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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Body</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skeletal_details_and_tattooing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skeletal_details_and_tattooing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Skeletal details and tattooing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skeletal_details_and_tattooing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clothes_and_shoes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clothes_and_shoes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Clothes and shoes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clothes_and_shoes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools_and_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools_and_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Tools and equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools_and_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Genetic analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Blood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-H._pylori_analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#H._pylori_analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span><i>H. pylori</i> analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-H._pylori_analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stomach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stomach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Stomach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stomach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>After death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause_of_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause_of_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cause of death</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cause_of_death-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cause of death subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cause_of_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arrowhead_and_blood_analyses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arrowhead_and_blood_analyses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arrowhead and blood analyses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arrowhead_and_blood_analyses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_theory_of_death_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_theory_of_death_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Alternative theory of death location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_theory_of_death_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Legal dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ötzi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artículo destacado"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="أوتزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oetzi,_an_Yelong_Tawo" title="Oetzi, an Yelong Tawo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Oetzi, an Yelong Tawo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Йоци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artículo bueno"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CF%89%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%B3%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Άνθρωπος των πάγων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άνθρωπος των πάγων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C" title="اوتسی مرد یخی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اوتسی مرد یخی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EC%B9%98" title="외치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D6%81%D5%AB" title="Էցի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էցի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mummia_del_Similaun" title="Mummia del Similaun – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mummia del Similaun" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artículo destacado"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99,_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%97" title="אצי, איש הקרח – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אצי, איש הקרח" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A7%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98" title="ეცის ყინულის კაცი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეცის ყინულის კაცი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oetsius" title="Oetsius – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Oetsius" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oetzi" title="Oetzi – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Oetzi" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Еци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="ഊറ്റ്സി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഊറ്റ്സി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artículo destacado"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3" title="アイスマン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アイスマン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%82%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Этци – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Этци" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92" title="අර්ට්සි – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අර්ට්සි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman" title="Ötzi the Iceman – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ötzi the Iceman" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Еци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Еци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஏட்சி பனிமனிதன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏட்சி பனிமனிதன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9A%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF" title="మంచుమనిషి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="మంచుమనిషి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="เอิตซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอิตซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%82%D1%86%D1%96" title="Етці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Етці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="اوٹزی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اوٹزی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_b%C4%83ng_%C3%96tzi" title="Người băng Ötzi – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người băng Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96tzi" title="Ötzi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ötzi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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/></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Natural mummy of a man who lived c. 3300 BC</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ötzi (disambiguation)">Ötzi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ötzi</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Otzi-Quinson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Reconstruction of the Ötzi mummy displayed in Prehistory Museum of Quinson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Otzi-Quinson.jpg/220px-Otzi-Quinson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Otzi-Quinson.jpg/330px-Otzi-Quinson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Otzi-Quinson.jpg/440px-Otzi-Quinson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="428" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Reconstruction of Ötzi mummy as shown in <a href="/wiki/Alpes-de-Haute-Provence" title="Alpes-de-Haute-Provence">Alpes-de-Haute-Provence</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈœtsi]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4e\/De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg\/De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4e/De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg/De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Reproducir audio" title="Reproducir audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg" title="File:De-Oetzi-pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3275 BC<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">near the present village of <a href="/wiki/Feldthurns" title="Feldthurns">Feldthurns</a> (Velturno), north of <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3230 BC (aged about 45)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a>, near Tisenjoch on the border between Austria and Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Ötzi the Iceman</li><li><a href="/wiki/Similaun" title="Similaun">Similaun</a> Man (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Mummia del Similaun</i>)</li><li>Man from Tisenjoch</li><li>Man from Hauslabjoch</li><li>Frozen Man</li><li>Frozen Fritz<sup id="cite_ref-Chenoune2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chenoune2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ChwaszczaBell1993_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChwaszczaBell1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Tyrolean Iceman</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Oldest <a href="/wiki/Natural_mummy" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural mummy">natural mummy</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> (Copper Age) European man</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">160 cm (5 ft 3 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iceman.it/">South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ötzi</b>, also called <b>The Iceman</b>, is the <a href="/wiki/Natural_mummy" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural mummy">natural mummy</a> of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. Ötzi's remains were discovered on 19 September 1991, in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a> (hence the nickname "Ötzi", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[œtsi]</a></span>) at the <a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93Italy_border" title="Austria–Italy border">Austria–Italy border</a>. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> (Copper Age) Europeans. </p><p>Because of the presence of an arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder and various other wounds, researchers believe that Ötzi was killed by another person. The nature of his life and the circumstances of his death are the subject of much investigation and speculation. His remains and personal belongings are on exhibit at the <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol_Museum_of_Archaeology" title="South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology">South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a>, Italy. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery">Discovery</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alps_location_map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ötzi is located in Alps"><img alt="Ötzi is located in Alps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Alps_location_map.png/240px-Alps_location_map.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Alps_location_map.png/360px-Alps_location_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Alps_location_map.png/480px-Alps_location_map.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1381" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.924%;left:50.722%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Ötzi"><img alt="Ötzi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Alps_location_map.png" title="File:Alps location map.png">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Discovery site marked on a map of the Alps</div></div></div> <p>Ötzi was found on 19 September 1991 by two German tourists, at an elevation of 3,210 m (10,530 ft) on the east ridge of the <a href="/wiki/Fineilspitze" title="Fineilspitze">Fineilspitze</a> in the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96tztal_Alps" title="Ötztal Alps">Ötztal Alps</a> on the Austrian–Italian border, near <a href="/wiki/Similaun" title="Similaun">Similaun</a> mountain and the Tisenjoch pass. When the tourists, Helmut and Erika Simon, first saw the body, they both believed that they had happened upon a recently deceased <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountaineer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The next day, a mountain <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarme</a> and the keeper of the nearby Similaunhütte first attempted to remove the body, which was frozen in ice below the torso, using a pneumatic drill and ice axes, but bad weather forced them to give up. Within a short time, eight groups visited the site, among whom were mountaineers <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kammerlander" title="Hans Kammerlander">Hans Kammerlander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Reinhold Messner</a>. </p><p>The body was extracted on 22 September and salvaged the following day. It was transported to the office of the medical examiner in <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, together with other objects found nearby. On 24 September, the find was examined there by <a href="/wiki/Archaeologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeologist">archaeologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Spindler" title="Konrad Spindler">Konrad Spindler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Innsbruck" title="University of Innsbruck">University of Innsbruck</a>. He dated the find to be "at least four thousand years old" on the basis of the <a href="/wiki/Typology_(archaeology)" title="Typology (archaeology)">typology</a> of an axe among the retrieved objects.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Iceman.IT-20150624_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iceman.IT-20150624-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tissue samples from the corpse and other accompanying materials were later analyzed at several scientific institutions and their results unequivocally concluded that the remains belonged to someone who had lived between 3359 and 3105 BC, or some 5,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Iceman.IT-20150624_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Iceman.IT-20150624-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specific estimates find that there was a 66% chance he died between 3239 and 3105 BC, a 33% chance he died between 3359 and 3294 BC, and a 1% chance he died between 3277 and 3268 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_dispute">Border dispute</h3></div> <p>At the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye_(1919)" title="Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye (1919)">Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919</a>, the border between <a href="/wiki/North_Tyrol" title="North Tyrol">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> was defined as the <a href="/wiki/Drainage_divide" title="Drainage divide">watershed</a> of the rivers <a href="/wiki/Inn_(river)" title="Inn (river)">Inn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etsch" class="mw-redirect" title="Etsch">Etsch</a>. Near Tisenjoch, the glacier (which has since retreated) complicated establishing the watershed and the border was drawn too far north. Although Ötzi's find site drains to the Austrian side, land surveys in October 1991 ultimately proved that the body had been located 92.56 m (101.22 yd) inside Italian territory, which was in consonance with Italy's original 1919 ownership claim.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The province of South Tyrol claimed property rights but agreed to let Innsbruck University finish its scientific examinations. Since 1998, he has been on display at the <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol_Museum_of_Archaeology" title="South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology">South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bolzano" title="Bolzano">Bolzano</a>, the capital of South Tyrol.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_analyses">Scientific analyses</h2></div> <p>The corpse has been extensively examined, measured, <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rayed</a>, and dated. Tissues and intestinal contents have been examined microscopically, as have the items found with the body. In August 2004, frozen bodies of three <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian">Austro-Hungarian</a> soldiers killed during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Matteo" title="Battle of San Matteo">Battle of San Matteo</a> (1918) were found on the mountain <a href="/wiki/Punta_San_Matteo" title="Punta San Matteo">Punta San Matteo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trentino" title="Trentino">Trentino</a>. One body was sent to a museum in the hope that research on how the environment had affected its preservation would help unravel Ötzi's past.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body">Body</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OetzitheIceman-glacier-199109a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Ötzi the Iceman half uncovered, face down in a pool of water with iced banks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1e/OetzitheIceman-glacier-199109a.jpg/250px-OetzitheIceman-glacier-199109a.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/1e/OetzitheIceman-glacier-199109a.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="266" /></a><figcaption>Ötzi the Iceman, while still frozen in the glacier, photographed by Helmut Simon upon the discovery of the body in September 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>By the most recent estimates, at the time of his death, Ötzi was 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall, weighed about 50 kg (110 lb), and was about 45 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian:_Defrosted_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian:_Defrosted-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When his body was found, it weighed 13.750 kg (30 lb 5.0 oz).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the body was covered in ice shortly after his death, it had only partially deteriorated. Initial reports claimed that his <a href="/wiki/Human_penis" title="Human penis">penis</a> and most of his <a href="/wiki/Scrotum" title="Scrotum">scrotum</a> were missing, but this was later shown to be unfounded.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of pollen, dust grains and the <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopic</a> composition of his <a href="/wiki/Tooth_enamel" title="Tooth enamel">tooth enamel</a> indicates that he spent his childhood near the present South Tyrol village of <a href="/wiki/Feldthurns" title="Feldthurns">Feldthurns</a>, north of Bolzano, but later went to live in valleys about 50 kilometres (31 mi) farther north.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2009, a <a href="/wiki/X-ray_computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="X-ray computed tomography">CAT</a> scan revealed that the stomach had shifted upward to where his lower lung area would normally be. Analysis of the contents revealed the partly digested remains of <a href="/wiki/Alpine_ibex" title="Alpine ibex">ibex</a> meat, confirmed by <a href="/wiki/DNA_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA analysis">DNA analysis</a>, suggesting he had had a meal less than two hours before his death. Wheat grains were also found.<sup id="cite_ref-natgeo_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-natgeo-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that Ötzi most likely had a few slices of a dried, fatty meat, which came from a <a href="/wiki/Wild_goat" title="Wild goat">wild goat</a> in South Tyrol, Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of Ötzi's intestinal contents showed two meals (the last one consumed about eight hours before his death), one of <a href="/wiki/Chamois" title="Chamois">chamois</a> meat, the other of <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> and herb bread; both were eaten with roots and fruits. The grain also eaten with both meals was a highly processed <a href="/wiki/Einkorn" title="Einkorn">einkorn</a> wheat bran,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> quite possibly eaten in the form of bread. In the proximity of the body, and thus possibly originating from the Iceman's provisions, chaff and grains of einkorn and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, and seeds of <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poppy" title="Poppy">poppy</a> were discovered, as well as kernels of <a href="/wiki/Prunus_spinosa" title="Prunus spinosa">sloes</a> (small plum-like fruits of the blackthorn tree) and various seeds of berries growing in the wild.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hair_analysis" title="Hair analysis">Hair analysis</a> was used to examine his diet from several months before. Pollen in the first meal showed that it had been consumed in a mid-altitude <a href="/wiki/Conifer" title="Conifer">conifer</a> forest, and other pollens indicated the presence of wheat and <a href="/wiki/Legume" title="Legume">legumes</a>, which may have been domesticated crops. Pollen grains of <a href="/wiki/Ostrya" title="Ostrya">hop-hornbeam</a> were also discovered. The pollen was very well preserved, with the cells inside remaining intact, indicating that it had been fresh (estimated about two hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death, which places the event in the spring or early summer. Einkorn wheat is harvested in the late summer, and <a href="/wiki/Sloe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sloe">sloes</a> in the autumn; these must have been stored from the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High levels of both <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> particles and <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a> were found in Ötzi's hair. This, along with Ötzi's copper axe blade, which is 99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that Ötzi was involved in copper <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By examination of the proportions of Ötzi's <a href="/wiki/Tibia" title="Tibia">tibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Femur" title="Femur">femur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_pelvis" class="mw-redirect" title="Human pelvis">pelvis</a>, it was postulated that Ötzi's lifestyle included long walks over hilly terrain. This degree of mobility is not characteristic of other Copper Age Europeans. This may indicate that Ötzi was a high-altitude shepherd.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using modern <a href="/wiki/3D_scanning" title="3D scanning">3D scanning</a> technology, a facial reconstruction has been created for the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy. It shows Ötzi looking old for his 45 years, with deep-set brown eyes, a beard, a furrowed face, and sunken cheeks. He is depicted as looking tired and ungroomed.<sup id="cite_ref-disco_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-disco-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <p>Ötzi apparently had <i><a href="/wiki/Trichuris_trichiura" title="Trichuris trichiura">Trichuris trichiura</a></i> (whipworm), an intestinal <a href="/wiki/Parasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasite">parasite</a>. During CT scans, it was observed that three or four of his right ribs had been cracked when he had been lying face down after death, or where the ice had crushed his body. One of his fingernails (of the two found) shows three <a href="/wiki/Beau%27s_lines" title="Beau's lines">Beau's lines</a>, indicating he was sick three times in the six months before he died. The last incident, two months before he died, lasted about two weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also found that his <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>, the outer skin layer, was missing, a natural process from his mummification in ice.<sup id="cite_ref-Mummy_Tombs:_Health_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mummy_Tombs:_Health-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ötzi's teeth showed considerable internal deterioration from cavities. These oral pathologies may have been brought about by his grain-heavy, high-carbohydrate diet.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA analysis in February 2012 revealed that Ötzi was <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerant</a>, supporting the theory that lactose intolerance was still common at that time, despite the increasing spread of agriculture and dairying.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ötzi's lungs were examined endoscopically and were found to be blackened by soot, probably due to his frequent proximity to open fires for warmth and cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skeletal_details_and_tattooing">Skeletal details and tattooing</h3></div> <p>Ötzi had a total of 61 <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoos</a>, consisting of 19 groups of black lines ranging from 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) in width and 7–40 mm (0.28–1.57 in) in length.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include groups of parallel lines running along the longitudinal axis of his body and to both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Lumbar_vertebrae" title="Lumbar vertebrae">lumbar spine</a>, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Cruciform" title="Cruciform">cruciform</a> mark behind the right knee and on the right ankle, and parallel lines around the left wrist. The greatest concentration of markings is found on his legs, which together exhibit 12 groups of lines.<sup id="cite_ref-redorbit.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redorbit.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A microscopic examination of samples collected from these tattoos revealed that they were created from pigment manufactured out of fireplace ash or soot.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This pigment was then rubbed into small linear incisions or punctures.<sup id="cite_ref-Piombino-Mascali-2020_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piombino-Mascali-2020-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been suggested that Ötzi was repeatedly tattooed in the same locations, since the majority of them are quite dark.<sup id="cite_ref-Piombino-Mascali-2020_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piombino-Mascali-2020-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Radiology" title="Radiology">Radiological</a> examination of Ötzi's bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration" corresponding to many tattooed areas, including <a href="/wiki/Osteochondrosis" title="Osteochondrosis">osteochondrosis</a> and slight <a href="/wiki/Spondylosis" title="Spondylosis">spondylosis</a> in the lumbar spine and wear-and-tear degeneration in the knee and especially in the ankle joints.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been speculated that these tattoos may have been part of pain relief treatments similar to <a href="/wiki/Acupressure" title="Acupressure">acupressure</a> or <a href="/wiki/Acupuncture" title="Acupuncture">acupuncture</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-redorbit.com_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-redorbit.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though Ötzi lived at least 2,000 years before their previously known earliest use in China (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1000 BC).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, 9 of the 19 groups of his tattoos are located next to, or directly on, acupunctural areas used today, and most of the others are on <a href="/wiki/Meridian_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Meridian (Chinese medicine)">meridians</a> and other acupunctural regions of the body and over arthritic joints. Ötzi's abdominal tattoos may have assuaged the intestinal pain of <a href="/wiki/Whipworm" class="mw-redirect" title="Whipworm">whipworm</a>, which he is thought to have had.<sup id="cite_ref-Piombino-Mascali-2020_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piombino-Mascali-2020-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zink-2019_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zink-2019-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At one point, it was thought that Ötzi was the oldest tattooed human mummy yet discovered.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tattoo_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tattoo-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, however, tattoos were discovered on nearly contemporaneous Egyptian mummies.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of Ötzi's tattoos originally went unnoticed, since they are difficult to see with the naked eye. In 2015, researchers photographed the body using noninvasive <a href="/wiki/Multispectral_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Multispectral image">multispectral</a> techniques to capture images on different light wavelengths that are imperceptible by humans, revealing the remainder of his tattoos.<sup id="cite_ref-Piombino-Mascali-2020_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piombino-Mascali-2020-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zink-2019_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zink-2019-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clothes_and_shoes">Clothes and shoes</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archeoparc_-_Museum_%C3%96tzi_Kleidung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Archeoparc_-_Museum_%C3%96tzi_Kleidung.jpg/170px-Archeoparc_-_Museum_%C3%96tzi_Kleidung.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Archeoparc_-_Museum_%C3%96tzi_Kleidung.jpg/255px-Archeoparc_-_Museum_%C3%96tzi_Kleidung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Archeoparc_-_Museum_%C3%96tzi_Kleidung.jpg/340px-Archeoparc_-_Museum_%C3%96tzi_Kleidung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="2280" /></a><figcaption>Archeoparc (<i>Schnals valley / South Tyrol</i>). Museum: Reconstruction of the neolithic clothes worn by Ötzi</figcaption></figure> <p>Ötzi wore a cloak made of woven grass<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a coat, a belt, a pair of leggings, a loincloth, and shoes, all made of leather of different skins. He also wore a bearskin cap with a leather chin strap. The shoes were waterproof and wide, seemingly designed for walking across the snow; they were constructed using bearskin for the soles, deer hide for the top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went around the foot and in the shoe and functioned like modern socks. The coat, belt, leggings and loincloth were constructed of vertical strips of leather sewn together with <a href="/wiki/Sinew" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinew">sinew</a>. His belt had a pouch sewn to it that contained a cache of useful items: a scraper, a drill, a flint flake, a bone awl and a dried fungus (see <a href="#Tools_and_equipment">#Tools and equipment</a> below).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OtzishoesS1340065.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/OtzishoesS1340065.jpg/220px-OtzishoesS1340065.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/OtzishoesS1340065.jpg/330px-OtzishoesS1340065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/OtzishoesS1340065.jpg/440px-OtzishoesS1340065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="1584" /></a><figcaption>A replica of Ötzi's shoe at the <a href="/wiki/Bata_Shoe_Museum" title="Bata Shoe Museum">Bata Shoe Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The shoes have since been reproduced by a Czech academic, who said that "because the shoes are actually quite complex, I'm convinced that even 5,300 years ago, people had the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Shoemaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoemaker">cobbler</a> who made shoes for other people". The reproductions were found to constitute such excellent footwear that it was reported that a Czech company offered to purchase the rights to sell them.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, a more recent hypothesis by British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Wood" title="Jacqui Wood">Jacqui Wood</a> is that Ötzi's shoes were actually the upper part of <a href="/wiki/Snowshoe" title="Snowshoe">snowshoes</a>. According to this theory, the item currently interpreted as part of a backpack is actually the wood frame and netting of one snowshoe and animal hide to cover the face.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The leather loincloth and hide coat were made from sheepskin. Genetic analysis showed that the sheep species was nearer to modern domestic European sheep than to wild sheep; the items were made from the skins of at least four animals. Part of the coat was made from a domesticated goat belonging to a mitochondrial <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup" title="Haplogroup">haplogroup</a> (a common female ancestor) that inhabits central Europe today. The coat was made from several animals from two different species and was stitched together using hides. The leggings were made from domesticated goat leather.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar set of 5,000-year-old leggings discovered in <a href="/wiki/Schnidejoch" title="Schnidejoch">Schnidejoch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, were made from goat leather as well.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Irish and Italian researchers were able to undertake an analysis of the mitochondrial DNA from six different items of the body's clothing and published their findings in the journal Scientific Reports. These showed that the shoelaces were made from the European genetic population of cattle. The quiver was made from wild <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, the fur hat was made from a genetic lineage of <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> which lives in the region today.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools_and_equipment">Tools and equipment</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman_-_Lithic_assemblage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman_-_Lithic_assemblage.png/300px-%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman_-_Lithic_assemblage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="396" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman_-_Lithic_assemblage.png/450px-%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman_-_Lithic_assemblage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman_-_Lithic_assemblage.png/600px-%C3%96tzi_the_Iceman_-_Lithic_assemblage.png 2x" data-file-width="652" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b>Ötzi lithic assemblage</b><br />a) Dagger, b) Endscraper, c) Small flake, d) Arrowhead 14, e) Arrowhead 12, f) Borer<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></figcaption></figure><p>Other items found with the Iceman were a copper axe with a <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew</a> handle, a <a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">chert</a>-bladed <a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">knife</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Ash_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash tree">ash</a> handle and a <a href="/wiki/Quiver" title="Quiver">quiver</a> of 14 arrows with <a href="/wiki/Viburnum" title="Viburnum">viburnum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dogwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogwood">dogwood</a> shafts.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PetragliaWierer2018_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PetragliaWierer2018-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the arrows, which were broken, were tipped with flint and had <a href="/wiki/Fletching" title="Fletching">fletching</a> (stabilizing fins), while the other 12 were unfinished and untipped. The arrows were found in a <a href="/wiki/Quiver" title="Quiver">quiver</a> with what is presumed to be a <a href="/wiki/Bow_string" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow string">bow string</a>, an unidentified tool, and an <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">antler</a> tool which might have been used for sharpening arrow points.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was also an unfinished yew <a href="/wiki/Longbow" title="Longbow">longbow</a> that was 1.82 m (72 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Davies_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davies-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/170px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/255px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg/340px-ReconstructedOetziAxe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="3126" /></a><figcaption>A replica of Ötzi's copper axe</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition, among Ötzi's possessions were <a href="/wiki/Berries" class="mw-redirect" title="Berries">berries</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Birch_bark" title="Birch bark">birch bark</a> baskets, and two species of <a href="/wiki/Polypore" title="Polypore">polypore</a> <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a> with leather strings through them. One of these, the <a href="/wiki/Birch_bracket" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch bracket">birch fungus</a>, is known to have <a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">anthelmintic</a> properties, and was probably used for medicinal purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9851424_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9851424-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other was a type of <a href="/wiki/Tinder_fungus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinder fungus">tinder fungus</a>, included with part of what appeared to be a complex <a href="/wiki/Firelighting" class="mw-redirect" title="Firelighting">firelighting</a> kit. The kit featured pieces of over a dozen different plants, in addition to flint and <a href="/wiki/Pyrite" title="Pyrite">pyrite</a> for creating sparks. </p><p>Ötzi's copper <a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">axe</a> was of particular interest. His axe's <a href="/wiki/Axe#Parts_of_the_axe" title="Axe">haft</a> is 60 cm (24 in) long and made from carefully worked <a href="/wiki/Taxus#Uses_and_traditions" title="Taxus">yew</a> with a right-angled crook at the shoulder, leading to the blade. The 9.5-centimetre-long (3.7 in) axe head is made of almost pure copper.<sup id="cite_ref-Axe_South_Tyrol_Museum_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axe_South_Tyrol_Museum-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was produced through <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a> and did not undergo mechanical hardening. Despite the fact that copper ore sources in the Alpines are known to have been exploited at the time, a 2017 study indicated that the copper in the axe came from southern <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was let into the forked end of the crook and fixed there using <a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">birch-tar</a> and tight leather <a href="/wiki/Lashing_(ropework)" title="Lashing (ropework)">lashing</a>. The blade part of the head extends out of the lashing and shows clear signs of having been used to chop and cut. At the time, such an axe would have been a valuable possession, important both as a tool and as a <a href="/wiki/Status_symbol" title="Status symbol">status symbol</a> for the bearer.<sup id="cite_ref-Axe_South_Tyrol_Museum_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Axe_South_Tyrol_Museum-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_analysis">Genetic analysis</h3></div> <p>Ötzi's full genome was first sequenced in 2012;<sup id="cite_ref-keller2012_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keller2012-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a new, high-coverage genome with much less modern human contamination was published in 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2012 study, the <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> DNA of Ötzi belongs to a <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_G_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)">subclade of G</a> defined by the SNPs M201, P287, P15, L223 and L91 (G-L91, ISOGG G2a2b, former "G2a4"). He was not typed for any of the subclades downstreaming from G-L91; however, an analysis of his <a href="/wiki/Binary_Alignment_Map" title="Binary Alignment Map">Binary Alignment Map</a> file revealed that he belongs to the L166 and FGC5672 subclades below L91.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> G-L91 is now mostly found in South <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA showed that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade, but cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b, or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named <i>K1ö</i> for <i>Ötzi</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a previously unknown European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution among modern data sets.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By <a href="/wiki/Autosomal_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Autosomal DNA">autosomal DNA</a>, Ötzi is most closely related to <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous peoples of Europe">Southern Europeans</a>, especially to geographically isolated populations like <a href="/wiki/Corsicans" title="Corsicans">Corsicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ötzi traced the majority of his ancestry to the Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">early European farmers</a> who <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">migrated</a> from Anatolia to Europe beginning during the 7th millennium BC, replacing earlier <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">European hunter-gatherers</a> as dominant population.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DNA analysis also showed him at high risk of <a href="/wiki/Atherosclerosis" title="Atherosclerosis">atherosclerosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lactose_intolerance" title="Lactose intolerance">lactose intolerance</a>, with the presence of the <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequencing" title="DNA sequencing">DNA sequence</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Borrelia_burgdorferi" title="Borrelia burgdorferi">Borrelia burgdorferi</a></i>, possibly making him the earliest known human with <a href="/wiki/Lyme_disease" title="Lyme disease">Lyme disease</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-keller2012_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-keller2012-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ngautopsy_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ngautopsy-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A later analysis suggested the sequence may have been a different <i><a href="/wiki/Borrelia" title="Borrelia">Borrelia</a></i> species.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2023 study on Ötzi's genome found a very high proportion (90%) of <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Anatolian farmer-related</a> ancestry – in fact, the highest among European populations of the same time—with a lesser contribution from <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter-Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter-Gatherer">European hunter-gatherer-related</a> ancestry, but (in contrast to the 2012 research) no evidence of <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe-related</a> ancestry,<sup id="cite_ref-Wang-2023_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-2023-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the disagreement with previous results being attributed to modern human contamination. While the absence in Ötzi's genome of genetic components from Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is not surprising because these <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">"Proto-Indo-European"</a> populations <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders#Steppe_Early_to_Middle_Bronze_Age" title="Western Steppe Herders">did not arrive in Europe until about 2900 BC</a>, the unusually low contribution from the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hunter_Gatherer" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hunter Gatherer">Western Hunter Gatherers</a> was explained by positing that the genetic mixing between neolithic farmers originating from Anatolia and WHG was still an ongoing process. Also, examining the genetic sites involved in phenotypical traits, the authors concluded that the Iceman, among other things, had likely darker skin than present-day Europeans, but not as dark as the Mesolithic Western Hunter-Gatherers, was likely affected by baldness, and may have suffered from obesity-related metabolic disorders. The article also leaves room for environmental factors as indicative of their darker skin complexion, so more studies will be necessary in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-Wang-2023_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wang-2023-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2013, it was reported that 19 modern <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrolean</a> men belong to the same paternal lineage (Y-DNA haplogroup G-L91) as Ötzi, and may share a common ancestor with Ötzi, and/or descend from close relatives of Ötzi. Scientists from the Institute of Legal Medicine at <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck_Medical_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Innsbruck Medical University">Innsbruck Medical University</a> had analysed the DNA of over 3,700 Tyrolean male blood donors and found 19 (c. 0.5%) who shared the same paternal haplogroup with the 5,300-year-old man.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood">Blood</h3></div> <p>In May 2012, scientists announced the discovery that Ötzi still had intact <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a>. These are the oldest complete human blood cells ever identified. In most bodies this old, the blood cells are either shrunken or mere remnants, but Ötzi's have the same dimensions as living red blood cells and resemble a modern-day sample.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="H._pylori_analysis"><i>H. pylori</i> analysis</h3></div> <p>In 2016, researchers reported on a study from the extraction of twelve samples from the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> of Ötzi to analyze the origins of the <i><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a></i> in his gut.<sup id="cite_ref-Maixner_2016_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maixner_2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>H. pylori</i> strain found in his gastrointestinal tract was, surprisingly, the hpAsia2 strain, a strain today found primarily in South Asian and Central Asian populations, with extremely rare occurrences in modern European populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Maixner_2016_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maixner_2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strain found in Ötzi's gut is most similar to three modern individuals from Northern India; the strain itself is, of course, older than the modern Northern Indian strain.<sup id="cite_ref-Maixner_2016_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maixner_2016-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stomach">Stomach</h3></div> <p>Ötzi's stomach was completely full and its contents were mostly undigested. In 2018, researchers performed a thorough analysis of his stomach and intestines to gain insights on Chalcolithic meal composition and dietary habits. <a href="/wiki/Biopsies" class="mw-redirect" title="Biopsies">Biopsies</a> were performed on the stomach to obtain dietary information in the time leading up to his death, and the contents themselves were also analyzed. Previously, Ötzi was believed to be vegetarian, but during this study, it was revealed that his diet was omnivorous. The presence of certain compounds suggests what kinds of food he generally ate, such as <a href="/wiki/Gamma-terpinene" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma-terpinene">gamma-terpinene</a>, implying the intake of herbs, and several nutritious minerals indicating red meat or dairy consumption. Through analysis of DNA and protein traces, the researchers were able to identify the contents of Ötzi's last meal, composed of fat and meat from <a href="/wiki/Ibex" title="Ibex">ibex</a> and red deer as well as <a href="/wiki/Einkorn_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Einkorn wheat">einkorn wheat</a>. The results of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy" title="Atomic force microscopy">atomic force microscopy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raman_spectroscopy" title="Raman spectroscopy">Raman spectroscopy</a> analysis reveal that he consumed fresh or dried wild meat. A previous study detected charcoal particles in his lower intestine, which indicate that fire was present during some part of the food preparation process, but it was likely used in drying out the meat or smoking it.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_death">After death</h3></div> <p>Analysis shows that the tissues had converted to <a href="/wiki/Adipocere" title="Adipocere">adipocere</a>, a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid" title="Fatty acid">fatty acids</a>, before desiccation. Rather than ice, the body had been in water for months over several seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-Fowler_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fowler-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause_of_death">Cause of death</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96tzi%E2%80%98s_last_days.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%C3%96tzi%E2%80%98s_last_days.png/440px-%C3%96tzi%E2%80%98s_last_days.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%C3%96tzi%E2%80%98s_last_days.png/660px-%C3%96tzi%E2%80%98s_last_days.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/%C3%96tzi%E2%80%98s_last_days.png/880px-%C3%96tzi%E2%80%98s_last_days.png 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="1844" /></a><figcaption>Reconstructions of Ötzi's last days, based on his last itinerary and meals, the state of his wounds, the causes of his death and the damaged and insufficient equipment, following multiple studies</figcaption></figure> <p>The cause of death remained uncertain until 10 years after the discovery of the body.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was initially believed that Ötzi died from exposure during a winter storm. Later it was speculated that he may have been a victim of a <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">sacrifice</a>, perhaps for being a <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">chieftain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rollo_2002_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollo_2002-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This explanation was inspired by theories previously advanced for the <a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">bodies</a> recovered from <a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">peat bogs</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Tollund_Man" title="Tollund Man">Tollund Man</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lindow_Man" title="Lindow Man">Lindow Man</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rollo_2002_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rollo_2002-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arrowhead_and_blood_analyses">Arrowhead and blood analyses</h3></div> <p>In 2001, X-rays and a CT scan revealed that Ötzi had an arrowhead lodged in his left shoulder when he died<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a matching small tear on his coat.<sup id="cite_ref-Mummy_Tombs:_Scientific_Studies_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mummy_Tombs:_Scientific_Studies-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of the arrowhead prompted researchers to theorize Ötzi died of <a href="/wiki/Bleeding" title="Bleeding">blood loss</a> from the wound, which would probably have been fatal even if modern medical techniques had been available.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further research found that the arrow's shaft had been removed before death, and close examination of the body found <a href="/wiki/Bruise" title="Bruise">bruises</a> and cuts to the hands, wrists and chest and <a href="/wiki/Head_injury" title="Head injury">cerebral trauma</a> indicative of a blow to the head. One of the cuts, to the base of his thumb, reached down to the bone but had no time to heal before his death. Currently, it is believed that Ötzi <a href="/wiki/Exsanguination" title="Exsanguination">bled to death</a> after the arrow shattered the <a href="/wiki/Scapula" title="Scapula">scapula</a> and damaged nerves and blood vessels before lodging near the lung.<sup id="cite_ref-carroll_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carroll-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNA analyses taken in 2003 are claimed to have revealed traces of blood from at least four other people on his gear: one from his knife, two from a single arrowhead in his quiver, and a fourth from his coat.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpretations of these findings are that Ötzi killed two people with the same arrow and was able to retrieve it on both occasions, and the blood on his coat was from a wounded comrade he may have carried over his back.<sup id="cite_ref-Mummy_Tombs:_Scientific_Studies_84-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mummy_Tombs:_Scientific_Studies-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ötzi's posture in death (frozen body, face down, left arm bent across the chest) could support a hypothesis that, before death occurred and <a href="/wiki/Rigor_mortis" title="Rigor mortis">rigor mortis</a> set in, the Iceman was turned onto his belly in the effort to remove the arrow shaft.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Cambridge World History of Violence</i> (2020) cited Ötzi as evidence of <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">prehistoric warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_theory_of_death_location">Alternative theory of death location</h4></div> <p>Most research has assumed that Ötzi died at roughly the spot where he was found.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanzenetti-2010_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanzenetti-2010-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, it was proposed that Ötzi died at a much lower altitude and was buried higher in the mountains, as posited by archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti of the <a href="/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome" title="Sapienza University of Rome">Sapienza University of Rome</a> and his colleagues.<sup id="cite_ref-Vanzenetti-2010_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vanzenetti-2010-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to their study of the items found near Ötzi and their locations, the iceman may have been placed above what has been interpreted as a stone burial mound, but his body subsequently moved with each thaw cycle that created a flowing watery mixture driven by gravity before being re-frozen.<sup id="cite_ref-bower2010_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bower2010-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While archaeobotanist <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Oeggl" title="Klaus Oeggl">Klaus Oeggl</a> of the University of Innsbruck agrees that the natural process described probably caused the body to move from the ridge that includes the stone formation, he pointed out that the paper provided no compelling evidence to demonstrate that the scattered stones constituted a burial platform.<sup id="cite_ref-bower2010_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bower2010-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, biological anthropologist Albert Zink argues that the iceman's bones display no dislocations that would have resulted from a downhill slide and that the intact blood clots in his arrow wound would show damage if the body had been moved up the mountain.<sup id="cite_ref-bower2010_92-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bower2010-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In either case, the burial theory does not contradict the likelihood of a violent cause of death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_dispute">Legal dispute</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oetzi_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Oetzi_Memorial.jpg/170px-Oetzi_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Oetzi_Memorial.jpg/255px-Oetzi_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Oetzi_Memorial.jpg/340px-Oetzi_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1155" /></a><figcaption>The Ötzi memorial near Tisenjoch. Ötzi was found about 70 m northeast of here, a place indicated with a red mark (not in this photo). The mountain in the background is the <a href="/wiki/Fineilspitze" title="Fineilspitze">Fineilspitze</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian law entitled the Simons to a finders' fee from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Tyrol" title="Government of South Tyrol">South Tyrolean provincial government</a> of 25% of the value of Ötzi. In 1994 the authorities offered a "symbolic" reward of <a href="/wiki/Italian_lira" title="Italian lira">lire </a>10 million (€5,200), which the Simons declined.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_20080929_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_20080929-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, the Simons filed a <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> which asked a court in Bolzano to recognize their role in Ötzi's discovery and declare them his "official discoverers". The court decided in the Simons' favour in November 2003, and at the end of December that year the Simons announced that they were seeking US$300,000 as their fee. The provincial government decided to appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-Mummy_Tombs_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mummy_Tombs-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, two people came forward, each with a claim of being part of the same mountaineering party that had come across Ötzi and of discovering the body first: </p> <ul><li>Magdalena Mohar Jarc, a retired <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenian</a> climber, who alleged that she discovered the corpse first after falling into a crevice, and, shortly after returning to a mountain hut, asked Helmut Simon to take photographs of Ötzi. She cited <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Messner" title="Reinhold Messner">Reinhold Messner</a>, who was also present in the mountain hut, as the witness to this.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarc_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarc-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sandra Nemeth, from Switzerland, who contended that she had found the corpse before Helmut and Erika Simon and spat on it to make sure that her <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> would be found there later. She asked for a DNA test on the remains, but experts believed that there was little chance of finding any trace.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph:_Cold_Case_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph:_Cold_Case-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In 2005, the rival claims were heard by a Bolzano court. The legal case angered Mrs. Simon, who alleged that neither woman was present on the mountain that day.<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph:_Cold_Case_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph:_Cold_Case-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, Mrs. Simon's lawyer said: "Mrs. Simon is very upset by all this and by the fact that these two new claimants have decided to appear 14 years after Ötzi was found."<sup id="cite_ref-Telegraph:_Cold_Case_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Telegraph:_Cold_Case-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, however, Jarc stated for a Slovene newspaper that she had written twice to the Bolzano court in regard to her claim but received no reply whatsoever.<sup id="cite_ref-Jarc_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jarc-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, Helmut Simon died. Two years later, in June 2006, an appeals court affirmed that the Simons had indeed discovered the Iceman and were therefore entitled to a finder's fee. It also ruled that the provincial government had to pay the Simons' legal costs. After this ruling, Mrs. Erika Simon reduced her claim to €150,000. The provincial government's response was that the expenses it had incurred to establish a museum and the costs of preserving the Iceman should be considered in determining the finder's fee. It insisted it would pay no more than €50,000. In September 2006, the authorities appealed the case to Italy's highest court, the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Cassation (Italy)">Court of Cassation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mummy_Tombs_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mummy_Tombs-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 29 September 2008, it was announced that the provincial government and Mrs. Simon had reached a settlement of the dispute, under which she would receive €150,000 in recognition of Ötzi's discovery by her and her late husband and the tourist income that it attracts.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_20080929_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_20080929-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceman_(2017_film)" title="Iceman (2017 film)"><i>Iceman</i></a> – a 2017 fictional film about the life of Ötzi</li> <li>Similar archaeological finds: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_of_Llullaillaco" title="Children of Llullaillaco">Children of Llullaillaco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mummy_Juanita" title="Mummy Juanita">Mummy Juanita</a> – high-altitude Incan mummies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gebelein_predynastic_mummies" title="Gebelein predynastic mummies">Gebelein predynastic mummies</a> – roughly contemporaneous Egyptian mummies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltmen" title="Saltmen">Saltmen</a> – well-preserved Iranian mummies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarim_Basin_mummies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarim Basin mummies">Tarim Basin mummies</a> – well-preserved Central Asian mummies</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Chenoune2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chenoune2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChenoune2005" class="citation book cs1">Chenoune, Farid (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SOI9AQAAIAAJ&q=%22Frozen+Fritz%22"><i>Carried Away: All About Bags</i></a>. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-158-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86565-158-6"><bdi>978-0-86565-158-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carried+Away%3A+All+About+Bags&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-86565-158-6&rft.aulast=Chenoune&rft.aufirst=Farid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSOI9AQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522Frozen%2BFritz%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChwaszczaBell1993-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ChwaszczaBell1993_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChwaszczaBell1993" class="citation book cs1">Chwaszcza, Joachim; Bell, Brian (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kaIdbYw4qtMC&q=%22Frozen+Fritz%22"><i>Italian Alps, South Tyrol</i></a>. Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65772-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65772-0"><bdi>978-0-395-65772-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Alps%2C+South+Tyrol&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-395-65772-0&rft.aulast=Chwaszcza&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Bell%2C+Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkaIdbYw4qtMC%26q%3D%2522Frozen%2BFritz%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceman.it/en/node/233">Description of the Discovery</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111213024011/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/233">Archived</a> 13 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology web site</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2001" class="citation book cs1">Fowler, Brenda (2001). <i>Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier</i>. University of Chicago Press. p. 37 <i>ff</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25823-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-25823-2"><bdi>978-0-226-25823-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iceman%3A+Uncovering+the+Life+and+Times+of+a+Prehistoric+Man+Found+in+an+Alpine+Glacier&rft.pages=37-%27%27ff%27%27&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-226-25823-2&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iceman.IT-20150624-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iceman.IT-20150624_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iceman.IT-20150624_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624085502/http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age">"The Incredible Age of the Find"</a>. <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol_Museum_of_Archaeology" title="South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology">South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceman.it/en/oetzi-age">the original</a> on 24 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Incredible+Age+of+the+Find&rft.pub=South+Tyrol+Museum+of+Archaeology&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iceman.it%2Fen%2Foetzi-age&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonaniIvyHajdasNiklaus1994" class="citation journal cs1">Bonani, Georges; Ivy, Susan D.; Hajdas, Irena; Niklaus, Thomas R.; Suter, Martin (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200040534">"Ams 14 C Age Determinations of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötztal Ice Man"</a>. <i>Radiocarbon</i>. <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">247–</span>250. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994Radcb..36..247B">1994Radcb..36..247B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0033822200040534">10.1017/S0033822200040534</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8222">0033-8222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiocarbon&rft.atitle=Ams+14+C+Age+Determinations+of+Tissue%2C+Bone+and+Grass+Samples+from+the+%C3%96tztal+Ice+Man&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E247-%3C%2Fspan%3E250&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0033-8222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0033822200040534&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1994Radcb..36..247B&rft.aulast=Bonani&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.au=Ivy%2C+Susan+D.&rft.au=Hajdas%2C+Irena&rft.au=Niklaus%2C+Thomas+R.&rft.au=Suter%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0033822200040534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceman.it/en/node/241">The Border Question</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111008075754/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/241">Archived</a> 2011-10-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridaMeledduPulina2012" class="citation journal cs1">Brida, Juan Gabriel; Meleddu, Marta; and Pulina, Manuela (1 November 2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scan+finds+new+tattoos+on+5300-year-old+Iceman&rft.date=2015-01-22&rft.aulast=Deter-Wolf&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redorbit.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F1113319184%2Fscan-finds-new-tattoos-on-5300-year-old-iceman-012215%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPabstI_Letofsky-PapstE_BockM_Moser2009" class="citation cs2">Pabst, M.A.; I Letofsky-Papst; E Bock; M Moser; L Dorfer; E Egarter-Vigl; F Hoffer (2009), "The Tattoos of the Tyrolean Iceman: A Light Microscopical, Ultrastructural and Element Analytical Study", <i>Journal of Archaeological Science</i>, <b>36</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">2335–</span>2341, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JArSc..36.2335P">2009JArSc..36.2335P</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2009.06.016">10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.016</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science&rft.atitle=The+Tattoos+of+the+Tyrolean+Iceman%3A+A+Light+Microscopical%2C+Ultrastructural+and+Element+Analytical+Study&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2335-%3C%2Fspan%3E2341&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jas.2009.06.016&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JArSc..36.2335P&rft.aulast=Pabst&rft.aufirst=M.A.&rft.au=I+Letofsky-Papst&rft.au=E+Bock&rft.au=M+Moser&rft.au=L+Dorfer&rft.au=E+Egarter-Vigl&rft.au=F+Hoffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Piombino-Mascali-2020-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piombino-Mascali-2020_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piombino-Mascali-2020_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piombino-Mascali-2020_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piombino-Mascali-2020_34-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiombino-MascaliKrutak2020" class="citation cs2">Piombino-Mascali, Dario & Krutak, Lars (2020), Sheridan, Susan Guise & Gregoricka, Lesley A. 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Samadelli, Marco; Gostner, Paul; Piombino-Mascali, Dario (1 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1879981718300883">"Possible evidence for care and treatment in the Tyrolean Iceman"</a>. <i>International Journal of Paleopathology</i>. <b>25</b>: <span class="nowrap">110–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijpp.2018.07.006">10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.07.006</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1879-9817">1879-9817</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30098946">30098946</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:51969447">51969447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Paleopathology&rft.atitle=Possible+evidence+for+care+and+treatment+in+the+Tyrolean+Iceman&rft.volume=25&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E110-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=2019-06-01&rft.issn=1879-9817&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A51969447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30098946&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijpp.2018.07.006&rft.aulast=Zink&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft.au=Samadelli%2C+Marco&rft.au=Gostner%2C+Paul&rft.au=Piombino-Mascali%2C+Dario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS1879981718300883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeter-Wolf2015" class="citation web cs1">Deter-Wolf, Aaron (11 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/">"It's official: Ötzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151115131532/http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1113410697/its-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=It%27s+official%3A+%C3%96tzi+the+Iceman+has+the+oldest+tattoos+in+the+world&rft.date=2015-11-11&rft.aulast=Deter-Wolf&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redorbit.com%2Fnews%2Fscience%2F1113410697%2Fits-official-otzi-the-iceman-has-the-oldest-tattoos-in-the-world-111115%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tattoo-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tattoo_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeter-WolfRobitailleKrutakGalliot2016" class="citation journal cs1">Deter-Wolf, Aaron; Robitaille, Benoît; Krutak, Lars; Galliot, Sébastien (February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-01227846">"The World's Oldest Tattoos"</a>. <i>Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>24. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016JArSR...5...19D">2016JArSR...5...19D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2015.11.007">10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162580662">162580662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Archaeological+Science%3A+Reports&rft.atitle=The+World%27s+Oldest+Tattoos&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2016-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162580662%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasrep.2015.11.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016JArSR...5...19D&rft.aulast=Deter-Wolf&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft.au=Robitaille%2C+Beno%C3%AEt&rft.au=Krutak%2C+Lars&rft.au=Galliot%2C+S%C3%A9bastien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-01227846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaley2019" class="citation web cs1">Daley, Jason (5 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/infrared-reveals-egyptian-mummies-hidden-tattoos-180973700/">"Infrared Reveals Egyptian Mummies' Hidden Tattoos"</a>. <i>Smithsonian Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian+Magazine&rft.atitle=Infrared+Reveals+Egyptian+Mummies%27+Hidden+Tattoos&rft.date=2019-12-05&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fsmart-news%2Finfrared-reveals-egyptian-mummies-hidden-tattoos-180973700%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In the book <i>Cookwise</i> by Shirley Corriher, the point is made (in relation to cooking) that plant leaves have a waterproof, waxy <a href="/wiki/Cuticle" title="Cuticle">cuticle</a> which makes raindrops roll off, with the comment "it was interesting that the 5,000-year-old Alpine traveler ... had a grass raincoat": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirley_O._Corriher1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Corriher" title="Shirley Corriher">Shirley O. Corriher</a> (1997), <i>Cookwise: The Hows and Whys of Successful Cooking</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow and Company</a>, p. 312, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-10229-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-10229-6"><bdi>978-0-688-10229-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cookwise%3A+The+Hows+and+Whys+of+Successful+Cooking&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=William+Morrow+and+Company&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-688-10229-6&rft.au=Shirley+O.+Corriher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311083938/http://www.iceman.it/en/node/275">"The Belt and Pouch"</a>. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iceman.it/en/node/275">the original</a> on 11 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Belt+and+Pouch&rft.pub=South+Tyrol+Museum+of+Archaeology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iceman.it%2Fen%2Fnode%2F275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrosnar2005" class="citation cs2">Krosnar, Katka (17 July 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1494238/Now-you-can-walk-in-footsteps-of-5000-year-old-Iceman-wearing-his-boots.html">"Now you can walk in footsteps of 5,000-year-old Iceman – wearing his boots"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629175118/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1494238/Now-you-can-walk-in-footsteps-of-5000-year-old-Iceman-wearing-his-boots.html">archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Now+you+can+walk+in+footsteps+of+5%2C000-year-old+Iceman+%E2%80%93+wearing+his+boots&rft.date=2005-07-17&rft.aulast=Krosnar&rft.aufirst=Katka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fitaly%2F1494238%2FNow-you-can-walk-in-footsteps-of-5000-year-old-Iceman-wearing-his-boots.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond,_Norman2005" class="citation news cs1">Hammond, Norman (21 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129034417/http://www.stonepages.com/news/archives/001167.html">"Iceman was wearing 'earliest snowshoes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/life/courtsocial/article1814891.ece">the original</a> on 29 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Iceman+was+wearing+%27earliest+snowshoes%27&rft.date=2005-02-21&rft.au=Hammond%2C+Norman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Ftto%2Flife%2Fcourtsocial%2Farticle1814891.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetburn2016" class="citation news cs1">Netburn, Deborah (18 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/science/sciencenow/la-sci-sn-otzi-iceman-garments-quiver-20160818-snap-story.html">"How Otzi the Iceman outfitted himself: Fur from brown bears and leather from roe deer"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=How+Otzi+the+Iceman+outfitted+himself%3A+Fur+from+brown+bears+and+leather+from+roe+deer&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.aulast=Netburn&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fscience%2Fsciencenow%2Fla-sci-sn-otzi-iceman-garments-quiver-20160818-snap-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBechtel2008" class="citation web cs1">Bechtel, Dale (21 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/new-details-emerge-about-neolithic-age-in-alps/1014380">"New details emerge about Neolithic age in Alps"</a>. <i>swissinfo.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=New+details+emerge+about+Neolithic+age+in+Alps&rft.date=2008-08-21&rft.aulast=Bechtel&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fnew-details-emerge-about-neolithic-age-in-alps%2F1014380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2016" class="citation news cs1">Davis, Nicola (30 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient">"It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160830164637/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2016/aug/18/it-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient">Archived</a> from the original on 30 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=It+becometh+the+iceman%3A+clothing+study+reveals+stylish+secrets+of+leather-loving+ancient&rft.date=2016-08-30&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2016%2Faug%2F18%2Fit-becometh-the-iceman-otzi-clothing-study-reveals-stylish-secrets-of-leather-loving-ancient&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomey2016" class="citation magazine cs1">Romey, Kristin (18 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160819105927/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology/">"Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic" title="National Geographic">National Geographic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/08/otzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology">the original</a> on 19 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&rft.atitle=Here%27s+What+the+Iceman+Was+Wearing+When+He+Died+5%2C300+Years+Ago&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.aulast=Romey&rft.aufirst=Kristin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.nationalgeographic.com%2F2016%2F08%2Fotzi-iceman-european-alps-mummy-clothing-dna-leather-fur-archaeology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'SullivanTeasdaleMattiangeliMaixner2016" class="citation journal cs1">O'Sullivan, Niall J.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Maixner, Frank; Pinhasi, Ron; Bradley, Daniel G.; Zink, Albert (18 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4989873">"A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Reports" title="Scientific Reports">Scientific Reports</a></i>. <b>6</b>: 31279. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016NatSR...631279O">2016NatSR...631279O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsrep31279">10.1038/srep31279</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322">2045-2322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4989873">4989873</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27537861">27537861</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=A+whole+mitochondria+analysis+of+the+Tyrolean+Iceman%27s+leather+provides+insights+into+the+animal+sources+of+Copper+Age+clothing&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=31279&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4989873%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2016NatSR...631279O&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27537861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsrep31279&rft.issn=2045-2322&rft.aulast=O%27Sullivan&rft.aufirst=Niall+J.&rft.au=Teasdale%2C+Matthew+D.&rft.au=Mattiangeli%2C+Valeria&rft.au=Maixner%2C+Frank&rft.au=Pinhasi%2C+Ron&rft.au=Bradley%2C+Daniel+G.&rft.au=Zink%2C+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4989873&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wierer, U., Arrighi, S., Bertola, S., Kaufmann, G., Baumgarten, B., Pedrotti, A., Pernter, P. and Pelegrin, J. (2018) "The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use". <i>PLOS ONE</i>, <b>13</b>(6): e0198292. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0198292">10.1371/journal.pone.0198292</a> The original caption in Wierer et al. read "The Iceman lithic assemblage. a) Dagger, b) Endscraper, c) Borer, d) Arrowhead 14, e) Arrowhead 12, f) Small flake." The text of Wierer et al.'s paper makes it clear that this a typo and the labels for the borer and small flake have been swapped. e.g.: "The 48.5 mm long artefact known as a borer has its maximum thickness at its maximum width (7.8 x 13.5 mm) (Fig 1F)" and "The smallest item contained in the belt poach is a small flake of 19 x 12.5 x 1.6 mm size (Fig 1C)".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleur2018" class="citation news cs1">Fleur, Nicholas St (21 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/21/science/otzi-iceman-tools.html?rref=collection/column/trilobites">"The Final Hours of the Iceman's Tools"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Final+Hours+of+the+Iceman%27s+Tools&rft.date=2018-06-21&rft.aulast=Fleur&rft.aufirst=Nicholas+St&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F06%2F21%2Fscience%2Fotzi-iceman-tools.html%3Frref%3Dcollection%2Fcolumn%2Ftrilobites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PetragliaWierer2018-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PetragliaWierer2018_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetragliaWiererArrighiBertola2018" class="citation journal cs1">Petraglia, Michael D.; Wierer, Ursula; Arrighi, Simona; Bertola, Stefano; Kaufmann, Günther; Baumgarten, Benno; Pedrotti, Annaluisa; Pernter, Patrizia; Pelegrin, Jacques (2018). Petraglia, Michael D. 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(3 January 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/studies.html"><i>Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Scientific studies</i></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150902231211/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/studies.html">archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96tzi%3A+Iceman+of+the+Alps%3A+Scientific+studies&rft.date=2008-01-03&rft.aulast=Deem&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mummytombs.com%2Fotzi%2Fstudies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJha2007" class="citation cs2">Jha, Alok (7 June 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/07/archaeology.internationalnews">"Iceman bled to death, scientists say"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160313233825/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2007/jun/07/archaeology.internationalnews">archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2016</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Iceman+bled+to+death%2C+scientists+say&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.aulast=Jha&rft.aufirst=Alok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2007%2Fjun%2F07%2Farchaeology.internationalnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carroll-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-carroll_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (21 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/humanities/story/0,,671346,00.html">"How Oetzi the Iceman was stabbed in the back and lost his fight for life"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209193136/http://education.guardian.co.uk/higher/humanities/story/0,,671346,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=How+Oetzi+the+Iceman+was+stabbed+in+the+back+and+lost+his+fight+for+life&rft.date=2002-03-21&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feducation.guardian.co.uk%2Fhigher%2Fhumanities%2Fstory%2F0%2C%2C671346%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm">"USATODAY.com – 'Iceman' was murdered, science sleuths say"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120627042824/http://www.usatoday.com/news/health/2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 27 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=USATODAY.com+%E2%80%93+%27Iceman%27+was+murdered%2C+science+sleuths+say&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2F2003-08-11-iceman-murder_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaganDurrani2015" class="citation book cs1">Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA303"><i>In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1317346432" title="Special:BookSources/978-1317346432"><bdi>978-1317346432</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205093054/https://books.google.com/books?id=rNOPCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA303">Archived</a> from the original on 5 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Beginning%3A+An+Introduction+to+Archaeology&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1317346432&rft.aulast=Fagan&rft.aufirst=Brian+M.&rft.au=Durrani%2C+Nadia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNOPCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLorenzi2007" class="citation cs2">Lorenzi, Rossella (31 August 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2007/2020609.htm?health"><i>Blow to head, not arrow, killed Otzi the iceman</i></a>, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011190231/http://abc.net.au/science/news/stories/2007/2020609.htm?health">archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blow+to+head%2C+not+arrow%2C+killed+Otzi+the+iceman&rft.pub=Australian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=2007-08-31&rft.aulast=Lorenzi&rft.aufirst=Rossella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabc.net.au%2Fscience%2Fnews%2Fstories%2F2007%2F2020609.htm%3Fhealth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinfield2007" class="citation cs2">Winfield, Nicole (30 August 2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcnews.com/id/20495781"><i>Ancient murder mystery takes new turn</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+murder+mystery+takes+new+turn&rft.pub=NBC+News&rft.date=2007-08-30&rft.aulast=Winfield&rft.aufirst=Nicole&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fid%2F20495781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBlanc2020" class="citation book cs1">LeBlanc, Steven (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/cambridge-world-history-of-violence/origins-of-warfare-and-violence/955437C42DE2BD373787AB6AB36DF6EE"><i>The Cambridge World History of Violence</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781316341247" title="Special:BookSources/9781316341247"><bdi>9781316341247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Violence&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020-03&rft.isbn=9781316341247&rft.aulast=LeBlanc&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fcambridge-world-history-of-violence%2Forigins-of-warfare-and-violence%2F955437C42DE2BD373787AB6AB36DF6EE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vanzenetti-2010-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vanzenetti-2010_91-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vanzenetti-2010_91-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Vanzetti, M. Vidale, M. Gallinaro, D.W. Frayer, and L. Bondioli. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/ant/084/ant0840681.htm">The iceman as a burial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100906094420/http://www.antiquity.ac.uk/Ant/084/ant0840681.htm">Archived</a> 2010-09-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/Antiquity_(journal)" title="Antiquity (journal)"><i>Antiquity</i></a>. Volume: 84 Number: 325 Page: 681–692. September 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bower2010-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bower2010_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bower2010_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bower2010_92-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/62670/description/Prehistoric_%E2%80%98Iceman%E2%80%99_gets_ceremonial_twist">Prehistoric 'Iceman' gets ceremonial twist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100830181108/http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/62670/description/Prehistoric_%E2%80%98Iceman%E2%80%99_gets_ceremonial_twist">Archived</a> 2010-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <i><a href="/wiki/Science_News" title="Science News">Science News</a></i>, 25 September 2010. (Retrieved 19 September 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_20080929-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_20080929_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_20080929_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643286.stm">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Iceman' row ends after 17 years"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 September 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930070344/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7643286.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27Iceman%27+row+ends+after+17+years&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F7643286.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mummy_Tombs-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mummy_Tombs_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mummy_Tombs_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeem2008" class="citation cs2">Deem, James M. (September 2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081102055614/http://www.mummytombs.com/otzi/lawsuit.htm"><i>Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Finder's fee lawsuits</i></a>, Mummy Tombs, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mummytombs.com/otzi/lawsuit.htm">the original</a> on 2 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%96tzi%3A+Iceman+of+the+Alps%3A+Finder%27s+fee+lawsuits&rft.pub=Mummy+Tombs&rft.date=2008-09&rft.aulast=Deem&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmummytombs.com%2Fotzi%2Flawsuit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jarc-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jarc_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jarc_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518064420/http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/39391/">"Magdaleni ne bodo plačali za Ötzija"</a> [Magdalena Won't Get Paid for Ötzi]. <i>Slovenske novice</i> (in Slovenian). 9 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gore-ljudje.net/novosti/39391/">the original</a> on 18 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Slovenske+novice&rft.atitle=Magdaleni+ne+bodo+pla%C4%8Dali+za+%C3%96tzija&rft.date=2008-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gore-ljudje.net%2Fnovosti%2F39391%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Telegraph:_Cold_Case-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph:_Cold_Case_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph:_Cold_Case_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Telegraph:_Cold_Case_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPisa2005" class="citation cs2">Pisa, Nick (22 October 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206113514/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1501326/Cold-case-comes-to-court---after-5300-years.html">"Cold case comes to court – After 5,300 years"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/italy/1501326/Cold-case-comes-to-court---after-5300-years.html">the original</a> on 6 December 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Cold+case+comes+to+court+%E2%80%93+After+5%2C300+years&rft.date=2005-10-22&rft.aulast=Pisa&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fitaly%2F1501326%2FCold-case-comes-to-court---after-5300-years.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquires2008" class="citation news cs1">Squires, Nick (29 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/austria/3105153/Oetzi-the-icemans-discoverers-finally-compensated.html">"Oetzi The Iceman's discoverers finally compensated"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002035714/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/austria/3105153/Oetzi-the-icemans-discoverers-finally-compensated.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Oetzi+The+Iceman%27s+discoverers+finally+compensated&rft.date=2008-09-29&rft.aulast=Squires&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Faustria%2F3105153%2FOetzi-the-icemans-discoverers-finally-compensated.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickson2005" class="citation cs2">Dickson, James Holms (28 June 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gla.ac.uk/ibls/DEEB/jd/otzi.htm"><i>Plants and the Iceman: Ötzi's last journey</i></a>, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Glasgow" title="University of Glasgow">University of Glasgow</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plants+and+the+Iceman%3A+%C3%96tzi%27s+last+journey&rft.pub=Division+of+Environmental+and+Evolutionary+Biology%2C+Institute+of+Biomedical+and+Life+Sciences%2C+University+of+Glasgow&rft.date=2005-06-28&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=James+Holms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gla.ac.uk%2Fibls%2FDEEB%2Fjd%2Fotzi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2002" class="citation cs2">Fowler, Brenda (November 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/icemummies/iceman.html"><i>The Iceman's last meal</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_(American_TV_program)" title="Nova (American TV program)">NOVA</a> Online, <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iceman%27s+last+meal&rft.pub=NOVA+Online%2C+PBS&rft.date=2002-11&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Fnova%2Ficemummies%2Ficeman.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeller2012" class="citation cs2">Keller, Andreas (28 February 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isogg.org/tree/Keller%202012%20Oetzi%20Iceman.pdf">"New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>Nature Communications</i>, <b>3</b>, nature.com: 698, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012NatCo...3..698K">2012NatCo...3..698K</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncomms1701">10.1038/ncomms1701</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22426219">22426219</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Communications&rft.atitle=New+insights+into+the+Tyrolean+Iceman%27s+origin+and+phenotype+as+inferred+by+whole-genome+sequencing&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=698&rft.date=2012-02-28&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22426219&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fncomms1701&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012NatCo...3..698K&rft.aulast=Keller&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisogg.org%2Ftree%2FKeller%25202012%2520Oetzi%2520Iceman.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2001" class="citation cs2">Kennedy, Frances (26 July 2001), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070518151436/http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article324955.ece">"Oetzi the Neolithic Iceman was killed by an arrow, say scientists"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article324955.ece">the original</a> on 18 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Oetzi+the+Neolithic+Iceman+was+killed+by+an+arrow%2C+say+scientists&rft.date=2001-07-26&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Frances&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.independent.co.uk%2Feurope%2Farticle324955.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre2003" class="citation cs2">Macintyre, Ben (1 November 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thetimes.com/article/we-know-oetzi-had-fleas-his-last-supper-was-steak-and-he-died-5-300-years-ago-fp52wkv73jc">"We know Oetzi had fleas, his last supper was steak ... and he died 5,300 years ago"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=We+know+Oetzi+had+fleas%2C+his+last+supper+was+steak+...+and+he+died+5%2C300+years+ago&rft.date=2003-11-01&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.com%2Farticle%2Fwe-know-oetzi-had-fleas-his-last-supper-was-steak-and-he-died-5-300-years-ago-fp52wkv73jc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyzur_NeddenGostnerKnapp2003" class="citation cs2">Murphy, William A. Jr.; zur Nedden, Dieter; Gostner, Paul; Knapp, Rudolf; Recheis, Wolfgang; Seidler, Horst (24 January 2003), "The Iceman: Discovery and imaging", <i>Radiology</i>, <b>226</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">614–</span>629, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1148%2Fradiol.2263020338">10.1148/radiol.2263020338</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0033-8419">0033-8419</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12601185">12601185</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiology&rft.atitle=The+Iceman%3A+Discovery+and+imaging&rft.volume=226&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E614-%3C%2Fspan%3E629&rft.date=2003-01-24&rft.issn=0033-8419&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12601185&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1148%2Fradiol.2263020338&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=William+A.+Jr.&rft.au=zur+Nedden%2C+Dieter&rft.au=Gostner%2C+Paul&rft.au=Knapp%2C+Rudolf&rft.au=Recheis%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Seidler%2C+Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span>. Online pre-publication version.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeem2008" class="citation cs2">Deem, James (2008), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.houghtonmifflinbooks.com/catalog/titledetail.cfm?titleNumber=552123"><i>Bodies from the Ice</i></a>, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 64, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-80045-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-80045-2"><bdi>978-0-618-80045-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bodies+from+the+Ice&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-618-80045-2&rft.aulast=Deem&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.houghtonmifflinbooks.com%2Fcatalog%2Ftitledetail.cfm%3FtitleNumber%3D552123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBortenschlagerOeggl2000" class="citation cs2">Bortenschlager, Sigmar; Oeggl, Klaus, eds. (2000), <i>The Iceman and His Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results</i>, Wien; New York: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-211-82660-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-211-82660-7"><bdi>978-3-211-82660-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Iceman+and+His+Natural+Environment%3A+Palaeobotanical+Results&rft.place=Wien%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-211-82660-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFowler2000" class="citation cs2">Fowler, Brenda (2000), <i>Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier</i>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43167-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-43167-1"><bdi>978-0-679-43167-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iceman%3A+Uncovering+the+Life+and+Times+of+a+Prehistoric+Man+Found+in+an+Alpine+Glacier&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-679-43167-1&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpindler2001" class="citation cs2">Spindler, Konrad (2001), <i>The Man in the Ice: The Preserved Body of a Neolithic Man Reveals the Secrets of the Stone Age</i>, translated by Ewald Osers, London: Phoenix, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1260-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7538-1260-0"><bdi>978-0-7538-1260-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+in+the+Ice%3A+The+Preserved+Body+of+a+Neolithic+Man+Reveals+the+Secrets+of+the+Stone+Age&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7538-1260-0&rft.aulast=Spindler&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_MarinisBrillante1998" class="citation cs2">De Marinis, Raffaele C.; Brillante, Giuseppe (1998), <i>La Mummia del Similaun: Ötzi, l'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio [The Mummy of the Similaun: Ötzi, the Man who Came from the Ice]</i>, Venice, Italy: Marsilio, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-317-7073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-317-7073-6"><bdi>978-88-317-7073-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Mummia+del+Similaun%3A+%C3%96tzi%2C+l%27uomo+venuto+dal+ghiaccio+%5BThe+Mummy+of+the+Similaun%3A+%C3%96tzi%2C+the+Man+who+Came+from+the+Ice%5D&rft.place=Venice%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Marsilio&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-88-317-7073-6&rft.aulast=De+Marinis&rft.aufirst=Raffaele+C.&rft.au=Brillante%2C+Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleckingerSteiner2000" class="citation cs2">Fleckinger, Angelika; Steiner, Hubert (2000) [1998], <i>L'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio [The Man who Came from the Ice]</i>, Bolzano, Italy: Folio, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-86857-03-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-86857-03-1"><bdi>978-88-86857-03-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27uomo+venuto+dal+ghiaccio+%5BThe+Man+who+Came+from+the+Ice%5D&rft.place=Bolzano%2C+Italy&rft.pub=Folio&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-88-86857-03-1&rft.aulast=Fleckinger&rft.aufirst=Angelika&rft.au=Steiner%2C+Hubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A%C3%96tzi" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:%C3%96tzi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ötzi">Ötzi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The Wikibook <i><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Planet_Earth" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Planet Earth">Planet Earth</a></i> has a page on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Planet_Earth/8a._Otzi%27s_World_or_What_Sustainably_Looks_Like." class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Planet Earth/8a. Otzi's World or What Sustainably Looks Like.">A reflection on sustainability comparing Ötzi's and Simon's deaths, by Benjamin Burger.</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iceman.it/">Official website about Ötzi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isogg.org/tree/Keller%202012%20Oetzi%20Iceman.pdf">New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icemanphotoscan.eu">Iceman Photoscan, published by EURAC Research, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/science/horizon/2001/iceman.shtml">"Death of the Iceman" – a synopsis of a BBC Horizon TV documentary first broadcast on 7 February 2002</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.bawue.de/~wmwerner/oetzi.html">Ötzi Links ... Der Mann aus dem Eis vom Hauslabjoch – a list of links to websites about Ötzi in English, German and Italian</a> (last updated 28 January 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilderdom.com/evolution/OtziIcemanAlpsPictures.htm">Otzi, the 5,300 Year Old Iceman from the Alps: Pictures & Information</a> (last updated 27 October 2004)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/five-millennia-on-iceman-of-bolzano-gives-up-dna-secrets-2041236.html">"Five millennia on, Iceman of Bolzano gives up DNA secrets"</a> Michael Day, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>, 2 August 2010</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.discovery.com/archaeology/otzi-face-reconstruction-110225.html">"The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face</a> High definition image of a reconstruction of Ötzi's face.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.radiolab.org/story/ice-cold-case/">"An Ice Cold Case"</a> RadioLab interviews Albert Zink, Head of EURAC Research and the scientist in charge of Ötzi research.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientcraft.co.uk/Projects/otzi_shoe/shoe.html">"Ötzi's Shoes</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Clothes_and_shoes">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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