisbane or Sydney, where passengers could connect onwards if traveling to <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York–JFK</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Focus_city">Focus city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Focus city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_A320-232,_JetBlue_Airways_AN0529077.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Airbus_A320-232%2C_JetBlue_Airways_AN0529077.jpg/220px-Airbus_A320-232%2C_JetBlue_Airways_AN0529077.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Airbus_A320-232%2C_JetBlue_Airways_AN0529077.jpg/330px-Airbus_A320-232%2C_JetBlue_Airways_AN0529077.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Airbus_A320-232%2C_JetBlue_Airways_AN0529077.jpg/440px-Airbus_A320-232%2C_JetBlue_Airways_AN0529077.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>The focus cities of <a href="/wiki/JetBlue" title="JetBlue">JetBlue</a> are <a href="/wiki/Logan_International_Airport" title="Logan International Airport">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Lauderdale%E2%80%93Hollywood_International_Airport" title="Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport">Fort Lauderdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York–JFK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orlando_International_Airport" title="Orlando International Airport">Orlando</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mu%C3%B1oz_Mar%C3%ADn_International_Airport" title="Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport">San Juan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jetblue_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jetblue-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> industry, a <b>focus city</b> is a destination from which an airline operates limited <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_transit" title="Point-to-point transit">point-to-point</a> routes.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclo_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclo-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A focus city primarily caters to the local market rather than to connecting passengers.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the term <i>focus city</i> is used to mainly refer to an airport from which an airline operates limited point-to-point routes, its usage has loosely expanded to refer to a small-scale hub as well.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, even though <a href="/wiki/JetBlue" title="JetBlue">JetBlue</a>'s operations at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York–JFK</a> resemble that of a hub, the airline still refers to it as a focus city.<sup id="cite_ref-belobaba_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-belobaba-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortress_hub">Fortress hub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fortress hub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A fortress hub exists when an airline controls a significant majority of the market at one of its hubs. Competition is particularly difficult at fortress hubs.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, examples included <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hartsfield%E2%80%93Jackson_Atlanta_International_Airport" title="Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport">Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Detroit Metropolitan Airport">Detroit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis-St._Paul_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Minneapolis-St. Paul International Airport">Minneapolis/St. Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salt_Lake_City_International_Airport" title="Salt Lake City International Airport">Salt Lake City</a>; <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> at <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Douglas_International_Airport" title="Charlotte Douglas International Airport">Charlotte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Fort_Worth_International_Airport" title="Dallas Fort Worth International Airport">Dallas Fort Worth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miami_International_Airport" title="Miami International Airport">Miami</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_International_Airport" title="Philadelphia International Airport">Philadelphia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> at <a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">Houston–Intercontinental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dulles_International_Airport" title="Dulles International Airport">Washington-Dulles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">Flag carriers</a> have historically enjoyed similar dominance at the main international airport of their countries and some still do. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Aeromexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeromexico">Aeromexico</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_International_Airport" title="Mexico City International Airport">Mexico City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Pearson_International_Airport" title="Toronto Pearson International Airport">Toronto–Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Paris–Charles de Gaulle</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a> in <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London–Heathrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathay_Pacific" title="Cathay Pacific">Cathay Pacific</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Airport" title="Hong Kong International Airport">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copa_Airlines" title="Copa Airlines">Copa Airlines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tocumen_International_Airport" title="Tocumen International Airport">Panama City</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirates_(airline)" title="Emirates (airline)">Emirates</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubai_International_Airport" title="Dubai International Airport">Dubai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Airlines" title="Ethiopian Airlines">Ethiopian Airlines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Addis_Ababa_Bole_International_Airport" title="Addis Ababa Bole International Airport">Addis Ababa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finnair" title="Finnair">Finnair</a> in <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Airport" title="Helsinki Airport">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iberia_(airline)" title="Iberia (airline)">Iberia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid%E2%80%93Barajas_Airport" title="Madrid–Barajas Airport">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan_Airlines" title="Japan Airlines">Japan Airlines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport" title="Haneda Airport">Tokyo-Haneda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air" title="Iran Air">Iran Air</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Imam_Khomeini_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Imam Khomeini International Airport">Imam Khomeini</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITA_Airways" title="ITA Airways">ITA Airways</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rome_Fiumicino_Airport" title="Rome Fiumicino Airport">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sheremetyevo_International_Airport" title="Sheremetyevo International Airport">Moscow–Sheremetyevo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air" title="Korean Air">Korean Air</a> at <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Seoul–Incheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/KLM" title="KLM">KLM</a> in <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> in <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Airport">Sydney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar_Airways" title="Qatar Airways">Qatar Airways</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamad_International_Airport" title="Hamad International Airport">Doha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Changi_Airport" title="Changi Airport">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways" title="South African Airways">South African Airways</a> in <a href="/wiki/O._R._Tambo_International_Airport" title="O. R. Tambo International Airport">Johannesburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_International_Air_Lines" title="Swiss International Air Lines">Swiss International Air Lines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Airport" title="Zurich Airport">Zurich</a>, <a href="/wiki/TAP_Air_Portugal" title="TAP Air Portugal">TAP Air Portugal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Airport" title="Lisbon Airport">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Airlines" title="Turkish Airlines">Turkish Airlines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Airport" title="Istanbul Airport">Istanbul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Airlines" title="Aegean Airlines">Aegean Airlines</a> in <a href="/wiki/Athens_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Athens Airport">Athens</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_hubs">Primary and secondary hubs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary hubs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A primary hub is the main hub for an airline. However, as an airline expands operations at its primary hub to the point that it experiences capacity limitations, it may elect to open secondary hubs. Examples of such hubs are <a href="/wiki/Air_Canada" title="Air Canada">Air Canada</a>'s hubs at <a href="/wiki/Montr%C3%A9al%E2%80%93Trudeau_International_Airport" title="Montréal–Trudeau International Airport">Montréal–Trudeau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_International_Airport" title="Vancouver International Airport">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Airways" title="British Airways">British Airways</a>' hub at <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">London–Gatwick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a>'s hub at <a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati_Shivaji_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Chhatrapati Shivaji International Airport">Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>'s hub at <a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich</a>. By operating multiple hubs, airlines can expand their geographic reach.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can also better serve spoke–spoke markets, providing more itineraries with connections at different hubs.<sup id="cite_ref-holloway_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holloway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cargo airlines like <a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a> and <a href="/wiki/UPS_Airlines" title="UPS Airlines">UPS Airlines</a> also operate secondary hubs to an extent, but these are primarily used to serve regional high-demand destinations because shipping packages through its main hub would waste fuel; an example of this would be FedEx transiting a package through <a href="/wiki/Oakland_International_Airport" title="Oakland International Airport">Oakland International Airport</a> when shipping packages between destinations near <a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a> instead of sending deliveries through the <a href="/wiki/Memphis_International_Airport" title="Memphis International Airport">Memphis Superhub</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliever_hub">Reliever hub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Reliever hub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A given hub's capacity may become exhausted or capacity shortages may occur during peak periods of the day, at which point airlines may be compelled to shift traffic to a reliever hub. A reliever hub has the potential to serve several functions for an airline: it can bypass the congested hub, it can absorb excess demand for flights that could otherwise not be scheduled at the congested hub, and it can schedule new O&D city pairs for connecting traffic. </p><p>One of the most recognized examples of this model is <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>' and <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>' uses of <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a> as a domestic hub in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, due to capacity and slot restrictions at their hubs at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a>. Many regional flights operate out of LaGuardia, while most international and long-haul domestic flights remain at JFK. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> operates a similar model of business with its hubs at <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich_Airport" title="Munich Airport">Munich Airport</a>. Generally speaking, a marginal majority of the airline's long-haul flights are based out of Frankfurt, while a similarly sized but smaller minority are based out of Munich. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moonlight_hub">Moonlight hub</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Moonlight hub"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In past history, carriers have maintained niche, time-of-day operations at hubs. The most notable was <a href="/wiki/America_West" class="mw-redirect" title="America West">America West</a>'s use of <a href="/wiki/McCarran_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarran International Airport">McCarran International Airport</a> (now named after longtime Nevada Senator <a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Harry Reid</a>) in Las Vegas as a primary night-flight hub to increase aircraft utilization rates far beyond those of competing carriers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_city_ticketing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hidden city ticketing">Hidden city ticketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_airline_hubs" title="List of former airline hubs">List of former airline hubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hub_airports" title="List of hub airports">List of hub airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_transit" title="Point-to-point transit">Point-to-point transit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">Transport hub</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Colloquially, an airline hub may be defined as an airport that receives many passengers or as an airport that serves as the operating base of an airline, whether or not the airline allows for connecting traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-holloway_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holloway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> of the United States defines a hub in terms of passenger enplanements. Specifically, a hub is an airport that handles 0.05% or more of the nation's annual passenger boardings.<sup id="cite_ref-holloway_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-holloway-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Airlines" title="Alaska Airlines">Alaska Airlines</a>: 11.4<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Airline_hub&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-holloway-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-holloway_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holloway_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-holloway_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHolloway2008" class="citation book cs1">Holloway, Stephen (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8kr50wL0tIYC"><i>Straight and Level: Practical Airline Economics</i></a> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Ashgate_Publishing" title="Ashgate Publishing">Ashgate Publishing</a>. pp. 376, 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780754672562" title="Special:BookSources/9780754672562"><bdi>9780754672562</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508005505/https://books.google.com/books?id=8kr50wL0tIYC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straight+and+Level%3A+Practical+Airline+Economics&rft.pages=376%2C+378&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780754672562&rft.aulast=Holloway&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8kr50wL0tIYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/categories/">"Airport Categories"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>. 3 March 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160528190758/http://www.faa.gov/airports/planning_capacity/passenger_allcargo_stats/categories/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Airport+Categories&rft.pub=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Fairports%2Fplanning_capacity%2Fpassenger_allcargo_stats%2Fcategories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-erau-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-erau_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erau_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erau_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-erau_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookGoodwin2008" class="citation journal cs1">Cook, Gerald; Goodwin, Jeremy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923183031/http://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443&context=jaaer">"Airline Networks: A Comparison of Hub-and-Spoke and Point-to-Point Systems"</a>. <i>Journal of Aviation/Aerospace Education & Research</i>. <b>17</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Embry%E2%80%93Riddle_Aeronautical_University" title="Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University">Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University</a>: 52–54. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://commons.erau.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1443&context=jaaer">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Aviation%2FAerospace+Education+%26+Research&rft.atitle=Airline+Networks%3A+A+Comparison+of+Hub-and-Spoke+and+Point-to-Point+Systems&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=52-54&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcommons.erau.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1443%26context%3Djaaer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hofstra-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hofstra_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hofstra_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hofstra_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hofstra_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160405061213/http://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch3en/conc3en/hubspokederegulation.html">"Airline Deregulation and Hub-and-Spoke Networks"</a>. <i>The Geography of Transport Systems</i>. <a href="/wiki/Hofstra_University" title="Hofstra University">Hofstra University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.hofstra.edu/geotrans/eng/ch3en/conc3en/hubspokederegulation.html">the original</a> on 5 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Geography+of+Transport+Systems&rft.atitle=Airline+Deregulation+and+Hub-and-Spoke+Networks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.hofstra.edu%2Fgeotrans%2Feng%2Fch3en%2Fconc3en%2Fhubspokederegulation.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1985" class="citation news cs1">Schmidt, William (14 November 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150524170250/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/14/us/deregulation-challenges-atlanta-airline-hub.html">"Deregulation Challenges Atlanta Airline Hub"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/11/14/us/deregulation-challenges-atlanta-airline-hub.html">the original</a> on 24 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deregulation+Challenges+Atlanta+Airline+Hub&rft.date=1985-11-14&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1985%2F11%2F14%2Fus%2Fderegulation-challenges-atlanta-airline-hub.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govt_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govt_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govt_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2004" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Harry (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=30-0qO6WY4AC"><i>Aviation and the Role of Government</i></a>. Kendall Hunt. pp. 227–228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780757509445" title="Special:BookSources/9780757509445"><bdi>9780757509445</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215200104/https://books.google.com/books?id=30-0qO6WY4AC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation+and+the+Role+of+Government&rft.pages=227-228&rft.pub=Kendall+Hunt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780757509445&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D30-0qO6WY4AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Forbes-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Forbes_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2018" class="citation news cs1">Reed, Ted (18 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/tedreed/2018/09/18/american-airlines-has-hubs-at-three-of-five-most-connected-u-s-airports-survey-says/?sh=61c946866166">"American Airlines Has Hubs at Three of Top Four Most-Connected U.S. Airports, Survey Says"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=American+Airlines+Has+Hubs+at+Three+of+Top+Four+Most-Connected+U.S.+Airports%2C+Survey+Says&rft.date=2018-09-18&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Ftedreed%2F2018%2F09%2F18%2Famerican-airlines-has-hubs-at-three-of-five-most-connected-u-s-airports-survey-says%2F%3Fsh%3D61c946866166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dallas-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dallas_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dallas_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dallas_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxon2015" class="citation news cs1">Maxon, Terry (27 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasnews.com/business/airline-industry/20150327-american-airlines-banking-on-tighter-connections.ece">"American Airlines banking on tighter connections"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dallas_Morning_News" title="The Dallas Morning News">The Dallas Morning News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624080652/http://www.dallasnews.com/business/airline-industry/20150327-american-airlines-banking-on-tighter-connections.ece">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dallas+Morning+News&rft.atitle=American+Airlines+banking+on+tighter+connections&rft.date=2015-03-27&rft.aulast=Maxon&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasnews.com%2Fbusiness%2Fairline-industry%2F20150327-american-airlines-banking-on-tighter-connections.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-belobaba-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-belobaba_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belobaba_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belobaba_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belobaba_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-belobaba_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelobabaOdoniBarnhart2016" class="citation book cs1">Belobaba, Peter; Odoni, Amedeo; Barnhart, Cynthia, eds. 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Chichester, England: <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. pp. 142, 172–174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118881170" title="Special:BookSources/9781118881170"><bdi>9781118881170</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508005505/https://books.google.com/books?id=6WMdCgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Global+Airline+Industry&rft.place=Chichester%2C+England&rft.pages=142%2C+172-174&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781118881170&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6WMdCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-american2002-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-american2002_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-american2002_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2002" class="citation news cs1">Reed, Dan (8 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/news/2002/2002-08-09-american.htm">"American Airlines to try rolling hubs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005063049/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/news/2002/2002-08-09-american.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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In Garrett, Mark (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Transportation: Social Science and Policy</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6779-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-6779-1"><bdi>978-1-4522-6779-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508005505/https://books.google.com/books?id=0p-kBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Airport+Hubs&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Transportation%3A+Social+Science+and+Policy&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-6779-1&rft.aulast=Mammarella&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0p-kBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeilman2012" class="citation news cs1">Heilman, Wayne (20 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526231749/http://gazette.com/springs-is-frontiers-new-front-in-battle-for-colorado-travelers/article/137275">"Springs is Frontier's new front in battle for Colorado travelers"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gazette_(Colorado_Springs)" title="The Gazette (Colorado Springs)">The Gazette (Colorado Springs)</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazette.com/springs-is-frontiers-new-front-in-battle-for-colorado-travelers/article/137275">the original</a> on 26 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette+%28Colorado+Springs%29&rft.atitle=Springs+is+Frontier%27s+new+front+in+battle+for+Colorado+travelers&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft.aulast=Heilman&rft.aufirst=Wayne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fsprings-is-frontiers-new-front-in-battle-for-colorado-travelers%2Farticle%2F137275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutzabaugh2006" class="citation news cs1">Mutzabaugh, Ben (3 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160526231909/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2006-03-02-united-sanantonio_x.htm">"United adds a 'hublet' in San Antonio"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. McLean: <a href="/wiki/Gannett" title="Gannett">Gannett</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/travel/flights/2006-03-02-united-sanantonio_x.htm">the original</a> on 26 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=United+adds+a+%27hublet%27+in+San+Antonio&rft.date=2006-03-03&rft.aulast=Mutzabaugh&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Ftravel%2Fflights%2F2006-03-02-united-sanantonio_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMammarella2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mammarella, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0p-kBQAAQBAJ">"Airport Hubs"</a>. In Garrett, Mark (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Transportation: Social Science and Policy</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452267791" title="Special:BookSources/9781452267791"><bdi>9781452267791</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508005505/https://books.google.com/books?id=0p-kBQAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Airport+Hubs&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Transportation%3A+Social+Science+and+Policy&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781452267791&rft.aulast=Mammarella&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0p-kBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoseSeelyBarrett2006" class="citation book cs1">Rose, Mark; Seely, Bruce; Barrett, Paul (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ept0BAAAQBAJ"><i>The Best Transportation System in the World: Railroads, Trucks, Airlines, and American Public Policy in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Columbus, Ohio: <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_University" title="Ohio State University">Ohio State University</a>. p. 233. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812221169" title="Special:BookSources/9780812221169"><bdi>9780812221169</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508005505/https://books.google.com/books?id=ept0BAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Best+Transportation+System+in+the+World%3A+Railroads%2C+Trucks%2C+Airlines%2C+and+American+Public+Policy+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780812221169&rft.aulast=Rose&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Seely%2C+Bruce&rft.au=Barrett%2C+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dept0BAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCredeurSchlangenstein2012" class="citation news cs1">Credeur, Mary; Schlangenstein, Mary (3 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529170151/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-05-03/united-fights-southwest-in-texas-to-keep-grip-on-busy-hub">"United Fights Southwest in Texas to Keep Grip on Busy Hub"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_News" title="Bloomberg News">Bloomberg News</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-05-03/united-fights-southwest-in-texas-to-keep-grip-on-busy-hub">the original</a> on 29 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=United+Fights+Southwest+in+Texas+to+Keep+Grip+on+Busy+Hub&rft.date=2012-05-03&rft.aulast=Credeur&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft.au=Schlangenstein%2C+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2012-05-03%2Funited-fights-southwest-in-texas-to-keep-grip-on-busy-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonPerkinsvan_DenderZupan2014" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, David; Perkins, Stephen; van Dender, Kurt; Zupan, Jeffrey; Forsyth, Peter; Yamaguchi, Katsuhiro; Niemeier, Hans-Martin; Burghouwt, Guillaume (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzvjAwAAQBAJ"><i>Expanding Airport Capacity in Large Urban Areas</i></a>. ITF Round Tables. <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development#Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD Publishing</a>. pp. 151–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1787%2F2074336x">10.1787/2074336x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789282107393" title="Special:BookSources/9789282107393"><bdi>9789282107393</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180508005505/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZzvjAwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Expanding+Airport+Capacity+in+Large+Urban+Areas&rft.series=ITF+Round+Tables&rft.pages=151-152&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1787%2F2074336x&rft.isbn=9789282107393&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Perkins%2C+Stephen&rft.au=van+Dender%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Zupan%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Forsyth%2C+Peter&rft.au=Yamaguchi%2C+Katsuhiro&rft.au=Niemeier%2C+Hans-Martin&rft.au=Burghouwt%2C+Guillaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZzvjAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAirline+hub" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output 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navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneworld" title="Oneworld">Oneworld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Alliance" title="Star Alliance">Star Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_Alliance" title="Value Alliance">Value Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanilla_Alliance" title="Vanilla Alliance">Vanilla Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-FLY_Alliance" title="U-FLY Alliance">U-FLY Alliance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trade_association" title="Trade association">Trade groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>International <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Airline_Cooperative" title="The Airline Cooperative">ACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_Action_Group" title="Air Transport Action Group">ATAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Travel_Agents_Network" title="International Association of Travel Agents Network">IATAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Air_Line_Pilots%27_Associations" title="International Federation of Air Line Pilots' Associations">IFALPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_of_Transport_Aircraft_Trading" title="International Society of Transport Aircraft Trading">ISTAT</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_America" title="Airlines for America">A4A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Airline_Association" title="Regional Airline Association">RAA</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airlines_for_Europe" title="Airlines for Europe">A4E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AeroSpace_and_Defence_Industries_Association_of_Europe" title="AeroSpace and Defence Industries Association of Europe">ASD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Cockpit_Association" title="European Cockpit Association">ECA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Business_Aviation_Association" title="European Business Aviation Association">EBAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Regions_Airline_Association" title="European Regions Airline Association">ERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Transport_Workers%27_Federation" title="European Transport Workers' Federation">ETWF</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other regions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Air_Carriers%27_Organization" title="Arab Air Carriers' Organization">AACO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Asia_Pacific_Airlines" title="Association of Asia Pacific Airlines">AAPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Airlines_Association" title="African Airlines Association">AFRAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Aviation_Association_of_Australia" title="Regional Aviation Association of Australia">RAAA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aircrew" title="Aircrew">Aircrew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_in_command" title="Pilot in command">Pilot in command (Captain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_officer_(aviation)" title="First officer (aviation)">First officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_officer_(aviation)" title="Second officer (aviation)">Second officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_officer_(aviation)" title="Third officer (aviation)">Third officer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_crew_relief" title="In-flight crew relief">Relief crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">Flight attendant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_engineer" title="Flight engineer">Flight engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loadmaster" title="Loadmaster">Loadmaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_pilot" title="Aircraft pilot">Aircraft pilot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purser#Aircraft" title="Purser">Purser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_mileage" title="Dead mileage">Dead mileage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airliner" title="Airliner">Airliner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Travel_class" title="Travel class">Travel class</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">First class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_class" title="Business class">Business class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_economy_class" title="Premium economy class">Premium economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">Economy class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_economy_class" title="Basic economy class">Basic economy class</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_cabin" title="Aircraft cabin">Aircraft cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_lavatory" title="Aircraft lavatory">Aircraft lavatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_seat_map" title="Aircraft seat map">Aircraft seat map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_meal" title="Airline meal">Airline meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_seat" title="Airline seat">Airline seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buy_on_board" title="Buy on board">Buy on board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crew_rest_compartment" title="Crew rest compartment">Crew rest compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-flight_entertainment" title="In-flight entertainment">In-flight entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflight_smoking" title="Inflight smoking">Inflight smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley_(kitchen)" title="Galley (kitchen)">Galley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickness_bag" title="Sickness bag">Sickness bag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airport" title="Airport">Airport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerodrome" title="Aerodrome">Aerodrome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Airline hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_check-in" title="Airport check-in">Airport check-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_lounge" title="Airport lounge">Airport lounge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_rail_link" title="Airport rail link">Airport rail link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_terminal" title="Airport terminal">Airport terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airside_pass" title="Airside pass">Airside pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstair" title="Airstair">Airstair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_(transport)" title="Boarding (transport)">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_airport" title="Domestic airport">Domestic airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_(airport)" title="Gate (airport)">Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_airport" title="International airport">International airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_bridge" title="Jet bridge">Jet bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-cost_carrier_terminal" title="Low-cost carrier terminal">Low-cost carrier terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runway" title="Runway">Runway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transit_hotel" title="Transit hotel">Transit hotel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Customs" title="Customs">Customs</a> / <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">Immigration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrival_card" title="Arrival card">Arrival card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_control" title="Border control">Border control</a> (<a href="/wiki/Internal_border_control" title="Internal border control">internal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departure_card" title="Departure card">Departure card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timatic" title="Timatic">Timatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_document" title="Travel document">Travel document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_visa" title="Travel visa">Travel visa</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_visa" title="Electronic visa">(Electronic)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypermobility_(travel)" title="Hypermobility (travel)">Hypermobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of aviation">Environmental effects of aviation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_law" title="Aviation law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_transport_agreement" title="Air transport agreement">Air transport agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_route_authority_between_the_United_States_and_China" title="Air route authority between the United States and China">Air route authority between the United States and China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Agreement" title="Bermuda Agreement">Bermuda Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1946–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_II_Agreement" title="Bermuda II Agreement">Bermuda II Agreement</a> (UK–US, 1978–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_charter" title="Cross-strait charter">Cross-strait charter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Convention" title="Beijing Convention">Beijing Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Treaty" title="Cape Town Treaty">Cape Town Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Convention_on_International_Civil_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation">Chicago Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Marking_of_Plastic_Explosives" title="Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives">Convention on the Marking of Plastic Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Common_Aviation_Area" title="European Common Aviation Area">European Common Aviation Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_permit" title="Flight permit">Flight permit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">Freedoms of the air</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EU%E2%80%93US_Open_Skies_Agreement" title="EU–US Open Skies Agreement">EU–US Open Skies Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Hijacking_Convention" title="Hague Hijacking Convention">Hague Hijacking Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hague_Protocol" title="Hague Protocol">Hague Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montreal_Convention" title="Montreal Convention">Montreal Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_of_1919" title="Paris Convention of 1919">Paris Convention of 1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome_Convention_on_Damage_Caused_by_Foreign_Aircraft_to_Third_Parties_on_the_Surface" title="Rome Convention on Damage Caused by Foreign Aircraft to Third Parties on the Surface">Rome Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Suppression_of_Unlawful_Acts_against_the_Safety_of_Civil_Aviation" title="Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation">Sabotage Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Convention" title="Tokyo Convention">Tokyo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Convention" title="Warsaw Convention">Warsaw Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_organization" title="International organization">Intergovernmental organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Network_of_Civil_Aviation_Safety_Investigation_Authorities" title="European Network of Civil Aviation Safety Investigation Authorities">ENCASIA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baggage" title="Baggage">Baggage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bag_tag" title="Bag tag">Bag tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_allowance" title="Baggage allowance">Baggage allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_carousel" title="Baggage carousel">Baggage carousel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_cart" title="Baggage cart">Baggage cart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_reclaim" title="Baggage reclaim">Baggage reclaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">Baggage handling system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_sizer" title="Baggage sizer">Baggage sizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checked_baggage" title="Checked baggage">Checked baggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_luggage" title="Hand luggage">Hand luggage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_luggage" title="Lost luggage">Lost luggage</a> (<a href="/wiki/WorldTracer" title="WorldTracer">WorldTracer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luggage_lock" title="Luggage lock">Luggage lock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_safety" title="Aviation safety">Aviation safety</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rage" title="Air rage">Air rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">Air traffic control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_service" title="Air traffic service">Air traffic service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_safety_card" title="Aircraft safety card">Aircraft safety card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_authority" title="Airport authority">Airport authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_crash_tender" title="Airport crash tender">Airport crash tender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_police" title="Airport police">Airport police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airport_security" title="Airport security">Airport security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airspace_class" title="Airspace class">Airspace class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_control_center" title="Area control center">Area control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brace_position" title="Brace position">Brace position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_aviation_authority" title="Civil aviation authority">Civil aviation authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_area_(aviation)" title="Control area (aviation)">Control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_zone" title="Control zone">Control zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_airspace" title="Controlled airspace">Controlled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_slide" title="Evacuation slide">Evacuation slide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_information_service" title="Flight information service">Flight information service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_recorder" title="Flight recorder">Flight recorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_flight_rules" title="Instrument flight rules">Instrument flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwing_exits" title="Overwing exits">Overwing exits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-flight_safety_demonstration" title="Pre-flight safety demonstration">Pre-flight safety demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_marshal" title="Sky marshal">Sky marshal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_use_airspace" title="Special use airspace">Special use airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_visual_flight_rules" title="Special visual flight rules">Special visual flight rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_area" title="Terminal control area">Terminal control area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_control_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal control center">Terminal control center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncontrolled_airspace" title="Uncontrolled airspace">Uncontrolled airspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_information_region" title="Upper information region">Upper information region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_flight_rules" title="Visual flight rules">Visual flight rules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline tickets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airline_booking_ploys" title="Airline booking ploys">Airline booking ploys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_reservations_system" title="Airline reservations system">Airline reservations system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_ticket" title="Airline ticket">Airline ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airline_timetable" title="Airline timetable">Airline timetable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bereavement_flight" title="Bereavement flight">Bereavement flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boarding_pass" title="Boarding pass">Boarding pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codeshare_agreement" title="Codeshare agreement">Codeshare agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continent_pass" title="Continent pass">Continent pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">Electronic ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fare_basis_code" title="Fare basis code">Fare basis code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_cancellation_and_delay" title="Flight cancellation and delay">Flight cancellation and delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_contract_flight" title="Government contract flight">Government contract flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-way_travel" title="One-way travel">One-way travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-jaw_ticket" title="Open-jaw ticket">Open-jaw ticket</a></li> <li>Overbooking (<a href="/wiki/Overselling" title="Overselling">Overselling</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passenger_name_record" title="Passenger name record">Passenger name record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red-eye_flight" title="Red-eye flight">Red-eye flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-the-world_ticket" title="Round-the-world ticket">Round-the-world ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standby_(air_travel)" title="Standby (air travel)">Standby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_tracking" title="Flight tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_agency" title="Travel agency">Travel agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel website</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ground_crew" title="Ground crew">Ground crew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_technician" title="Aircraft maintenance technician">Aircraft maintenance technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aircraft_ground_handling" title="Aircraft ground handling">Aircraft ground handling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggage_handler" title="Baggage handler">Baggage handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_dispatcher" title="Flight dispatcher">Flight dispatcher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_cargo" title="Air cargo">Air cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_travel" title="Air travel">Air travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviation_taxation_and_subsidies" title="Aviation taxation and subsidies">Aviation taxation and subsidies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mile_high_club" title="Mile high club">Mile high club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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